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खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां | play way method in hindi.

इस आर्टिकल में खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां (Play Way Method in hindi) जैसे किंडरगार्टन पद्धति, मोंटेसरी पद्धति, ह्यूरिस्टिक पद्धति, प्रोजेक्ट पद्धति, डाल्टन पद्धति आदि पर चर्चा की गई है।

खेल विधि क्या है

खेल प्रणाली का जन्मदाता फ्रोबेल (froebel) को माना जाता है। परंतु आधुनिक युग में हेनरी काल्डवेल कुक (Henry Caldwell Cook) संभवत: पहला व्यक्ति था जिसने बालक को शिक्षा देने के लिए इस प्रणाली का प्रबल समर्थन किया।

इस प्रणाली में अपना दृढ़ विश्वास प्रकट करते हुए काल्डवेल ने कहा, “मेरा दृढ़ विश्वास है कि केवल वही कार्य करने के योग्य है जो वास्तव में खेेल है, क्योंकि खेेल से मेरा अभिप्राय किसी कार्य को पूर्ण हृदय के साथ करना है।”

काल्डवेल ने बताया कि बालक कार्य को पूर्ण हृदय से तभी करता है जब वह खेल में होता है। अतः उसके प्रत्येक कार्य के लिए खेल की विधि को अपनाना अनिवार्य है।

खेल द्वारा किए जाने वाले कार्य से बालक की शारीरिक, मानसिक, सामाजिक और आध्यात्मिक शक्तियां क्रियाशील होती है। उनके कार्य और विचार में सामंजस्य स्थापित होता है और वह प्रगति के पथ पर अग्रसर होता है।

इस प्रकार काल्डवेल ने शिक्षण की एक नई विधि आरंभ कि जिसे ‘खेल विधि’ या ‘खेल प्रणाली’ (Play Method) कहा जाता है।

इस विधि का अर्थ स्पष्ट करते हुए ह्यूजेज व ह्यूजेज (Hughes & Hughes) ने लिखा है, “वह विधि जो बालक को उसी उत्साह से सीखने की क्षमता देती है जो उसके स्वाभाविक खेल में पाई जाती है, प्राय: खेल विधि कहलाती है।”

खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां

Play Way Based on Teaching Methods in hindi :

किंडरगार्टन पद्धति (Kindergarten Method in hindi)

किंडरगार्टन पद्धति फ्रोबेल (froebel) द्वारा प्रतिपादित की गई है। किंडरगार्टन का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है ‘बच्चों का उद्यान’। इस पद्धति में बालक को खेल गीतों और उपहारों (Play Songs and Gifts) द्वारा शिक्षा दी जाती है। अधिकांश देशों में बालवाड़ी (kindergarten) प्रारंभिक बचपन की शिक्षा की प्रणाली का हिस्सा है।

भारत में इसे आंगनबाड़ी (aanganvari) भी कहा जाता है और लोवर किंडरगार्टन (LKG) और अपर किंडरगार्टन (UKG) भी इसी का हिस्सा है। 4 साल तक के बच्चों को शिक्षा दी जाती है।

मोंटेसरी पद्धति (Montessori Method in hindi)

मोंटेसरी पद्धति मारिया मोंटेसरी (Maria Montessori in hindi) द्वारा प्रतिपादित की गई है। इस पद्धति में बालक विभिन्न प्रकार के उपकरणों से खेलकर अक्षरों, अंकगणित, रेखागणित आदि का ज्ञान प्राप्त करता है। खेल ही उसकी विभिन्न ज्ञानेंद्रियों को प्रशिक्षित करता है।

मोंटेसरी के अनुसार बच्चे को शिक्षा उनकी कर्मेंद्रियों और ज्ञानेंद्रियों द्वारा दी जानी चाहिए और अंत में भाषा शिक्षण पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। भारत में इस शिक्षा का प्रचलन अधिक है क्योंकि मारिया मोंटेसरी ने स्वयं भारत में 10 वर्ष तक (1949 तक) रहकर प्रचार किया था।

ह्यूरिस्टिक पद्धति (Heuristic Method in hindi)

