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The evolution of music

How did music transform into what it is today? A brief journey through time, sound and rhythm.

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The Evolution of Music: 40,000 Years of Music History Covered in 8 Minutes

in History , Music | August 3rd, 2022 2 Comments

“We’re drown­ing in music,” says Michael Spitzer , pro­fes­sor of music at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Liv­er­pool. “If you were born in Beethoven’s time, you’d be lucky if you heard a sym­pho­ny twice in your life­time, where­as today, it’s as acces­si­ble as run­ning water.” We should­n’t take music, or run­ning water, for grant­ed, and the com­par­i­son should give us pause: do we need music –- for exam­ple, near­ly any record­ing of any Beethoven sym­pho­ny we can think of -– to flow out of the tap on demand? What does it cost us? Might there be a mid­dle way between hear­ing Beethoven when­ev­er and hear­ing Beethoven almost nev­er?

The sto­ry of how human­i­ty arrived at its cur­rent rela­tion­ship with music is the sub­ject of the Big Think inter­view with Spitzer above, in which he cov­ers 40,000 years in 8 min­utes: “from bone flutes to Bey­on­cé.” We begin with his the­sis that “we in the West” think of music his­to­ry as the his­to­ry of great works and great com­posers. This mis­con­cep­tion “tends to reduce music into an object,” and a com­mod­i­ty. Fur­ther­more, we “over­val­ue the role of the com­pos­er,” plac­ing the pro­fes­sion­al over “most peo­ple who are innate­ly musi­cal.” Spitzer wants to recov­er the uni­ver­sal­i­ty music once had, before radios, record play­ers, and stream­ing media.

For near­ly all of human his­to­ry, until Edi­son invents the phono­graph in 1877, we had no way of pre­serv­ing sound. If peo­ple want­ed music, they had to make it them­selves. And before humans made instru­ments, we had the human voice, a unique devel­op­ment among pri­mates that allowed us to vocal­ize our emo­tions. Spitzer’s book  The Musi­cal Human: A His­to­ry of Life on Earth tells the sto­ry of human­i­ty through the devel­op­ment of music, which, as Matthew Lyons points out in a review , came before every oth­er met­ric of mod­ern human civ­i­liza­tion:

The ear­li­est known pur­pose-built musi­cal instru­ment is some forty thou­sand years old. Found at Geis­senklöster­le in what is now south­east­ern Ger­many, it is a flute made from the radi­al bone of a vul­ture. Remark­ably, the five holes bored into the bone cre­ate a five-note, or pen­ta­ton­ic, scale. Which is to say, before agri­cul­ture, reli­gion, set­tle­ment – all the things we might think of as ear­ly signs of civil­i­sa­tion – palae­olith­ic men and women were already famil­iar with the con­cept of pitch.

If music is so crit­i­cal to our social devel­op­ment as a species, we should learn to treat it with the respect it deserves. We should also, Spitzer argues, learn to play and sing for our­selves again, and think of music not only as a thing that oth­er, more tal­ent­ed peo­ple pro­duce for our con­sump­tion, but as our own evo­lu­tion­ary inher­i­tance, passed down over tens of thou­sands of years.

Relat­ed Con­tent: 

Watch an Archae­ol­o­gist Play the “Litho­phone,” a Pre­his­toric Instru­ment That Let Ancient Musi­cians Play Real Clas­sic Rock

Lis­ten to the Old­est Song in the World: A Sumer­ian Hymn Writ­ten 3,400 Years Ago

See Ancient Greek Music Accu­rate­ly Recon­struct­ed for the First Time

Josh Jones  is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at  @jdmagness

by Josh Jones | Permalink | Comments (2) |

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Comments (2), 2 comments so far.

Wow, this is such a nice account. Very insoir­ing and makes me want to read up on the social func­tions of music with dev­olep­ment of soci­ety.

Agr­reed, very insoir­ing.

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Timeline: When Music Changed The World

Over the years we’ve talked about a lot different subjects and explored the development of music throughout history. We’ve had deep discussions about where music comes from and what music is. We’ve looked at the ways music touches our lives and influences our health and behavior. We’ve explored the ancient past and modern practice. However, over the past few months I’ve been asking a question, “so what?” What does all of this mean? Maybe a better question is, for what? What is this exploration for?

