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Academic Writing for Academic Persian: A Synthesis of Recent Research

• First Online: 18 September 2021

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• Chiew Hong Ng 10 &
• Yin Ling Cheung 10  

Part of the book series: Language Policy ((LAPO,volume 25))

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Besides enhancing Persian academic reading, in an English only research world, Persian academic stakeholders have to master English and/or Persian academic writing to disseminate findings globally to members of different disciplinary communities through Persian and English language as a lingua franca. This chapter uses the method of qualitative meta-synthesis of 40 empirical studies specifically on academic writing in Persian in refereed journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings published during the period of 2005–2020. An inductive approach to thematic analysis synthesizes (a) the theoretical models for researching Academic Persian in academic writing and (b) the similarities and differences between academic writers from Persian and English for different disciplines. Theoretically and pedagogically, the findings from the comparisons and the systematic content analysis following Sandelowski et al. (Res Nurs Health 20:365–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199708)20:4<365::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-E , 1997) contribute to our understanding of styles and genres specific to academic writing for Academic Persian, in terms of theoretical models for research as well as conventions or expectations of different disciplines in academic writing for Academic Persian.

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Ng, C.H., Cheung, Y.L. (2021). Academic Writing for Academic Persian: A Synthesis of Recent Research. In: Aghdassi, A. (eds) Perspectives on Academic Persian. Language Policy, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75610-9_10

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Translation of "essay" into Persian

مقاله, انشا, جستار are the top translations of "essay" into Persian. Sample translated sentence: It's that little girl from Springfield who wrote the essay. ↔ همون دختر کوچولوئه از اسپرینگفیلد هست که اون مقاله رو نوشته.

A written composition of moderate length exploring a particular issue or subject. [..]

English-Persian dictionary

It's that little girl from Springfield who wrote the essay .

همون دختر کوچولوئه از اسپرینگفیلد هست که اون مقاله رو نوشته.

piece of writing often written from an author's personal point of view

We had to write an essay about our hero at school

یه بار که توی مدرسه باید دربارهی یه قهرمان انشا مینوشتیم

Less frequent translations

• (طرح پیشنهادی برای تمبر یا اسکناس جدید) الگو
• (ماهیت یا مرغوبیت و غیره) آزمودن
• اقدام کردن به
• امتحان کردن
• امتحاناانجام دادن
• انشا (نوشته ی کوتاه که بیانگر اندیشه و سلیقه ی نویسنده است)
• عیارگیری کردن
• مقاله نویسی
• پردازش (به کاری)

Show algorithmically generated translations

Automatic translations of " essay " into Persian

Translations with alternative spelling

"Essay" in English - Persian dictionary

Currently we have no translations for Essay in the dictionary, maybe you can add one? Make sure to check automatic translation, translation memory or indirect translations.

Phrases similar to "essay" with translations into Persian

• free form essay توصیف انشایی از خصوصیت ارزیابی شونده، روش تشریحی

Translations of "essay" into Persian in sentences, translation memory

The Fundamentals of Reading and Writing in Persian (Farsi)- It's Easier Than You Think!

To celebrate the launch of our long long awaited Persian (Farsi) Reading and Writing Course here at Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation, we thought it would be nice to provide a little introduction to the fundamentals of reading and writing in the Persian language. In this article, we hope to

• Introduce you to the Persian alphabet
• Provide an overview of the letters of the alphabet
• Show the differences between the Persian and English Alphabet

But first,-

Why learn how to read and write in the Persian language?

In Chai and Conversation, we’ve always emphasized conversational Persian, and aim to get students verbally communicating effectively as quickly as possible. Learning a whole new alphabet and new system for reading may seem intimidating for people learning a new language, and for this reason, all of our Conversational Persian lessons feature the words we’re learning in phonetic English spelling. This eliminates one of the largest hurdles many people have to diving into the Persian language in the first place.

However, in truth, you will not be able to understand a language fully until you can read and write it in its original form. If you want to truly understand the Persian language, it’s important to be able to read and write as well.  Although it may seem difficult at first, once you understand a few basic principles, it’s quite easy to get the hang of it.

An Overview of the Persian Alphabet

The Persian alphabet consists of 32 letters . Although it is based on the Arabic alphabet, there are four letters in the Persian alphabet that do not appear in Arabic- these are پ , چ , ز , and گ ( pé , ché , zé and gé ).

There are several letters in the Persian alphabet that look different but make the same sound . For example, there are four letters that represent the sound ‘z’- ذ، ز، ض and ظ . Although they all look different, they all sound the same. Knowing which letter to use is a matter of memorization. This is actually a holdover from converting the alphabet from Arabic to Persian- in Arabic, the different versions DO make different sounds, but not when reading and writing in Persian. The sound 's' and 't' also have several different versions that look the same, but sound different. You can see them all in the alphabet reference guide below.

Most letters of the Persian alphabet have two different versions - what we call a bozorg (big) version and a koocheek (small) version , similar to capital versus lowercase versions in the English language. Depending on where the letter occurs in the word, they take on different versions. It's fairly intuitive to know which version to use based on placement in a given word- this simply comes with practice, and isn't something you need to worry about in the beginning of learning to read and write.

Also, many letters in the Persian alphabet are distinguished by the number and the positions of dots they have. So, many letters have the same base structure, but depending on the placement and number of dots, they are completely different sounds. For example- ت، ب and ث have similar 'bases,' and what differentiates them is the placement and numbers of dots they have.

Another slightly more complicated aspect of Persian writing is that many of the vowels are in the form of an 'accent' - and although they are provided when you're first learning to read and write, eventually, they are presumed to be understood and are not written at all. So for example, the word bad in Persian is written like this: بَد . The accent above the first letter is actually the vowel sound a. In most written Persian, the word will simply appear as بد as the writer will assume that you know based on the context of the word which accent it would have. Again, this sounds very complicated, but becomes intuitive fairly easily once you begin practicing reading and writing.

Alphabet Reference Guide

A note on the names of the letters in the Persian alphabet: Each letter of the alphabet has a formal name, and a sound that it makes. This is the same as in English- the letter ‘W’ for instance has a formal name (double you) and a sound (wa). Please see the end of the article for our pronunciation guide.

Differences Between the English and Persian Alphabets

One of the biggest differences between Persian and English is that Persian is written from right to left . So not only are words and sentences written from right to left, but books also open in the opposite direction from English books.

Another difference between Persian and English is that Persian letters are connected whether in print or in handwriting. For instance, in English, letters are connected only when writing in cursive. In Persian, however, they are always connected, even in print writing.

Persian writing is also more phonetic than English writing. For instance- in the word Pacific Ocean, the letter 'c' sounds different in every single instance of its use. Persian writing is not like this. When you see the letter س it always sounds like 's', no matter what.

Vowels in Persian Writing

The Persian language has 6 vowel sounds total . This is in contrast to English which, although there are only 5 letters representing vowels, there are a total of 15 vowel sounds, created by combining those vowels in different ways.

There are only three letters of the Persian alphabet that are purely vowels. These are و، آ and ی ( ā , oo , and ee ). The other three vowel sounds are in the form of accents. They are َ، ِ، and ُ. As said above these accents are provided in the beginning when you are learning to read and write, but later, they are assumed to be understood. So you must make an educated guess about which vowel a word has based on its context.

Ready to Learn More About Reading and Writing in Persian?

Not to worry- our highly anticipated Reading and Writing in Persian (Farsi) series is now available! The series features easy to understand videos, as well as comprehensive PDF Guides that will have you reading and writing in no time. If you're not a member of Chai and Conversation already, you can sign up for a free 30 day trial of the program, and begin learning!

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE:

a    short a     like in hat ā    long a        like in autumn é    ending ‘e’    like in elf ō    ending o    sharp o. listen to podcast for exact sound

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How to Learn Farsi as a Complete Beginner: Alphabet, Grammar, Resources & Tips

Are you curious about understanding how to learn Farsi? This guide will offer you the main key points and resources to start your learning process . Studying Farsi can open up a world of opportunities, both personally and professionally. In this article, we'll show you how to learn Farsi step by step and demystify that it's a difficult language to master. 

When you learn Farsi, you're not only gaining a valuable skill but also tapping into a vibrant culture. It can boost your career prospects, increase your cognitive abilities, and open doors to new friendships. Learning Farsi can be a rewarding experience that enriches your life in countless ways.

Farsi is not confined to its homeland; its influence extends globally. It's one of the most widely spoken languages in the Middle East and Central Asia . Moreover, Iran's growing presence in various fields, including politics, economics, and culture, makes Farsi an increasingly important language on the world stage. Learning Farsi can provide you with unique insights into this influential and diverse region. Let’s start!

Getting Started with Farsi Language

The Farsi Alphabet

Farsi alphabet, also known as the Persian script, is a beautiful and distinctive writing system that consists of 32 letters. Each letter has its unique form and pronunciation. Farsi is written from right to left , making it a right-to-left script. While it may appear challenging to those unfamiliar with it, the Farsi alphabet has an elegant simplicity that becomes more accessible with practice. Mastery of the alphabet is fundamental to unlocking the rich world of the Farsi language, and with dedication, you can swiftly become adept at reading and writing in this script. Here's the Farsi alphabet along with pronunciation:

The most effective method to learn the Farsi alphabet is through consistent practice and the use of mnemonic devices. Begin by familiarizing yourself with the individual letters and their corresponding sounds. Flashcards or mobile apps dedicated to Farsi alphabet learning can be invaluable tools. Create associations or visual aids to remember each letter more easily. Practice writing the letters by hand to reinforce your muscle memory . As you progress, try reading simple Farsi texts or labeling everyday objects in your environment with their Farsi names to apply your newfound knowledge. 

Basic Farsi Grammar

Farsi grammar may appear complex, but let's simplify with three essential grammatical rules to keep in mind. Firstly, word order in Farsi typically follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure , where the subject comes first, followed by the object, and finally the verb. Secondly, Farsi nouns have gender (masculine or feminine) , and it's crucial to learn the gender of nouns along with their corresponding definite articles ('-e' for masculine and '-ye' for feminine ) to form proper noun phrases. Lastly, Farsi verbs are conjugated differently based on tense, mood, and subject. Understanding the conjugation patterns, especially for present and past tenses, is vital for constructing accurate sentences. Regular practice and exposure to these fundamental rules will help beginners build a solid foundation in Farsi grammar.

To avoid common grammatical errors, remember these tips:

• Learn Grammar in Context: Instead of just memorizing rules in isolation, try to learn grammar within the context of real sentences and conversations. This will help you understand how grammar is used naturally and make it easier to apply in your own speech and writing.
• Keep a Grammar Journal: Create a journal dedicated to tracking your grammar progress. Whenever you encounter a new grammar rule or make a mistake, write it down along with examples. Review your journal regularly to reinforce what you've learned and track your improvement over time.
• Practice with Farsi Media: Watch Farsi-language movies, TV shows, or read books and articles in Farsi. This exposure to authentic language use will help you internalize grammar rules and see how they are applied in real-life situations. 

