english is the global language essay

Essay on English as a Global Language

500 Words Essay On English as a Global Language

A global language is one that is spoken and understood at an international level by a wide variety of people. Moreover, no language in the world better fits this description than the English language. This essay on English as a global language will shed more light on this issue.

                                                                                                  Essay on English as a Global Language

Why English is a Global Language

When it comes to languages, one can make a strong argument that a strong link exists between dominance and cultural power. Furthermore, the main factor that the languages become popular is due to a powerful power-base, whether economic or political or military.

The derivation of the English language took place from languages like French, Latin, German, and other European languages. This can be a reason why many Europeans don’t find English a difficult language to learn. Furthermore, linguists argue whether the simplicity of the English language is the main reason for it becoming a global language.

The Latin script of the English language appears less complicated for people to recognize and learn. Also, the pronunciation of the English language is not as complex as other languages like Korean or Turkish for example.

Generally, the difficulty level of a language varies from person to person and it also depends on the culture to which one may belong. For example, a Korean person would find less difficulty in mastering the Japanese language in comparison to a German person. This is because of the close proximity of the Korean and Japanese cultures.

Due to the massive British colonial conquests , no culture is in complete oblivion of the English language or words. As such, English is a language that should not appear as too alien or strange to any community. Consequently, learning English is not such big of a deal for most people as they can find a certain level of familiarity with the language.

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The Effectiveness of the English Language

English is a very effective language and this is evident due to the presence of various native and non-native speakers on a global scale. Furthermore, according to statistics, one-fourth of the world is either fluent in the English language or content with it. While it’s true that the number of native Mandarin speakers is the greatest in the world, Mandarin is not the global language due to its complex spellings, grammar , and letter system.

The English language, on the other hand, does not suffer from such complexity problems. Furthermore, the English language has a lot of words and synonyms to express something. As such, any word or its meaning can be expressed with a high level of accuracy.

Conclusion of the Essay on English as a Global Language

English is certainly the most widely spoken language in the world by far. On a global scale, English has the most number of speakers, who speak English either as a first or second language. Without a doubt, no other language in the world can come close to English in terms of its immense popularity.

FAQs For Essay on English as a Global Language

Question 1: Why English is referred to as the global language?

Answer 1:  Many consider English as a global language because it is the one language that the majority of the population in almost every region of the world can speak and understand. Furthermore, the language enjoys worldwide acceptance and usage by every nation of the world. Therefore, it is an extremely essential global language.

Question 2: How English became the global language in the world?

Answer 2: By the late 18th century, the British Empire had made a lot of colonies. Moreover, they had established their geopolitical dominance all over the world. Consequently, the English language quickly spread in the British colonies.

There was also the contribution of technology, science, diplomacy, commerce, art, and formal education which led to English becoming a truly global language of the world.

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• Essay On English As A Global Language

English as a Global Language Essay

500 words essay on english as a global language.

Globally, English is the most popular language, spoken in almost all countries. According to the statistics, nearly half of the world’s population is well-versed in this language. It is proved by many native and non-native speakers that English is an efficient language worldwide. Moreover, compared to other languages, English is easier to learn. For example, unlike Chinese, the English alphabet has only 26 letters that form words, and several English words are borrowed from other languages.

English is the language of technology, so knowing English is necessary to make the best use of the internet. It also makes tourism easy, as it helps better understand the people. Also, any international meeting will probably be done in English. This essay will discuss why English is considered a global language.

Why Is English a Global Language?

English is considered a global language because it is spoken and understood at an international level by a wide variety of people. Globally, English has the most speakers who speak it either as a first or second language.

We can see a strong link between dominance and cultural power in languages. English, as a language, became famous because of its power base, whether political, economic or military.

English language derivation occurred from German, Latin, and other European languages. Due to this, Europeans don’t consider English a complex language to learn. Also, according to linguists, English became a global language due to its simplicity.

English script in Latin appears less complicated to learn and recognise by people. Also, like other languages such as Turkish or Korean, English pronunciation is not so complex and is easy to understand.

Generally, if we observe closely, the difficulty level of a particular language varies from person to person. It also depends on the culture the individual belongs to. For example, A person from Korea will find the Japanese language less complicated than a Britisher because of the similarities between Korean and Japanese cultures.

The language, English, should not be alien or unknown to any community. Learning English was not a big deal during British rule, as most people from different cultures became familiar with the language.

Future of English as a Global Language

Nowadays, primary-level to higher-level education mostly uses English as the medium of instruction.

The English language is considered a global language. So, in most countries, education will be delivered in English. Students will read and write their field of interest in English. The English language will replace the arts, culture and science stream of education.

Globally, education is provided in the English language, due to which all variations of research-based education and projects are based on this language. Scientific, technical and medical research all depend on the English language. Nowadays, research-based learning is imperative in all education streams, and the medium should be English.

To Access Knowledge

In the modern era of technology, people approach the internet to get information about the smallest things possible. So, gradually, the English language has proved its strong presence globally, and people have started to access related content written in the English language.

Informative Sources

All kinds of information are available in the form of books, newspapers, specific topic-based print content, etc. There are various resources available online as well, and they can be accessed for free.

Conclusion of the Essay on English as a Global Language

English is the most helpful language globally, and its “universal language” status proves that fact. Learning anything new can be time-consuming. However, irrespective of where you come from, learning English will open an array of opportunities for you.

It’s always good to learn a new language. English is the business language, so learning English will make the road ahead more accessible for you if you want to start a business. We can safely say that learning English will add value to your life with all that in mind.

From our BYJU’S website, students can learn CBSE Essays related to different topics. It will help students to get good marks in their upcoming exams.

Frequently Asked Questions on English as a Global Language Essay

Why is english considered a global language.

The majority of the world’s population can speak and understand the English language. Also, this language is considered easy to learn when compared to other languages.

How many countries have recognised English as the official language?

English is recognised as the official language in 67 different countries, as well as in 27 non-sovereign entities.

Who is the Father of the English language?

Geoffrey Chaucer, born sometime between the year 1340-1344, is known to be the Father of the English language.

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English As A Global Language Essay

In today's interconnected world, English has become the dominant global language. It's the language of business, diplomacy, and international relations. It's also the language of science and technology. Here are some sample essays on English as a global language.

100 Words Essay On English As A Global Language

English has become the global language because it has the ability to connect people from all corners of the world. When it comes to language, the world is changing. English has quickly become the global language of business, travel, and communication, and its importance is only expected to grow in the years to come.

One of the most important benefits of speaking English nowadays is that it enables you to be part of a global conversation. When you can understand and communicate with people from different backgrounds, cultures and countries, you open new doors to business opportunities, personal connections and more. It is the language of opportunity.

200 Words Essay On English As A Global Language

English has also become an essential tool for success in job markets around the world. Having good language skills often gives you a competitive edge over other candidates, as it allows you to communicate with customers or colleagues better. Additionally, many prestigious universities have begun offering courses taught entirely in English in order to attract international students from all over the world.