I stumbled across a forum online; it was a simple thread asking a simple question, when has music changed the world? Intrigued, I started reading and my heart sank. There was response after response of individuals saying that music hasn’t changed the world. Now, some said that music has influenced them, personally, but they still thought that music itself hasn’t brought about real societal change.

In contrast, there are numerous articles describing the top 10 songs that changed the world or the 30 most influential artists of all time. But, reading these articles, you would think that music sprang into being in the 20 th Century or that “the world” is limited to American or European popular music and the modern recording industry. Millennia of musical practice from every culture feels ignored or unseen.

If you can’t tell, I take issue with this because music has changed the world, over and over again. That is to say that the expression of music has affected society for good and for evil, in every time period and in every culture. So, we’re going to spend quite a bit of time, energy and episodes exploring various ways that society has been influenced by music, musicians and musical expression. We will expand on past episodes, look at old tales in new ways, we’ll tell stories from the ancient past and recent history. We’ll even look to the future, as individuals are using music to create a new world.

As we begin this exploration we need to set a few guidelines. First, these examples should not just be about how music has developed over time. Music itself can evolve without influencing the culture at large. No, these examples are about music stepping into society and bringing about tangible change. Second, this list will not and cannot be exhaustive; there is no way of knowing all the ways that music has shaped what it means to be human or in a community together. This series is about making a case for music’s significance in our history, current culture and in our joint, hopeful future.

So join us as we explore when music changed the world and follow the Timeline at VPR.org/timeline .

The story of music is the story of humans

Where did music come from recent article discusses how music arose and developed.

How did music begin? Did our early ancestors first start by beating things together to create rhythm, or use their voices to sing? What types of instruments did they use? Has music always been important in human society, and if so, why? These are some of the questions explored in a recent Hypothesis and Theory article published in Frontiers in Sociology . The answers reveal that the story of music is, in many ways, the story of humans.

So, what is music? This is difficult to answer, as everyone has their own idea. "Sound that conveys emotion," is what Jeremy Montagu, of the University of Oxford and author of the article, describes as his. A mother humming or crooning to calm her baby would probably count as music, using this definition, and this simple music probably predated speech.

But where do we draw the line between music and speech? You might think that rhythm, pattern and controlling pitch are important in music, but these things can also apply when someone recites a sonnet or speaks with heightened emotion. Montagu concludes that "each of us in our own way can say 'Yes, this is music', and 'No, that is speech'."

So, when did our ancestors begin making music? If we take singing, then controlling pitch is important. Scientists have studied the fossilized skulls and jaws of early apes, to see if they were able to vocalize and control pitch. About a million years ago, the common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans had the vocal anatomy to "sing" like us, but it's impossible to know if they did.

Another important component of music is rhythm. Our early ancestors may have created rhythmic music by clapping their hands. This may be linked to the earliest musical instruments, when somebody realized that smacking stones or sticks together doesn't hurt your hands as much. Many of these instruments are likely to have been made from soft materials like wood or reeds, and so haven't survived. What have survived are bone pipes. Some of the earliest ever found are made from swan and vulture wing bones and are between 39,000 and 43,000 years old. Other ancient instruments have been found in surprising places. For example, there is evidence that people struck stalactites or "rock gongs" in caves dating from 12,000 years ago, with the caves themselves acting as resonators for the sound.

So, we know that music is old, and may have been with us from when humans first evolved. But why did it arise and why has it persisted? There are many possible functions for music. One is dancing. It is unknown if the first dancers created a musical accompaniment, or if music led to people moving rhythmically. Another obvious reason for music is entertainment, which can be personal or communal. Music can also be used for communication, often over large distances, using instruments such as drums or horns. Yet another reason for music is ritual, and virtually every religion uses music.

However, the major reason that music arose and persists may be that it brings people together. "Music leads to bonding, such as bonding between mother and child or bonding between groups," explains Montagu. "Music keeps workers happy when doing repetitive and otherwise boring work, and helps everyone to move together, increasing the force of their work. Dancing or singing together before a hunt or warfare binds participants into a cohesive group." He concludes: "It has even been suggested that music, in causing such bonding, created not only the family but society itself, bringing individuals together who might otherwise have led solitary lives."