Farsi Common Phrases

Here are 20 common Farsi phrases to kickstart your conversations:

• Salam (سلام) - Hello
• Khodahafez (خداحافظ) - Goodbye
• Mamnoon (ممنون) - Thank you
• Lotfan (لطفاً) - Please
• Na (نه) - No
• Bale (بله) - Yes
• Chetor hasti? (چطور هستی؟) - How are you?
• Khaili khobi (خیلی خوبی) - I'm fine
• Be khodet komak kon (به خودت کمک کن) - Help yourself
• Man Farsi balad nistam (من فارسی بلد نیستم) - I don't speak Farsi
• Ba'alejeh (بعله) - Excuse me
• Cheghadr mishe? (چقدر می‌شه؟) - How much does it cost?
• Bekhod khodet (بخود خودت) - Do it yourself
• Khoda negahdar (خدا نگهدار) - God bless you
• Chetori? (چطوری؟) - How's it going?
• Bebinamet (ببینمت) - See you
• Man angrez hastam (من انگلیسی هستم) - I'm English
• Man dooset daram (من دوست دارم) - I love you
• Dorood (درود) - Greetings
• Kheili mamnoonam (خیلی ممنونم) - Thank you very much

A valuable exercise to enhance pronunciation of basic Farsi phrases involves the use of a native speaker's audio recordings or language learning apps with pronunciation features. 

Select a set of common Farsi phrases and play the audio. Listen carefully to the native speaker's pronunciation and try to mimic their intonation, rhythm, and stress patterns. Pause and repeat each phrase multiple times, focusing on accurately reproducing the sounds. Pay attention to the nuances of Farsi sounds, such as the guttural "kh" sound and the various vowel sounds.

Recording yourself while practicing can also be helpful for self-assessment and improvement. 

Tips and Tricks on Learning Farsi

Studying Farsi at home can be both effective and enjoyable with these three tricks. First, establish a consistent routine by dedicating a specific time each day for language practice. Consistency is key to making steady progress. Second, create an immersive environment by changing your phone or computer settings to Farsi , labeling objects around your home with their Farsi names, and consuming Farsi media such as movies, music, and news. This helps reinforce vocabulary and cultural understanding. Lastly, connect with online language communities or find a language exchange partner who speaks Farsi. Engaging in conversations, even virtually, provides practical experience and encourages regular practice, making your Farsi learning journey not only educational but also interactive and fun.

Also, integrating Farsi language learning into your daily life activities is an effective way to make consistent progress while also making the learning process more engaging. Here's how you can connect your daily life activities to studying Farsi:

• Cooking and Recipes: Explore Farsi cuisine by following Farsi recipes. This not only helps you learn the names of ingredients and cooking techniques in Farsi but also immerses you in the culinary culture of Iran. You can find Farsi recipes online or in Farsi cookbooks.
• Exercise and Physical Activities: If you enjoy physical activities, consider watching Farsi-language workout videos or practicing yoga with Farsi instructions. This combines your interests with language learning and keeps you engaged.
• Gardening: If you have a garden or indoor plants, learn the Farsi names for different plants and gardening terms. This allows you to apply your language skills while tending to your garden.
• Shopping: When shopping for groceries or other items, practice naming products and reading labels in Farsi. You can also use Farsi phrases for greetings and polite interactions with shopkeepers.

Advanced Farsi Learning Tips

To elevate your Farsi skills beyond the basics, immerse yourself in advanced grammar resources and textbooks, while reading Farsi literature and media to expand your vocabulary. Watch Farsi films and engage with native speakers for colloquial fluency. Additionally, explore specialized resources and maintain consistent practice to deepen your language proficiency and achieve advanced levels of competence.

We recommend you to practice the language by enjoying the Farsi culture. How? Listening to songs by iconic Iranian artists like Googoosh, Mohammad Reza Shajarian, and Dariush , as their music offers a rich blend of cultural and linguistic elements. For movies, classics like "A Separation" (Jodaeiye Nader az Simin) and "Children of Heaven" (Bacheha-Ye Aseman) provide captivating storytelling and authentic dialogues. In the realm of literature, start with Persian poets like Rumi and Hafez, whose works are celebrated for their profound wisdom and lyrical beauty, or explore contemporary authors like Khaled Hosseini, known for "The Kite Runner" (Charkheh Baz) and "A Thousand Splendid Suns" (Hazar Afsanah Isy) . These recommendations will not only enhance your language skills but also provide a deeper understanding of Persian culture and history.

Online Courses for Learning Farsi

Online courses offer a host of benefits for Farsi language learners, particularly in the convenience and flexibility they provide. Learners can access high-quality Farsi courses from anywhere in the world, allowing for personalized, self-paced learning that suits individual schedules. Furthermore, online courses frequently offer opportunities for peer interaction and feedback through discussion forums or live sessions, fostering a sense of community and collaboration among learners. 

• University of Tehran - Farsi Online: This course is designed for both beginners and intermediate learners and covers a wide range of language skills, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking . It includes video lessons, interactive exercises, and cultural insights, making it a well-rounded learning experience. Learners can choose from various modules based on their proficiency level and specific language goals.
• University of Maryland - Persian Language and Culture: This course emphasizes practical language skills and cultural understanding. It includes lessons on Farsi grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, as well as insights into Persian traditions, literature, and history. It's suitable for beginners and intermediate learners seeking a well-structured and informative course.
• Farsi Language Academy - Farsi Course : This online academy provides structured lessons on Farsi grammar, conversation, and writing skills. What sets it apart is its emphasis on conversational fluency, with practical exercises and opportunities to engage in live conversations with native Farsi speakers, fostering a dynamic learning environment. The course also includes cultural insights, helping learners understand the broader context of the language they are acquiring.

Farsi Tutoring

Having a Farsi tutor is essential for a truly immersive language learning experience. Tutors provide personalized guidance, immediate feedback, and tailor-made lessons that cater to individual learning needs, ensuring effective progress. Moreover, regular interaction with a tutor improves speaking and listening skills, boosting confidence in real-life conversations and fostering a genuine connection to the language and its culture. Explore these platforms to find a Farsi tutor:

• Italki: This app presents several advantages for learning Farsi, including access to native speakers who offer authentic language instruction, personalized lessons tailored to individual learning goals and schedules, cost-effective language instruction, trial lessons for tutor compatibility testing , cultural insights, various lesson formats, and the convenience of an online learning platform, making it an excellent resource for Farsi learners seeking a comprehensive and flexible language learning experience.
• Preply: The platform allows learners to choose tutors who align with their specific learning needs, whether focused on conversational practice, grammar, or exam preparation. Flexible scheduling options accommodate varying time zones and busy lifestyles, making it convenient for learners to access quality Farsi lessons. Preply also offers trial lessons for learners to evaluate tutor compatibility, and the online learning environment provides a comfortable and accessible space for Farsi language acquisition. 
• Verbling: The platform enables learners to choose tutors who align with their specific language objectives, whether they focus on conversational fluency, grammar mastery, or cultural understanding. Verbling's user-friendly interface simplifies scheduling, and learners can easily book lessons that fit their availability, even across different time zones . With a focus on immersive language learning, Verbling provides a practical and interactive environment for learners to advance their Farsi proficiency, making it a valuable resource for those seeking comprehensive language instruction.

Farsi Learning Apps

Farsi language learning apps often provide interactive lessons, quizzes, and exercises that cater to various proficiency levels, allowing learners to progress at their own pace. Many apps also incorporate features like speech recognition and pronunciation practice, providing immediate feedback for improved language skills. Check out these options:

• Memrise: The app provides a wide range of Farsi courses created by both experts and native speakers, covering diverse topics and proficiency levels. Memrise's spaced repetition system and interactive lessons help learners memorize and retain vocabulary effectively . It also includes multimedia content, such as videos of native speakers, to improve listening and pronunciation skills. The community aspect allows learners to engage with fellow learners, fostering a sense of motivation and accountability
• HelloTalk: It connects learners with native Farsi speakers for language exchange, providing an immersive and practical learning experience. Users can engage in text, voice, or video conversations with native speakers, improving their speaking and listening skills in real-life contexts. The app includes correction and translation features, allowing learners to receive feedback on their Farsi writing and better understand unfamiliar words or phrases. 
• Pimsleur: The program emphasizes spoken language skills, allowing learners to concentrate on pronunciation, intonation, and real-world conversations. Pimsleur's audio-based lessons promote active participation, enabling learners to respond and engage in Farsi dialogues from the very beginning . The structured curriculum progressively builds on previously learned material, enhancing retention and recall. 

Books to Learn Farsi

Using teaching books for learning Farsi is crucial because they offer structured, comprehensive lessons that cover all language aspects, from grammar to vocabulary. Consider these options:

• "Complete Farsi" by Narguess Farzad: It is a comprehensive Farsi language resource known for its clear and accessible approach to learning. It covers all aspects of the language, including grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and cultural insights. The book's well-structured lessons are designed for both beginners and intermediate learners , offering a systematic progression to build language skills effectively. 
• "Colloquial Persian" by Abdi Rafiee: It is a renowned language resource focusing on spoken Persian and everyday conversational skills. It emphasizes practical language use, providing learners with the tools to engage in real-life conversations. The book covers essential grammar and vocabulary while offering insights into colloquial language, idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances. 
• "Farsi Grammar in Use" by A. Aryanpour : Comprehensive guide to Persian grammar, known for its clear explanations and practical approach. It covers a wide range of grammar topics, from basic to advanced, and includes exercises to reinforce learning. The book is particularly helpful for learners seeking an in-depth understanding of Persian grammar rules, sentence structure, and verb conjugations. 

Videos and Podcasts in Farsi

Videos and podcasts are invaluable resources for learning Farsi as they offer immersive and dynamic learning experiences. Videos provide visual context, allowing learners to see and hear native speakers, observe facial expressions, gestures, and body language, enhancing comprehension and cultural understanding. Podcasts, on the other hand, are convenient for improving listening skills and can be consumed on the go , turning commute or downtime into productive language learning opportunities. Explore these video channels and podcasts:

• Chai and Conversation : A podcast that offers engaging audio lessons that focus on practical, day-to-day language use, making it an excellent choice for learners seeking to develop their conversational skills. The lessons cover a wide range of topics, cultural insights, and essential vocabulary, and they are presented in an accessible and enjoyable format, often centered around the theme of enjoying tea ('chai') while learning the language. 
• Learn Persian with Chai Khana: A YouTube channel that features a series of entertaining videos, often centered around everyday situations and narratives, designed to help learners improve their language skills. The platform aims to make Farsi learning enjoyable and relatable by combining language lessons with cultural insights, thus providing a holistic understanding of the language and its cultural context. 
• Easy Persian : A website and YouTube channel dedicated to simplifying the process of learning the Persian (Farsi) language. It offers a wealth of free resources, including lessons, vocabulary, and cultural insights. The website is particularly known for its user-friendly approach, breaking down complex language concepts into easily understandable segments. 'Easy Persian' aims to provide learners, especially beginners, with accessible tools to develop their reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills in Farsi.