ह्यूरिस्टिक पद्धति आर्मस्ट्रांग (Armstrong) द्वारा प्रतिपादित की गई है। इस पद्धति में बालक-शिक्षक, निरीक्षण यंत्रों और पुस्तकों की सहायता से स्वयं ज्ञान का अर्जन करता है।

नन (Nunn) के अनुसार, “क्योकी ह्यूरिस्टिक पद्धति का उद्देश्य बालक को मौलिक अन्वेषक की स्थिति में रखना है, इसलिए यह स्पष्ट रूप से खेल विधि है।”

इस पद्धति में बालक निरीक्षण तथा प्रयोग से स्वयं खोज करता है और निष्कर्ष निकालता है। शिक्षक एक विशेषज्ञ, मार्गदर्शक, मनोवैज्ञानिक, परामर्शदाता की भूमिका में होता है।

प्रोजेक्ट पद्धति (Project Method in hindi)

प्रोजेक्ट पद्धति जॉन डीवी Jon Divi (प्रयोजनवाद) की विचारधारा पर आधारित है। यह पद्धति किलपैट्रिक (Kilpatrick) द्वारा प्रतिपादित की गई है। इस पद्धति में बालक किसी योजना को व्यक्तिगत या सामूहिक रूप में पूर्ण करता है।

जैसे – मॉडल बनाना, अभिनय करना, कहानी पढ़ना या सुनाना आदि। इस पद्धति का उद्देश्य विद्यालय के वातावरण को रोचक बनाने, शिक्षार्थी द्वारा सीखे ज्ञान का दैनिक जीवन में उपयोग, शिक्षार्थी को सक्रिय रखने तथा अन्य कार्यों में रुचि लेने हेतु, बालक की रुचियां प्रवृत्तियों तथा आवश्यकताओं में सामंजस्य बिठाना है।

डाल्टन पद्धति (Dalton Method in hindi)

डाल्टन पद्धति मिस हेलेन पार्क हर्स्ट (Miss Helen Park Hurst) द्वारा प्रतिपादित की गई है। इस पद्धति के अनुसार कार्य करते समय बालक के ऊपर समय सारणी, कक्षा नियमों, वार्षिक और अर्द्ध वार्षिक परीक्षाओं के निर्देशों का कोई प्रतिबंध नहीं लगाया जाता है।

डाल्टन योजना के दो मुख्य सिद्धांत हैं :

विभिन्न विषयों के लिए निश्चित घंटों और समय सारणी के कठोर बंधनों को हटाकर छात्रों को स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक काम करने की सुविधा देना।
बालक की रुचि जिस विषय में अधिक हो उसे उस विषय को जितनी देर तक वह चाहे, अध्ययन करने देना।

इन सिद्धांतों से स्पष्ट है कि यह योजना कोई नई शिक्षा योजना नहीं है वरन्‌ एक नई प्रकार की विद्यालय व्यवस्था है। इसमें विषय तो वही पढ़ाए जाते हैं जो अन्य विद्यालयों में, किंतु इसमें पढ़ाई का ढंग, परिणाम और प्रकार अलग होता है।

अन्य खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां जैसे –

विनेटेका योजना Winnetka plan – कार्लेटन वॉशबर्न
गरी योजना Gary plan – William Albert Wirt
बेसिक शिक्षा Basic Education – महात्मा गांधी आदि।

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न (FAQs)

खेल विधि का जनक कौन है?

उत्तर : खेल प्रणाली का जन्मदाता फ्रोबेल (froebel) को माना जाता है। परंतु आधुनिक युग में हेनरी काल्डवेल कुक (Henry Caldwell Cook) संभवत: पहला व्यक्ति था जिसने बालक को शिक्षा देने के लिए इस प्रणाली का प्रबल समर्थन किया।

खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धति कौन कौन सी है?

उत्तर : खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां (Play Way Method in hindi) जैसे किंडरगार्टन पद्धति, मोंटेसरी पद्धति, ह्यूरिस्टिक पद्धति, प्रोजेक्ट पद्धति, डाल्टन पद्धति, विनेटेका योजना, गरी योजना, बेसिक शिक्षा आदि है।

किंडरगार्टन विधि किसकी है?