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Journal Reference :

• Jeremy Montagu. How Music and Instruments Began: A Brief Overview of the Origin and Entire Development of Music, from Its Earliest Stages . Frontiers in Sociology , 2017; 2 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2017.00008

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Evolution of Music: Part 1

Published by Elise Amundsen Modified over 4 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Evolution of Music: Part 1"— Presentation transcript:

Intro to Music History.

Classical Music. Characteristics Broad term that usually refers to music from the 9 th century to present day. The central norms of this style of music.

The Romantic Era

Music History and Composer Study

Antonio Vivaldi: (Italian Baroque) The Four Seasons wrote 400 concertos.

Enlightenment Musicians

Style of the Musical Time Periods What is Style? Style: The way in which something is said, done, created, expressed, or performed.

Timeline of Western Classical Music Medieval (Middle Ages) Before 1450 Medieval (Middle Ages) Before 1450 Baroque Baroque Renaissance.

Title: Ordo virtutum Composer: Hildegard von Bingen (1098 – 1179) Period: Medieval ( ) Genre: Chant Vocab: monophonic-single line melody.

 Ancient – BC-500AD  Medieval –  Renaissance –  Baroque –  Classical –  Romantic –  Modern.

Periods of Classical Music

Classical Music By. Alyssa Jensen. History Classical music history has 6 major periods behind it. I. The Middle ages ( AD). II. The Renaissance.

Western Art Music. Era, Era Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris ( )

By Javier San Martín And Quique Sacasas. What is a suite? History of the suite Important autors The best compositions.

1 Let’s sit back and take a ride back in time. See and hear where the music we love came from. Enjoy!!

The Role of Classic Music in Our Life

History of Music Baroque and Classical.

Piano Period History Examining significant composers of piano music through music history.

I can identify the periods in the history of music. I can create a history of music flip book.

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March 22, 2023

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New research shows how cultural transmission shapes the evolution of music

by Ina Wittmann, Max Planck Society

Whether it is folk songs, lullabies, or ballads, music has been transmitted orally for countless human generations. In the largest ever cultural transmission study on the evolution of music, an international research team from the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics (MPIEA) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the University of Oxford, and the University of Cambridge has analyzed how human songs change over time under the influence of social, cultural, and cognitive factors.

The results have just been published in the journal Current Biology .

The researchers used singing experiments to study music evolution in an unprecedented detail: testing the evolution of more than 3,400 melodies sung by around 1,800 participants from India and North America. To simulate music evolution, they used a method similar to the classic game of "broken telephone," where messages are passed from one participant to the next.

In this case, melodies had to be passed from one to the next by singing. Over time, participants make mistakes in their efforts to repeat the melodies they hear, which gradually shapes the evolution of music towards melodies that are appealing and easy to learn by everyone.

"For most of our history, oral transmission was the main mechanism by which songs were passed down human generations. We believe that cross-cultural commonalities and diversities in human song emerged from this process of 'cultural transmission,' but thus far it has been difficult to test how cultural transmission shapes music evolution," says first author Manuel Anglada-Tort from the MPIEA.

The researchers found that oral transmission has profound effects on music evolution, revealing the emergence of diverse musical structures. Some of these structures were shared across cultures, such as small pitch intervals or arch-shaped melodic contours (melodies that go up in pitch and then go down).

Senior author Nori Jacoby from the MPIEA explains, "In several controlled experiments, we found that this happened because humans share similar transmission biases for music, such as those imposed by biological and cognitive factors. For example, musical elements that are difficult to sing, such as large pitch intervals, or remember, such as unfamiliar melodies, are less likely to survive the transmission process."

However, the study also found important cross-cultural differences in evolving melodies. US participants tended to produce melodies that were biased towards certain cultural conventions of Western music, whereas Indian participants showed a bias towards common Indian scales.

This suggest that cultural exposure is also an important factor determining music evolution. Overall, these results show that human transmission biases—biological, cognitive, and cultural—are a bottleneck for evolution by oral transmission. It is possible that similar constraints played a role in shaping the evolution of music by early humans.

Finally, the researchers found that cultural transmission can further amplify biases for music that are shared by most individuals within a group. This explains why certain musical structures spread faster and become more popular over time. More importantly, this also explains why we observe large cross-cultural differences in the music produced in different groups.

These results provide a new understanding of how cross-cultural differences and similarities in human song can emerge via cultural transmission. The implications of this study may extend beyond music to other behaviors that result from cultural transmission, such as human language or social norms.