Overview of the Growing Significance of English

There are a number of reasons for the overgrowing significance of English as a language. For starters, English is the most widely spoken language in the world. It's spoken by more than 1.5 billion people, making it the most common second language in the world. And as more and more countries become connected through trade and technology, the demand for English speakers continues to rise.

But it's not just about numbers. English is also a very versatile language. It's capable of expressing a wide range of emotions and ideas, making it perfect for both business and travel. And thanks to its history as a colonial language, English also has a number of dialects and variants that make it easy to learn and be used in different parts of the world.

500 Words Essay On English As A Global Language

It is important for students to learn English and for people to continue to study and learn the English language. English is the language of the future.

Historical Influence of English

English has played an important role in world history, and its influence can be seen in many different aspects of society. This can be seen particularly in the field of business, where English is often the language of choice for conducting international transactions.

But English's role as a global language is not limited to the business world. It is also widely used in education, science, technology and entertainment. This growing significance of English has led to a number of debates on its impact on other languages and cultures. Some people argue that English is a threat to linguistic diversity, while others claim that it has actually helped to promote international understanding.

Benefits of Learning English As A Language

There are plenty of reasons to learn English, but here are some of the most important:

English is the most common global language. That means that if you know English, you can communicate with more people than any other language.

English is the language of business. If you want to work in a global company or do business with people from other countries, you need to be able to speak English.

English is the language of diplomacy. If you want to work in international relations or become a diplomat, you need to be fluent in English.

English is the language of science and technology. If you want to work in a technical field or study science, you need to know English.

The Positive Impact of English on Today’s Society

English is being used by more people in everyday communication than ever before. It also serves as a unifying factor between different cultural backgrounds and can pave the way for greater social understanding. In short, English has become ingrained in most aspects of our lives, regardless of where we are from or what language we may speak at home.

Challenges Faced by Non-Native English Speakers

When it comes to the challenges that non-native English speakers face, there are several. One is that some words and phrases may still be challenging to understand, even after extensive studying. Additionally, being able to properly pronounce and intonate these words and phrases can be even more difficult.

Maintaining an appropriate level of grammar and syntax while also using proper sentence structure and coherence is often difficult as well. Even with proper guidance, working around cultural and language barriers can be a challenge; this is especially true when it comes to translating ideas accurately in a language other than one’s native tongue.

Non-native English speakers may also struggle to find their own style of writing in order to make their work stand out from others. Different countries have different styles of expression, so finding a style that truly reflects your own unique voice can be difficult no matter how well-versed someone may be in the English language.

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Essay on English as a Global Language

Students are often asked to write an essay on English as a Global Language in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on English as a Global Language

Introduction.

English is a globally recognized language. It’s spoken in many countries, making it a key communication tool.

Global Reach

English is spoken in over 100 countries. It’s the official language of many nations and international organizations.

Language of the Internet

Most content on the internet is in English. This makes it important for accessing knowledge.

Business Language

English is the standard language for international business. It helps in trade and commerce across borders.

Many educational books and research papers are published in English. It’s a must-know language for students.

English, as a global language, bridges gaps between cultures. It’s a powerful tool for global communication and understanding.

Also check:

• Advantages and Disadvantages of English as a Global Language

250 Words Essay on English as a Global Language

The emergence of english as a global language.

English, originating from a small island nation, has transformed into a global language. This phenomenon is not accidental, but rather a result of historical, economic, and technological factors. The British Empire’s vast expanse during the colonial era disseminated English to all corners of the globe, laying the groundwork for its global acceptance.

English and Globalization

The rise of globalization has further propelled English to its current status. As the language of science, technology, and business, English proficiency is often equated with economic opportunity. Multinational corporations, international institutions, and the internet predominantly use English, reinforcing its global significance.

The Lingua Franca of the Digital Age

The digital age has also played a crucial role in the dominance of English. The internet, a largely English-language medium, has democratized access to information and connected diverse cultures. English, thus, serves as a bridge, fostering global communication and collaboration.

Implications and Challenges

Despite its benefits, the global dominance of English has implications. It risks overshadowing local languages and cultures, potentially leading to linguistic homogenization. Furthermore, non-native speakers may face barriers to participation in global discourse.

In conclusion, English’s status as a global language is a double-edged sword. While it promotes global communication, it also presents challenges. Acknowledging these complexities is crucial for a more inclusive global society.

500 Words Essay on English as a Global Language

English, a language that originated from a small island, has now become a global lingua franca. It has permeated various spheres of human activity, including commerce, science, technology, and culture, becoming an indispensable tool for international communication.

The rise of English as a global language is closely tied to the expansion of British colonial rule during the 19th century. As Britain established colonies around the world, the English language was disseminated and adopted by the local populations. However, the true globalisation of English began in the 20th century, primarily due to two factors: the economic dominance of the United States and the advent of the internet.

The Dominance of the United States

Post World War II, the United States emerged as a global economic powerhouse. American corporations expanded their operations worldwide, and with this expansion, English became the de facto language of global business. Moreover, the US’s cultural influence, manifested through Hollywood movies, popular music, and later, digital platforms like Netflix and YouTube, has further entrenched English in global popular culture.

The Advent of the Internet

The digital revolution has been another catalyst for the global spread of English. As the internet was born and developed in English-speaking countries, English became the principal language of the digital realm. Today, a significant portion of online content, including websites, forums, and social media platforms, is in English, making it a prerequisite for digital literacy.

English and Education

English has also become the language of academia. It is the medium of instruction in numerous universities worldwide, and a vast majority of scientific research is published in English. Consequently, proficiency in English is often seen as a pathway to educational and professional opportunities.

Implications of English as a Global Language

While the global dominance of English has facilitated international communication, it has also raised concerns. Critics argue that linguistic diversity is under threat, as smaller languages struggle to survive in the shadow of English. Furthermore, the dominance of English may perpetuate social inequality, as those without access to English education may be left behind in a globalised world.

In conclusion, English has undeniably established itself as a global language, driven by historical, economic, and technological factors. While its global status offers clear benefits, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. As we move forward, it is crucial to ensure that the spread of English does not come at the expense of linguistic diversity and social equity.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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History of English

English as a Global Language

What is a Global Language?

There is no official definition of “global” or “world” language, but it essentially refers to a language that is learned and spoken internationally, and is characterized not only by the number of its native and second language speakers, but also by its geographical distribution, and its use in international organizations and in diplomatic relations. A global language acts as a “lingua franca”, a common language that enables people from diverse backgrounds and ethnicities to communicate on a more or less equitable basis.

Historically, the essential factor for the establishment of a global language is that it is spoken by those who wield power. Latin was the lingua franca of its time, although it was only ever a minority language within the Roman Empire as a whole. Crucially, though, it was the language of the powerful leaders and administrators and of the Roman military – and, later, of the ecclesiastical power of the Roman Catholic Church – and this is what drove its rise to (arguably) global language status. Thus, language can be said to have no independent existence of its own, and a particular language only dominates when its speakers dominate (and, by extension, fails when the people who speak it fail).