How to learn Farsi: Conclusion

Congratulations! You now have a comprehensive guide on how to learn Farsi. By following these steps and utilizing the resources mentioned, you'll be well on your way to becoming fluent in this beautiful language. Remember, the key to success is consistency and enthusiasm. So, dive in, explore, and enjoy your Farsi language learning journey!

How long does it take to learn Farsi?

The time it takes to learn Farsi varies from person to person. With consistent effort, basic conversational proficiency can be achieved in several months to a year. Full fluency may take several years of dedicated study.

How hard is it to learn Farsi?

Farsi can be challenging for English speakers due to its unique script and grammar. However, with the right resources and dedication, it's certainly attainable for anyone.

How can I learn Farsi quickly?

To accelerate your learning, immerse yourself in the language, practice daily, and seek help from native speakers or tutors. Utilize online courses and apps to structure your learning.

How can I learn Farsi at home on my own?

Online courses, language apps, books, and language exchange platforms are great tools for self-study. Create a study routine and stay consistent.

How can I become fluent in Farsi?

Becoming fluent in Farsi requires continuous practice, exposure to native speakers, and deepening your understanding of the language through advanced resources. Consistency is key to fluency.

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Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays

The achaemenid persian empire (550–330 b.c.).

Fluted bowl

Vessel terminating in the forepart of a fantastic leonine creature

Relief: two servants bearing food and drink

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art , The Metropolitan Museum of Art

October 2004

The Achaemenid Persian empire was the largest that the ancient world had seen, extending from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to northern India and Central Asia. Its formation began in 550 B.C., when King Astyages of Media, who dominated much of Iran and eastern Anatolia (Turkey), was defeated by his southern neighbor Cyrus II (“the Great”), king of Persia (r. 559–530 B.C.). This upset the balance of power in the Near East. The Lydians of western Anatolia under King Croesus took advantage of the fall of Media to push east and clashed with Persian forces. The Lydian army withdrew for the winter but the Persians advanced to the Lydian capital at Sardis , which fell after a two-week siege. The Lydians had been allied with the Babylonians and Egyptians and Cyrus now had to confront these major powers. The Babylonian empire controlled Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean. In 539 B.C., Persian forces defeated the Babylonian army at the site of Opis, east of the Tigris. Cyrus entered Babylon and presented himself as a traditional Mesopotamian monarch, restoring temples and releasing political prisoners. The one western power that remained unconquered in Cyrus’ lightning campaigns was Egypt. It was left to his son Cambyses to rout the Egyptian forces in the eastern Nile Delta in 525 B.C. After a ten-day siege, Egypt’s ancient capital Memphis fell to the Persians.

A crisis at court forced Cambyses to return to Persia but he died en route and Darius I (“the Great”) emerged as king (r. 522–486 B.C.), claiming in his inscriptions that a certain “Achaemenes” was his ancestor. Under Darius the empire was stabilized, with roads for communication and a system of governors (satraps) established. He added northwestern India to the Achaemenid realm and initiated two major building projects: the construction of royal buildings at Susa and the creation of the new dynastic center of Persepolis , the buildings of which were decorated by Darius and his successors with stone reliefs and carvings. These show tributaries from different parts of the empire processing toward the enthroned king or conveying the king’s throne. The impression is of a harmonious empire supported by its numerous peoples. Darius also consolidated Persia’s western conquests in the Aegean. However, in 498 B.C., the eastern Greek Ionian cities, supported in part by Athens, revolted. It took the Persians four years to crush the rebellion, although an attack against mainland Greece was repulsed at Marathon in 490 B.C.

Darius’ son Xerxes (r. 486–465 B.C.) attempted to force the mainland Greeks to acknowledge Persian power, but Sparta and Athens refused to give way. Xerxes led his sea and land forces against Greece in 480 B.C., defeating the Spartans at the battle of Thermopylae and sacking Athens. However, the Greeks won a victory against the Persian navy in the straits of Salamis in 479 B.C. It is possible that at this point a serious revolt broke out in the strategically crucial province of Babylonia. Xerxes quickly left Greece and successfully crushed the Babylonian rebellion. However, the Persian army he left behind was defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Plataea in 479 B.C.

Much of our evidence for Persian history is dependent on contemporary Greek sources and later classical writers, whose main focus is the relations between Persia and the Greek states, as well as tales of Persian court intrigues, moral decadence, and unrestrained luxury. From these we learn that Xerxes was assassinated and was succeeded by one of his sons, who took the name Artaxerxes I (r. 465–424 B.C). During his reign, revolts in Egypt were crushed and garrisons established in the Levant. The empire remained largely intact under Darius II (r. 423–405 B.C), but Egypt claimed independence during the reign of Artaxerxes II (r. 405–359 B.C). Although Artaxerxes II had the longest reign of all the Persian kings, we know very little about him. Writing in the early second century A.D., Plutarch describes him as a sympathetic ruler and courageous warrior. With his successor, Artaxerxes III (r. 358–338 B.C), Egypt was reconquered, but the king was assassinated and his son was crowned as Artaxerxes IV (r. 338–336 B.C.). He, too, was murdered and replaced by Darius III (r. 336–330 B.C.), a second cousin, who faced the armies of Alexander III of Macedon (“the Great”) . Ultimately Darius III was murdered by one of his own generals, and Alexander claimed the Persian empire. However, the fact that Alexander had to fight every inch of the way, taking every province by force, demonstrates the extraordinary solidarity of the Persian empire and that, despite the repeated court intrigues, it was certainly not in a state of decay.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acha/hd_acha.htm (October 2004)

Further Reading

Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002.

Wiesehöfer, Josef. Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD . London: I.B. Tauris, 1996.

Additional Essays by Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art

• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Hittites .” (October 2002)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Halaf Period (6500–5500 B.C.) .” (October 2003)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.) .” (October 2003)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Ur: The Royal Graves .” (October 2003)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Ur: The Ziggurat .” (October 2002)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Uruk: The First City .” (October 2003)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Ebla in the Third Millennium B.C. .” (October 2002)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Ugarit .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Animals in Ancient Near Eastern Art .” (February 2014)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Urartu .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Trade between the Romans and the Empires of Asia .” (October 2000)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Parthian Empire (247 B.C.–224 A.D.) .” (originally published October 2000, last updated November 2016)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Nabataean Kingdom and Petra .” (October 2000)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Palmyra .” (October 2000)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Art of the First Cities in the Third Millennium B.C. .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Sasanian Empire (224–651 A.D.) .” (originally published October 2003, last updated April 2016)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Colossal Temples of the Roman Near East .” (October 2003)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Assyria, 1365–609 B.C. .” (originally published October 2004, last revised April 2010)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Lydia and Phrygia .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Akkadian Period (ca. 2350–2150 B.C.) .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Year One .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900–2350 B.C. .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Early Excavations in Assyria .” (October 2004; updated August 2021)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Trade Routes between Europe and Asia during Antiquity .” (October 2000)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Phrygia, Gordion, and King Midas in the Late Eighth Century B.C. .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ Trade between Arabia and the Empires of Rome and Asia .” (October 2000)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Nahal Mishmar Treasure .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Phoenicians (1500–300 B.C.) .” (October 2004)
• Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “ The Seleucid Empire (323–64 B.C.) .” (October 2004)

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• List of Rulers of the Ancient Greek World
• Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.
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Farsi Language Essay

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Introduction

Farsi language in iranian classroom, iranian pronunciation in the english language, challenges of efl learning in iran, influences of english speaking on efl learners.

The purpose of writing this essay will be to examine the various varieties of English that exist in Farsi language classrooms and also to determine the type of English language pronunciation that Iranian learners are aiming for and the interference of Farsi language in attaining the desired pronunciation levels. The focus or context of the study will be on Iranian children between the ages of 16 and 18 years who are in high school and are learning English as a foreign language (EFL).

The reason for selecting high school students is that the teaching of English as a foreign language has been on the increase in most high schools in Iran for the past two decades. Despite this increasing interest in learning English within educational institutions, little knowledge exists on what actually happens within Iranian EFL classrooms in most high schools in the country (Rezvani and Rasekh 2011).

This study will seek to address this gap by determining the varieties of English that exist in Farsi language classrooms as well the type of pronunciation that most Iranian students seek to attain. The use of metaphors during English learning lessons within Iranian schools will also be explored as metaphorical expressions have contributed significantly to the pronunciation of Farsi speakers undertaking English language lessons.

The study will also address the influences of English which have mostly been attributed to the globalization process around the world and the growing need to communicate in English (Davis 2006). English as an international language (EIL) refers to how it is viewed as a global means of communicating within very many dialects and how the English language is viewed as an international language.

As a world-renown language, English mostly places importance on learning the diverse parlances and other forms of speaking, writing and reading English and it aims to provide individuals with the necessary linguistic tools which will allow them to communicate in a more global or international context.

English as an international language is also used to develop and nurture the communication skills of various people who exist in diverse cultures around the world because it is a common language (Acar 2006). There are very many varieties of English with some of the most common being American English and British English.

The British English dialect differs from American English in terms of accent, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The British dialect mostly accentuates the English grammar and pronunciation and their dialect differs from that of American English in terms of accent.

The pronunciation of English words varies significantly amongst British speakers when compared to American speakers of the language. American English, which is mostly used in many Iranian schools, incorporates differences in pronunciation and vocabulary and also the dialect.

The other dialects of English, which are used in the various countries around the world include Burmese English, which is spoken by people from Burma in the Asian continent, Portuguese English, Australian English, European English, Caribbean English and other forms of English (Wakelin 2008).

While American English is used in most English learning classes in Iran, the pronunciation of the language is basic or general English meaning that English learners in the country do not have any American or British accents when speaking the language.

In their analysis of how Farsi or Persian language is used in the classroom setting, Tucker and Corson (1997) noted that the type of tasks students were involved in during class time varied significantly in Farsi speakers that were studying English as a foreign language.

Varieties in English grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary were mostly notable in direct translations, visual descriptions and grammatical explanations. This demonstrated that an accurate measurement of inter-language competency was needed to take into account different conditions and stages of English speaking and learning within Farsi language classrooms (Majd 2008).

The strategic competence of Iranian students when it came to inter-language use was explored by Yarmohamadi and Seif in their 1992 study where they set out to determine the communicative ability of these students in handling problematic English concepts.

Iranian students that were studying English at the various levels and stages of high school were assessed based on their placement of primary stress and emphasis on English words and the use of morphological, syntactic and phonological hierarchies to determine the complexity of English words.

The results of their assessment demonstrated that the use of such measures was able to determine the communication proficiency of many of the students as well as their pronunciation of the varieties of English that were used during classroom instruction (Yarmohamadi and Seif 1992).

With regards to the varieties of English within Iranian classrooms, Taki (2010) conducted an assessment where two groups of Persian and English language teachers were selected to provide some correspondence for metaphorical equivalents based on their use of both Farsi and English languages during the instruction of students.

The criteria used by Taki was whether they taught the high school students with their native language, their familiarity with metaphorical languages, expressions and the basic knowledge that they had of concepts or figures of speech. A total of 40 animal terms were selected for comparison between English and Persian languages to determine the metaphorical variety that existed between the two languages.