उत्तर : किंडरगार्टन पद्धति फ्रोबेल (froebel) द्वारा प्रतिपादित की गई है। किंडरगार्टन का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है ‘बच्चों का उद्यान’। इस पद्धति में बालक को खेल गीतों और उपहारों (Play Songs and Gifts) द्वारा शिक्षा दी जाती है।

खेल प्रविधि / विधि | playway method / devices in hindi

खेल प्रविधि / विधि | playway method / devices in hindi – दोस्तों सहायक अध्यापक भर्ती परीक्षा में शिक्षण कौशल 10 अंक का पूछा जाता है। शिक्षण कौशल के अंतर्गत ही एक विषय शामिल है जिसका नाम शिक्षण अधिगम के सिद्धांत है। यह विषय बीटीसी बीएड में भी शामिल है। आज हम इसी विषय के समस्त टॉपिक को पढ़ेगे। बीटीसी, बीएड,यूपीटेट, सुपरटेट की परीक्षाओं में इस टॉपिक से जरूर प्रश्न आता है।

अतः इसकी महत्ता को देखते हुए hindiamrit.com आपके लिए खेल प्रविधि / विधि | playway method / devices in hindi लेकर आया है।

playway method / devices in hindi | खेल प्रविधि / विधि

Tags – खेल प्रविधि,playway devices in hindi,खेल विधि,playway method in hindi,खेल प्रविधि / विधि,playway devices / method in hindi,खेल प्रविधि की विशेषताएं,खेल प्रविधि के लाभ,खेल प्रविधि के उद्देश्य,खेल विधि के जनक,

खेल विधि (Playway Method)

इस विधि के जनक काउल्डवुड कुक हैं।

बालक स्वाभाविक रूप से खेलने में रुचि लेते हैं। वे खेल के द्वारा ही अपनी इच्छाओं की प्रवृत्तियों को प्रकट करते हैं । बालक खेलने में विशेष रुचि लेते हैं। बालक के जीवन में खेल का विशेष महत्त्व होता है । बालकों के जीवन में खेल का इतना महत्त्व होने के कारण बालकों को शिक्षा देने के लिए खेल विधि का आविष्कार किया गया है।

खेल की परिभाषा–म्यूलिक के अनुसार-“जो कार्य अपनी इच्छा से स्वतन्त्रतापूर्वक करें वही खेल है।”

खेल प्रविधि पर आधारित विभिन्न प्रविधि

(1) मान्टेसरी पद्धति.

इस पद्धति की जन्मदाता मेरिया मान्टेसरी हैं। इसमें बालकों को अनेक वस्तुएँ खेलने को दी जाती हैं और बालक उन वस्तुओं से खेल-खेल में अनेक बातें सीख जाते हैं।

(2) किण्डरगार्टन पद्धति

किण्डरगार्टन पद्धति के निर्माता फ्रॉबेल (Froebel) हैं। इस पद्धति में बालक को खेल-गीतों और उपहारों (Play songs and gifts) के माध्यम से शिक्षा प्रदान की जाती है। बालक ऊन की गेंदों,लकड़ी के टुकड़ों तथा तख्तियों आदि से खेल-खेल में गणित तथा रेखागणित का ज्ञान प्राप्त करते हैं।

(3) प्रोजेक्ट पद्धति

इसमें बालक किसी योजना को अपने प्रयासों द्वारा पूर्ण करता है। ये योजनाएँ व्यक्तिगत और सामूहिक दोनों प्रकार की होती हैं; जैसे–कोई मॉडल बनाना, किसी समस्या का समाधान और अभिनय करना आदि।

(4) डाल्टन पद्धति

इस पद्धति में बालकों को कार्य उनकी क्षमताओं के अनुसार बाँट दिया जाता है और इसमें बालकों पर समय-सारणी तथा परीक्षाओं का कोई बन्धन नहीं होता है।

