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The world’s population is ageing, and with ageing comes an increased risk of disability, multimorbidity and dementia, and an increased need for support. Older people are motivated to stay in their own homes as they age as an alternative to intramural care that is cost-beneficial and often provides...

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Anatomy of a Scholarly Article

TIP: When possible, keep your research question(s) in mind when reading scholarly articles. It will help you to focus your reading.

Title : Generally are straightforward and describe what the article is about. Titles often include relevant key words.

Abstract : A summary of the author(s)'s research findings and tells what to expect when you read the full article. It is often a good idea to read the abstract first, in order to determine if you should even bother reading the whole article.

Discussion and Conclusion : Read these after the Abstract (even though they come at the end of the article). These sections can help you see if this article will meet your research needs. If you don’t think that it will, set it aside.

Introduction : Describes the topic or problem researched. The authors will present the thesis of their argument or the goal of their research.

Literature Review : May be included in the introduction or as its own separate section. Here you see where the author(s) enter the conversation on this topic. That is to say, what related research has come before, and how do they hope to advance the discussion with their current research?

Methods : This section explains how the study worked. In this section, you often learn who and how many participated in the study and what they were asked to do. You will need to think critically about the methods and whether or not they make sense given the research question.

Results : Here you will often find numbers and tables. If you aren't an expert at statistics this section may be difficult to grasp. However you should attempt to understand if the results seem reasonable given the methods.

Works Cited (also be called References or Bibliography ): This section comprises the author(s)’s sources. Always be sure to scroll through them. Good research usually cites many different kinds of sources (books, journal articles, etc.). As you read the Works Cited page, be sure to look for sources that look like they will help you to answer your own research question.

Adapted from http://library.hunter.cuny.edu/research-toolkit/how-do-i-read-stuff/anatomy-of-a-scholarly-article

A research journal is a periodical that contains articles written by experts in a particular field of study who report the results of research in that field. The articles are intended to be read by other experts or students of the field, and they are typically much more sophisticated and advanced than the articles found in general magazines. This guide offers some tips to help distinguish scholarly journals from other periodicals.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH JOURNALS

PURPOSE : Research journals communicate the results of research in the field of study covered by the journal. Research articles reflect a systematic and thorough study of a single topic, often involving experiments or surveys. Research journals may also publish review articles and book reviews that summarize the current state of knowledge on a topic.

APPEARANCE : Research journals lack the slick advertising, classified ads, coupons, etc., found in popular magazines. Articles are often printed one column to a page, as in books, and there are often graphs, tables, or charts referring to specific points in the articles.

AUTHORITY : Research articles are written by the person(s) who did the research being reported. When more than two authors are listed for a single article, the first author listed is often the primary researcher who coordinated or supervised the work done by the other authors. The most highly‑regarded scholarly journals are typically those sponsored by professional associations, such as the American Psychological Association or the American Chemical Society.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY : Articles submitted to research journals are evaluated by an editorial board and other experts before they are accepted for publication. This evaluation, called peer review, is designed to ensure that the articles published are based on solid research that meets the normal standards of the field of study covered by the journal. Professors sometimes use the term "refereed" to describe peer-reviewed journals.

WRITING STYLE : Articles in research journals usually contain an advanced vocabulary, since the authors use the technical language or jargon of their field of study. The authors assume that the reader already possesses a basic understanding of the field of study.

REFERENCES : The authors of research articles always indicate the sources of their information. These references are usually listed at the end of an article, but they may appear in the form of footnotes, endnotes, or a bibliography.

PERIODICALS THAT ARE NOT RESEARCH JOURNALS

POPULAR MAGAZINES : These are periodicals that one typically finds at grocery stores, airport newsstands, or bookstores at a shopping mall. Popular magazines are designed to appeal to a broad audience, and they usually contain relatively brief articles written in a readable, non‑technical language.

Examples include: Car and Driver , Cosmopolitan , Esquire , Essence , Gourmet , Life , People Weekly , Readers' Digest , Rolling Stone , Sports Illustrated , Vanity Fair , and Vogue .

NEWS MAGAZINES : These periodicals, which are usually issued weekly, provide information on topics of current interest, but their articles seldom have the depth or authority of scholarly articles.

Examples include: Newsweek , Time , U.S. News and World Report .

OPINION MAGAZINES : These periodicals contain articles aimed at an educated audience interested in keeping up with current events or ideas, especially those pertaining to topical issues. Very often their articles are written from a particular political, economic, or social point of view.

Examples include: Catholic World , Christianity Today , Commentary , Ms. , The Militant , Mother Jones , The Nation , National Review , The New Republic , The Progressive , and World Marxist Review .

TRADE MAGAZINES : People who need to keep up with developments in a particular industry or occupation read these magazines. Many trade magazines publish one or more special issues each year that focus on industry statistics, directory lists, or new product announcements.

Examples include: Beverage World , Progressive Grocer , Quick Frozen Foods International , Rubber World , Sales and Marketing Management , Skiing Trade News , and Stores .

Literature Reviews

• Literature Review Guide General information on how to organize and write a literature review.
• The Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It Contains two sets of questions to help students review articles, and to review their own literature reviews.
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Magazines and trade journals, conference papers, technical reports, anthologies.

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Because of their short length, articles often exclude background info and explanations, so they're usually the last stop in your research process, after you've narrowed down your topic and need to find very specific information.

The main thing to remember about articles is that they're almost always published in some larger work , like a journal, a newspaper, or an anthology. It's those "article containers" that define the types of articles, how you use them, and how you find them.

Articles are also the main reason we have so many databases . The Library Catalog lists everything we own, but only at the level of whole books and journals. It will tell you we have the New York Times, and for what dates, but it doesn't know what articles are in it. Search in UC Library Search using the "Articles, books, and more" scope will search all the databases we subscribe to and some we don't. If you find something we do not own, you can request it on Interlibrary Loan.

Physical Media

While newer journals and magazines are usually online, many older issues are still only available in paper. In addition, many of our online subscriptions explicitly don't include the latest material, specifically to encourage sales of print subscriptions. Older newspapers are usually transferred to microfilm.

Scholarly Sources

The terms academic or scholarly journal are usually synonymous with peer-reviewed , but check the journal's publishing policies to be sure. Trade journals, magazines, and newspapers are rarely peer-reviewed.

Primary or Secondary Sources

In the social sciences and humanities, articles are usually secondary sources; the exceptions are articles reporting original research findings from field studies. Primary source articles are more common in the physical and life sciences, where many articles are reporting primary research results from experiments, case studies, and clinical trials.

Clues that you're reading an academic article

• Footnotes or endnotes
• Bilbliography or list of references

Articles in academic (peer-reviewed) journals are the primary forum for scholarly communication, where scholars introduce and debate new ideas and research. They're usually not written for laymen, and assume familiarity with other recent work in the field. Journal articles also tend to be narrowly focused, concentrating on analysis of one or two creative works or studies, though they may also contain review articles or literature reviews which summarize recent published work in a field.

In addition to regular articles, academic journals often include book reviews (of scholarly books ) and letters from readers commenting on recent articles.

Clues that you're reading a non -academic article

• Decorative photos
• Advertisements

Unlike scholarly journals, magazines are written for a mainstream audience and are not peer-reviewed. A handful of academic journals (like Science and Nature ) blur the line between these two categories; they publish peer-reviewed articles, but combine them with news, opinions, and full-color photos in a magazine-style presentation.

Trade journals are targeted toward a specific profession or industry. Despite the name, they are usually not peer-reviewed. However, they sometimes represent a gray area between popular magazines and scholarly journals. When in doubt, ask your professor or TA whether a specific source is acceptable.

Newspapers as Primary Sources

Though usually written by journalists who were not direct witnesses to events, newspapers and news broadcasts may include quotes or interviews from people who were. In the absence of first-person accounts, contemporary news reports may be the closest thing to a primary source available.