The purpose of conducting this study was to determine whether the use of metaphorical expressions aided Iranian students in their English learning activities (Taki 2010).

The results of Taki’s study revealed that the metaphorical expressions used in both languages were 20% similar for animal terms that were presented to the respondents. This corroborated the idea many linguists have developed on the partial mappings or metaphorical expressions that exist between the same source of information and the target domains of both the Farsi and English languages.

The results also revealed that 50% of the metaphorical expressions used to describe animal images were similar for both the English and Farsi languages and they also differed in separate ways. This meant that the metaphors worked in different ways for both languages when they were used in different contexts as they elicited different meanings from both languages (Taki 2010).

The results of the study pointed to the various similarities and differences that existed between both languages, especially when used within the school context. Metaphors played a great role in enabling the Iranian students to better understand what was being communicated to them in the English lessons.

They heightened the comprehension abilities of the students while at the same time enhancing their understanding of the English language.

Rezvani and Rasekh (2011) conducted a study to determine the teaching patterns of four Iranian EFL teachers when it came to language alternation and Farsi speaking language within the classroom setting.

The results of their study demonstrated that the four EFL teachers used code-switching tendencies during classroom interaction sections and also in the discipline of students, which was otherwise known as classroom management.

The authors viewed code-switching to be an important activity for many Iranian teachers as it enabled them to successfully interact with their students who were mostly Iranian native speakers (Rezvani and Rasekh 2011).

Most of the teaching language used by these Iranian teachers was Farsi or Persian language and therefore teaching students without any code-switching strategies proved to be difficult in relaying the proper pronunciation, grammatical representation and vocabulary of certain words (Nilep 2006: Myers-Scotton 1997).

Another study conducted by Gholamain and Geva (1999) examined the extent to which basic reading skills in both the Farsi language and American English could be understood by students after considering their underlying cognitive processes and by understanding the unique characteristics of the alphabets between the two language systems.

Farsi or the Persian language makes extensive use of sound-symbol correspondences during the pronunciation of Persian words when compared to the English language which makes limited use of sound-symbols.

Gholamain and Geva (1999) examined Persian students who were enrolled in school systems where the language of instruction was English. The researchers noted that the students performed better in measures of English reading and cognitive capabilities when compared to Farsi reading and understanding of the Persian language.

Farsi or the Persian language has been the main tool that is used for literacy and scientific contributions in the eastern part of the Islamic and Muslim world. The language is similar to that of many contemporary European languages and it has considerable influence on various languages such as Turkic languages which are used in Central Asia, Caucasus and Anatolia.

Farsi language is classified to belong to the western group of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family and it is termed to originate from three periods of Iranian history which include the Old period where the Achaemenid language was introduced, the Middle period which was also known as the Sassanid era and the Modern or post-Sassanid period.

The Persian language has been termed as the only Iranian language that has a close genetic relationship will all the three historic periods (Katzner 2002).

Farsi language can be spoken in three dialects which include Iranian Persian or Farsi which is mostly spoken by many people in Iran, Afghan Persian otherwise known as Dari which is used by many people in Afghanistan and Tajik Persian or Tajiki which is a common Persian language spoken in countries such as Russia, Uzbekistan and Cyria (Henderson 1994).

All these three dialects are based on classical Persian literature, which was a period in Persian history that was marked with some of the world’s best Persian language poets and linguists from the eastern parts of the world such as Rudaki, Omar Khayyam and Varand (Clawson 2004).

The heavy influence of the Persian language from the classical period has mostly been witnessed in many parts of the Islamic world especially since it is viewed as an important piece of literary work as well as a prestigious language that is used amongst the educated elite in the fields of Persian art and literature as well as in Qawwali music (Perry 2005).

Educated people from most of the Middle Eastern countries are able to comprehend each other with an elevated level of clearness, but the differences are only noticeable in their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. This has been termed by many linguistic scholars to be similar to the same differences in vocabulary or pronunciation that exist between British English and American English.

In terms of Farsi language morphology, Persian grammar is mostly made up of suffixes and a limited number of prefixes where there is no grammatical gender in Farsi language and there are no pronouns that can be used to denote natural gender.

The syntax that is used for the language involves declarative sentences that are structured as (S) (PP) (O) V which means that sentences can be made up of optional subjects, objects and phrases (Megerdoomian 2000).

The vocabulary that is used in Farsi languages involves the use of word-building affixes as well as nouns and adjectives. The language mostly makes the use of adding derived affixes to the base of a word so as to create a new word, noun or adjective (Perry 2005).

Since the Farsi language is part of the Indo-European languages, most of the words between English and Persian are similar like for example the English name of daughter in Persian is pronounced dokhtar, mother in English is pronounced as madar in Persian while the English name of brother is pronounced as baradar in Persian.

This demonstrates that many words that are of Persian origin have been incorporated into the English language. Most of the English vocabulary has been influenced by the Persian language and the Persian language has also had most of its grammar and pronunciation influenced by the English (Majd 2008).

This essay seeks to determine the varieties of English that are used within many high school classrooms in Iran as well as the other Middle Eastern countries that use Persian in speaking and learning activities.

In addressing the question of English pronunciation amongst Iranian high school students, Hayati (2010) notes that the pronunciation of Iranian high school students should be based on their ability to accurately and correctly pronounce different words of the English language correctly as well as hold proper dialogues with their peers.

Hayati (2010) notes that while the pronunciation of most Iranian high school students is poor, it can be improved further by sensitizing students in the conversational tactics that they use when they converse in their native language.

Most Iranian students as well as Iranian EFL learners aim to have “proper” English pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, which have been evidenced by the growing number of EFL learners within the country.

Hayati (2010) in his case study of how Iranian EFL high school students were taught on English pronunciation focused on various factors that influenced the pronunciation of most of the EFL learners within the Iranian classroom context.

Hayati (2010) divided the factors into direct and indirect factors where he identified the direct factors to be those that influenced the correct pronunciation of English words. These included the English proficiency of the English teacher and the English proficiency of the Iranian learners.

In most Iranian high schools, students were usually advised by their EFL instructors to read and translate English words that were mostly found in magazines, academic books, journals and articles. This was done to enable them collect important information which they would use for specific areas of interest during their English lessons.

Since English is viewed by most Iranians as a second language, the EFL programs in many of the high schools have directed their efforts towards teaching students how they can read and translate English words (Hayati 2010).

A lower emphasis has therefore been placed on the accurate pronunciation of English words, which has in turn registered a low proficiency for EFL learners. This further underlines the importance of understanding the English words that need to be pronounced as proper pronunciation ensures that the learner is able to understand the meaning of the words (Hayati 2010).

To counter this, English teachers in Iran need to concentrate on the language proficiency of their students by involving the use of language proficiency tests and English learning material that is meant to aide in the English pronunciation of the students.

With regards to the indirect factors, Hayati focused on aspects such as the time assigned for English classes, which was usually limited for most EFL classes taking place in Iranian high schools. The limited amount of time made it difficult for most EFL instructors to be able to complete the outlined English learning objectives in time which meant that most EFL learners emerged from these classes half-baked.

Hayati (2010) also identified another indirect factor which affected the pronunciation of high school students to be that of large numbers of students in one classroom session. The high number of students in most high school classrooms in Iran which ranges from 60 to 70 made it difficult for teachers to effectively monitor and control the performance of students during pronunciation exercises.

The large numbers also made it difficult for most teachers to follow their lesson plans properly which meant that certain parts of the EFL course were omitted (Hayati 2010).

Yarmohammadi (2000) conducted a study on the English pronunciation of Iranian students by examining their level of context-free sentences, where he assessed the phonological elements of the student’s native language (L1) and the elements of the English language (L2).

Yarmohammadi (2000) was able to make the observation that student’s were able to learn the proper pronunciation of English words because of the similarities and differences that existed between their native language (L1) and the English language (L2). Yarmohammadi was also able to measure the pronunciation efficiency of those students by measuring their contextualization abilities.

Contextualization during most EFL lessons involves integrating pronunciation instructions into other important elements of instruction that will enable the student or learner to grasp the meaning of the word in various contexts.

He was able to note that contextualization allowed teachers and students to be able to deal with different pronunciation problems that were presented through the use of different techniques. Yarmohammadi (2000) was able to note that storytelling enabled many of the EFL learners to contextualize their English pronunciation thereby improving their proficient communication of the language.

Despite the use of various EFL learning techniques, researchers such as Brown (2001) and Rifkin (2003) have noted that many Iranian EFL learners will be unable to acquire an accent-free command of the language because of the limited amount of pressure that has been placed on speaking the language.

The two authors noted that young English learners would be able to acquire as many foreign language skills as they could, but they would find it difficult to shed off their Iranian accents which would be made more difficult if they understood certain English concepts in their native languages.

Rifkin (2003) recommended that for students to be able to acquire the proper pronunciation of the language, parents had to begin teaching their children the language during their early or formative years. This would ensure that they did not have an accent when it came to speaking or pronouncing in English.

Based on his research, Ansari (2011) was able to note that a major challenge for most English learners in Iranian classrooms was their inability to properly express themselves through the English language. This is mostly attributed to their heavy use of their native language as a means for communication.

This means that they cannot properly communicate in English within the classroom setting which Ansari has attributed to the kind of instruction given to these children, the type of textbooks used for instruction, the procedures and techniques used by most instructors when teaching English and the poorly defined objectives that make it difficult for students to overcome English language learning problems.

The learning objectives set by most of the EFL teachers are poorly defined, which means that students do not know what their learning outcomes will be from the EFL lessons.

The challenge that continues to face most Iranian English learning classes is the focus on the traditional method of teaching foreign languages where students are required to write out the pronunciation of English words in their own language rather than speaking the language itself. This has contributed to the poor pronunciation skills that many high school students have of the language.

In pronouncing various English words; p, t and k are voiceless in Farsi language and they are commonly replaced with the words b and g in pronunciations that require the use of p, t, and k . Other words that Farsi speakers are unable to pronounce properly include t, f, s, z, h and d which are also voiceless.

These words are usually substituted with words such as n, m, b, and g because Farsi speakers find it easier to pronounce these words within sentences and also during speech exercises (Hall 2007).

Ferguson and Donno (2003) have recommended that in-service classes have to be introduced in many ESL programs to ensure that English tutors in Iran are able to collect the theoretical and practical information of the English language, which will enable them communicate appropriate course materials to their students.

Apart from these classes, textbooks can also play an important role in improving the English language proficiency of many Iranian EFL students.

Textbooks allow instructors to be knowledgeable on the material design of the course where they are able to refer to English textbooks as core resources during their instruction and also as supplemental materials that can be used to support the pronunciation activities of students within the programs (Ferguson and Donno 2003).

The major factor that has influenced the increasing number of high school students in Iran to take part in EFL lessons is globalisation and the changing cultural world where more and more young people are becoming ethnically diverse in their language background.

More young people are now taking time to experience different cultures while at the same time learning new languages that will enable them communicate with people from different cultures around the world.

