asa research paper format

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ASA Citations: American Sociological Association

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The following is a general ASA formatted template. Please note:

• ASA does NOT provide guidance on how to create an outline
• Use this template as your guide to create your outline
• Remove any sections not needed for your outline
• Always follow your instructor's guidelines when writing a paper
• Speak to your instructor if you have any questions regarding your particular assignment
• TEMPLATE: ASA Formatted Paper This is a general ASA template. Use this template to create research papers, outlines, and other assignments that need to be formatted in ASA citation style.
• ASA Formatting Guidelines *This guide covers the general formatting needed for an ASA paper and includes information about fonts, sizing, margins, paper sections, etc. *Use this to format any ASA style paper.
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• Last Updated: Feb 10, 2023 4:31 PM
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Resources on ASA Style

• ASA Style Guide – Seventh Edition (2022) Cheat Sheet Prepared by Jayne Baker, University of Toronto Mississauga, based on the ASA style guide, 7th edition, © 2022 by the American Sociological Association.
• American Sociological Association (ASA) Style Guide, 5th Edition The fifth edition of the ASA Style Guide is the authoritative reference for writing, submitting, editing, and copyediting manuscripts for ASA journals and other publications following ASA's unique format. This revised, expanded edition features guidelines for the most common situations encountered by authors and editors. New features include revisions to reference formatting and additional information on grammar. In addition, updated reference examples, including citing social media sources and journal articles posted online ahead of print, are included in this new edition. This guide also has been updated based on the 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, on which much of ASA style is based.
• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): ASA Style Brought to you by the folks at Purdue University, this resource covers American Sociological Association (ASA) style and includes information about manuscript formatting, in-text citations, formatting the references page, and accepted manuscript writing style. The bibliographical format described here is taken from the American Sociological Association (ASA) Style Guide, 5th edition.
• ASA Information for Authors The information and links on this American Sociological Association (ASA) webpage will assist you in preparing your manuscript for submission to an ASA journal.
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• Last Updated: Jun 3, 2024 2:32 PM
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TAFT COLLEGE

ASA Style Guide, 5th Edition: ASA Style Guide

• ASA Style Guide
• Reference format

Introduction

SOCIOLOGY: ASA Style Guide 5th edition  

The American Sociological Association Style Guide is intended for authors who are preparing manuscripts for publication in ASA journals. This handout is intended for students who are instructed to use "ASA style" when writing research papers. 

• ASA Quick Guide A quick style guide from ASA
• ASA Research Paper Template PDF A research paper template for ASA style guide in PDF format
• ASA Research Paper Template A MS Word document that you can modify for your own work.

A quick guide is also available at the Purdue OWL Writing Lab webpage

Manuscript Format

• All text (including footnotes, references, and endnote) must be doubled spaced .
• Text must be in 12-point Times New Roman (Times is also acceptable)
• Block quotes may be single-spaced . 
• Margins must be at least 1.25 inches on all four sides
• A separate title page including title of paper, author(s) and institution(s) of author(s) (list vertically if more than one author).
• If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200 word) abstract headed with the title.
• Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed with the title of the paper.

Citing within your text

Basic form for citations in the text includes the last name of the author(s) and year of publication. Include page number when you quote directly from the work or refer to specific passages.

  If you are including the author’s name in your text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses: Jelin (1977) indicates similar patterns for women in Argentina.  If you are referring to an idea or theory but not citing the author  in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses: Women also migrate to become involved in petty trade (Arizpe 1978)... If citing two or more works by the same author: According to William J. Wilson (1978, 1987) race and class play a significant role in today's society.   If citing works by several authors: After the Civil Rights movement a growing number of racial/ethnic scholars such as Almaguer (1975), Barrera (1978), and Takaki (1979) challenged...  or  The subjects of this study seemed to perform their duties as determined by the institutional arrangements within which they worked (Watson, Kumar, and Michaelsen 1993; Cox, Lobel, and McLoed 1991; Fitzgerald 1993). 

For three or more authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the first name and et al.: (Holland, Holt, Levi, and Beckett 1983)  thereafter (Holland et al. 1989) or Holland, Holt, Levi, and Beckett (1983) stated...   thereafter Holland et al. (1989) refer to...