Of all the content types listed here, newspapers are the fastest to publish. Use newspaper articles to find information about recent events and contemporary reports of/reactions to historic events.

• News by UCLA Library Last Updated Aug 6, 2024 8885 views this year

Reviews are a type of article that can appear in any of the categories above. The type of publication will usually determine the type of review. Newspapers and magazines review movies, plays, general interest books, and consumer products. Academic journals review scholarly books.

Note that a review is not the same as scholarly analysis and criticism! Book reviews, even in scholarly journals, are usually not peer-reviewed.

Conference papers aren't always published and can be tricky to find . Recent conference papers are often online, along with the PowerPoint files or other materials used in the actual presentation. However, access may be limited to conference participants and/or members of the academic organization which sponsored the conference.

In paper formats, all of the papers from a certain conference may be re-printed in the conference proceedings . Search for Proceedings of the [name of conference] to find what's available, or ask for help from a librarian. But be aware that published proceedings may only include abstracts or even just the name of the presenter and the title of the presentation. This is especially true of poster presentations , which really are large graphic posters (which don't translate well to either printed books or computer monitors).

As the name implies, most technical reports are about research in the physical sciences or engineering. However, there are also technical reports produced in the life and social sciences,

Like conference papers , some technical reports are eventually transformed into academic journal articles , but they may also be released after a journal article to provide supplementary data that didn't fit within the article. Also like conference papers, technical reports can be hard to find , especially older reports which may only be available in microfiche . Ask for help from a librarian!

Anthologies are a cross-over example. They're books that contain articles (chapters). Anthologies may be collections of articles by a single author, or collections of articles on a theme from different authors chosen by an editor. Many anthologies reprint articles already published elsewhere, but some contain original works.

Anthologies are rarely peer-reviewed, but they still may be considered scholarly works, depending on the reputation of the authors and editors. Use the same criteria listed for scholarly books .

Of course, reprints of articles originally published in peer-reviewed journals retain their "scholarly" status. (Note that most style manuals have special rules for citing reprinted works.)

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• Last Updated: May 16, 2024 10:30 AM
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University Library

Literature research guide.

• Primary Texts
• Journal Articles & Books
• Dictionaries, Encyclopedias & Bibliographies
• Writing & Citing

Login Instructions

To Search the resources and databases linked on this guide from your laptop, you'll need to enter your CRUZ ID and Gold Password when prompted.

Go to Unpaywall.org  and install the browser extension. This extension will alert you when there is an accessible version of the paper.

Another alternative is to install the campus VPN for more reliable access. Login so that you can access PDF attachments and ebooks from behind paywalls.

• VPN Client Installation Use this secure and reliable login to access the Library's resources. You will need to install the VPN and login with your CRUZ ID and Gold Password. Use Ask Us to let us know if something isn't working.

Literature Databases

• MLA International Bibliography (1926-current) This link opens in a new window Database contains citations for articles, books, and book chapters in literature, languages, linguistics, and folklore. Compiled by the Modern Language Association.
• ABELL This link opens in a new window Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature indexes monographs, periodical articles, critical editions of literary works, book reviews and collections of essays published worldwide from 1920 onwards with links to the full text of 61 journals.
• SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) This link opens in a new window Full text journal articles available to all users through Open Access. This database includes all the major disciplines. Represents Spanish, Portuguese, or English languages and Latin America and Spain.
• Index Islamicus This link opens in a new window Indexes literature on Islam, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Includes journals articles, proceedings, monographs, book chapters, and book reviews, 1906 to present.

Scholarly ebooks

• ACLS Humanities E-Book This link opens in a new window This is a digital collection of over 5,400 seminal books (ebooks) in the humanities and related social sciences. These titles are presented in collaboration with more than 120 publishers and Michigan Publishing. Books in the HEB collection have been recommended and reviewed by scholars and constituent learned societies of the American Council of Learned Societies. HEB is now hosted on the Fulcrum platform.

Multi disciplinary databases

• Web of Science This link opens in a new window Multidisciplinary database of scholarly articles. Searches citation indexes in Arts and Humanities, Social Science, and Science. Includes "cited by" feature and allows sorting by citation count.
• UC Library Search This link opens in a new window This searches across all 10 UC Library collections and beyond. Sign in using your CruzID Gold in order to find: books, e-books, articles, journals, films, maps, and more.
• Google Scholar This link opens in a new window Database covering many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, and online repositories. Use Eduroam (on campus), or the VPN (off-campus) to access full-text of UCSC subscribed content.
• JSTOR This link opens in a new window This database includes the full text of journals starting with their very first issue and eBooks and eChapters. Note, current issues are not available in JSTOR. Consult the journals list for information on years of coverage. For wider coverage of a topic, consult the database best suited to your discipline .
• Project MUSE This link opens in a new window Full text articles of 400+ peer-reviewed journals from Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Periodicals Archive Online This link opens in a new window Arts, humanities, and social sciences – full-text scholarly journal archives. The contents is indexed in Periodicals Index Online
• WorldCat (FirstSearch) This link opens in a new window This is the FirstSearch version: A union catalog, it enables you to search the holdings of libraries across the country and internationally. Catalogs generally contain: books, journal titles, sound recordings, movies, newspapers and so on.

Tools to locate PDFs or request them from our network of libraries

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Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License except where otherwise noted.

Land Acknowledgement

The land on which we gather is the unceded territory of the Awaswas-speaking Uypi Tribe. The Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, comprised of the descendants of indigenous people taken to missions Santa Cruz and San Juan Bautista during Spanish colonization of the Central Coast, is today working hard to restore traditional stewardship practices on these lands and heal from historical trauma.

The land acknowledgement used at UC Santa Cruz was developed in partnership with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Chairman and the Amah Mutsun Relearning Program at the UCSC Arboretum .

Accounting Research Journal

• Submit your paper
• Author guidelines
• Editorial team
• Indexing & metrics
• Calls for papers & news

Before you start

For queries relating to the status of your paper pre decision, please contact the Editor or Journal Editorial Office. For queries post acceptance, please contact the Supplier Project Manager. These details can be found in the Editorial Team section.

Author responsibilities

Our goal is to provide you with a professional and courteous experience at each stage of the review and publication process. There are also some responsibilities that sit with you as the author. Our expectation is that you will:

• Respond swiftly to any queries during the publication process.
• Be accountable for all aspects of your work. This includes investigating and resolving any questions about accuracy or research integrity
• Treat communications between you and the journal editor as confidential until an editorial decision has been made.
• Include anyone who has made a substantial and meaningful contribution to the submission (anyone else involved in the paper should be listed in the acknowledgements).
• Exclude anyone who hasn’t contributed to the paper, or who has chosen not to be associated with the research.
• In accordance with COPE’s position statement on AI tools , Large Language Models cannot be credited with authorship as they are incapable of conceptualising a research design without human direction and cannot be accountable for the integrity, originality, and validity of the published work. The author(s) must describe the content created or modified as well as appropriately cite the name and version of the AI tool used; any additional works drawn on by the AI tool should also be appropriately cited and referenced. Standard tools that are used to improve spelling and grammar are not included within the parameters of this guidance. The Editor and Publisher reserve the right to determine whether the use of an AI tool is permissible. 
• If your article involves human participants, you must ensure you have considered whether or not you require ethical approval for your research, and include this information as part of your submission. Find out more about informed consent .