Since most young people in Iran communicate in Farsi languages, the introduction of EFL programs within school systems in Iran has provided them with an opportunity to communicate in another language that is different from their native language.

The increasing internationalization of many activities performed within various countries around the world has also played a major role in influencing the English learning activities of many students and adults within EFL programs (Taki 2011).

Another major influence that has determined the English language capabilities of students in Iran has been the increasing growth of international relations that Iran has with the rest of the world.

After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the government that came into office strived to foster international relations with westernised countries to ensure that Iran would be able to enjoy a beneficial relationship with many developed countries in the world.

Some of the benefits that would be accrued from these relationships would be an improvement in the educational systems that within the country where subjects and course programs would be tailored to meet the international needs of the global market rather than the needs of the Iranian market (Clawson 2004).

The growing interest in the technological and scientific fields around the world has also played a contributing factor to the growing English learning activities in many Iranian high schools. In Iran, English is the dominant language that is mostly used in international conferences, foreign trade affairs and in other forms of communication within the country.

The growing number of international book fairs and foreign trade exhibitions that have taken place in the country have also influenced the increasing number of EFL programs in most of the high schools within the country. Such events have shown that Iran is capable of maintaining international relations with the international market through the use of the English language.

The cooperation of Iran with major international organizations such as the United Nations, OPEC, NATO and other regional offices around the world has increased the practicality of using English amongst the various nationals who work for these organizations (Clawson 2004).

The influence of Farsi language plays an important role in determining how language transfer will take place during the EFL lessons and also how pronunciation exercises will influence the language outcomes of students.

Katzner’s review of various studies has revealed that the differences in pronunciation of the target language can be used to measure the overall pronunciation accuracy of native speakers who use their mother tongue to communicate. Apart from transfer, other factors that influence the pronunciation of Farsi speakers include typological and universal factors which at times function separately from language transfer.

Typological and universal factors such as cultural backgrounds, religious affiliations and societal factors influence how the native speakers will be able to effectively utilise the target or foreign language (Katzner, 2002).

The focus of the study was on high school students in Iran who were undertaking English speaking lessons. By focusing on this group and analysing various research work conducting on the Farsi language, the paper was able to determine the varieties of English that are used in Farsi language classrooms with the most common being British English and American English.

The study has also focused on the type of pronunciation that many Iranian students and EFL learners want to achieve, which is American English. The study has also highlighted the factors or aspects that influence EFL learners to take part in English learning activities one of which being to gain a more global perspective of the world and also learn about other cultures apart from that of Iran.

Many Iranian students are influenced to participate in EFL learning programs in Iran because of the increasing nature of international relations within Iran as well the changing educational systems, which now require most students to be more conversant with the English language.

The study also addressed the challenges of English learning among Iranian students where one challenge of English learning was the inability of the students to properly express themselves in the English language. Because Iranian children are raised to talk and express themselves in their mother tongue, it becomes difficult for them to learn to communicate in another language apart from their own.

Another challenge of English learning, especially when it comes to pronunciation is that the students pronounce English words with a heavy Iranian accent. This is a challenge when communicating with proper English speakers who might find it difficult to understand what the speaker is saying.

While study was able to address the pronunciation and influences of most Farsi speakers in Iranian high schools, more research needs to be conducted on Farsi and English languages to determine the similarities and differences that exist in both languages. More research also needs to be conducted on whether Farsi speakers are able to lose their accents once they start communicating in the English language.

Acar, A., (2006). Models, norms and goals for English as an international language pedagogy and task based language. The Asian EFL Journal , Vol.8, No. 3.

Ansari, T. M., (2011) Evaluating Iranian high school textbooks . Web.

Brown, D., (2001) Teaching by principles: an interactive approach to language pedagogy. New York: Addison Wesely Longman.

Clawson, P., (2004) Eternal Iran . New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Davis, R., (2006) Medieval Islamic civilization . New Jersey: Taylor and Francis.

Ferguson, G., and Donno, S., (2003) One-month teacher training courses: time for a change? English Language Teaching , Vol.57, No.1, pp 26-33.

Gholamain, M., and Geva, E., (1999) Orthographic and cognitive factors in the concurrent development of basic reading skills in English and Persian. Language Learning , Vol. 49, No. 2, pp 183- 217.

Hall, G., (2007) Phonological characteristics of Farsi speakers of English and L1 Australian English speakers’ perceptions of proficiency . Perth, Australia: Curtin University.

Hayati, A. M., (2010) Notes on teaching English pronunciation to EFL learners: a case of Iranian high school students. English Language Teaching , Vol.3, No.4, pp. 121- 126.

Katzner, K., (2002) The languages of the world . New Jersey: Routledge Publishers.

Majd, H., (2008) Persian cats: the Ayatollah begs to differ . New York: Doubleday Publishing Group.

Megerdoomian, K., (2000) Persian computational morphology: a unification-based approach . Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science. Paper MCCS-00-320.

Myers-Scotton, C., (1997) Code- switching: the handbook of sociolinguistics . London: Blackwell.

Nilep, C., (2006) Code switching in sociocultural linguistics. Colorado Research in Linguistics , Vol.19, No.1, pp 1-22.

Perry, J. R., (2005 ) Lexical areas and semantic fields of Arabic . New Jersey: Routledge.

Rezvani, E., and Rasekh, A. E., (2011) Code-switching in Iranian elementary EFL classrooms: an explanatory investigation. English Language Teaching , Vol.4, No.1.

Taki, S., (2011) Cross-cultural communication and metaphorical competence. International Journal of Language Studies , Vol.5, No.1, pp 47-62.

Tucker, R. G., and Corson, D., (1997) Second language education . Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Wakelin, M. F., (2008). Discovering English dialects . Oxford, UK: Shire Publications.

Yarmohamadi, L., and Seif, S., (1992) More on communication strategies: classification, resources, frequency and underlying processes. IRAL , Vol.30, No.2, pp 223-232.

Yarmohammadi, L., (2000) A constrastive phonological analysis of English and Persian . Iran: Shiraz University.

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• What is 'Taarof' and why is it important?

What Is 'Taarof' and Why Is It Important?

Annie Trentham / January 15, 2021

'Taarof'  is a key part of Persian and Iranian culture that can be difficult for non-heritage speakers to understand. Learn more about Taarof by starting to learn Persian with MEI !

Taarof is the customary back-and-forth of polite gestures and cultural pleasantries used when giving and receiving gifts, food, money, and more. Considered an art form by some, proper use can amaze a Persian audience at best and offend them at worst. Similar to the “who pays the bill” charade in some Western cultures, it is done to show respect, hospitality, reverence for elders, and politeness. 

Taarof is the most common in hospitality settings, where guests are being served by a host or hostess. When presented with food or drink, it is customary to politely turn it down at first, the same as with a gift. However, no matter how many times you decline, the tea cup will be placed in front of you and your plate will be piled high with delicious food. In order to show your appreciation for your generous host, it is important to appropriately thank them for their time, effort, and care. When you try to thank your host, they will most likely respond with “ghaubeleh nadaureh” (it’s nothing), but it is customary to continue to insist on how appreciative you are. Aside from bringing flowers and “shirini” (sweets), the most common way to say thank you is “merci”, but to show your gratitude in a more formal way, the phrase “sepas gozauram” will do the trick. It is also common to say “daste toon dard nakone”, which directly translates to “may your hands not hurt”. While the translation to English does not make perfect sense, it is said to acknowledge the hard work done by the host and thank them for their efforts. 

Using taarof in the payment to service personnel, such as a taxi driver, might sound confusing at first. Even if you and the cabbie agreed on how much the payment will be as soon as you got into the car, when the trip is completed and payment is offered, it is customary for the taxi driver to refuse. “Ghabeleh shoma ra nadaureh” (for you, it is free), they might say. How kind! But if you were to hop out of the taxi with a quick “Khoob, merci!” (Ok, thanks!), they might be quite stunned. It is customary for even service personnel to refuse payment two or three times, all while expecting the payment to be completed in the end. While taarof in this instance seems to be confusing and unnecessary to those unfamiliar with Iranian culture, it shows how important it is to show the highest respect and utmost politeness to everyone, even to the stranger driving you to your hotel. 

Take a look at some of the key phrases below to help you with taarof!

قابلی نداره (ghau-be-leh na-dau-reh) - It's nothing, or You don't owe me anything

مرسی (mer-see) - Thanks

سپاسگزارم (se-pas go-zau-ram) - Thank you very much

دستتون درد نکنه (dasteh toon dard na-ko-neh) - Thank you (May your hands not hurt)

خسته نباشید (khas-teh na-bau-sheed) - Thank you (Do not be tired)

بفرمایید (be-far-mau-eed) - Here you go

خواهش میکنم (khau-hesh mee-ko-nam) - You’re welcome, or Please, I insist

مزاحم شدم (mo-za-hem sho-dam) - Sorry to bother you

لطفا (lowt-faun) - Please

Want to perfect your taarof? Enroll in the Education Center’s Persian group classes or check out our private tutoring . Let us help you get the job, impress your fiance's family, or prepare for a trip abroad.   

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Definition of Farsi noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

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Funny in Farsi

Firoozeh dumas, ask litcharts ai: the answer to your questions.

Immigration and Cultural Assimilation

In her memoir Funny in Farsi , Firoozeh Dumas writes about her family’s journey from Iran to the United States in the early 1970s, and her childhood growing up in California. Firoozeh’s father, Kazem , studies in the U.S. on a Fulbright scholarship, and later immigrates to the U.S. with his family to work for an Iranian petroleum company. Although Kazem briefly moves his family back to Iran, Firoozeh spends the majority of her childhood…

Funny in Farsi is full of amusing observations about American culture. But it’s equally about how Firoozeh and her Iranian family are perceived by non-Iranian Americans, in particular those of white, European heritage. Many of the Americans who Firoozeh meets and befriends during her childhood in California are gracious and accepting of many different cultures. Tragically, however, others treat Firoozeh and her family with varying degrees of prejudice, sometimes rooted in ignorance of Iranian culture…

Women and Feminism

One of the most important aspects of Funny in Farsi ’s portrait of Iranian culture is its treatment of women and femininity. Throughout the memoir, furthermore, Firoozeh evokes feminist themes more broadly. Although Firoozeh doesn’t mention any close friendships with American women (this aspect of her formative years is more important to the second memoir she wrote), the clash between American and Iranian notions of what women should want and accomplish in life is fundamental…

Family is another important theme in Funny in Farsi . According to Firoozeh , Iranian culture places much more emphasis on the family than the bulk of American culture does. In Iran, families tend to stick closer together, often staying in the same small communities for many years, and sometimes having three or even four generations live together under one roof. Family is especially important for Iranian immigrants settling in the United States: family members…

American Values

Funny in Farsi is a portrait of Iranian immigrant culture, but also a portrait of American values, as seen by Firoozeh over the course of her life in the United States.

For the most part, Firoozeh offers a glowing depiction of American values. She highlights the importance of education in America, and the fact that people of many different backgrounds are encouraged to attend college. Similarly, Firoozeh celebrates the feminist values of American society, which…

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A very cranky language blogger dishing out brutal language tips.