Pagination follows the year of publication after a colon, with no space between the colon and the page number : ...Arizpe (1978:71) Quotations in the text that begin and end with quotation marks, the citation follows the end quote mark and precedes the period: "In 1999, however, the data were reported by more specific job types which showed that technologically oriented jobs paid better" (Hildenbrand 1999:47). or Cox stated, "The essence of the issue is reality vs. perception" (1993:132), as noted earlier.

Machine-readable data files, cite authorship and date: ....(Pew Research Center 2011).

Quotations in Text Always begin and end a quotation with quotations marks; the author, date, and/or page numbers follow the end-quote and precede the period:

Wright and Jacobs (1994) found that "the variation in men's earnings relative to their peers in the labor force was not reliable predictor of men's...flight from feminizing occupations" (p. 531).

One study found that "the variation in men's earnings relative to their peers in the labor force was not reliable predictor of men's...flight from feminizing occupations" (Wright and Jacobs 1994:531).

Block Quotations These are set off in a separate, indented paragraph and should be used for longer quotations (generally, 50 words or more). Block quotations should not be enclosed in quotation marks.

As stated by Wright and Jacobs (1994):

The variation in men's earnings relative to their peers in the labor force was not reliable predictor of men's attrition. This finding is inconsistent with the prediction that declines in earnings are responsible for male flight from feminizing occupations. (P. 531)

Note: The "P" for "page" is capitalized when the page number is cited alone in a block quote without author and date information.

taken from the ASA Style Guide (2010:25)

ASA Tutorial

This guide was authored by Kathryn Blackmer Reyes at San Jose State University, borrowed and edited with permission by Terri Smith, Taft College Library, February 23, 2017.

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• Last Updated: Jan 12, 2022 10:42 AM
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ASA Citation Format - American Sociological Association

• Introduction to ASA Citation Format
• In-Text Citation Format
• Reference Page Format

American Sociological Association (ASA) Style Guide

The American Sociological Association published its first style guide in 1997 to formalize publication standards for sociological research and writing.  It is the authoritative reference for writing, submitting, editing, and copyediting manuscripts for ASA journals and other publications following ASA's unique format. 

In 2019, the ASA released the sixth edition of the style guide, which features guidelines for the most common situations encountered by authors and editors. New features include reference formatting and additional information on grammar, as well as expanded information on the use of electronic, digital, and social media sources ( ASA, 2019 ). 

The ASA Style Guide is published in print version only. However, they have put many of their general guidelines online. To access information on ASA citations, you may:

• Refer to the print copy we keep at King Library , available for use for two hours at a time from the first floor reserves desk;
• Use an online writing tutorial such as the one managed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab ; 
• Refer to the fundamentals on this subject guide, using the links on the left to navigate. 
• Next: In-Text Citation Format >>
• Last Updated: Sep 17, 2022 2:34 PM
• URL: https://libguides.sjsu.edu/ASAguide

New Edition of the ASA Style Guide

The sixth edition of the ASA Style Guide is the authoritative reference for writing, submitting, editing, and copyediting manuscripts for ASA journals and other publications following ASA’s unique format. This revised, updated edition features guidelines for the most common situations encountered by authors and editors. New features include revisions to reference formatting and additional information on grammar, as well as expanded information on the use of electronic, digital, and social media sources.

The sixth edition also includes guidance for online manuscript submissions, preprints, and updated reference examples. Coil binding. 163 pages, March 2019.

Purchase copies here .

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ASA Style and Format

Who uses asa.

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Subject Guide

The American Sociological Association (ASA) Style Guide is used primarily by scholars submitting articles to ASA journals, as well as sociology students writing research papers, theses, and dissertations.

This guide will help you format your manuscript and form proper citations. For detailed information about elements of style, including punctuation, biased language, and word usage and spelling, consult the most recent edition of the Style Guide.

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• Subjects: Sociology
• Tags: american sociological association , citations , formatting , style guides

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Required Elements

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Running Head

Abstract & key words, text & references, adding a running head, page numbers, and a footer.

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Papers written using ASA should have the following page elements: 

• Running Head  & Page Numbers
• Abstract & Key Words

ASA style does not have clearly defined lines between what is required for a student paper and what is required for a professional paper. If you are writing for a class, follow the directions of your instructor. 

Check out the ASA Example paper. You can even use it as an outline. 