Generative AI usage key principles 

• Copywriting any part of an article using a generative AI tool/LLM would not be permissible, including the generation of the abstract or the literature review, for as per Emerald’s authorship criteria, the author(s) must be responsible for the work and accountable for its accuracy, integrity, and validity.  
• The generation or reporting of results using a generative AI tool/LLM is not permissible, for as per Emerald’s authorship criteria, the author(s) must be responsible for the creation and interpretation of their work and accountable for its accuracy, integrity, and validity.  
• The in-text reporting of statistics using a generative AI tool/LLM is not permissible due to concerns over the authenticity, integrity, and validity of the data produced, although the use of such a tool to aid in the analysis of the work would be permissible.  
• Copy-editing an article using a generative AI tool/LLM in order to improve its language and readability would be permissible as this mirrors standard tools already employed to improve spelling and grammar, and uses existing author-created material, rather than generating wholly new content, while the author(s) remains responsible for the original work. 
• The submission and publication of images created by AI tools or large-scale generative models is not permitted. 

Research and publishing ethics

Our editors and employees work hard to ensure the content we publish is ethically sound. To help us achieve that goal, we closely follow the advice laid out in the guidelines and flowcharts on the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) website .

We have also developed our research and publishing ethics guidelines . If you haven’t already read these, we urge you to do so – they will help you avoid the most common publishing ethics issues.

A few key points:

• Any manuscript you submit to this journal should be original. That means it should not have been published before in its current, or similar, form. Exceptions to this rule are outlined in our pre-print and conference paper policies .  If any substantial element of your paper has been previously published, you need to declare this to the journal editor upon submission. Please note, the journal editor may use  Crossref Similarity Check  to check on the originality of submissions received. This service compares submissions against a database of 49 million works from 800 scholarly publishers.
• Your work should not have been submitted elsewhere and should not be under consideration by any other publication.
• If you have a conflict of interest, you must declare it upon submission; this allows the editor to decide how they would like to proceed. Read about conflict of interest in our research and publishing ethics guidelines .
• By submitting your work to Emerald, you are guaranteeing that the work is not in infringement of any existing copyright.

Third party copyright permissions

Prior to article submission, you need to ensure you’ve applied for, and received, written permission to use any material in your manuscript that has been created by a third party. Please note, we are unable to publish any article that still has permissions pending. The rights we require are:

• Non-exclusive rights to reproduce the material in the article or book chapter.
• Print and electronic rights.
• Worldwide English-language rights.
• To use the material for the life of the work. That means there should be no time restrictions on its re-use e.g. a one-year licence.

We are a member of the International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers (STM) and participate in the STM permissions guidelines , a reciprocal free exchange of material with other STM publishers.  In some cases, this may mean that you don’t need permission to re-use content. If so, please highlight this at the submission stage.

Please take a few moments to read our guide to publishing permissions  to ensure you have met all the requirements, so that we can process your submission without delay.

Open access submissions and information

All our journals currently offer two open access (OA) publishing paths; gold open access and green open access.

If you would like to, or are required to, make the branded publisher PDF (also known as the version of record) freely available immediately upon publication, you can select the gold open access route once your paper is accepted.

If you’ve chosen to publish gold open access, this is the point you will be asked to pay the APC (article processing charge) . This varies per journal and can be found on our APC price list or on the editorial system at the point of submission. Your article will be published with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 user licence , which outlines how readers can reuse your work.

Alternatively, if you would like to, or are required to, publish open access but your funding doesn’t cover the cost of the APC, you can choose the green open access, or self-archiving, route. As soon as your article is published, you can make the author accepted manuscript (the version accepted for publication) openly available, free from payment and embargo periods.

You can find out more about our open access routes, our APCs and waivers and read our FAQs on our open research page. 

Find out about open

Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) guidelines

We are a signatory of the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines , a framework that supports the reproducibility of research through the adoption of transparent research practices. That means we encourage you to:

• Cite and fully reference all data, program code, and other methods in your article.
• Include persistent identifiers, such as a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), in references for datasets and program codes. Persistent identifiers ensure future access to unique published digital objects, such as a piece of text or datasets. Persistent identifiers are assigned to datasets by digital archives, such as institutional repositories and partners in the Data Preservation Alliance for the Social Sciences (Data-PASS).
• Follow appropriate international and national procedures with respect to data protection, rights to privacy and other ethical considerations, whenever you cite data. For further guidance please refer to our  research and publishing ethics guidelines . For an example on how to cite datasets, please refer to the references section below.

Prepare your submission

Manuscript support services.

We are pleased to partner with Editage, a platform that connects you with relevant experts in language support, translation, editing, visuals, consulting, and more. After you’ve agreed a fee, they will work with you to enhance your manuscript and get it submission-ready.

This is an optional service for authors who feel they need a little extra support. It does not guarantee your work will be accepted for review or publication.

Visit Editage

Manuscript requirements

Before you submit your manuscript, it’s important you read and follow the guidelines below. You will also find some useful tips in our structure your journal submission how-to guide.

Submit your manuscript

There are a number of key steps you should follow to ensure a smooth and trouble-free submission.

Double check your manuscript

Before submitting your work, it is your responsibility to check that the manuscript is complete, grammatically correct, and without spelling or typographical errors. A few other important points:

• Give the journal aims and scope a final read. Is your manuscript definitely a good fit? If it isn’t, the editor may decline it without peer review.
• Does your manuscript comply with our research and publishing ethics guidelines ?
• Have you cleared any necessary publishing permissions ?
• Have you followed all the formatting requirements laid out in these author guidelines?
• If you need to refer to your own work, use wording such as ‘previous research has demonstrated’ not ‘our previous research has demonstrated’.
• If you need to refer to your own, currently unpublished work, don’t include this work in the reference list.
• Any acknowledgments or author biographies should be uploaded as separate files.
• Carry out a final check to ensure that no author names appear anywhere in the manuscript. This includes in figures or captions.

You will find a helpful submission checklist on the website Think.Check.Submit .

The submission process

All manuscripts should be submitted through our editorial system by the corresponding author.

The only way to submit to the journal is through the journal’s ScholarOne site as accessed via the Emerald website, and not by email or through any third-party agent/company, journal representative, or website. Submissions should be done directly by the author(s) through the ScholarOne site and not via a third-party proxy on their behalf.

A separate author account is required for each journal you submit to. If this is your first time submitting to this journal, please choose the Create an account or Register now option in the editorial system. If you already have an Emerald login, you are welcome to reuse the existing username and password here.

Please note, the next time you log into the system, you will be asked for your username. This will be the email address you entered when you set up your account.

Don't forget to add your  ORCiD ID during the submission process. It will be embedded in your published article, along with a link to the ORCiD registry allowing others to easily match you with your work.

Don’t have one yet? It only takes a few moments to register for a free ORCiD identifier .

Visit the ScholarOne support centre  for further help and guidance.

What you can expect next

You will receive an automated email from the journal editor, confirming your successful submission. It will provide you with a manuscript number, which will be used in all future correspondence about your submission. If you have any reason to suspect the confirmation email you receive might be fraudulent, please contact our Rights team .

Post submission

Review and decision process.

Each submission is checked by the editor. At this stage, they may choose to decline or unsubmit your manuscript if it doesn’t fit the journal aims and scope, or they feel the language/manuscript quality is too low.

If they think it might be suitable for the publication, they will send it to at least two independent referees for double blind peer review.  Once these reviewers have provided their feedback, the editor may decide to accept your manuscript, request minor or major revisions, or decline your work.

This journal offers an article transfer service. If the editor decides to decline your manuscript, either before or after peer review, they may offer to transfer it to a more relevant Emerald journal in this field. If you accept, your ScholarOne author account, and the accounts of your co-authors, will automatically transfer to the new journal, along with your manuscript and any accompanying peer review reports. However, you will still need to log in to ScholarOne to complete the submission process using your existing username and password. While accepting a transfer does not guarantee the receiving journal will publish your work, an editor will only suggest a transfer if they feel your article is a good fit with the new title.

While all journals work to different timescales, the goal is that the editor will inform you of their first decision within 60 days.

During this period, we will send you automated updates on the progress of your manuscript via our submission system, or you can log in to check on the current status of your paper.  Each time we contact you, we will quote the manuscript number you were given at the point of submission. If you receive an email that does not match these criteria, it could be fraudulent and we recommend you email [email protected] .