How to Introduce Yourself in Persian in 10 Lines

Want to speak Persian? Yes? Good – keep reading. This is for those that truly want to learn the language. Here’s how you introduce yourself in Persian in 10 easy lines … and this might take you 2 to 3 minutes or less. With this lesson…

• You get the Persian phrases and English translations.
• Read out loud to practice your speaking.
• Feel free to print this sheet out for extra review.

Here’s how you introduce yourself in Persian. Let’s go.

…if you REALLY want to learn Persian with effective audio & video lessons by real teachers – Sign up at PersianPod101 (click here) and start learning! I recommend it.

1) Hello, It’s nice to meet you.

Hello and Nice to meet you in Persian are a must-know phrases. And any introduction will probably will start with these words.

• Hello, it’s nice to meet you.
• Salaam, (az molaaghaat baa shomaa) khoshvaghtam.

2) My name is _____.

This is simple. To say “my name is” in Persian, you just follow this formula “Esm-e man ____ ast.” Then stick in your name your name. For example, if the name is Maryam, it would be like this…

• My name is Maryam.
• Esm-e man maryam ast.

For yourself, just add your name below.

• My name is ______.
• Esm-e man ______ ast.

3) I am from ______.

So, where are you from? America? Europe? Africa? Asia? Just stick the name of your country inside this phrase. We’ll use Iran as an example.

• I’m from Iran.
• Man irani hastam.

4) I live in ______.

What about now – where do you live? Just fill in the blank with the country or city (if famous) into this phrase. I’ll use Teheran as an example.

• I live in Teheran.
• Man dar tehraan zendegi mikonam.

5) I’ve been learning Persian for _____.

How long have you been learning Persian for? A month? A year?

• I’ve been learning Persian for a year.
• Man yek saal ast ke daram zabaan-e farsi yad migiram.

6) I’m learning Persian at _____.

Where are you learning Persian? At school? At home? This would be a great line to know and use when you’re introducing yourself. Here’s my example:

• I’m learning Persian at PersianPod101.com.
• Man daram zabaan-e farsi raa dar perzhen paad vaan o vaan yaad migiram.

7) I am ____ years old.

Here’s how to say how old you are in Persian.

• I’m 27 years old.
• Man bist-o-haft sal sen daram.

8) I am ______.

What about your position? Are you a student? Yoga teacher? Lawyer for the potato industry? Potato salesman? Super important question that people like to ask (and judge you about – Hey, I’m just a blogger! ).n.

• I’m a teacher.
• Man moallem hastam.

9) One of my hobbies is _____.

Now, let’s move onto personal interests – hobbies! My hobbies are languages, linguajunkieing and such. How about you? You’ll definitely need this line when introducing yourself in Persian.

Here’s an example to use:

• One of my hobbies is reading.
• Yeki az sargarmi-haaye man ketaab khaandan ast.

10) I enjoy listening to music.

Now, this is just another example line about your hobbies . You can use something else where.

• I enjoy listening to music.
• Az goosh daadan be mmoosighi lezzat mibaram.

So now you know how to introduce yourself in Persian in 10 lines. I’m sure there’s a ton more you can say – but this is an easy, simple start that any beginner can put to use. It’s all about starting easy.

See if you can introduce yourself below. Leave me a comment.

I read all comments!

Hope you enjoyed this!

– The Main Junkie

P.S. I highly recommend this for Persian learners. If you REALLY want to learn to Persian with effective lessons by real teachers – Sign up for free at PersianPod101 (click here) and start learning!

How to Write a Definition Essay: New Guide with Samples

Have you ever found it difficult to explain certain words or ideas? That's because understanding them isn't always easy. To avoid confusion, it's important to really understand the words we use and be able to explain them well.

That's why teachers often assign definition essays in high school and college. But these essays aren't just about repeating dictionary definitions. They dive deep into complex terms, exploring their rich backgrounds and meanings.

In this article, our rewrite essay service will cover different types of these papers, give you practical tips for writing them, and even provide examples to simplify this journey for you!

What is a Definition Essay

A definition essay is a type of writing assignment where you explain the meaning of a specific word or concept. Instead of just giving a simple definition from the dictionary, you dive deeper into what the word really means and explore its different aspects.

For instance, if you're tasked with defining 'success,' you might discuss what success means to different people, how it can vary based on cultural or societal norms, and whether it's purely based on achievements or encompasses personal fulfillment as well.

The purpose of writing definition essays in school is multifaceted. Firstly, it helps you refine your understanding of language by encouraging you to analyze words more critically. It also fosters your ability to think deeply and express complex ideas clearly. Additionally, it cultivates your skills in research, as you may need to gather evidence and examples to support your interpretation of the word or concept. Now that we've cleared the definition essay meaning, let's explain its common types in detail.

Definition Essay Examples

Here's a definition essay example from our custom essay service to help you understand what a good paper looks like. Take a look at how it's structured and formatted if you want to use it as a reference for your own work. And if you're interested, you can always buy essay cheap and get high-quality paper from our platform anytime.

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Commonly Used Definition Essay Types

When choosing an intriguing term with a rich historical background for your definition essay, it's essential to carefully consider your options and determine the most effective approach. Here are some common types, as suggested by our dissertation writing help :

• Analysis : Break down the topic into its constituent parts and define each part separately.
• Classification : Determine the categories under which the topic can be classified.
• Comparison : Highlight the uniqueness of the topic by comparing and contrasting it with more common subjects.
• Details : Identify the key traits and distinctive qualities that best encapsulate the central idea of your essay.
• Negation : Clarify what your topic is, not to narrow down its definition.
• Origins and Causes : Explore the historical origins and background of the concept, examining where it first appeared and any relevant historical details.
• Results, Effects, and Uses : Discuss the consequences, effects, and practical applications of the subject matter.

How to Write a Definition Essay

Just like with any writing, a definition essay structure involves an introduction, body, and conclusion. But what makes it interesting is what you explore in the body paragraphs.

For example, you could organize your definition essay outline by discussing the term from various angles. Start with a personal anecdote or story that illustrates the term in action. Then, provide a definition from a reputable source like a textbook or scholarly article. Next, consider interviewing people from different backgrounds to get their perspectives on the term. You could also analyze how the term has evolved over time, looking at historical examples or cultural shifts. Finally, offer your own interpretation of the term, drawing on your own experiences and insights.

For a more in-depth guide on writing a definition essay, let's explore the following sections provided by our experienced research paper writer .

Definition Essay Introduction

In the beginning stages of a definition essay, your reader gets their first taste of what your topic entails. It's crucial that this introduction is both informative and captivating, setting the stage for the rest of your essay. Here's what you need to include:

• Start with something attention-grabbing, like a thought-provoking question or an interesting fact.
• Provide a brief overview of the topic and why it's important to define it.
• Clearly state the term you're defining and your interpretation of it.

Definition Essay Body Paragraphs

In your essay, break down the phrase into its different parts, look at it from various angles, and then provide a relevant explanation. Depending on what your assignment calls for, you might need more than three paragraphs. Feel free to mix up the order or add sections depending on how complex the term is. Here are some ideas for what you can include:

• Start by talking about where the term came from and how it has changed over time. Understanding its origins can give insight into its meaning and significance.
• Look up the official definition of the term and compare it to your own understanding. This can help clarify any differences and give a broader perspective.
• Share your own thoughts and interpretation of the term, using examples or stories to illustrate your point. Your personal experiences can add depth and context to your analysis.
• Find a definition or explanation from an expert or scholar in the field and discuss how it aligns or differs with your own perspective. This can provide credibility and further insight into the term.
• Explore how the term is used in popular culture and what it reveals about societal values and beliefs. This can shed light on how the term is understood and interpreted in different contexts.

Definition Essay Conclusion

In the concluding paragraph, you should tie everything together neatly. Here's how you can structure your conclusion:

• Remind the reader of your main points and why the definition of the term is important.
• Highlight how having a clear understanding of the term can influence our thoughts and actions. This is where you show the broader significance of your analysis.
• Encourage your audience to apply the term accurately in their own discussions and advocate for precision in defining terms within their communities. This empowers readers to take action based on what they've learned.

Tips for Definition Essay Writing Process

Now that we're nearing the end, you might have already grasped how to write a definition essay. However, if you still feel like you're threading a needle while wearing mittens, fear not! Our essay writer has laid out some nifty guidelines to help you ace this challenge:

• Choose a term with depth, something that's not ordinary but has a rich backstory and multiple meanings. Think of it like picking a word that's like a Russian nesting doll – there's plenty to explore.
• Use vivid language to paint a picture that engages the senses. For instance, when talking about 'love,' describe the warmth of a hug, the sweetness of Valentine's chocolates, or the sound of laughter with a partner. It helps your readers feel like they're right there with you.
• Explore both the positive and negative associations of your term. Words aren't simple; they come with different meanings. For example, 'power' can mean strength and influence but can also be linked to negative things like abuse and control.
• Use real-life examples to make your points clear in your definition essay. Whether you're talking about successful people from different fields or sharing stories that illustrate 'love,' concrete examples help readers understand.
• Be creative with your approach. Use metaphors, illustrations, or humor to keep things interesting. Remember, it's your essay – make it come alive!

Final Words

As we wrap up, we trust you've grasped the ins and outs of how to write a definition essay and feel inspired to tackle your own. Nobody wants to be left scratching their head over complex topics, right? So why not leverage our academic writing assistance to your advantage? Whether you need help brainstorming extended topics, crafting a sharp analytical piece, or any other form of writing, we've got you covered. Say goodbye to confusion and ignorance – Order essay and let us guide you toward clarity and knowledge.

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Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

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Persian Architecture: A Timeless Tapestry of Cultural Marvels

Persian Architecture – Distinct architecture styles throughout history

In the realm of architectural splendors, Persian architecture stands as an enduring testament to the rich cultural tapestry of Iran. Characterized by intricate details, majestic forms, and a deep-rooted connection to history, Persian architecture has left an indelible mark on the world. This article delves into the captivating world of Persian architecture, exploring its historical evolution, distinctive features, and notable examples.

A Glimpse into the Historical Tapestry

Persian architecture boasts a legacy that spans several millennia, reflecting the diverse influences of various dynasties and empires that have shaped the region. The architectural journey begins with the Achaemenid Empire, where the majestic city of Persepolis emerged as a symbol of imperial grandeur. The subsequent Sassanian period witnessed the fusion of Persian and Roman architectural elements, leading to the creation of innovative structures.

Architectural Styles: A Symphony of Design

1. achaemenid architecture.

The Achaemenid era (550–330 BCE) laid the foundation for Persian architectural excellence. Notable for its colossal structures and meticulous detailing, Achaemenid architecture showcased the prowess of builders like the renowned Xerxes. Persepolis, with its imposing gateways and intricately carved reliefs, epitomizes the grandeur of this era.