The title page includes: ​

• Running head
• The full title of the article
• Name(s) and institution(s) of the author(s)
• Word count including footnote and references
• An asterisk (*) at the end of the title and before the title footnote that includes name, address, and email author that can be contacted; acknowledgements; credits; grant numbers; and keywords. (See instructor for guidance on whether to include this or not)

The running head in an ASA style paper is a shortened version of the title written in all capital letters on the left. Running heads should be 60 words or less. 

Example: 

Title: Student Success During Global Pandemic: Finding Ways to Help Them Succeed

Running Head: STUDENT SUCCESS

If your instructor requires an abstract, it should begin on a new page after the title page. The title of the paper should be written as a first level header followed by the abstract. An abstracts is a short (up to 200 words) summary of the most important aspects of your paper. 

After the abstract, list three to five keywords that can point to the main themes of the paper. 

After the title page, you will begin your actual paper on a new page. The title of your paper should be a header before your text. 

Within your paper, there is a defined structure for headings and subheadings: 

THIS IS A FIRST LEVEL HEADING

First level headings should have all capital letters and align to the left edge of the paper. 

This Is a Second Level Heading

Second level headings are italicized and also align to the left edge of the paper. All words should be capitalized except for prepositions (of, into, between, through, across), articles (a, an, the), and coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or). 

This is a third level heading.

Third level headings are italicized, indented from the left, and end with a period. Only the first letter and proper nouns are capitalized in third level headings. 

Check out the example ASA style paper for more information on using headings . 

The References list begin in a new section with the word References as a first level heading. Your references will follow in alphabetical order. See the portion of this guide on the Reference list for further details.

Step 1: Click Insert

Step 2: Click on Page Numbers. Hover over Top of Page and then Click on Plain Number 1

Step 3: Make sure to check the box Different First Page. Type in your shortened title in all capital letters and then use the tab button to move the page numbers to the right side of the page. Change the font and font-size as needed. 

Step 4: Scroll down to the bottom of the first page and enter the footer information. You can then close the header and footer. 

Step 5: You will need to repeat Steps 1 & 2 to get the running head and page numbers throughout the paper since we selected Different First Page. So on your second page, Click Insert. Click Page Numbers, hover over top of page, and select Plain Number 1. Type your running head and tab the page numbers to the right side of the page. 

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ASA Style Guide

• Introduction
• How to Reference
• In-Text Citations

Citation Management Tools

• RefWorks RefWorks "an online research management, writing and collaboration tool -- is designed to help researchers easily gather, manage, store and share all types of information, as well as generate citations and bibliographies."
• Zotero Zotero is a free, open-source research tool that helps you collect, organize, and analyze research and share it in a variety of ways.

In addition to creating citations, the format of the paper is also important. Consider the following and view examples on how to format title pages and the References page. Be sure to check with your Professor for specific formats. 

The title page should include the following:

• A running head (shortened title)
• The full title of the article
• The author(s) full name and institution (if more than one author, put on separate lines)
• The word count

Title Page Example

Running Head: Shortened Title

Full Title of the Article: Capitalize Subtitle After Colon

Author Full Name Institution

Word Count=1,234

NOTE: Speak with your Professor to confirm formatting of the title page; They may wish to use a different format. 

Reference Page

• The reference page should start on it's own page.
• References should be the title of the page. 
• The reference list should be double spaced. 
• References should be listed alphabetically by the first author's last name. 
• The first line of each citation should be flush with the margin and all consecutive lines should be indented. 

Reference Page Example

                                                                        References

Bender, Wolfgang. 1991. Sweet Mother . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Golash-Boza, Tanya Maria. 2014. Race and Racisms: A Critical Approach . 1st ed. New York:         Oxford University Press.​

Nerburn, Kent. 2002. Neither Wolf, Nor Dog: On Forgotten Roads with an Indian Elder. Novato,         ​California: New World Library.

Persell, Caroline, Kathryn M. Hodges Pfeiffer, and Ali Syed. 2008. "How Sociological Leaders Teach:         Some Key Principles." Teaching Sociology 36(2):         108-24. Doi: 10.1177/0092055X0803600202

Additional Formatting & Style Information

• In-text:  (ASA 2019)
• Reference list: ASA (American Soc..) 2018. The American Sociological Association... 
• Access dates for online resources do not need to be included in citation except when web content has no publish date or when an access date can help identify which version of a source the author consulted. 
• If no date can be found for a source, use n.d.  for the citation.
• Include the state abbreviation in a citation only if city is unclear. 
• Page numbers less than 100, use all digits. Example: (42-55).
• Page ranges starting with 100 or multiples of 100, use all digits. Example (100-108, 1300-1325).
• Page ranges such as 101-109 (201-209 etc), use changed part only. Examples: (202-5; 209-10).
• Page ranges such as 110-199 (210-299 etc) use 2 digits unless more are needed. Examples: (421-28; 596-628; 1151-59; 1394-414). 
• Use block quotes if the quote includes 50 words or more. Begin the quote as a separate, indented paragraph with NO quotation marks.
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ASA Citation Guide (6th Ed.)