The influence of any language is a combination of three main things: the number of countries using it as their first language or mother-tongue, the number of countries adopting it as their official language, and the number of countries teaching it as their foreign language of choice in schools. The intrinsic structural qualities of a language, the size of its vocabulary, the quality of its literature throughout history, and its association with great cultures or religions, are all important factors in the popularity of any language. But, at base, history shows us that a language becomes a global language mainly due to the political power of its native speakers, and the economic power with which it is able to maintain and expand its position.

Why is a Global Language Needed?

It is often argued that the modern “global village” needs a “global language”, and that (particularly in a world of modern communications, globalized trade and easy international travel) a single lingua franca has never been more important. With the advent since 1945 of large international bodies such as the United Nations and its various offshoots – the UN now has over 50 different agencies and programs from the World Bank, World Health Organization and UNICEF to more obscure arms like the Universal Postal Union – as well as collective organizations such as the Commonwealth and the European Union, the pressure to establish a worldwide lingua franca has never been greater. As just one example of why a lingua franca is useful, consider that up to one-third of the administration costs of the European Community is taken up by translations into the various member languages.

Some have seen a planned or constructed language as a solution to this need. In the short period between 1880 and 1907, no less than 53 such “universal artificial languages” were developed. By 1889, the constructed language Volapük claimed nearly a million adherents, although it is all but unknown to day. Today the best known is Esperanto, a deliberately simplified language, with just 16 rules, no definite articles, no irregular endings and no illogical spellings. A sentence like “It is often argued that the modern world needs a common language with which to communicate” would be rendered in Esperanto as “Oni ofte argumentas ke la moderna mondo bezonas komuna linguon por komunikado”, not difficult to understand for anyone with even a smattering of Romance languages.

Many of these universal languages (including Esperanto) were specifically developed with the view in mind that a single world language would automatically lead to world peace and unity. Setting aside for now the fact that such languages have never gained much traction, it has to be said this assumption is not necessarily well-founded. For instance, historically, many wars have broken out within communities of the same language (e.g. the British and American Civil Wars, the Spanish Civil War, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia, etc) and, on the other hand, the citizens of some countries with multiple languages (e.g. Switzerland, Canada, Singapore, etc) manage to coexist, on the whole, quite peaceably.

Is a Global Language Necessarily “A Good Thing”?

While its advantages are self-evident, there are some legitimate concerns that a dominant global language could also have some built-in drawbacks. Among these may be the following:

• There is a risk that the increased adoption of a global language may lead to the weakening and eventually the disappearance of some minority languages (and, ultimately, it is feared, ALL other languages). It is estimated that up to 80% of the world’s 6,000 or so living languages may die out within the next century, and some commentators believe that a too-dominant global language may be a major contributing factor in this trend. However, it seem likely that this is really only a direct threat in areas where the global language is the natural first language (e.g. North America, Australia, Celtic parts of Britain, etc). Conversely, there is also some evidence that the very threat of subjugation by a dominant language can actually galvanize and strengthen movements to support and protect minority languages (e.g. Welsh in Wales, French in Canada).
• There is concern that natural speakers of the global language may be at an unfair advantage over those who are operating in their second, or even third, language.
• The insistence on one language to the exclusion of others may also be seen as a threat to freedom of speech and to the ideals of multiculturalism.
• Another potential pitfall is linguistic complacency on the part of natural speakers of a global language, a laziness and arrogance resulting from the lack of motivation to learn other languages. Arguably, this can already be observed in many Britons and Americans.

Is English a Global Language?

As can be seen in more detail in the section on English Today , on almost any basis, English is the nearest thing there has ever been to a global language. Its worldwide reach is much greater than anything achieved historically by Latin or French, and there has never been a language as widely spoken as English. Many would reasonably claim that, in the fields of business, academics, science, computing, education, transportation, politics and entertainment, English is already established as the de facto lingua franca.

The UN, the nearest thing we have, or have ever had, to a global community, currently uses five official languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese, and an estimated 85% of international organizations have English as at least one of their official languages (French comes next with less than 50%). Even more starkly, though, about one third of international organizations (including OPEC, EFTA and ASEAN) use English only, and this figure rises to almost 90% among Asian international organizations.

As we have seen, a global language arises mainly due to the political and economic power of its native speakers. It was British imperial and industrial power that sent English around the globe between the 17th and 20th Century. The legacy of British imperialism has left many counties with the language thoroughly institutionalized in their courts, parliament, civil service, schools and higher education establishments. In other counties, English provides a neutral means of communication between different ethnic groups.

But it has been largely American economic and cultural supremacy – in music, film and television; business and finance; computing, information technology and the Internet; even drugs and pornography – that has consolidated the position of the English language and continues to maintain it today. American dominance and influence worldwide makes English crucially important for developing international markets, especially in the areas of tourism and advertising, and mastery of English also provides access to scientific, technological and academic resources which would otherwise be denied developing countries.

Is English Appropriate for a Global Language?

Some have also argued that there are other intrinsic features of the English language that set it apart, and make it an appropriate choice as a global language, and it may be worthwhile investigating some of these claims:

• The richness and depth of English’s vocabulary sets it apart from other languages. The 1989 revised “Oxford English Dictionary” lists 615,000 words in 20 volumes, officially the world’s largest dictionary. If technical and scientific words were to be included, the total would rise to well over a million. By some estimates, the English lexicon is currently increasing by over 8,500 words a year, although other estimates put this as high as 15,000 to 20,000. It is estimated that about 200,000 English words are in common use, as compared to 184,000 in German, and mere 100,000 in French. The availability of large numbers of synonyms allows shades of distinction that are just not available to non-English speakers and, although other languages have books of synonyms, none has anything on quite the scale of “Roget’s Thesaurus” . Add to this the wealth of English idioms and phrases, and the available material with which to express meaning is truly prodigious, whether the intention is poetry, business or just everyday conversation.
• It is a very flexible language. One example of this is in respect of word order and the ability to phrase sentences as active or passive (e.g. I kicked the ball , or the ball was kicked by me ). Another is in the ability to use the same word as both a noun and a verb (such as drink , fight , silence , etc). New words can easily be created by the addition of prefixes or suffixes (e.g. brightness , fixation , unintelligible , etc), or by compounding or fusing existing words together (e.g. airport , seashore , footwear , etc). Just how far English’s much-vaunted flexibility should go (or should be allowed to go) is a hotly-debated topic, though. For example, should common but incorrect usages (e.g. disinterested to mean uninterested ; infer to mean imply ; forego to mean forgo ; flout to mean flaunt ; fortuitous to mean fortunate ; etc) be accepted as part of the natural evolution of the language, or reviled as inexcusable sloppiness which should be summarily nipped in the bud?
• Its grammar is generally simpler than most languages. It dispenses completely with noun genders (hence, no dithering between le plume or la plume , or between el mano or la mano ), and often dispenses with the article completely (e.g. It is time to go to bed ). The distinction between familiar and formal addresses were abandoned centuries ago (the single English word you has seven distinct choices in German: du , dich , dir , Sie , Ihnen , Ihr and euch ). Case forms for nouns are almost non-existent (with the exception of some personal pronouns like I / me / mine , he / him / his , etc), as compared to Finnish, for example, which has fifteen forms for every noun, or Russian which has 12. In German, each verb has 16 different forms (Latin has a possible 120!), while English only retains 5 at most (e.g. ride , rides , rode , riding , ridden ) and often only requires 3 (e.g. hit , hits , hitting ).
• Some would also claim that it is also a relatively simple language in terms of spelling and pronunciation, although this claim is perhaps more contentious. While it does not require mastery of the subtle tonal variations of Cantonese, nor the bewildering consonant clusters of Welsh or Gaelic, it does have more than its fair share of apparently random spellings, silent letters and phonetic inconsistencies (consider, for example, the pronunciation of the “ou” in thou , though , thought , through , thorough , tough , plough and hiccough , or the “ea” in head , heard , bean , beau and beauty ). There are somewhere between 44 and 52 unique sounds used in English pronunciation (depending on the authority consulted), almost equally divided between vowel sounds and consonants, as compared to 26 in Italian, for example, or just 13 in Hawaiian. This includes some sounds which are notoriously difficult for foreigners to pronounce (such as “th”, which also comes in two varieties, as in thought and though , or in mouth as a noun and mouth as a verb), and some sounds which have a huge variety of possible spellings (such as the sound “sh”, which can be written as in shoe , sugar , passion , ambitious , ocean , champagne , etc, or the long “o” which can be spelled as in go , show , beau , sew , doe , though , depot , etc). In its defence, though, its consonants at least are fairly regular in pronunciation, and it is blessedly free of the accents and diacritical marks which festoon many other languages. Also, its borrowings of foreign words tend to preserve the original spelling (rather than attempting to spell them phonetically). It has been estimated that 84% of English spellings conform to general patterns or rules, while only 3% are completely unpredictable (3% of a very large vocabulary is, however, still quite a large number, and this includes such extraordinary examples as colonel , ache , eight , etc). Arguably, some of the inconsistencies do help to distinguish between homophones like fissure and fisher ; seas and seize ; air and heir ; aloud and allowed ; weather and whether ; chants and chance ; flu , flue and flew ; reign , rein and rain ; etc.
• Some argue that the cosmopolitan character of English (from its adoption of thousands of words from other languages with which it came into contact) gives it a feeling of familiarity and welcoming compared to many other languages (such as French, for example, which has tried its best to keep out other languages).
• Despite a tendency towards jargon, English is generally reasonably concise compared to many languages, as can be seen in the length of translations (a notable exception is Hebrew translations, which are usually shorter than their English equivalents by up to a third). It is also less prone to misunderstandings due to cultural subtleties than, say, Japanese, which is almost impossible to simultaneously translate for that reason.
• The absence of coding for social differences (common in many other languages which distinguish between formal and informal verb forms and sometimes other more complex social distinctions) may make English seem more democratic and remove some of the potential stress associated with language-generated social blunders.
• The extent and quality of English literature throughout history marks it as a language of culture and class. As a result, it carries with it a certain legitimacy, substance and gravitas that few other languages can match.

On balance, though, the intrinsic appeal of English as a world language is probably overblown and specious, and largely based on chauvinism or naïveté . It is unlikely that linguistic factors are of great importance in a language’s rise to the status of world language, and English’s position today is almost entirely due to the aforementioned political and economic factors.

What About The Future?

Although English currently appears to be in an unassailable position in the modern world, its future as a global language is not necessarily assured. In the Middle Ages, Latin seemed forever set as the language of education and culture, as did French in the 18th Century. But circumstances change, and there are several factors which might precipitate such a change once again.

There are two competing drives to take into account: the pressure for international intelligibility, and the pressure to preserve national identity. It is possible that a natural balance may be achieved between the two, but it should also be recognized that the historical loyalties of British ex-colonies have been largely replaced by pragmatic utilitarian reasoning.

The very dominance of an outside language or culture can lead to a backlash or reaction against it. People do not take kindly to having a language imposed on them, whatever advantage and value that language may bring to them. As long ago as 1908, Mahatma Gandhi said, in the context of colonial India: “To give millions a knowledge of English is to enslave them”. Although most former British colonies retained English as an official language after independence, some (e.g. Tanzania, Kenya, Malaysia) later deliberately rejected the old colonial language as a legacy of oppression and subjugation, disestablishing English as even a joint official language. Even today, there is a certain amount of resentment in some countries towards the cultural dominance of English, and particularly of the USA.

As has been discussed, there is a close link between language and power. The USA, with its huge dominance in economic, technical and cultural terms, is the driving force behind English in the world today. However, if the USA were to lose its position of economic and technical dominance, then the “language loyalties” of other countries may well shift to the new dominant power. Currently, perhaps the only possible candidate for such a replacement would be China, but it is not that difficult to imagine circumstances in which it could happen.

A change in population (and population growth) trends may prove to be an influential factor. The increasing Hispanic population of the USA has, in the opinion of some commentators, already begun a dilution of the “Englishness” of the country, which may in turn have repercussions for the status of the English language abroad. Hispanic and Latino Americans have accounted for almost half of America’s population growth in recent years, and their share of the population is expected to increase from about 16% today to around 30% by 2050. Some even see the future possibility of a credible secessionist movement, similar to that for an independent Quebec in Canada, and there has been movements within the US Republican party (variously called “English First” or “Official English” or “US English”) to make English the nation’s official language in an attempt to reduce the significance of Spanish. Official policies of bilingualism or multilingualism in countries with large minority language groups, such as are in place in countries like Canada, Belgium and Switzerland, are an expensive option and fraught with political difficulties, which the USA would prefer to avoid.

A 2006 report by the British Council suggests that the number of people learning English is likely to continue to increase over the next 10-15 years, peaking at around 2 billion, after which a decline is predicted. Various attempts have been made to develop a simpler “controlled” English language suitable for international usage (e.g. Basic English, Plain English, Globish, International English, Special English, Essential World English, etc). Increasingly, the long-term future of English as a global language probably lies in the hands of Asia, and especially the huge populations of India and China.

Having said that, though, there may now be a critical mass of English speakers throughout the world which may make its continued growth impossible to stop or even slow. There are no comparable historical precedents on which to base predictions, but it well may be that the emergence of English as a global language is a unique, even an irreversible, event.

Richard is an English teacher with over 25 years of experience. He has dedicated his life and career to his passion for English, literature, and pedagogy, guiding multiple generations of students on their journey to discovery.

English as a Global Language

Global English, World English, and the Rise of English as a Lingua Franca

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In Shakespeare 's time, the number of English speakers in the world is thought to have been between five and seven million. According to linguist David Crystal, "Between the end of the reign of Elizabeth I (1603) and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), this figure increased almost fiftyfold, to around 250 million" ( The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language , 2003). It's a common language used in international business, which makes it a popular second language for many.

How Many Languages Are There?