2. Sassanian Splendor

The Sassanian period (224–651 CE) witnessed the evolution of Persian architecture towards more ornate and majestic forms. The iconic Taq Kasra, a grand arch in Ctesiphon, Iraq, stands as a testament to the architectural ingenuity of this era. The use of large-scale domes and intricate stucco decorations became defining features of Sassanian structures.

3. Islamic Influences

With the advent of Islam, Persian architecture absorbed new influences, leading to the development of unique styles. The Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) introduced the mesmerizing tilework seen in structures like the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan. The use of intricate geometric patterns and vibrant colors became hallmarks of Persian Islamic architecture.

Architectural Features: Crafting Elegance in Stone and Space

1. iwan architecture.

The Persian iwan, a vaulted open room, became a distinctive architectural feature. Iwans were integrated into various structures, serving as ceremonial halls, entrances, or prayer spaces. Notable examples include the iwan at the Jameh Mosque in Isfahan, showcasing intricate tilework and impressive proportions.

2. Gardens: Oasis of Tranquility

Persian gardens, known as “Bagh,” are an integral part of the architectural landscape. These meticulously planned spaces combine water features, lush greenery, and symmetrical design, providing a serene retreat. The Fin Garden in Kashan exemplifies the harmonious fusion of architecture and nature.

3. Windcatchers: Ingenious Climate Control

In response to the arid climate of the region, Persian architects incorporated windcatchers, known as “Badgir,” into their designs. These ingenious structures harness natural ventilation, directing cool air into buildings. The Dowlat Abad Garden in Yazd showcases the effectiveness of windcatchers in creating comfortable living spaces.

Enduring Examples: Icons of Persian Architectural Brilliance

1. naqsh-e jahan square.

Built during the Safavid era, Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan stands as one of the largest city squares globally, surrounded by architectural marvels like the Imam Mosque and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque. The square embodies the synthesis of Persian artistry and urban planning.

2. Pasargadae: The Cradle of Persian Civilization

Founded by Cyrus the Great, Pasargadae is a UNESCO World Heritage site that encompasses remarkable structures such as the Tomb of Cyrus and the Palace of Pasargadae. This ancient city reflects the essence of Achaemenid architecture and serves as a testament to Persian ingenuity.

3. Shah Mosque in Isfahan

Constructed during the Safavid era, the Shah Mosque, also known as Imam Mosque, is a masterpiece of Persian Islamic architecture. The intricate tilework, magnificent dome, and minarets adorned with calligraphy showcase the aesthetic refinement of this period.

Preserving the Legacy: Calls to Action for Architectural Conservation

As custodians of Persian architectural heritage, it is imperative to prioritize conservation efforts. Preservation initiatives, public awareness campaigns, and responsible tourism can contribute to safeguarding these cultural treasures for future generations.

Conclusion: A Tapestry Woven in Stone and Culture

In conclusion, Persian architecture stands as a living testament to the artistic genius, cultural richness, and historical depth of Iran. From the grandeur of Persepolis to the intricate tilework of Isfahan, each structure narrates a story of innovation and aesthetic excellence. By understanding and cherishing this architectural legacy, we can ensure that the tapestry of Persian architecture continues to captivate and inspire generations to come.

Rethinking The Future (RTF) is a Global Platform for Architecture and Design. RTF through more than 100 countries around the world provides an interactive platform of highest standard acknowledging the projects among creative and influential industry professionals.

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Definition Essay

Definition Essay - Writing Guide, Examples and Tips

14 min read

Published on: Oct 9, 2020

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

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Definition Essay Outline - Format & Guide

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Many students struggle with writing definition essays due to a lack of clarity and precision in their explanations.

This obstructs them from effectively conveying the essence of the terms or concepts they are tasked with defining. Consequently, the essays may lack coherence, leaving readers confused and preventing them from grasping the intended meaning.

But don’t worry!

In this guide, we will delve into effective techniques and step-by-step approaches to help students craft an engaging definition essay.

Continue reading to learn the correct formation of a definition essay. 

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What is a Definition Essay?

Just as the name suggests, a definition essay defines and explains a term or a concept. Unlike a narrative essay, the purpose of writing this essay is only to inform the readers.

Writing this essay type can be deceivingly tricky. Some terms, concepts, and objects have concrete definitions when explained. In contrast others are solely based on the writer’s understanding and point of view.

A definition essay requires a writer to use different approaches when discussing a term. These approaches are the following:

• Denotation - It is when you provide a literal or academic definition of the term.
• Connotation - It is when the writer provides an implied meaning or definition of the term.
• Enumeration - For this approach, a list is employed to define a term or a concept.
• Analogy - It is a technique in which something is defined by implementing a comparison.
• Negation - It is when you define a term by stating what it is not.

A single or combination of approaches can be used in the essay. 

Definition Essay Types

There are several types of definition essays that you may be asked to write, depending on the purpose and scope of the assignment. 

In this section, we will discuss some of the most common types of definition essays.

Descriptive Definition Essay 

This type of essay provides a detailed description of a term or concept, emphasizing its key features and characteristics. 

The goal of a descriptive definition essay is to help readers understand the term or concept in a more profound way.

Stipulative Definition Essay 

In a stipulative definition essay, the writer provides a unique definition of a term or concept. This type of essay is often used in academic settings to define a term in a particular field of study. 

The goal of a stipulative definition essay is to provide a precise and clear definition that is specific to the context of the essay.

Analytical Definition Essay 

This compare and contrast essay type involves analyzing a term or concept in-depth. Breaking it down into its component parts, and examining how they relate to each other. 

The goal of an analytical definition essay is to provide a more nuanced and detailed understanding of the term or concept being discussed.

Persuasive Definition Essay 

A persuasive definition essay is an argumentative essay that aims to persuade readers to accept a particular definition of a term or concept.

The writer presents their argument for the definition and uses evidence and examples to support their position.

Explanatory Definition Essay 

An explanatory definition essay is a type of expository essay . It aims to explain a complex term or concept in a way that is easy to understand for the reader. 

The writer breaks down the term or concept into simpler parts and provides examples and analogies to help readers understand it better.

Extended Definition Essay 

An extended definition essay goes beyond the definition of a word or concept and provides a more in-depth analysis and explanation. 

The goal of an extended definition essay is to provide a comprehensive understanding of a term, concept, or idea. This includes its history, origins, and cultural significance. 

How to Write a Definition Essay?

Writing a definition essay is simple if you know the correct procedure. This essay, like all the other formal pieces of documents, requires substantial planning and effective execution.

The following are the steps involved in writing a definition essay effectively:

Instead of choosing a term that has a concrete definition available, choose a word that is complicated . Complex expressions have abstract concepts that require a writer to explore deeper. Moreover, make sure that different people perceive the term selected differently. 

Once you have a word to draft your definition essay for, read the dictionary. These academic definitions are important as you can use them to compare your understanding with the official concept.

Drafting a definition essay is about stating the dictionary meaning and your explanation of the concept. So the writer needs to have some information about the term.

In addition to this, when exploring the term, make sure to check the term’s origin. The history of the word can make you discuss it in a better way.

Coming up with an exciting title for your essay is important. The essay topic will be the first thing that your readers will witness, so it should be catchy.

Creatively draft an essay topic that reflects meaning. In addition to this, the usage of the term in the title should be correctly done. The readers should get an idea of what the essay is about and what to expect from the document.

Now that you have a topic in hand, it is time to gather some relevant information. A definition essay is more than a mere explanation of the term. It represents the writer’s perception of the chosen term and the topic.

So having only personal opinions will not be enough to defend your point. Deeply research and gather information by consulting credible sources.

The gathered information needs to be organized to be understandable. The raw data needs to be arranged to give a structure to the content.

Here's a generic outline for a definition essay:

Are you searching for an in-depth guide on crafting a well-structured definition essay?Check out this definition essay outline blog!

6. Write the First Draft

Drafting each section correctly is a daunting task. Understanding what or what not to include in these sections requires a writer to choose wisely.

The start of your essay matters a lot. If it is on point and attractive, the readers will want to read the text. As the first part of the essay is the introduction , it is considered the first impression of your essay.

To write your definition essay introduction effectively, include the following information:

• Start your essay with a catchy hook statement that is related to the topic and the term chosen.
• State the generally known definition of the term. If the word chosen has multiple interpretations, select the most common one.
• Provide background information precisely. Determine the origin of the term and other relevant information.
• Shed light on the other unconventional concepts and definitions related to the term.
• Decide on the side or stance you want to pick in your essay and develop a thesis statement .

After briefly introducing the topic, fully explain the concept in the body section . Provide all the details and evidence that will support the thesis statement. To draft this section professionally, add the following information:

• A detailed explanation of the history of the term.
• Analysis of the dictionary meaning and usage of the term.
• A comparison and reflection of personal understanding and the researched data on the concept.

Once all the details are shared, give closure to your discussion. The last paragraph of the definition essay is the conclusion . The writer provides insight into the topic as a conclusion.

The concluding paragraphs include the following material:

• Summary of the important points.
• Restated thesis statement.
• A final verdict on the topic.

7. Proofread and Edit

Although the writing process ends with the concluding paragraph, there is an additional step. It is important to proofread the essay once you are done writing. Proofread and revise your document a couple of times to make sure everything is perfect.

Before submitting your assignment, make edits, and fix all mistakes and errors.

If you want to learn more about how to write a definition essay, here is a video guide for you!

Definition Essay Structure 

The structure of a definition essay is similar to that of any other academic essay. It should consist of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. 

However, the focus of a definition essay is on defining and explaining a particular term or concept. 

In this section, we will discuss the structure of a definition essay in detail.

Introduction 

Get the idea of writing an introduction for a definition essay with this example:

Body Paragraphs

Here is an example of how to craft your definition essay body paragraph:

Types of the Term/Concept 

If applicable, the writer may want to include a section that discusses the different types or categories of the term or concept being defined. 

This section should explain the similarities and differences between the types, using examples and anecdotes to illustrate the points.

Examples of the Term/Concept in Action 

The writer should also include real-life examples of the term or concept being defined in action. 

This will help the reader better understand the term or concept in context and how it is used in everyday life.

Conclusion 

This example will help you writing a conclusion fo you essay:

Definition Essay Examples

It is important to go through some examples and samples before writing an essay. This is to understand the writing process and structure of the assigned task well.

Following are some examples of definition essays to give our students a better idea of the concept. 

Understanding the Definition Essay

Definition Essay Example

Definition Essay About Friendship

Definition Essay About Love

Family Definition Essay

Success Definition Essay

Beauty Definition Essay

Definition Essay Topics

Selecting the right topic is challenging for other essay types. However, picking a suitable theme for a definition essay is equally tricky yet important. Pick an interesting subject to ensure maximum readership.

If you are facing writer’s block, here is a list of some great definition essay topics for your help. Choose from the list below and draft a compelling essay.

• Authenticity
• Sustainability
• Mindfulness

Here are some more extended definition essay topics:

• Social media addiction
• Ethical implications of gene editing
• Personalized learning in the digital age
• Ecosystem services
• Cultural assimilation versus cultural preservation
• Sustainable fashion
• Gender equality in the workplace
• Financial literacy and its impact on personal finance
• Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence
• Welfare state and social safety nets

Need more topics? Check out this definition essay topics blog!