If your submission is accepted

Open access.

Once your paper is accepted, you will have the opportunity to indicate whether you would like to publish your paper via the gold open access route.

If you’ve chosen to publish gold open access, this is the point you will be asked to pay the APC (article processing charge).  This varies per journal and can be found on our APC price list or on the editorial system at the point of submission. Your article will be published with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 user licence , which outlines how readers can reuse your work.

All accepted authors are sent an email with a link to a licence form.  This should be checked for accuracy, for example whether contact and affiliation details are up to date and your name is spelled correctly, and then returned to us electronically. If there is a reason why you can’t assign copyright to us, you should discuss this with your journal content editor. You will find their contact details on the editorial team section above.

Proofing and typesetting

Two to three months before the scheduled print publication of an issue, we carry out editorial checks on your paper and a pre-typeset version appears in the Accepted Articles section of the journal’s online content. Your paper is then copyedited, typeset, and proofs are sent to you (if you are the corresponding author) for your review. You receive advance notification of this.  Please note, this is your opportunity to correct any typographical errors, grammatical errors or incorrect author details. We can’t accept requests to rewrite texts at this stage.

How to share your paper

Visit our author rights page  to find out how you can reuse and share your work.

To find tips on increasing the visibility of your published paper, read about  how to promote your work .

Correcting inaccuracies in your published paper

Sometimes errors are made during the research, writing and publishing processes. When these issues arise, we have the option of withdrawing the paper or introducing a correction notice. Find out more about our  article withdrawal and correction policies .

Need to make a change to the author list? See our frequently asked questions (FAQs) below.

Frequently asked questions

• Professor Reza Monem Griffith University, Griffith Business School, Australia - Australia [email protected]

Associate Editor

• Associate Professor Muhammad Jahangir Ali La Trobe University, La Trobe Business School, Australia - Australia [email protected]
• Dr Gurmeet Singh Bhabra Griffith University, Australia [email protected]
• Associate Professor Borhan Bhuiyan Massey University - New Zealand [email protected]
• Dr Pallab Biswas The University of Otago - New Zealand [email protected]
• Dr Lien Duong Curtin University , Australia [email protected]
• Associate Professor Omar Al Farooque University of New England, Australia [email protected]
• Dr Ru (Tina) Gao The University of Queensland - Australia [email protected]
• Associate Professor Noor Houqe Massey University - New Zealand [email protected]
• Dr Fang Hu Griffith University, The Department of Accounting, Finance, and Economics - Australia [email protected]
• Dr Awad Ibrahim University of Portsmouth, UK [email protected]
• Dr Haiyan Jiang Macquarie University, Australia [email protected]
• Dr Habib Zaman Khan University of Canberra - Australia [email protected]
• Dr Bronwyn McCreddie Queensland University of Technology - Australia [email protected]
• Prof. Tam Nguyen Nottingham Trent University - UK [email protected]
• Dr Natasja Steenkamp University of Canterbury, New Zealand [email protected]
• Dr Effie Aswadi Abdul Wahab Curtin University of Technology - Australia [email protected]
• Dr. Daifei Yao Queensland University of Technology Business School - Australia [email protected]

Editorial Assistant

• Liz Marsland Australia [email protected]

Commissioning Editor

• Sophie Reckless Emerald Publishing - UK [email protected]

Journal Editorial Office (For queries related to pre-acceptance)

• Lavanya Darvesh Emerald Publishing [email protected]

Supplier Project Manager (For queries related to post-acceptance)

• Aarti Kakade Emerald Publishing [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Board

• Associate Professor Ismail Adelopo Bristol Business School - UK
• Professor Jacqueline Birt University of Western Australia, Australia
• Professor Tim Brailsford Bond University - Australia
• Professor Rob Brown University of Melbourne - Australia
• Professor Steven Cahan University of Auckland, New Zealand
• Professor Keryn Chalmers Swinburne University of Technology - Australia
• Associate Professor Howard Chan University of Melbourne - Australia
• Professor Peter Clarkson University of Queensland - Australia
• Professor Greg Clinch University of Melbourne - Australia
• Professor Paul De Lange University of Tasmania - Australia
• Professor Robert Faff Bond University - Australia
• Professor Doug Foster University of Sydney - Australia
• Professor Elizabeth A Gordon Temple University - USA
• Professor Janice How Queensland University of Technology - Australia
• Associate Professor Bryan Howieson University of Adelaide - Australia
• Professor Wm. Dennis Huber Capella University - USA
• Associate Professor Andrew Jackson The University of New South Wales - Australia
• Professor Pam Kent Queensland University of Technology - Australia
• Associate Professor Dr Sidney Leung City University of Hong Kong - Hong Kong
• Professor Martina Linnenluecke University of Technology Sydney - Australia
• Professor Markus Milne University of Canterbury - New Zealand
• Professor Gary Monroe The University of New South Wales, Australia
• Professor Vic Naiker University of Melbourne - Australia
• Associate Professor John Nowland Illinois State University - USA
• Research Professor Lee D. Parker University of Glasgow - UK
• Associate Professor Brad Potter University of Melbourne - Australia
• Emeritus Professor Christine Ryan Queensland University of Technology - Australia
• Professor Kerrie Sadiq Queensland University of Technology - Australia
• Professor John Sands University of Southern Queensland - Australia
• Professor Divesh Sharma Kennesaw State University - USA
• Professor Baljit Sidhu Sydney University - Australia
• Professor Tom Smith Macquarie University - Australia
• Professor Ann Tarca University of Western Australia - Australia
• Professor Sirimon Treepongkaruna University of Western Australia, Australia
• Associate Professor Peter Verhoeven Queensland University of Technology - Australia
• Professor Carla Wilkin Monash University - Australia
• Professor Sue Wright University of Technology Sydney - Australia
• Professor Stephen A Zeff Rice University - USA

Citation metrics

CiteScore 2023

Further information

CiteScore is a simple way of measuring the citation impact of sources, such as journals.

Calculating the CiteScore is based on the number of citations to documents (articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers) by a journal over four years, divided by the number of the same document types indexed in Scopus and published in those same four years.

For more information and methodology visit the Scopus definition

CiteScore Tracker 2024

(updated monthly)

CiteScore Tracker is calculated in the same way as CiteScore, but for the current year rather than previous, complete years.

The CiteScore Tracker calculation is updated every month, as a current indication of a title's performance.

2023 Impact Factor

The Journal Impact Factor is published each year by Clarivate Analytics. It is a measure of the number of times an average paper in a particular journal is cited during the preceding two years.

For more information and methodology see Clarivate Analytics

5-year Impact Factor (2023)

A base of five years may be more appropriate for journals in certain fields because the body of citations may not be large enough to make reasonable comparisons, or it may take longer than two years to publish and distribute leading to a longer period before others cite the work.

Actual value is intentionally only displayed for the most recent year. Earlier values are available in the Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate Analytics .

Publication timeline

Time to first decision

Time to first decision , expressed in days, the "first decision" occurs when the journal’s editorial team reviews the peer reviewers’ comments and recommendations. Based on this feedback, they decide whether to accept, reject, or request revisions for the manuscript.

Data is taken from submissions between 1st June 2023 and 31st May 2024

Acceptance to publication

Acceptance to publication , expressed in days, is the average time between when the journal’s editorial team decide whether to accept, reject, or request revisions for the manuscript and the date of publication in the journal. 

Data is taken from the previous 12 months (Last updated July 2024)

Acceptance rate

The acceptance rate is a measurement of how many manuscripts a journal accepts for publication compared to the total number of manuscripts submitted expressed as a percentage %

Data is taken from submissions between 1st June 2023 and 31st May 2024 .