There are roughly 6,500 languages spoken in the world today. About 2,000 of them have fewer than 1,000 speakers. While the British empire did help spread the language globally it's only the third most commonly spoken language in the world. Mandarin and Spanish are the two most commonly spoken languages on Earth. 

From How Many Other Languages Has English Borrowed Words?

English is jokingly referred to as a language thief because of it has incorporated words from over 350 other languages into it. The majority of these "borrowed" words are latin or from one of the Romance languages.

How Many People in the World Today Speak English?

Roughly 500 million people in the world are native English speakers . Another 510 million people speak English as a second language , which means that there are more people who speak English along with their native language than there are native English speakers.

In How Many Countries Is English Taught as a Foreign Language?

English is taught as a foreign language in over 100 countries. It's considered the language of business which makes it a popular choice for a second language. English language teachers are often paid very well in countries like China and Dubai.

What Is the Most Widely Used English Word?

"The form OK or okay is probably the most intensively and widely used (and borrowed) word in the history of the language. Its many would-be etymologists have traced it variously to Cockney, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Norwegian, Scots, several African languages, and the Native American language Choctaw, as well as a number of personal names. All are imaginative feats without documentary support." (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English . Oxford University Press, 2002)

How Many Countries in the World Have English as Their First Language?

"This is a complicated question, as the definition of 'first language' differs from place to place, according to each country’s history and local circumstances. The following facts illustrate the complexities:

"Australia, Botswana, the Commonwealth Caribbean nations, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Ireland, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have English as either a de facto or statutory official language. In Cameroon and Canada, English shares this status with French; and in the Nigerian states, English and the main local language are official. In Fiji, English is the official language with Fijian; in Lesotho with Sesotho; in Pakistan with Urdu; in the Philippines with Filipino; and in Swaziland with Siswati. In India, English is an associate official language (after Hindi), and in Singapore English is one of four statutory official languages. In South Africa, English [is] the main national language—but just one of eleven official languages.

"In all, English has official or special status in at least 75 countries (with a combined population of two billion people). It is estimated that one out of four people worldwide speak English with some degree of competence." (Penny Silva, "Global English." AskOxford.com, 2009)

• The Balkans
• What Does it Mean to Have English as a Native Language?
• Top 10 Most Popular Languages
• What Countries Have English as an Official Language?
• Definition of English as a Second Language (ESL)
• Global English
• English as a Foreign Language (EFL)
• Non-Native English Teachers
• 10 Myths About Spanish and the People Who Speak It
• English Language: History, Definition, and Examples
• What Is a Contact Language?
• Facts and Figures About the French Language
• What Is a Second Language (L2)?
• How Do You Rate as an Expert of the English Language?
• Where Is Spanish Spoken?
• 5 Countries Where Spanish Is Spoken but Not Official

British Council

In our rapidly changing world what is the future of the English language?

By mina patel, assessment research manager, british council, 18 april 2023 - 16:54.

English is one of the most spoken languages in the world, but what will English look like in the future? Here Mina Patel, one of the authors of the new British Council publication ‘The Future of English: Global Perspectives’, looks at how English, its teaching, assessment and use in business will be affected in a rapidly changing world.

People ask: what’s so important about English? The answer is simple, English connects people and changes lives. English changed my life. I arrived in England at the age of four as a refugee from Uganda. I couldn’t speak a word of English. Today I am one of the authors of the British Council’s newest publication, The Future of English: Global Perspectives. I was lucky. I was inspired at school, had wonderful teachers, and they instilled in me a passion for learning and teaching. I have been in English language education for many years and English has connected me to thousands of people around the world. 

The Future of English: Global Perspectives is part of a long-term research programme, which identifies key trends that will define the role of English as a global language in the coming decade. It also examines the issues and opportunities for countries around the world in achieving their goals for the use of English. 

The publication describes the programme and presents the findings from discussions with 92 policy makers and influencers from 49 countries and territories during 14 roundtables, about what they see as the future of English. From these conversations, eight themes emerged, themes that we believe will have an impact on the future of English in the coming years. So, what are the global perspectives about the future of English and what does the data tell us?

Will English remain the world’s most sought-after language?

For the foreseeable future English will remain the dominant global lingua franca (a language used by people with different native languages to communicate with each other), but the role it plays in the lives of individuals or in policies will begin to change. 

Numbers of learners will remain stable or rise in the next ten years. The main drivers for this are education, employment, technology and global mobility. Employers, parents and learners themselves are driving the need for English language education. They see it as a necessity for success in life, learning and employment. 

What role will English play in our multilingual world?

Multilingualism is the norm in most contexts around the world. Exploration, colonialisation, migration, and globalisation have all contributed to today’s multilingual world. 

English is often one of the languages used in multilingual situations where everyday communication is managed by individuals using their full range of languages organically and fluidly – a practice known as ‘translanguaging’.

One implication for English is that it increasingly ‘belongs’ (in the sense that any language can belong to anybody) to whoever uses it, in whatever form, to interact successfully in any given context. 

What is the future of English as a medium of education?

English as a medium of education (EME), also called English as a medium of instruction is when students are taught subjects in English, regardless of their first language. It is hugely popular in some contexts and is driven by governments and parents that see it as a good way to achieve fluency in English, so improving the chances of students getting a good job in the future.  

Universities which teach courses in English - with lectures, course materials and tutorials all given in English - are now very common. Primary and secondary schools where English is the main language of teaching and learning are also becoming more popular.  However, EME is a topic of much discussion and debate.

How will teachers remain relevant in future English language learning systems?

Our data tells us that teachers are very much at the heart of the teaching and learning process and the education system. Regardless of the technological shifts during the Pandemic, teachers are very important. However, in some places in the world, there are concerns about capacity with two main questions being asked. Are there enough English teachers and are there enough skilled English teachers?

Linked to this is teacher motivation and well-being. If English is considered a valuable and important skill for a nation’s educational, professional and economic success, then it follows that English language teachers should be looked after, supported, developed and rewarded to reflect the significance of their contribution to society. 

Public and private English language provision - who has the answers?

This is an interesting question, and although private language education provision can be better, our participants were concerned about the lack of monitoring and evaluation of private language provision.  

That said, public-sector provision of English language teaching is inadequate in many countries, often featuring inappropriate or outdated curricula.

It is likely that the answers to better quality provision in both sectors lie in greater cross-sector communication and collaboration.

Can English language assessment meet stakeholders’ changing needs?

People require different types of proficiency for different tasks in different contexts. This has implications for teaching, learning and assessment (TLA), particularly as we expect that aligning these components will continue to be of interest in the future.

English is no longer seen in isolation. Instead, it is seen as part of a range of knowledge, skills and expertise, captured by the concept of 21st-century skills and required for a dynamic globalised world. This presents two challenges for current assessment practices:

• Assessment needs to be more creative and innovative to develop and measure individuals more holistically.

• Language Assessment Literacy (LAL) needs to be considered more seriously and concepts of LAL need to adapt to be relevant in this changing assessment landscape.

Can technology narrow the equity gap in English language education?