Definition Essay Writing Tips

Knowing the correct writing procedure is not enough if you are not aware of the essay’s small technicalities. To help students write a definition essay effortlessly, expert writers of CollegeEssay.org have gathered some simple tips.

These easy tips will make your assignment writing phase easy.

• Choose an exciting yet informative topic for your essay.
• When selecting the word, concept, or term for your essay, make sure you have the knowledge.
• When consulting a dictionary for the definition, provide proper referencing as there are many choices available.
• To make the essay informative and credible, always provide the origin and history of the term.
• Highlight different meanings and interpretations of the term.
• Discuss the transitions and evolution in the meaning of the term in any.
• Provide your perspective and point of view on the chosen term.

Following these tips will guarantee you better grades in your academics.

By following the step-by-step approach explained in this guide, you will acquire the skills to craft an outstanding essay. 

Struggling with the thought, " write my college essay for m e"? Look no further.

Our dedicated definition essay writing service is here to craft the perfect essay that meets your academic needs.

For an extra edge, explore our AI essay writer , a tool designed to refine your essays to perfection. 

Barbara P (Literature, Marketing)

Barbara is a highly educated and qualified author with a Ph.D. in public health from an Ivy League university. She has spent a significant amount of time working in the medical field, conducting a thorough study on a variety of health issues. Her work has been published in several major publications.

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How Translation Of The Quran In Persian Can Be A Tool Of Reform In Iran

LONDON — The Quran is not merely a religious text. For Muslims, it is the literal word of God that was miraculously revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, born in Mecca in the 6th century. After the prophet's death, invading Arab armies brought Islam to Iran in the early to mid-7th century, forcibly converting a population that was already God-fearing as Zoroastrians.

The text can be examined from three perspectives: philosophical, religious and theological. The first two read it from "outside," supposedly with impartiality and objectivity, and seeking to corroborate their interpretations delving into multiple fields including history, linguistics, sociology and psychology.

Theology , however, is an "internal" reading of the text, reiterating its message of faith in secular or explanatory language, but always with reference to the text itself.

A late meeting 

During Islam's first 400 years in the land that is today Iran, the Persian-speaking population was rarely informed of the Quran's contents. Translations into Persian, the first of which was written in Transoxiana , were limited until the 20th century. Even those were confined to princely courts or private libraries; they were inaccessible to the masses, most of whom were, in any case, illiterate.

During the 600 years or so of the caliphates, first of the Umayyads of Damascus, then the Abbasids who ruled from Baghdad, the policy was to Arabize the lands of the Islamic empire. Translating the Quran was, therefore, seen as unfit if not impious. The Quran's holiness was enmeshed with its language, in keeping with state-approved orthodoxy. Piety sourced in Arabic thus became part of the policy of making the Islamic empire an Arab empire.

The Mongols put a violent end to the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad in 1258, though this was of little use to Quran's translation.

Under the Safavids, who ruled Persia and beyond from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries, indifference to Persian literature had its effect on translation: There were no notable Persian versions of the Quran under the dynasty that is often considered the first 'national' dynasty after Islam (the Safavids would have spoken a Turkish dialect more commonly than Persian).

New religious thinkers

The quran after the 1979 revolution.

Following the Persian Constitutional Revolution (from 1904-05), the use of written (and often simplified) Persian took off as part of a modernizing and patriotic agenda. This fueled translations of the Quran into Persian, and more literate Iranians became familiar with the book's contents.

Translations increased markedly after the 1979 Revolution , with several versions published in the 1980s and 1990s with the aim of promoting religion, not Iranian culture.

From the 1990s , some Iranians started to doubt the Quran as a divine source.

This has been of little use to the Islamic Republic , which always touted itself as the pious government par excellence . As more people became familiar with the book's contents, the contrast between its premises and the regime's double standards and cruelty became glaring . This may have contributed to a trend from the 1990s among some Iranians to doubt the Quran as a divine source, and strengthened outside or academic perspectives on the text.

Some began to consider the Quran not the Word of God but the work of the Prophet Muhammad, while others resorted to hermeneutic interpretations to explain gaps between its dictates and the needs of modern society . They were called, among other things, New Religious Thinkers, and were at times associated with political reformism inside the Islamic Republic .

Worldcrunch 🗞 Extra! 

Know more • Following the 1979 Revolution, the Iranian regime imposed a Sharia legal system, meaning one that directly stems from the Quran and other pillars of Islam. While the Muslim world agrees in considering the Quran as the foundation of Sharia, there are major disagreements over the principles upon which this should be translated into law. This can result in laws based more on the interpretation by the ruling class than on religious principles.

In Iran, a major example of this phenomenon is the death penalty, which today is carried out in certain cases of adultery, homosexuality, “spreading corruption on earth” and more. Yet, this departs significantly from the Islamic doctrine, writes Beirut-based daily L’Orient-Le-Jour : “The Quran only mentions the death penalty once, as punishment for deliberate murder. Anything that has to do with drugs, espionage, homosexual relations, adultery, apostasy and other non-voluntary murders are excluded.”

According to Amnesty International, only China carried out more death sentences in 2023 than Iran, which executed 853 people, marking a 48% rise from the previous year. — Fabrizio La Rocca (read more about the Worldcrunch method here )

New Persian translations 

Differences of interpretation, if not confusion, abound in Persian translations of the Quran. This was mainly because its language is ancient and complex, and the competence of most of its translators has proved to be limited. Yet even these subjective renditions broadened public familiarity with the text, and inadvertently provoked skepticism or transformed people's views on religion.

This is reminiscent of similar results in 16th century Europe, when the Protestants encouraged translations of the Bible from Latin to European languages. That broke the clergy's interpretive monopoly, and allowed ordinary people to read and interpret the text by themselves — for better or worse , acting as a prelude to significant developments in thought in Europe.

In Iran, more widespread if superficial contact with the Quran may have boosted religious revisionism and even a rejection of the Islamic religion — if not all religions — in a country suffering from 45 years of tyrannical rule in the religion's name .

It may even have strengthened rationalism in Iranian society — although without relevant studies, one can only speculate. But if Iranians are more skeptical and less accepting of received ideas and interpretations, this may be another step on that process solemnly termed as progress .

Like our content? Follow us for more. This article first appeared on Worldcrunch.com It was translated and adapted by Worldcrunch in partnership with KAYHAN-LONDON . For the latest news & views from every corner of the world, Worldcrunch Today is the only truly international newsletter. Sign up here .

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Guest Essay

The Long-Overlooked Molecule That Will Define a Generation of Science

By Thomas Cech

Dr. Cech is a biochemist and the author of the forthcoming book “The Catalyst: RNA and the Quest to Unlock Life’s Deepest Secrets,” from which this essay is adapted.

From E=mc² to splitting the atom to the invention of the transistor, the first half of the 20th century was dominated by breakthroughs in physics.

Then, in the early 1950s, biology began to nudge physics out of the scientific spotlight — and when I say “biology,” what I really mean is DNA. The momentous discovery of the DNA double helix in 1953 more or less ushered in a new era in science that culminated in the Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, which decoded all of our DNA into a biological blueprint of humankind.

DNA has received an immense amount of attention. And while the double helix was certainly groundbreaking in its time, the current generation of scientific history will be defined by a different (and, until recently, lesser-known) molecule — one that I believe will play an even bigger role in furthering our understanding of human life: RNA.

You may remember learning about RNA (ribonucleic acid) back in your high school biology class as the messenger that carries information stored in DNA to instruct the formation of proteins. Such messenger RNA, mRNA for short, recently entered the mainstream conversation thanks to the role they played in the Covid-19 vaccines. But RNA is much more than a messenger, as critical as that function may be.

Other types of RNA, called “noncoding” RNAs, are a tiny biological powerhouse that can help to treat and cure deadly diseases, unlock the potential of the human genome and solve one of the most enduring mysteries of science: explaining the origins of all life on our planet.

Though it is a linchpin of every living thing on Earth, RNA was misunderstood and underappreciated for decades — often dismissed as nothing more than a biochemical backup singer, slaving away in obscurity in the shadows of the diva, DNA. I know that firsthand: I was slaving away in obscurity on its behalf.

In the early 1980s, when I was much younger and most of the promise of RNA was still unimagined, I set up my lab at the University of Colorado, Boulder. After two years of false leads and frustration, my research group discovered that the RNA we’d been studying had catalytic power. This means that the RNA could cut and join biochemical bonds all by itself — the sort of activity that had been thought to be the sole purview of protein enzymes. This gave us a tantalizing glimpse at our deepest origins: If RNA could both hold information and orchestrate the assembly of molecules, it was very likely that the first living things to spring out of the primordial ooze were RNA-based organisms.

That breakthrough at my lab — along with independent observations of RNA catalysis by Sidney Altman at Yale — was recognized with a Nobel Prize in 1989. The attention generated by the prize helped lead to an efflorescence of research that continued to expand our idea of what RNA could do.

In recent years, our understanding of RNA has begun to advance even more rapidly. Since 2000, RNA-related breakthroughs have led to 11 Nobel Prizes. In the same period, the number of scientific journal articles and patents generated annually by RNA research has quadrupled. There are more than 400 RNA-based drugs in development, beyond the ones that are already in use. And in 2022 alone, more than $1 billion in private equity funds was invested in biotechnology start-ups to explore frontiers in RNA research.

What’s driving the RNA age is this molecule’s dazzling versatility. Yes, RNA can store genetic information, just like DNA. As a case in point, many of the viruses (from influenza to Ebola to SARS-CoV-2) that plague us don’t bother with DNA at all; their genes are made of RNA, which suits them perfectly well. But storing information is only the first chapter in RNA’s playbook.

Unlike DNA, RNA plays numerous active roles in living cells. It acts as an enzyme, splicing and dicing other RNA molecules or assembling proteins — the stuff of which all life is built — from amino acid building blocks. It keeps stem cells active and forestalls aging by building out the DNA at the ends of our chromosomes.

RNA discoveries have led to new therapies, such as the use of antisense RNA to help treat children afflicted with the devastating disease spinal muscular atrophy. The mRNA vaccines, which saved millions of lives during the Covid pandemic, are being reformulated to attack other diseases, including some cancers . RNA research may also be helping us rewrite the future; the genetic scissors that give CRISPR its breathtaking power to edit genes are guided to their sites of action by RNAs.

Although most scientists now agree on RNA's bright promise, we are still only beginning to unlock its potential. Consider, for instance, that some 75 percent of the human genome consists of dark matter that is copied into RNAs of unknown function. While some researchers have dismissed this dark matter as junk or noise, I expect it will be the source of even more exciting breakthroughs.

We don’t know yet how many of these possibilities will prove true. But if the past 40 years of research have taught me anything, it is never to underestimate this little molecule. The age of RNA is just getting started.

Thomas Cech is a biochemist at the University of Colorado, Boulder; a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989 for his work with RNA; and the author of “The Catalyst: RNA and the Quest to Unlock Life’s Deepest Secrets,” from which this essay is adapted.

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