This figure is the total amount of downloads for all articles published early cite in the last 12 months

(Last updated: July 2024)

This journal is abstracted and indexed by

• Accounting & Tax Periodicals (ProQuest)
• Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre (EBSCO)
• The British Library
• Business Source Alumni Edition/ Business Source Complete/ Business Source Complete Government Edition/ Business Source Corporate Plus/ Business Source Elite/ Business Source Main Edition/ Business Source Premier (EBSCO)
• Cabell’s Directory of Publishing Opportunites in Accounting
• MainFile (EBSCO)
• OCLC – Electronic Collections Online
• Professional ProQuest Central/ ProQuest Central (ProQuest)
• ReadCube Discover
• TOC Premier (EBSCO)
• The Association of Business Schools' (ABS) Academic Journal Guide 2015 (the Guide)
• Australian Business Deans Council
• Australian Research Council (ERA Journal List)
• Polish Scholarly Bibliography (PBN)
• VHB-JOURQUAL (Category C)

Reviewer information

Peer review process.

This journal engages in a double-anonymous peer review process, which strives to match the expertise of a reviewer with the submitted manuscript. Reviews are completed with evidence of thoughtful engagement with the manuscript, provide constructive feedback, and add value to the overall knowledge and information presented in the manuscript.

The mission of the peer review process is to achieve excellence and rigour in scholarly publications and research.

Our vision is to give voice to professionals in the subject area who contribute unique and diverse scholarly perspectives to the field.

The journal values diverse perspectives from the field and reviewers who provide critical, constructive, and respectful feedback to authors. Reviewers come from a variety of organizations, careers, and backgrounds from around the world.

All invitations to review, abstracts, manuscripts, and reviews should be kept confidential. Reviewers must not share their review or information about the review process with anyone without the agreement of the editors and authors involved, even after publication. This also applies to other reviewers’ “comments to author” which are shared with you on decision.

Resources to guide you through the review process

Discover practical tips and guidance on all aspects of peer review in our reviewers' section. See how being a reviewer could benefit your career, and discover what's involved in shaping a review.

More reviewer information

Thank you to the 2022 Reviewers

The publishing and editorial teams would like to thank the following, for their invaluable service as 2022 reviewers for this journal. We are very grateful for the contributions made. With their help, the journal has been able to publish such high...

Thank you to the 2021 Reviewers

The publishing and editorial teams would like to thank the following, for their invaluable service as 2021 reviewers for this journal. We are very grateful for the contributions made. With their help, the journal has been able to publish such high...

Introducing the new editor of ARJ: Professor Reza Monem

Emerald is pleased to introduce the new Editor-in-Chief of the Accounting Research Journal, Professor Reza Monem of Griffith University. Professor Monem succeeds Professor Ellie Chapple, who stepped down as Edi...

Literati awards

Accounting Research Journal - Literati Award Winners 2022

We are pleased to announce our 2022 Literati Award winners. Outstanding Paper The relationship between CEOs’...

Accounting Research Journal - Literati Awards 2021

We are pleased to announce our 2021 Literati Award winners. Outstanding Paper The effect of integrated repor...

Accounting Research Journal - Literati Award Winners 2020

We are pleased to announce our 2020 Literati Award winners. Outstanding Paper Is CSR performance related to disclosure tone in ...

ARJ provides a forum for communicating impactful research between professionals and academics on emerging areas in contemporary accounting research and practice.

Aims and scope

The Accounting Research Journal embraces a range of methodological approaches in identifying and solving significant prioritised accounting issues. Submissions are encouraged across all areas on accounting, finance and cognate disciplines.

It is strongly recommended that authors specifically address how their research addresses the priority areas and how it impacts those who the research intends to affect.

Priority areas:

• Descriptive data and commentary that addresses the accounting standard setting agenda
• Descriptive data and commentary that addresses changes to laws and regulations that affect business
• Dealing with regulators
• Reporting for the future – climate change, sustainability, natural environment
• Accounting and finance research that addresses UN Sustainable development goals
• Auditing for the future
• Accounting education – needs and trends
• The future of the profession, including the academic profession and professional practitioners
• Taxation policy and outcomes
• Forensic Accounting
• Fraud – identification & detection
• Corporate and behavioural governance
• Technology affecting accounting
• Alternative reporting formats
• Integrated reporting
• Accounting and e-business
• Non-financial reporting
• Non-financial performance measurement and reporting
• Corporate Governance 
• Business Ethics and Corporate Culture
• Financial reporting quality

Latest articles

These are the latest articles published in this journal (Last updated: July 2024)

Intellectual Capital and Subscription Rate: An Empirical Investigation in the Indian Initial Public Offering Market

Dead reckoning: charting a new (metaphorical) course for accounting, chatgpt: reflections from the uk higher education institutions, accountancy bodies and big4s, top downloaded articles.

These are the most downloaded articles over the last 12 months for this journal (Last updated: July 2024)

Remote auditing and its impacts on auditors' work and work-life balance: auditors' perceptions and implications

Fighting through the flesch and fog: the readability of risk disclosures, leveraging information communication technology (ict) and artificial intelligence (ai) to enhance auditing practices.

These are the top cited articles for this journal, from the last 12 months according to Crossref (Last updated: July 2024)

Is audit committee busyness associated with earnings management? The moderating role of foreign ownership

Does auditor ethnicity matter in determining audit fees some empirical evidence from indonesia, do founder ceos and overconfidence affect firm risk.

This journal is aligned with our responsible management goal

We aim to champion researchers, practitioners, policymakers and organisations who share our goals of contributing to a more ethical, responsible and sustainable way of working.

Related journals

This journal is part of our Accounting, finance & economics collection. Explore our Accounting, finance & economics subject area to find out more.  

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The top 10 journal articles from 2023 examined the effects of social media, CBT for substance use, and the psychology of gig work

APA’s 89 journals published more than 5,500 articles in 2023. Here are the top 10 most read

Vol. 55 No. 1 Print version: page 22

1. Looking through a filtered lens: Negative social comparison on social media and suicidal ideation among young adults.

Spitzer, E. G., et al.

Young adults who engage in comparisons to others on social media and thus feel bad about themselves are more likely to think about suicide, this research in Psychology of Popular Media (Vol. 12, No. 1) suggests. Researchers surveyed 456 college students about their frequency of social media use and used scales to assess participants’ tendency to engage in negative social comparison on Instagram and Facebook, suicidal ideation, and thwarted belongingness (i.e., feeling as if lacking connections or meaningful relationships with others). Results indicated that participants who engaged in negative social comparisons were more likely to report suicidal ideation than those who did not. Specifically, on Instagram, those who negatively compared themselves to others the most also showed the highest levels of association between thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation. These findings suggest the need for limits on social media use and education around its mental health effects. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000380

2. Self-compassion and women’s experience of social media content portraying body positivity and appearance ideals.

Rutter, H., et al.

The type of social media content women view can affect their self-compassion—how kind to themselves and accepting of their flaws they are—suggests this study in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication). In two experiments, a total of 247 women viewed content consistent with appearance ideals (fitspiration body photos; faces with makeup), appearance-neutral content (landscapes), or body-positive content (body-positive body photos, body-positive quotes, faces without makeup). In both experiments, women who viewed content consistent with appearance ideals reported a state of worse self-compassion and worse thoughts about themselves than those who viewed body-positive or appearance-neutral content. Women who already had daily low self-compassion or high disordered-eating symptoms were the most affected by viewing content consistent with appearance ideals. On the contrary, viewing body-positive content increased the state of self-compassion relative to viewing appearance-neutral content. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000453

3. Reducing social media use improves appearance and weight esteem in youth with emotional distress.

Thai, H., et al.