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Formatting Checklist

Sample paper, creating an annotated bibliography in asa.

Note: Always follow assignment instructions as these may differ from  ASA  formatting guidelines. 

Review the following to ensure your paper meets all basic requirements.

Title page includes the following:

□ The full title of your paper, centered and  in bold . Capitalize All Main Words in the Title.

□ Your full name and affiliation (MacEwan University), and the names and affiliations of any co-authors listed on separate lines, double-spaced.

An abstract page, if required, includes:

□ The paper's title included as a level 1 heading (see below), written IN ALL CAPS.

□ A descriptive summary of the paper that is typically one paragraph and 200 words or less. 

Text of the Paper

Each subsequent page should include:

□ Double-spaced text.

□ Font size that is 12-point serif type face such as Times New Roman.

□ One-inch margins.

□ Pages numbered sequentially in the top right margin, starting with the title page. 

□ Heading levels:

• Level 1 headings are in ALL CAPS, left justified.
• Level 2 headings are left-justified and italicized. Capitalize All Main Words in the Heading.
• Level 3 headings are indented, in italics, and followed by a period. Capitalize only the first letter and proper nouns.

□ In-text citations corresponding to all entries in the reference list at the end of the paper. 

The reference list should meet these requirements:

□ References should be included in a separate REFERENCES section at the end of the paper, but before any appendices.

□ Each reference entry should correspond with citations in the paper's text.

□ The reference list should be arranged alphabetically by author last name for each entry.

□ The first line of each entry is flush with the left margin; additional lines are indented five spaces (called a “hanging indent”). 

The TriCollege Libraries' ASA Sample Paper (Word)  can be used as a template demonstrating formatting requirements in accordance with ASA (6th ed.). 

Annotated bibliographies are a great way to familiarize yourself with literature on a topic prior to writing a research paper.

General Guidelines  

• Annotated bibliographies list reference entries for works alphabetically. Below each entry, a short "annotation" summarizes and discusses the source.
• Some annotations are merely descriptive , summarizing the authors' qualifications, research methods, and arguments.
• Your instructor might also ask you to identify the authors' theoretical frameworks .
• Many annotations evaluate the quality of scholarship in a book or article. You might want to consider the logic of authors' arguments, and the quality of their evidence. Your findings can be positive, negative, or mixed.
• Your instructor might also want you to explain why the source is relevant to your assignment.

ASA-Formatted Annotated Bibliography (Sample Page)

  Adapted from  American Sociological Association (ASA) Annotations by Eastern Nazarene College.

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What is the ASA Style Guide?

Research is complete when the results have been shared with others. Traditionally researchers have used scholarly journals to distribute and archive their publications. For sociology, the standard for formatting papers is the ASA style guide. This guide gives examples of how to format the most common resources in your References list.

The ASA Style Guide features guidelines for the most common situations encountered by authors and editors in the ASA journal publication process. It is designed to serve as the authoritative reference for writing, submitting, editing, and copyediting manuscripts for ASA journals and other publications following ASA's unique format.  This guide also is based on the Chicago Manual of Style.

The Library owns 3 copies.  Two are available for check out at the 1North Users Desk on the first floor of the Library.  One copy is for use within the Library and is in the Reference Collection on second floor north. 