Journal information: Current Biology

Provided by Max Planck Society

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The evolution of music technology

Sep 27, 2014

1.23k likes | 2.74k Views

The evolution of music technology. Timeline. 1859. Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville invents the first device capable of recording sound. Know as a phonautograph , the machine captures sound by tracing the vibrations of a bristle onto a sheet of soot-covered paper.

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The evolution of music technology Timeline

1859 • Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinvilleinvents the first device capable of recording sound. Know as a phonautograph, the machine captures sound by tracing the vibrations of a bristle onto a sheet of soot-covered paper. • These recordings, called phonautograms, were never intended to be played back –Martinville’s purpose in making the device was to simply see what sound waves looked like.

February 19, 1878 • The patent for Thomas Edison’s novel phonograph is issued. A product of his previous work with the telegraph and the telephone, the phonograph is the originator of all sound recordings. • The phonograph consisted of a hand crank-powered metal cylinder wrapped in tin foil upon which either a recording or reproducer stylus, or needle, would record or playback a recording. Edison recited “Mary Had a Little Lamb” as the very first sound recording.

Phonograph cont. • Although bulky and expensive, Edison’s goal of having "a phonograph in every American Home” would be met with jubilant reply as the very first home audio movement sweep through the nation.

Phonograph Cont. • In addition to sound recording and playing, Edison also had these purposes in mind for the phonograph: • Phonographic books, which will speak to blind people without effort on their part. • The "Family Record"--a registry of sayings, reminiscences, etc., by members of a family in their own voices, and of the last words of dying persons. • Educational purposes; such as preserving the explanations made by a teacher, so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment, and spelling or other lessons placed upon the phonograph for convenience in committing to memory.

May 4, 1886 • Alexander Graham Bell and his apprentice, Charles Sumner Tainter, are awarded a patent for the graphophone. A modified version of Edison’s phonograph, the device uses a wax disc and a floating stylus to record sound, thus producing a product of both better quality and durability.

Graphophone Cont. • Before making their enhancements, Bell and Tainter sought working with Edison to improve the phonograph. Edison refused, and Bell and Tainter were forced to work in secret. In order to protect the rights to their modifications, they “packed all [of] their work on the graphophone into a tin box, dated and sealed the box, and placed it in a vault in the Smithsonian Institution.”

November 8, 1887 • Emile Berliner is granted a patent for the gramophone. Surpassing both the phonograph and the graphophone in size convenience and sound quality, the gramophone is the first instrument to use flat discs, known as records, as its only medium. • The records, originally made from glass, were the first recordings capable of being mass produced. Later formed from zinc and ultimately plastic, the records were made by the hundreds from pressing molds.

November 23, 1889 • The Nickel-in-the-Slot machine, otherwise known as the jukebox, debuts in the Palais Royale Saloon located in San Francisco, California. • The jukebox consisted of an Edison Class M Electric Phonograph that had been fitted into an oak cabinet. A coin mechanism, previously patented by Louis Glass and William S. Arnold, served as the machine’s operating system.

Jukebox Cont. • One could listen to their choice of “music through individual stethoscope-like tubes” connected to the phonograph. • The device was extremely popular, earning over $1,000 in its first six months of operation.

May 22, 1900 • Edwin Scott Votey is awarded the patent for the pianola, a piano attachment capable of playing the instrument automatically. • Using perforated paper rolls and foot-powered pedals to play the piano, the device was the first instrumental machine to be mass produced.

1901 • The 78 debuts. The record, named for its 78 rotations per minute (or rpm), has a diameter of 10 inches and remains highly popular until 1974. • Although they continue to exert a 78 rpm, records become available in 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 21-inch formats by 1910.

1906 • The Victor Talking Machine Company introduces its line of compact cabinet phonographs known as victrolas. Consisting of a turntable with an amplification horn, the victrola’s volume was easily adjusted with the opening and closing of the wood cabinet’s doors. • The victrola was specifically designed to “fit within the home,” and quickly became the “best-selling record player of its time.”

1920’s Decade • Commercial radios start to be mass produced by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). • First popularized by the broadcasting of presidential elections, commercial radios air live, in-studio music performances until the development of more advanced radio technology. • The need for broadcasting improvement leads to the rapid refinement of radio transmissions, causing record sales to fall.