Reducing smartphone social media use to 1 hour per day might improve body image and weight esteem in youth with emotional distress who are heavy social media users, this study in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication) suggests. The researchers randomly assigned 220 participants (ages 17 to 25 who used social media at least 2 hours per day) to either a 4-week intervention in which they limited their social media use to 1 hour per day or to a control condition with unrestricted access to social media. After the 4-week intervention, the group with restricted social media use felt better about their appearance and weight relative to before the intervention, whereas the other group showed no changes. Thus, reducing smartphone social media use appears to be a good method to improve how youths feel about their appearance and weight and could become a component in the prevention and treatment of body image-related disturbances. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000460

4. Interventions to reduce the negative impact of online highly visual social networking site use on mental health outcomes: A scoping review.

Herriman, Z., et al.

In this review, published in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication), researchers identified 39 studies published between 2011 and 2022 that examined how interventions designed to reduce the negative impact of online highly visual social networking site (e.g., Facebook, Instagram) use impact mental health. Most of the studies were conducted on Western adults younger than age 35 and varied widely in terms of the variables assessed, making it difficult to highlight overall conclusions. Nevertheless, results indicate that interventions focused on reducing the exposure to highly visual social media platforms benefited well-being but may also reduce social connectedness. Interventions focused on social media literacy programs may reduce addiction and improve body image. Other interventions that adopted varied psychological approaches did not appear to lead to significant results. The researchers also highlighted the gaps in research that should be addressed to improve the efficacy of such interventions, including a need for interventions that are more guided by psychological theories and assessments of these interventions that are rigorous and include diverse populations. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000455

5. On the outside looking in: Social media intensity, social connection, and user well-being: The moderating role of passive social media use.

Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E.

According to this study in the Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science (Vol. 55, No. 3) , heavy passive social media use may be linked with a weaker sense of social connection and well-being. In two survey-based studies with 226 participants in the United States, researchers found that passive engagement with social media (viewing social media but not regularly posting or interacting through the platform) was associated with less social connection, lower well-being, and higher stress. In a third, experimental study, with 160 participants, the researchers asked participants to use social media heavily (10 minutes) or lightly (5 minutes) and engage with it actively or passively. The results indicated that heavy social media use had a negative impact on feelings of social connection when used passively but a positive effect when used actively. DOI: 10.1037/cbs0000323

6. Social media usage is associated with lower knowledge about anxiety and indiscriminate use of anxiety coping strategies.

Wolenski, R., & Pettit, J. W.

Social media might not be the best source to learn about anxiety and how to reduce it, this study in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication) suggests. Young adults (N=250) responded to an online survey in which they reported their sources of information about anxiety, the strategies they use to cope with anxiety, and their anxiety symptoms and severity. The researchers also tested participants’ knowledge about anxiety. Participants rated the internet (e.g., Wikipedia, medical websites) as their most used information source, followed by friends and family, therapy, and social media. Participants with an anxiety diagnosis or severe symptoms sought information on social media more frequently than the other participants. Across all participants, those who sought information on social media more frequently showed a lower knowledge about anxiety and were more likely to report using both adaptive and maladaptive strategies to reduce anxiety. On the contrary, using the internet was associated with more knowledge about anxiety. These findings suggest the need to promote the dissemination of accurate information about anxiety on social media. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000456

7. The psychological scaffolding of arithmetic

Grice, M., et al.

In this article in Psychological Review (advance online publication), the authors propose that arithmetic has a biological origin, rather than philosophical, logical, or cognitive basis. This assertion rests on four principles of perceptual organization—monotonicity, convexity, continuity, and isomorphism—that shape how humans and other animals experience the world. According to the authors, these principles exclude all possibilities except the existence of arithmetic. Monotonicity is the idea that things change in the same direction, so that approaching objects appear to expand, while retreating objects appear to shrink. Convexity deals with betweenness, such that the four corners of a soccer pitch define the playing field even without boundary lines connecting them. Continuity describes the smoothness with which objects appear to move in time and space. Isomorphism is the idea of analogy, allowing people to recognize that cats are more similar to dogs than rocks. The authors’ analysis suggests that arithmetic is not necessarily an immutable truth of the universe but rather follows as a natural consequence of our perceptual system. DOI: 10.1037/rev0000431

8. An evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders: A systematic review and application of the society of clinical psychology criteria for empirically supported treatments.

Boness C. L., et al.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment for substance use disorder (SUD), is the conclusion of this review in Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice (Vol. 30, No. 2) . The researchers reviewed five meta-analyses of the effect of CBT on SUD, but only one had sufficient quality for inclusion to evaluate the size of the effects of CBT. This meta-analysis found that CBT produced small to moderate effects on SUD when compared with minimal treatment (e.g., waitlist, brief psychoeducation) and nonspecific treatment (e.g., treatment as usual, drug counseling). These effects were smaller in magnitude when compared with other active treatments (e.g., motivational interviewing, contingency management). The effects of CBT on SUD tended to diminish over time (i.e., CBT was most effective at early follow-up of 1 to 6 months posttreatment compared with late follow-up of at least 8 months posttreatment). The researchers recommend CBT to be used as an evidence-based approach to SUD but highlight the need for more research to identify patient characteristics that might moderate response to CBT and the best deployment of CBT (e.g., as a standalone or an adjunct intervention). DOI: 10.1037/cps0000131

9. A network approach to understanding parenting: Linking coparenting, parenting styles, and parental involvement in rearing adolescents in different age groups.

Liu, S., et al.

Mothers’ and fathers’ behaviors that promote a sense of family integrity (i.e., coparenting integrity), warmth, and emotional involvement are central components of the parenting network in two-parent families, according to this study in Developmental Psychology (Vol. 59, No. 4) . Researchers used network analysis to explore different facets of maternal and paternal coparenting (e.g., integrity, conflict), parenting styles (e.g., rejection, warmth), and parental involvement (e.g., emotional support, discipline) in two-parent families in China with a total of 4,852 adolescents at different stages of adolescence. They found that maternal and paternal coparenting integrity, warm parenting style, and emotional involvement were key to the parenting network, as indicated by the central spot they occupied in the network analysis. They also found that the expected influence of these characteristics varied for adolescents in different developmental stages—maternal integrity, warmth, and emotional involvement were important throughout adolescence, but paternal integrity, warmth, and emotional involvement were particularly important in early adolescence. The results suggest that supportive parenting might be a prime target for enhancing parenting systems. DOI: 10.1037/dev0001470

10. Seeking connection, autonomy, and emotional feedback: A self-determination theory of self-regulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Champ, R.E., et al.

In this article in Psychological Review (Vol. 130, No. 3) , the authors propose a new framework on the basis of self-determination theory (SDT) for understanding attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developing treatment approaches. The researchers suggest that using SDT, which proposes that humans have a natural tendency toward growth and self-actualization, supporting intrinsic motivation and self-organization, can offer a new positive understanding of ADHD and its symptoms. This approach counters the negative characterizations of ADHD; moves beyond symptom reduction and the focus on how ADHD presents motivation, engagement, and self-regulation issues; and instead focuses on potential positive aspects of ADHD and well-being. In addition, the framework highlights the need to help individuals with ADHD better understand how they function, tell the difference between biological and individual needs, and develop self-autonomy and self-regulation skills. According to this SDT approach, treatments that are autonomy supportive and increase self-determination could improve the functioning of individuals with ADHD. DOI: 10.1037/rev0000398

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Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World

Effective ways to communicate research in a journal article

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We publish over 500 high-quality journals, with two-thirds in partnership with learned societies and prestigious institutions. Our diverse journal offerings ensure that your research finds a home alongside award-winning content, reaching a global audience and maximizing impact.

• By Megan Taphouse , Anne Foster , Eduardo Franco , Howard Browman , and Michael Schnoor
• August 12 th 2024

In this blog post, editors of OUP journals delve into the vital aspect of clear communication in a journal article. Anne Foster (Editor of Diplomatic History ), Eduardo Franco (Editor-in-Chief of JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute and JNCI Monographs ), Howard Browman (Editor-in-Chief of ICES Journal of Marine Science ), and Michael Schnoor (Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Leukocyte Biology ) provide editorial recommendations on achieving clarity, avoiding common mistakes, and creating an effective structure.