Title: American Sociological Association style guide. Author: American Sociological Association. Publisher: Washington, DC : American Sociological Association Publication Date: c2010 Edition: 4th ed.. Format: xiv, 114 p. ; 18 cm.. Identifier: ISBN9780912764313;ISBN0912764317 Summary: Preface -- A word about the fourth edition of the ASA Style Guide -- The Chicago Manual of Style -- Other ASA resources -- New to the fourth edition -- ASA editorial style -- Style matters -- ASA style -- Some basics -- Plagiarism -- Clarity -- Bias -- Verbs -- Wordy phrases -- Common misusages -- Some mechanics of style -- Punctuation -- Commas -- Semicolons and colons -- Hyphens and dashes -- Em dashes -- En dashes -- Apostrophes -- Quotation marks -- Quoted material -- Parentheses and brackets -- Ellipses -- Spelling -- Capitalization -- Italics -- Numbers -- Dates -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Academic degrees -- Foreign words and language usage -- ASA-specific usages and conventions -- Hyphenation -- Capitalization -- Italics -- Preferred word usages -- Some ASA style guidelines -- Subjects: Sociology -- Authorship -- Style manuals; Authorship -- Style manuals; Authorship; Sociology -- Authorship; Style manuals 2 copies in 1 North User Services HM 569 .A54 2010   1 copy 2 North Reference HM 569 .A54 2010  (non-circulating)

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Citation Style Guides and Management Tools

• Chicago or Turabian Style

About ASA Style

General tips, common examples, purdue owl resources for asa style, american sociological association resources, further resources.

• Science Styles
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• Citing Government Information

Research papers generally build on the work of previous writers and researchers.  When you write a paper and use the material of another author, you must document that source.  Documentation credits the author and publisher of the original work and provides the necessary information for readers to consult the same sources.  Documentation is generally in the form of a bibliography that is a list of works cited at the end of the paper.  

This guide is based on the style rules outlined in the American Sociological Association (ASA) Style Guide (4th edition, 2010).  The  ASA Style Guide  highlights and features guidelines for the most common situations encountered by authors and editors in the ASA journal publication process.  It is designed to serve as the authoritative reference for writing, submitting, editing, and copy editing manuscripts for ASA journals. 

American Sociological Association. 2010.  American Sociological Association Style Guide.  4th ed. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.

General information

• All text should be 12-point font and double spaced.
• Margins should be at least 1 1/4 inches on all sides.
• Include a title page with the full title of the manuscript, authors' names and institutions (listed vertically if there are more than one), and a complete word count of the document (which includes footnotes and references).
• If an abstract is required, include it on a separate page. Abstracts should be 150-200 words. Keywords describing the paper can be included below the abstract.
• The paper itself should begin on a separate page.

In-text Citations

• Cite the author's last name and year of the publication.
• If the author's name is used in the text, put the date in parentheses.
• If the author's name is not in the text, enclose last name and year in parentheses.
• Indicate short quotes with quotation marks and longer (more than 40 words) quotes by starting a new, single-spaced paragraph.
• Cite the pages after the year of publication (2000:73).
• Your references should begin on a page titled References.
• All references should be double-spaced and use a hanging indent.
• All references should be in alphabetical order by first authors’ last names.
• Include first names for all authors, rather than initials, and list all authors of a work.
• For more than one work by the same author, always include the author's full name in each citation.
• Capitalize all words except prepositions such as of, between, through, unless these start a title.
• Capitalize only the first word in hyphenated compound words, unless the second word is a proper noun or adjective

Sources: OWL pages on formatting , in-text citations , and references .

Book with one author.

Author's full name, inverted so that last name appears first. Year. Book Title in Title Caps and Italicized . Publishing City: Publisher.

Book with Two or More Authors

First author's full name, inverted so that last name appears first, subsequent authors' names, not inverted. Year. Book Title in Title Caps and Italicized . Publishing City: Publisher.

Electronic Book

Author's full name, inverted so that last name appears first. Year. Book Title in Title Caps and Italicized . Publishing City: Publisher.  Retrieval date including month, day, and year (link to ebook).

Scholarly Journal

Author's full name, inverted so that last name appears first. Year. “Article Title in Title Caps and in Quotes.” Journal Title in Title Caps and Italicized , Volume Number(Issue Number):page numbers of article.

e-Journal Articles with DOI

Author's full name, inverted so that last name appears first. Year. “Article Title in Title Caps and in Quotes.” Journal Title in Title Caps and Italicized Volume Number(Issue Number), page numbers of article: doi information.

Magazine or Newspaper

Author's full name, inverted so that last name appears first. Year. “Article Title in Title Caps and in Quotes,”  Journal Title in Title Caps and Italicized , Date Month and day, page numbers of article.

Website author. Date. "Title of the Webpage Cited in Caps and Quotes." Retrieval date including month, day, and year (link to the page).

Notes: When citing a retrieval date, wording should be: Retrieved January 1, 2001.