While there are significant advantages to using technology to aid learning, both in and outside the classroom, these advantages have not always been built upon. This is because uptake and success depend on several factors:

• Access to hardware, such as TV, radio, computers, smartphones and the Internet.

• Teacher skills and motivation to support learning.

• Stakeholder support (within the education system and at home).

• Inclusion in modern curricula of recognition of informal learning (typically online).

The reality is that in many cases there are significant disparities in access across communities. This ‘digital divide’ can have social, educational and economic repercussions for those affected.

It is important to note that in many developing or rural places, technology doesn’t just mean mobile devices, it also means televisions and radios.

To what extent is employment driving the future of English?

The world of work has changed. Globalisation, together with advances in technology, has changed the way many companies operate and the skills required by employees. Previously technical skills in specific areas were highly sought after, now employers are looking for ‘all-round’ employees who can combine technical expertise with additional skills, including teamworking, problem-solving, negotiation, intercultural awareness and digital literacy. 

Multilingual and multicultural workforces are not uncommon, whether people are working remotely or in the same location. English is often the lingua franca and sometimes the official language of business as chosen by organisations. The very concept of international, dispersed teams changes and expands the parameters of English for work. 

English is becoming a requirement for all sectors of industry. At all levels in organisations and all over the world, English at work is no longer only for professional jobs or senior management roles – it has increasingly become necessary for lower-skilled jobs in the tourism and retail sectors. As cited in a previous British Council study, ‘even if English is one of the working languages in a major multinational company, the English proficiency requirement differs from role to role’ 

All these factors have led to the notion of proficiency, as we know it, being re-defined.

As the data shows, the future of English is interesting, dynamic and contextual but there are still many questions. The future of English programme is an invitation for colleagues and partners to collaborate to try and answer some of these questions.  We’re living in exciting times, change is the norm, but for the foreseeable future, English will continue to connect people and change lives. 

Find out more about our Future of English programme and download a free copy of the book Future of English: Global Perspectives.

You might also be interested in:.

• Ten statements about the Future of ELT - the hidden messages from the ELTons finalists
• The British and their secret language regrets
• How to help your students speak with clarity

View the discussion thread.

British Council Worldwide

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English as a Global Language

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Published: Jan 4, 2019

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English as a global language

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Global Affairs

Enrichment and Opportunity through Language and Culture Coaching

• by Jacob Feinstein, Student Writing Intern, Global Affairs
• June 04, 2024

Looking to expand his horizons, Zhengfeng “Jeff” Lai transferred to the University of California, Davis, from Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, as a senior undergraduate. Once here, Jeff completed his Bachelors in Engineering in 2019 and further pursued a PhD in electrical and computer engineering with a specialization in artificial and machine learning, graduating in 2023. Aspiring to help other students and professors by serving as a Teaching Assistant (TA), he turned to Language and Culture Coaching (LCC) within Global Affairs for help. 

“I wanted to teach students better… I wanted to learn about English beyond the grammar and into the culture and language. LCC helped me with that and more," shared Lai.

Strengthening English Skills

After attending his first LCC event, Lai connected with advisors and other students in the program who helped him practice his English, shared their own TA experiences, and provided teaching and presentation skills. According to Lai, the most valuable part of attending LCC events and advisory meetings was “…just being able to talk to native speakers every week… [the] learning process is not just grammar and sentences, but the culture. I wanted to learn more to help myself relax, which would help the students.” 

Lai shared that practicing his PhD defense with LCC advisors was also extremely helpful. It was during these “very technical interviews” that graduate students really learned “how to convey your point clearly and present your research clearly,” but he also emphasized that this process was additionally beneficial for his students because the TA trainees are themselves exposed to what one-on-one student-teacher interactions should look like. After all, learning a language is one thing; learning the social skills to teach in that language is another.  

Besides the academic aspect of LCC, Lai fondly remembered making “lots of friends” at LCC get-togethers who were always up for a good tennis match afterward—where impassioned banter doubly served as even more English practice. That is after all the food was served.

Skills with Lifelong Benefits

Little did Jeff know at the time that his experiences at LCC would prove invaluable in his future professional career as an AI machine learning researcher and developer at Apple. Learning how to teach, how to present, and, importantly, how to socialize in English were all crucial “to the many achievements I have been able to make… Without their [LCC] help, I’d be super nervous. They helped me get my degree, my TA-ship, and ultimately helped me get this job.” 

Lai also received several awards while at UC Davis: the 2024 College of Engineering Award for “Excellence in Graduate Student Research,” the 2024 Anil Jain Memorial Award for his contributions to the field of signal processing and computer vision, and the 2022 Smita Bakshi Digital Learning Teaching Award for his exceptional work as a teaching assistant in the use of technology or development of digital material to improve the curriculum and learning outcomes for students.

When asked what he might say to students interested in LCC, Lai simply remarked:

“Let them help you. Attend their programs as much as you can… once you tell them your goals, they’ll help you.”

Language and Culture Coaching is a program offered by Global Affairs, dedicated to helping multilingual graduate students succeed as Teaching Assistants. Students of all backgrounds, regardless of status, are invited to participate in the program, learn about TA opportunities, and connect with like-minded students. More information can be found on the  LCC Website .

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Climate Change Added a Month’s Worth of Extra-Hot Days in Past Year

Since last May, the average person experienced 26 more days of abnormal warmth than they would have without global warming, a new analysis found.

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By Raymond Zhong

Over the past year of record-shattering warmth, the average person on Earth experienced 26 more days of abnormally high temperatures than they otherwise would have, were it not for human-induced climate change, scientists said Tuesday.

The past 12 months have been the planet’s hottest ever measured, and the burning of fossil fuels, which has added huge amounts of heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere, is a major reason. Nearly 80 percent of the world’s population experienced at least 31 days of atypical warmth since last May as a result of human-caused warming, the researchers’ analysis found.

Hypothetically, had we not heated the globe to its current state , the number of unusually warm days would have been far fewer, the scientists estimated, using mathematical modeling of the global climate.

The precise difference varies place to place. In some countries, it is just two or three weeks, the researchers found. In others, including Colombia, Indonesia and Rwanda, the difference is upward of 120 days.

“That’s a lot of toll that we’ve imposed on people,” said one of the researchers who conducted the new analysis, Andrew Pershing, the vice president for science at Climate Central, a nonprofit research and news organization based in Princeton, N.J., adding, “It’s a lot of toll that we’ve imposed on nature.” In parts of South America and Africa, he said, it amounts to “120 days that just wouldn’t be there without climate change.”

Currently, the world’s climate is shifting toward the La Niña phase of the cyclical pattern known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. This typically portends cooler temperatures on average. Even so, the recent heat could have reverberating effects on weather and storms in some places for months to come. Forecasters expect this year’s Atlantic hurricane season to be extraordinarily active, in part because the ocean waters where storms form have been off-the-charts warm.