Ensuring clear communication of research findings

AF : To ensure research findings are clearly communicated, you should be able to state the significance of those findings in one sentence—if you don’t have that simple, clear claim in your mind, you will not be able to communicate it.

MS : The most important thing is clear and concise language. It is also critical to have a logical flow of your story with clear transitions from one research question to the next.

EF : It is crucial to write with both experts and interested non-specialists in mind, valuing their diverse perspectives and insights.

Common mistakes that obscure authors’ arguments and data

AF : Many authors do a lovely job of contextualizing their work, acknowledging what other scholars have written about the topic, but then do not sufficiently distinguish what their work is adding to the conversation.

HB : Be succinct—eliminate repetition and superfluous material. Do not attempt to write a mini review. Do not overinterpret your results or extrapolate far beyond the limits of the study. Do not report the same data in the text, tables, and figures.

The importance of the introduction

AF : The introduction is absolutely critical. It needs to bring them straight into your argument and contribution, as quickly as possible.

EF : The introduction is where you make a promise to the reader. It is like you saying, “I identified this problem and will solve it.” What comes next in the paper is how you kept that promise.

Structural pitfalls

EF : Remember, editors are your first audience; make sure your writing is clear and compelling because if the editor cannot understand your writing, chances are that s/he will reject your paper without sending it out for external peer review.

HB : Authors often misplace content across sections, placing material in the introduction that belongs in methods, results, or discussion, and interpretive phrases in results instead of discussion. Additionally, they redundantly present information in multiple sections.

Creating an effective structure

AF : I have one tip which is more of a thinking and planning strategy. I write myself letters about what I think the argument is, what kinds of support it needs, how I will use the specific material I have to provide that support, how it fits together, etc.

EF : Effective writing comes from effective reading—try to appreciate good writing in the work of others as you read their papers. Do you like their writing? Do you like their strategy of advancing arguments? Are you suspicious of their methods, findings, or how they interpret them? Do you see yourself resisting? Examine your reactions. You should also write frequently. Effective writing is like a physical sport; you develop ‘muscle memory’ by hitting a golf ball or scoring a 3-pointer in basketball.

The importance of visualizing data and findings

MS : It is extremely important to present your data in clean and well-organized figures—they act as your business card. Also, understand and consider the page layout and page or column dimensions of your target journal and format your tables and figures accordingly.

EF : Be careful when cropping gels to assemble them in a figure. Make sure that image contrasts are preserved from the original blots. Image cleaning for the sake of readability can alter the meaning of results and eventually be flagged by readers as suspicious.

The power of editing

AF : Most of the time, our first draft is for ourselves. We write what we have been thinking about most, which means the article reflects our questions, our knowledge, and our interests. A round or two of editing and refining before submission to the journal is valuable.

HB : Editing does yourself a favour by minimizing distractions-annoyances-cosmetic points that a reviewer can criticize. Why give reviewers things to criticize when you can eliminate them by submitting a carefully prepared manuscript?

Editing mistakes to avoid

AF : Do not submit an article which is already at or above the word limit for articles in the journal. The review process rarely asks for cuts; usually, you will be asked to clarify or add material. If you are at the maximum word count in the initial submission, you then must cut something during the revision process.

EF : Wait 2-3 days and then reread your draft. You will be surprised to see how many passages in your great paper are too complicated and inscrutable even for you. And you wrote it!

Featured image by Charlotte May via Pexels .

Megan Taphouse , Marketing Executive

Anne Foster , (Editor of Diplomatic History)

Eduardo Franco , (Editor-in-Chief of JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer institute and JNCI Monographs)

Howard Browman , (Editor-in-Chief of ICES Journal of Marine Science)

Michael Schnoor , (Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Leukocyte Biology)

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Censorship in Early Childhood: A Critical Content Analysis of Banned and Challenged Latine Picture Books

• Sanjuana Rodriguez Kennesaw State University
• Sandra Osorio Erikson Institute

Book bans have historically been used to limit the types of books that students have access to, especially for communities of Color and historically marginalized groups. Using Critical Race Content Analysis, we analyzed how Latine individuals and experiences are portrayed in banned/challenged picture books to understand the experiences portrayed in the texts. We identified ten Latine picture book titles that were banned or challenged and also award winners. We found that Latine picture books that were challenged or banned included experiential knowledge, the centrality of race and racism, challenged the dominant ideology of Latine communities, included interdisciplinary perspectives, and exhibited a commitment to social justice.  All children, especially Latine children, should engage and discuss children's books that include the Latine experience and their own stories. 

Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. “The Danger of a Single Story.” TED, July 2009, www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_ngozi_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story.

Beach, Richard, Patricia Enciso, Jerome Harste, Christine Jenkins, Seemi Aziz Raina, Rebecca Rogers, Kathy G. Short, Yoo Kyung Sung, Melissa Wilson, and Vivian Yenika-Agbaw. “Exploring the ‘Critical’ in Critical Content Analysis of Children’s Literature.” 58th Yearbook of the National Reading Conference. National Reading Conference, 2009.

Bishop, Rudine Sims. “Mirrors, Windows, and Sliding Glass Doors.” Perspectives: Choosing and Using Books for the Classroom, vol. 6, no. 3, 1990, pp. ix-xi.

Braden, Eliza G., and Sanjuana C. Rodriguez. “Beyond Mirrors and Windows: A Critical Content Analysis of Latinx Children’s Books.” Journal of Language and Literacy Education, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pp. 56-83.

Dallacqua, Ashley K. “‘Let Me Just Close My Eyes’: Challenged and Banned Books, Claimed Identities, and Comics.” Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, vol. 66, no. 2, 2022, pp. 134-138.

Díaz, Junot. Islandborn. Illustrated by Leo Espinosa, Dial Books, 2018.

Dyson, Anne Haas. Writing the School House Blues: Literacy, Equity, and Belonging in a Child’s Early Schooling. Teachers College Press, 2021.

Engle, Margarita. Drum Dream Girl: How One Girl’s Courage Changed Music. Illustrated by Rafael López, Clarion Books, 2015.

Fanetti, Susan. “A Case for Cultivating Controversy: Teaching Challenged Books in K–12 Classrooms.” The ALAN Review, vol. 40, no. 1, 2012, pp. 6-17.

Flood, Alison. “‘I am Proven Joyously Wrong’: Picture Book About Trans Child Wins Major Prize Amid Moral Panic.” The Guardian, 11 Sept. 2019, www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/11/i-am-proven-joyously-wrong-picture-bookabout-trans-child-wins-major-prize-amid-moral-panic.

Franzak, Judith K. “Hopelessness and Healing: Racial Identity in Young Adult Literature.” New Advocate, vol. 16, no. 1, 2003, pp. 43-56.

Friedman, Jonathan, and Nadine Farid Johnson. “Banned in the USA: Rising School Book Bans Threaten Free Expression and Students’ First Amendment Rights.” PEN America, Apr. 2022, pen.org/banned-in-the-usa/.

Galvez, Anna. “The Journey to a Consensus of Gender-Neutral Language in Spanish: Does -x Really Mark the Spot?” Journal of the Student Personnel Association at Indiana University, vol. 50, 2022, pp. 46-54.

Harris, Elizabeth A., and Alexandra Alter. “Why Book Ban Efforts Are Spreading Across the U.S.” The New York Times, 30 Jan. 2023, www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/books/bookban-us-schools.html.

Hughes-Hassell, Sandra, Heather A. Barkley, and Elizabeth Koehler. “Promoting Equity in Children’s Literacy Instruction: Using a Critical Race Theory Framework to Examine Transitional Books.” School Library Media Research, vol. 12, 2009.