1928 • The RCA buys the Victor Talking Machine Company and forms RCA Victor. Looking to revolutionize the radio industry, “radio production houses begin producing ‘transcription discs’ ” meant to play pre-recorded music over the air. “Vitrolac” discs, vinyl records made out of a sturdy plastic resin, with an rpm of 33 1/3 are created as a result of this movement.

1929 • Although initially invented by Paul Galvin, William Powell Lear patents the first car radio. Contracted by Galvin Manufacturing, the product is later introduced as the “Motorola” and is “one of the first commercially successful car radios.”

August 26, 1930 • Philo Taylor Farnsworth receives the patent for the first television system. With the initiation of picture telecommunication, the eventual accessibility and popularity of music would boundlessly grow as the entertainment world became more involved in broadcasting.

1933 • Edwin Armstrong patents frequency-modulated, or FM, radio transmissions. Producing a “higher fidelity sound with less static,” FM radio allows for a more enjoyable radio experience. Although employed by the RCA, the company sees his developments as a threat to their affiliations with the AM market, and seeks to annihilate FM radio. The RCA repudiates his patents and refuses to pay him, leading to his eventual suicide in which he jumps out of a 13th story window.

1936 • KonradZuse constructs the first Z1 computer unit. Although originally developed for use as a calculator, the computer would undergo astronomical enhancements and lead to the eventual mass distribution and availability of music over streaming internet.

1964 • Although originally thought of my Oberlin Smith in 1878, the cassette tape finally comes into popularity. • Cassettes consists of a magnetic tape wound between two small reels capable of both recording and playing back a track.

1966 • Lear’s adaptation of a device known as a 4-track player, called an 8-track, goes on sale and takes the market by storm. • The portable, reasonably sized player consists of a “thinner tape and [more] compact recording heads” that allow for the continuous loop of tape and thus continuous playing of music.

July 1, 1979 • Sony introduces the Sony Walkman TPS-L2, a “blue-and-silver portable cassette player with chunky buttons, headphones, and a leather case.” Even more transportable than the 8-track player, the Walkman becomes a pop culture phenomenon. It was the first device to utilize individual headphones– in fact, it had an additional earphone jack so that two people could listen at the same time.

August 17, 1982 • The first compact disc, or CD, is produced by Philips and Sony. • Although originally invented by James Russell in 1965, the lightweight plastic platters did not come into popularity until their mass production in the 1980s. • With 74 minutes of recording or playing capability, the CD is read and written by a laser compatible with computer files, pictures, and music. James Russell

CD Cont. • The CD is the final addition to the series of disc sizes and formats used for music production.

November 26, 1996 • Fraunhofer-Gesellshaft, a German engineering company, obtains a US patent for the MPEG Audio Layer III, or MP3. • Unlike any of its predecessors, the MP3 is the first piece of music technology to be entirely digitalized. Their audio files, compressed to small sizes “with little to no loss of sound quality,” are compatible with many media formats and computer technologies.

2000’s Decade • In October of 2001, Apple releases the first iPod, a device designed specifically to store and play digital music files. • iPods will undergo a series of size, functionality, and storage capacity modifications within the next ten years, eventually having the capability to hold up to 40,000 songs in addition to video and picture files.

2000’s Decade Cont. • On April 28, 2003, Apple launches the iTunes Music Store, the first legal music download site on the web. Offering 200,000 songs at 99¢ each, “iTunes sells one million songs in its first week” of operation. By February of 2010, iTunes has sold over 10 billion songs.

Today and Tomorrow • Compared to the days of Edison cylinders and classic vinyl records, music technology has evolved into a ubiquitous industry of high performance devices in a myriad of formats. With the overwhelming popularity of smartphones and computers, the music industry has grown into a versatile, long-standing part of human history and modern society.

Works Cited Information Pictures/Audio/Information 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 • The Way the Music Died • The Phonautograph and Precursors to Edison's Phonograph • The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph • Photo- and Graphophone • Emile Berliner - The History of the Gramophone • The Early Gramophone • Jukebox History • Player Piano History • First Car Radio • Inventor of the Week: Archive • Press Release, 01-36 • Cassette-tape | Define Cassette-tape at Dictionary.com • A Brief History of The Walkman – TIME • Inventors of the Modern Computer • History of the Compact Disk or CD • The History Of The Compact Disc • The History of MP3 • iPod + iTunes Timeline • iPod Classic • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38

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