The analysis issued Tuesday was a collaboration between several groups: Climate Central, the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre and World Weather Attribution, a scientific initiative that examines extreme weather episodes. The report’s authors considered a given day’s temperature to be abnormally high in a particular location if it exceeded 90 percent of the daily temperatures recorded there between 1991 and 2020.

The average American experienced 39 days of such temperatures as a result of climate change since last May, the report found. That’s 19 more days than in a hypothetical world without human-caused warming. In some states, including Arizona and New Mexico in the Southwest and Washington and Oregon in the Northwest, the difference is 30 days or more, a full extra month.

The scientists also tallied up how many extreme heat waves the planet had experienced since last May. They defined these as episodes of unseasonable warmth across a large area, lasting three or more days, with significant loss of life or disruption to infrastructure and industry.

In total, the researchers identified 76 such episodes over the past year, affecting 90 countries, on every continent except Antarctica. There was the punishing hot spell in India last spring. There was the extreme heat that worsened wildfires and strained power grids in North America, Europe and East Asia last summer. And, already this year, there has been excessive warmth from Africa to the Middle East to Southeast Asia .

Raymond Zhong reports on climate and environmental issues for The Times. More about Raymond Zhong

Our Coverage of Climate and the Environment

News and Analysis

Over the past year of record-shattering warmth, the average person on Earth experienced 26 more days of abnormally high temperatures  than they otherwise would have, were it not for human-induced climate change, scientists said.

The Biden administration laid out for the first time a set of broad government guidelines around the use of carbon offsets  in an attempt to shore up confidence in a method for tackling global warming that has faced growing criticism.

A group of health experts, economists and U.S. government lawyers are working to address a growing crisis: people dying on the job from extreme heat. They face big hurdles .

Adopting Orphaned Oil Wells:  Students, nonprofit groups and others are fund-raising to cap highly polluting oil and gas wells  abandoned by industry.

Struggling N.Y.C. Neighborhoods:  New data projects are linking social issues with global warming. Here’s what that means for five communities in New York .

Biden Environmental Rules:  The Biden administration has rushed to finalize 10 major environmental regulations  to meet its self-imposed spring deadline.

F.A.Q.:  Have questions about climate change? We’ve got answers .

3 Minutes With

How this mental health care app is using generative ai to improve its chatbot, andrea campos is the founder and ceo of yana, a mental health care app and chatbot for spanish and english speakers..

By Daniela Dib

Andrea Campos struggled with depression for years before founding Yana, a mental health care app, in 2017. The app’s chatbot provides users emotional companionship in Spanish. Although she was reluctant at first, Campos began using generative artificial intelligence for the Yana chatbot after ChatGPT launched in 2022. Yana, which recently launched its English-language version, has 15 million users, and is available in Latin America and the U.S.

This interview has been edited for clarity and brevity.

How has your product evolved since you introduced generative AI to it?

At first, we didn’t use generative AI because we believed it was far from ready for mental health support. We designed and guardrailed our chatbot’s responses with decision trees. But when ChatGPT launched and we saw what it could do, it wasn’t a question of whether to use generative AI or not, but how soon — we’d fall behind otherwise. It’s been a challenge because everyone quickly began developing with generative AI, but our advantage was that, having operated our chatbot for a while, we had gathered over 2 billion data points that have been invaluable for our app’s fine-tuning. One thing is clear: It’s crucial to have a model tailored to the specific needs of our product.

What was the biggest challenge of developing an AI wellness companion?

Firstly, to create a safe and intelligent chatbot that offers adequate answers to our users. Another significant challenge was our initial focus on Spanish-speaking users. Addressing regional dialects, slang, and cultural differences was difficult because most AI models were primarily trained in English. There are thousands of ways someone can signal they are in crisis in Spanish.

Why enter the U.S. market where there is already a broad offering of English-language AI companions?

There are many AI companions in English but most aren’t designed for emotional companionship or are focused on businesses. We believe it’s time to offer English-speaking users the same supportive tools that have already helped millions in Latin America. Plus, there’s a huge Latino population in the U.S. that we also aim to reach with our Spanish version.

Report Indonesia rushed out a vote-counting app for this year’s election. It did not go well Tabulation discrepancies were blamed on technical issues within the app, which many say was launched without enough testing. By Michelle Anindya

Silicon Valley in Rest of World U.S tech giants are building dozens of data centers in Chile. Locals are fighting back Multiple groups are working to keep Amazon, Google, and Microsoft from doubling the number of centers in the country, fearing environmental devastation. By Claudia Urquieta and Daniela Dib

Creator Economy Influencers are using TikTok to encourage voting in South Africa South Africa is one of TikTok’s biggest markets in Africa. Creators are using it to drive political engagement among young people. By Shukri Hassan

Manchester City: Heading to Mundial de Clubes FIFA after Champions League win

Find out more about the English Premier League side and how they qualified for the first edition of the global club tournament in 2025.

English Premier League outfit Manchester City will be one of the 12 European teams to take part in Mundial de Clubes FIFA 25™ in the USA.

Read on to find out more about the Etihad Stadium side, with details on how they booked their ticket to the global tournament, their history and some iconic players.

How they qualified How they qualified

City secured their place at Mundial de Clubes FIFA 25 with victory over Inter Milan in the 2022/23 UEFA Champions League final, claiming one of the 12 berths open to teams who play under European football’s governing body. Spain midfielder Rodri scored the only goal of a tense and dramatic game in Istanbul, with Pep Guardiola’s side relying on two impressive late saves from goalkeeper Ederson to secure a 1-0 victory and their first-ever success in Europe’s premier club competition.

Club Factfile Club Factfile

Year formed: 1880 (originally St Mark’s)

Stadium: Etihad Stadium

Nickname: Citizens or Blues.

Club history Club history

The current club known as Manchester City was originally formed in 1880 with the creation of a football team for St Mark’s Church, which then evolved into Ardwick AFC in 1887 and then Manchester City Football Club in 1894.

The latest chapter in the rich history of the Citizens began in 2008, when the Abu Dhabi United Group became the new owners of the club, marking the beginning of a period of unprecedented success and the securing of multiple trophies.

Arguably the most iconic of those triumphs came in May 2012, when City scored twice in added time to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat against Queens Park Rangers to lift their first English Premier League title, and their first top-flight crown in 44 years, courtesy of Sergio Aguero’s unforgettable injury-time winner.

With former Barcelona and Bayern Munich head coach Pep Guardiola appointed in the summer of 2016, City have become one of the most eye-catching and dominant teams in the history of English football.

They were crowned European champions for the first time in their history in June 2023 after a 1-0 victory over Inter Milan. That saw City qualify for the FIFA Club World Cup™ the same year, and they went on to lift the global trophy at the first time of asking after a dominant 4-0 final success over Brazil’s Fluminense in Saudi Arabia.

Iconic players Iconic players

Sergio aguero sergio aguero.

The Argentina international etched his name into English football history, and earned a place in the hearts of every single City supporter, with his last-gasp goal against QPR which ended the club’s long wait for a top-flight title and saw them edge out local rivals Manchester United on goal difference. Aguero would go on to become the club’s all-time leading goalscorer, with 260 to his name during a prolific 10-year spell after joining from Atletico Madrid in the summer of 2011.