(5) बेसिक शिक्षा पद्धति

इस पद्धति को ओग बढ़ाने में महात्मा गाँधी का प्रमुख हाथ रहा। इसमें खेल के माध्यम से हस्त शिल्प शिक्षा को बढ़ावा दिया जाता है। बेसिक शिक्षा को बुनियादी शिक्षा भी कहा जाता है।

नोट – इन प्रविधियों के अतिरिक्त बिनेट तथा गैरीयोजना पद्धति भी खेल प्रविधि पर आधारित है।

विद्यालयों में खेल का महत्त्व

विद्यालयों में खेल का महत्त्व इस प्रकार है-

(1)खेलों के द्वारा बालकों में कुशलता का विकास किया जा सकता है।

(2) खेलों के द्वारा छात्र अपनी कुशलता सम्बन्धी गुणों का परिमार्जन कर सकते हैं।

(3) खेल सामाजिक भावना का विकास करते हैं।

(4) खेल बालकों का बौद्धिक विकास करते हैं।

(5) खेल बालकों के अनुभव में वृद्धि करते हैं।

(6) क्रिया द्वारा सीखना” (Learning by Doing”) खेलों के द्वारा ही सम्भव जाता है।

(7) खेलों के द्वारा बालकों का शारीरिक विकास होता है।

(8) खेलों के द्वारा बालकों में सहयोग की भावना जाग्रत होती है।

(9) खेलों में अनुशासन आवश्यक होता है । इस प्रकार छात्र खेल के द्वारा स्व-अनुशासन का पाठ पढ़ते हैं।

(10) खेल बालकों की नेतृत्व शक्ति में वृद्धि करते हैं । इसका कारण यह है कि खेल-खेलते समय अनेक ऐसे अवसर आते हैं जब बालक को नेता के रूप में कार्य करना पड़ता है।

(11) खेल बालकों के मानसिक तनाव को दूर करते हैं।

(12) खेलों के द्वारा छात्र-छात्राओं में आत्मविश्वास जाग्रत होता है । वे अन्य कार्यों को भी आत्मविश्वास के साथ कर सकते हैं।

यह विधि बालकों को खेल प्रवृत्ति का ऐसे उत्तम ढंग से प्रयोग करती है, कि बालक खेल-खेल में ही नवीन ज्ञान प्राप्त करने में समर्थ हो जाते हैं। जज और ह्यूजेज के अनुसार “वह विधि जो छात्रों को उसी उत्साह से सीखने की योग्यता प्रदान करती है, जो उनके स्वाभाविक खेल में विद्यमान है, खेल विधि के नाम से जानी जाती है।”

खेल विधि के सिद्धान्त

इस विधि के प्रमुख सिद्धान्त इस प्रकार हैं-

(1) शिक्षण की परम्परा विधियों को समाप्त करके एक रोचक शिक्षण विधि का चयन करना।

(2) शिक्षण कार्य में बालकों की रुचियों का ध्यान रखना।

(3) सीखने की प्रक्रिया को रोचक बनाना,।

(4) शिक्षकों के दृष्टिकोण में परिवर्तन करना ।

(5) ऐसा पर्यावरण बनाना जिसमें बालक कला तथा विज्ञान के शिक्षक के प्रति स्वस्थ्य दृष्टिकोण विकसित कर सकें।

(6) शिक्षण विधियों को लचीला बनाना जिससे वे बालकों की आवश्यकता के अनुकूल बन सकें।

(7) विद्यालय कार्य का सम्बन्ध लाभदायक कार्यों से जोड़ना।

(8) शिक्षण सामग्री में सुधार करना ।

(9) बालकों की खेल प्रवृत्ति को उत्साह प्रदान करना ।

(10) बालकों के लिए संगीत बागवानी तथा हस्तकार्य आदि क्रियाओं की व्यवस्था करना।

(11) बालकों की रचनात्मक शक्तियों का विकास करना ।

(12) बालकों को स्वतन्त्र वातावरण में शिक्षा देना।

खेल विधि की आवश्यकता

(1) स्वतन्त्रता

इस विधि में बालक को पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता दी जाती है।

(2) रचनात्मक तथा मानसिक शक्तियों का विकास

खेल बालकों की रचनात्मक तथा मानसिक शक्तियों का सूचक है। इस प्रकार शिक्षा में खेल को स्थान देने का अर्थ बालकों की रचनात्मक तथा मानसिक शक्तियों का विकास करना है।