Hlywak, Stephanie. “The American Library Association Opposes Widespread Efforts to Censor.” American Library Association, 29 Nov. 2021, www.ala.org/news/pressreleases/2021/11/american-library-association-opposes-widespread-efforts-censor-booksus.

Krull, Kathleen. Harvesting Hope: The Story of Cesar Chavez. Illustrated by Yuyi Morales, Clarion Books, 2003.

Leland, Christine H., and Sara E. Bangert. “Encouraging Activism Through Art: Preservice Teachers Challenge Censorship.” Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, vol. 68, no. 1, 2019, pp. 162-182.

Li, Grace Z. “Junot Díaz on the Monster of ‘Islandborn.’” The Harvard Crimson, 6 Mar. 2018, www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/3/6/junot-diaz-interview-islandborn/. Accessed 15 Sept. 2022.

Lopez, Brian. “Texas House Committee to Investigate School Districts’ Books on Race and Sexuality.” The Texas Tribune, 26 Oct. 2021, www.texastribune.org/2021/10/26/texasschool-books-race-sexuality/.

Love, Jessica. Julián is a Mermaid. Candlewick Press, 2018.

Maddox, Carliss. “Literacy By Any Means Necessary: The History of Anti-Literacy Laws in the U.S.”

Oakland Literacy Coalition, 12 Jan. 2022, oaklandliteracycoalition.org/literacy-byany-means-necessary-the-history-of-anti-literacy-laws-in-the-u-s/.

Medina, Meg. Mango, Abuela, and Me. Illustrated by Angela Dominguez, Candlewick Press, 2015.

Méndez, Yamile Saied. Where are You From? Illustrated by Jamie Kim, HarperCollins Publishers, 2019. Morales, Yuyi. Dreamers. Neal Porter Books, 2018.

———. Niño Wrestles the World. Square Fish Books, 2015.

Osorio, Sandra L. “Border Stories: Using Critical Race and Latino Critical Theories to Understand the Experiences of Latino/a Children.” Race Ethnicity and Education, vol. 21, no. 1, 2018, pp. 92-104.

Pérez Huber, Lindsay, Lorena Camargo Gonzalez, and Daniel G. Solórzano. “Theorizing a Critical Race Content Analysis for Children’s Literature about People of Color.” Urban Education, vol. 58, no. 10, 2020, pp. 2437-2461.

Piper, Rebekah E. “Navigating Black Identity Development: The Power of Interactive Multicultural Read Alouds with Elementary-Aged Children.” Education Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, 2019, pp. 141.

Quast, Erin. “‘And He Could Wear a Dress?’: A Preschool Transformative Book Conversation.” Reading Teacher, vol. 72, no. 4, 2019. Wiley,

Quintero, Isabel. My Papi Has a Motorcycle. Illustrated by Zeke Peña, Kokila, 2019.

Rodriguez, Sanjuana C., and Eliza Gabrielle Braden. “Representation of Latinx Immigrants and Immigration in Children’s Literature: A Critical Content Analysis.” Journal of Children’s Literature, vol. 44, no. 2, 2018, pp. 46-61.

Rodríguez, Sonia Alejandra. “Conocimiento Narratives: Creative Acts and Healing in Latinx Children’s and Young Adult Literature.” Children’s Literature, vol. 47, 2019, pp. 9-29.

Schall, Janine M., Julia López-Robertson, and Jeanne G. Fain. “Examining the Visual in Latinx Immigrant Journey Picturebooks.” Critical Content Analysis of Visual Images in Books for Young People, edited by Holly Johnson, Kathy Gnagey Short, and Janelle Mathis, Routledge, 2019, pp. 59-76.

Sealey-Ruiz, Yolanda. “Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline Through Racial Literacy Development in Teacher Education.” Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy, vol. 8, no. 2, 2011, pp. 116-120.

Skrlac Lo, Rachel. “Resisting Gentle Bias: A Critical Content Analysis of Family Diversity in Picturebooks.” Journal of Children’s Literature, vol. 45, no. 2, 2019, pp. 16-30.

“Stonewall Book Awards.” American Library Association, 2023, www.ala.org/awardsgrants/awards/177/apply.

“The Students’ Right to Read.” National Council of Teachers of English, 25 Oct. 2018, ncte.org/statement/righttoreadguideline/.

Sung, Yoo Kyung, and Kristi DeMar. “Schooling and Post-Immigration Experiences in Latinx Children's Literature.” Bookbird: A Journal of International Children’s Literature, vol. 58, no. 1, 2020, pp. 15-28.

Tschida, Christina M., Caitlin L. Ryan, and Anne Swenson Ticknor. “Building on Windows and Mirrors: Encouraging the Disruption of ‘Single Stories’ Through Children’s Literature.” Journal of Children’s Literature, vol. 40, no. 1, 2014, pp. 28-39.

Tonatiuh, Duncan. Separate is Never Equal: Sylvia Mendez and Her Family’s Fight for Desegregation. Harry N. Abrams, 2014.

Waldman, Katy. “What Are We Protecting Children from by Banning Books?” The New Yorker, 10 Mar. 2023, www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/what-are-we-protecting-childrenfrom-by-banning-books.

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Chemical Communications

The research progress on cof solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries.

The practical use of traditional liquid electrolytes is constrained by safety and stability challenges. Solid-State Lithium metal batteries have attracted increased attention due to their potential to overcome the energy density and safety issues. As the key component, exploration of novel solid-state electrolytes with high ion conductivity and structural stability are highly required. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), owning unique electronic properties with conjugated and porous structures, are emerging as new class of solid-state electrolytes. In recent years, outstanding progress of electrochemical performance has been achieved through the design and synthesis of various types of COF-based solid-state electrolytes, along with successful integration with high voltage cathode and lithium metal anode. This review will provide an overview of the research progress on COFs as solid-state electrolyte materials for lithium metal batteries and offer insights into their future potential in Lithium metal batteries.

• This article is part of the themed collection: 2024 Pioneering Investigators

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Z. Li, M. Wu, Y. Wang, Q. Hao, Q. Lv and X. Shang, Chem. Commun. , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4CC02262A

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Economic Costs Attributed to Diagnosed Diabetes in Each U.S. State and the District of Columbia: 2021

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Olga A. Khavjou , Minglu Sun , Sophia R. D’Angelo , Simon J. Neuwahl , Thomas J. Hoerger , Pyone Cho , Kristopher Myers , Ping Zhang; Economic Costs Attributed to Diagnosed Diabetes in Each U.S. State and the District of Columbia: 2021. Diabetes Care 2024; dc240832. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-0832

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To update state-specific estimates of diabetes-attributable costs in the U.S. and assess changes in spending from 2013 to 2021.

We used an attributable fraction approach to estimate direct medical costs of diagnosed diabetes using the 2021 State Health Expenditure Accounts, the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2018–2019 Minimum Data Set. We estimated diabetes-attributable productivity losses from morbidity and mortality using the 2016–2021 National Health Interview Survey and the 2021 mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Costs were adjusted to 2021 U.S. dollars.

Total diabetes-attributable cost in 2021 was $640 billion ($335 billion in direct medical costs and $305 billion in indirect costs). The median state-level total diabetes-attributable cost was $8.2 billion (range $842 million to $81 billion). The median state-level per-person cost was $21,082, ranging from $17,452 to $37,090. Total diabetes-attributable cost increased by a median of 33% between 2013 and 2021, ranging from 16 to 68% across states. Medical costs increased by 50% overall (range 33–79%) and by 27% (range 15–41%) for per person with diabetes. Costs paid by Medicaid experienced the highest increase between 2013 and 2021 (median 153%; range 41–483%).

State economic costs of diagnosed diabetes are substantial and increased over the last decade. These costs and their growth vary considerably across states. These findings may help state policy makers in developing evidenced-based public health interventions in their respective states to prevent and control the prevalence of diabetes.

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