Bert Trautmann Bert Trautmann

Goalkeeper Trautmann’s story has the makings of a movie script. After serving as a German paratrooper in the Second World War, he was captured by the British as hostilities drew to a close and held at a prisoner-of-war camp in Lancashire. Upon his release, he featured for local side St Helens Town, where his performances earned a move to City.

He would go on to make over 500 appearances for the Blues, with the most famous being the 1956 FA Cup final against Birmingham, where a brave and crucial save late in the second half helped secure his side a 3-1 victory. Trautmann played on despite obvious discomfort, with an X-ray later revealing he had suffered a broken neck.

Colin Bell Colin Bell

Many players have a statue erected in their honour. Others will have a stand named after them. Few achieve the dual recognition afforded to Bell, who is immortalised outside the Etihad alongside Francis Lee and Mike Summerbee – his team-mates during a period when the club won all of English football’s major honours and also lifted the UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup.

In 2004, the West Stand at City’s new ground was named after the talented and tireless midfielder who scored over 100 goals in just under 400 appearances. Bell, who would win 48 caps for England, was nicknamed ‘King of the Kippax’ during his playing days, after the home end of the club’s former Maine Road ground.

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Hard Bodies: Aesthetic, Materiality, and Mediality of Masculinity in American and European Art and Visual Culture, c. 1900 – today

Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., Germany, 9th–11th January 2025

Deadline: 15th July, 2024

Description:

The hard body is omnipresent in contemporary culture. It evokes purity, whiteness, and resistance to cracking or contamination. It is the result of disciplined self-optimization (physical training, a strict diet, dietary supplements, and/or surgery) and part of the iconography of white supremacy. Contemporary artists only refer to the hard male body to destroy it – like Candice Lin in her installation A Hard White Body (2017). 

British Marxism and Cultural Studies Today

Call for Contributions

Journal for the Study of British Cultures 32.2 (2025)

edited by Sebastian Berg & Claus-Ulrich Viol

Litinfinite Journal Call for Papers

Litinfinite JournalJuly 2024(Vol 6 Issue I)

Literature, Media, Culture and Censorship

E-ISSN: 2582-0400 | CODEN: LITIBR

www.litinfinite.com

All the manuscripts should be mailed to  [email protected]

Abstract (150-200 words), Keywords – (5-6), and Final research papers of 4000-6000 words (including citations) should be submitted by 30th June 2024

(The Bengali research manuscripts should be accompanied by English title, author(s) details, keywords, abstracts, and references)

We also welcome interviews (3-5 pages, with a 100-word bio of the interviewer and the interviewee) and

The African Presence in Asia: Past and Present

Black Histories Dialogue (Taylor and Francis) is a biannual, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original and current research on a global understanding of the histories of people of African descent. It is pleased to announce a call for papers for a special issue on “The African Presence in Asia: Past and Present”.

FRAME 38.1 "Page to Planet"

One of the primary challenges in confronting the climate crisis is effectively representing its magnitude and impact on both the environment and humanity. The quest for a sustainable future cannot be fulfilled without the capacity of imagining one. As Timothy Clark argues in his work on scale framing (Ecocriticism on the Edge, 2015), the act of imagining requires placing concepts within specific temporal and contextual frameworks. Envisioning the complex effects and mechanisms of climate change necessitates grappling with unprecedented and expansive scales. Environmental fiction has emerged as a literary field that attempts to capture these scales and their interplays.

Techno-Orientalism and Genre

This session at the 2024 Pacific Ancient & Modern Language Association (PAMLA) conference will explore the tendency of contemporary literary works to portray non-human entities through a racial lens. We invite papers that examine this trend in the context of techno-Orientalism, which often reduces and objectifies the image of Asians to that of the hyper-modern. Submissions may adopt either a theoretical or a literary analysis approach. Please check the details here:  View Session (ballastacademic.com) .

Here's general information about the conference:  121st Annual Conference (Palm Springs, CA) - Nov. 7-10, 2024 - PAMLA

Call for chapters for Art volume in the Routledge Series, "Oceans, Seas and Shorelines: Natural, Cultural Environmental Histories"

This volume is intended to be the Art volume in the series  Oceans, Seas and Shorelines: Natural, Cultural Environmental Histories  by Routledge. 

As the introduction to the series reads,

52nd Annual Louisville Conference on Literature & Culture

FEB 17-18 – Virtual

FEB 20-22 – In-Person

Featuring Keynote Speakers

 RACHEL KUSHNER, BEN LERNER, JAHAN RAMAZANI,

 and JORGE MEDINA!

The Louisville Conference on Literature & Culture welcomes critical papers and full panel discussions about literature from the 20th and 21st centuries and its connections to other art forms and academic fields. The conference also welcomes creative submissions, such as literary compositions, videos, or hybrid genres. Additionally, critical-creative submissions exploring poetics, crafts, or writing practices are welcomed.

Volume - 5, Issue - 1, 2024

Aims and Scope

PJWS Volume – 4, Issue 1, May 2023 - date extended upto June

Aims and Scope of the Journal

ARN Volume – 2, Issue 1, June 2024

Academic Research News  (கல்வி ஆராய்ச்சி செய்திகள் Kalvi Ārāycci Ceytikaḷ) publishes articles in bi-yearly schedule (June and December). Research articles should be sent to   [email protected]  / [email protected]  . Research articles are published online bi-yearly for the benefit of the green environment. Researchers, professors, and freelance writers are welcome to submit their articles, short communications and reviews.

Whither Integrative Humanities? Paths and Challenges

The Department of English Literature, The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad, is organizing a three-day international conference entitled “Whither Integrative Humanities? Paths and Challenges” from 28th to 30th August, 2024.

Literary Druid - Regular Issue July 2024

Literary Druid  is a journal that fosters research and creative writing in English. It welcomes all nationals to contribute for learning and research purposes. The perspective of  Literary Druid  is to create a niche platform for academicians and patrons to share their intellect to enrich the English language and Literature. I welcome all to learn and share.

Narrative Nonfiction in the Creation and Understanding of Identity in Turbulent Times

Educators empower students through narrative nonfiction and writing that allows for empathy, candid discussion, and articulation of self. This roundtable will seek to examine how narrative nonfiction literature and writing is used in a variety of contexts and courses to engage students and empower them to embrace facets of their identities and strengthen their ties to our national and international community.

This roundtable seeks collegiate voices that will contribute to a robust conversation on narrative nonfiction literature and writing with a focus on how we use narrative nonfictiton and writing to help students navigate conceptions of their identity and negotiate their place in the world. Topics can include, but are not limited to:

Security, Peace, and Sustainable Development in a Troubled World

International online conference (free of charge)

September 12, 2024

Organizers:

The Faculty of Public Administration & The Faculty of Law

AAB College , Pristina, Republic of Kosovo

in partnership with:

University of Southeast Europe - North Macedonia Faculty of Law, University of Tirana, Albania Sakarya University-Turkey