Sources taken from OWL's reference page .

From OWL: "This resource covers American Sociological Association (ASA) style and includes information about manuscript formatting, in-text citations, formatting the references page, and accepted manuscript writing style. The bibliographical format described here is taken from the American Sociological Association (ASA) Style Guide , 5 th edition."

• Manuscript Formatting Includes detailed information on how to format your text, including information on title pages, spacing, font and margin sizes, page numbering, footers and headers, and more.
• In-text Citations Includes information on how to cite authors, when to use quotations, and how to cite for multiple or unknown authors.
• Reference Pages Includes information on how to construct a reference page, including detailed information on citing from books, journals, chapters, legislation, websites, dissertations, newspapers, and more.
• General Style Includes information on clarity, bias, acronyms, literature reviews, punctuation and more.
• ASA Quick Tips for Students
• ASA Code of Ethics
• Preparation Checklist for ASA Manuscripts

American Sociological Association. 2010.  American Sociological Association  Style Guide . 4th ed. Washington DC: American Sociological Association.  

Online Guide:

The OWL at Purdue University

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Sociological Association (ASA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as manuscript writing style.

​The Mansfield Library subscribes to RefWorks to make research and citation easier for you. RefWorks is a citation management tool that stores your electronic articles in one place for easy access, organization, citation and sharing. You can save web page content and metadata, create collections to organize or share documents and citations, and upload PDF and Office documents.

VIDEO - Learn how to use RefWorks by watching these short videos

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• Last Updated: Jun 5, 2024 2:49 PM
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In-Text (Citation) References

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General Formatting

Cite the last name of the author and year of publication.

Include page numbers within the citation when directly quoting the authors’ words, paraphrasing a passage, or referring to specific passages.

If the author's name is used in the text, put the date in parentheses immediately afterwards.

If the author's name is not in the text, enclose last name and year in parentheses.

Using Quotes

Short quotations in the body of the manuscript should be surrounded by quotation marks.

Block quotations (direct quotations of more than 40 words) should be offset from the main text and may be single-spaced. Do not include quotation marks with block quotes.

Pagination follows the year of publication after a colon (note that in the in-text citation, there is no space between the colon and the page number).

Multiple Authors

For joint authors, give both last names.

For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; in subsequent citations, use the first name and et al.     

For four or more authors, use the first author's last name plus et al. in all citations.

Name of Author Unknown

For institutional authorship, supply the minimum identification needed from the beginning of the complete reference to find it in the reference list.

Multiple Citations

Separate a series of references with a semicolon and either alphabetize or place them in chronological order, but be consistent throughout the manuscript.

Citing a Reprinted Work

If the work being cited was published earlier and then re-released, list the earliest date first and then the most recent date, separate these with a slash.

Citing Unpublished Work

For unpublished papers, cite the date, or, if scheduled to be published soon, use  forthcoming  in lieu of a date. If no date is given, use N.d.

For archival sources, use abbreviations when possible.

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Annotated Bibliographies

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Sample Annotated Bibliography

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Formatting Annotated Bibliographies

• Title your annotated bibliography "References." Confirm title requirements with your professor.
• Format your sources according to the guidelines for a typical ASA Reference List .
• On the line beneath each entry, write your annotation. Indent the first line of each annotation an inch from the start of the citation entry. 
• Generally, annotations should be a paragraph long. If they are longer, make sure to indent each of the following paragraphs. Do not add a space between the paragraphs. Confirm length requirements with your instructor.

Writing Annotations

• Always check with your instructor to confirm whether they would like your annotation to be  summative  (describing a source's content),  evaluative  (evaluating the usefulness or relevance of the source to your work), or for it to include  both description and evaluation .
• Always check with your instructor to confirm the required length of annotations, and whether you should use phrases or complete sentences.

Demir, Kadir and Gür E. Güraksin. 2022. "Determining Middle School Students' Perceptions of the Concept of Artificial Intelligence: A Metaphor Analysis."  Participatory Educational Research , 9(2): 297-312.

In this article, Demir and Güraksin report on a study completed in 2019-2020 in Turkey. The researchers collected data on 339 middle school students' perceptions of AI. While this study was completed before the rise of popular generative AI chatbots such as ChatGPT, it can still give me important context and background on middle school students' perspectives on AI and could serve as a point of comparison to current attitudes.

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• Last Updated: Apr 18, 2024 1:23 PM
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