(3) उत्तम शिक्षण खेल द्वारा शिक्षा देना प्राकृतिक शिक्षण विधि है। शिक्षण की उपयोगिता के लिए खेल विधि को शिक्षा में स्थान दिया जाना चाहिए।

खेल के विभिन्न रूप खेल के विभिन्न रूप इस प्रकार हैं-

(1) उछलना, कूदना तथा भागना, (2) विभिन्न वस्तुओं से खेलना, (3) अभिनयात्मक खेल, (4) आविष्कारात्मक खेल, तथा (5) सामूहिक खेल।

खेल विधि के गुण

बालकों को खेल विधि से शिक्षा देने के प्रमुख लाभ या गुण इस प्रकार हैं –

(1) यह विधि बालकों को क्रियाशील बनाती है।

(2) यह विधि बालकों को सहयोग का पाठ पढ़ाती है।

(3) यह विधि बालकों की रचनात्मक शक्तियों का विकास करती है।

(4) इस विधि से शिक्षण करने में बालक सामाजिक सम्बन्ध बनाने में समर्थ होते हैं।

(5) यह विधि बालकों का शारीरिक और मानसिक विकास करती है।

(6) यह विधि बालकों में सामाजिक सामंजस्य स्थापित करती है।

(7) यह विधि बालकों को ध्यान केन्द्रित करना सिखाती है।

(8) यह विधि बालकों को स्वतन्त्र वातावरण में रखकर स्व-अनुशासन सिखाती है।

(9) यह विधि बालकों की समूह-प्रवृत्ति को परिष्कृत करती है।

(10) यह विधि बालकों को अपने विचारों को कार्यरूप में परिणत करने का अवसर प्रदान करती है।

(11) यह विधि बालकों को गम्भीर कार्य करने को तैयार करती है।

खेल विधि के दोष

इस विधि के प्रमुख दोष इस प्रकार हैं-

(1) इस विधि से उच्च कक्षा के बालक लाभान्वित नहीं हो सकते । जब बालक किशोरावस्था में पहुँच जाते हैं तो उनकी रुचि खेल में कम हो जाती है।

(2) इस विधि से दी जाने वाली शिक्षा महँगी होती है । इसी कारण जनसाधारण इससे लाभ नहीं उठा पाते ।

(3) सभी विद्यालय इस विधि से शिक्षा का प्रबन्ध नहीं कर सकते।

(4) इस विधि से शिक्षा देने में प्रशिक्षित शिक्षकों की कमी पड़ सकती है।

(5) इस विधि से जो शिक्षक शिक्षण कार्य करते हैं, उनको विशेष प्रशिक्षण की आवश्यकता होती है।

विभिन्न विषयों के शिक्षण में खेल विधि

खेल विधि में निम्नलिखित विषयों में शिक्षा दी जा सकती है

(i) इतिहास, (ii) भूगोल, (iii) गणित, (iv) विज्ञान, (v) वाणिज्यशास्त्र, तथा (vi) भाषाएँ।

आपको यह भी पढ़ना चाहिए।

टेट / सुपरटेट सम्पूर्ण हिंदी कोर्स

टेट / सुपरटेट सम्पूर्ण बाल मनोविज्ञान कोर्स

50 मुख्य टॉपिक पर निबंध पढ़िए

दोस्तों आपको यह टॉपिक कैसा लगा हमें कमेंट करके जरूर बताएं । आप खेल प्रविधि / विधि | playway method / devices in hindi को अपने मित्रों के साथ शेयर भी करें।

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समस्या समाधान विधि- विशेषताएँ, प्रक्रिया, पद / सोपान, गुण, दोष

अनुक्रम (Contents)

समस्या समाधान विधि (Problem Solving Method)

समस्या समाधान विधि प्रोजेक्ट तथा प्रयोगशाला विधि से मिलती-जुलती है परन्तु यह जरूरी नहीं है कि प्रत्येक समस्या का समाधान प्रयोगशाला में ही हो। कुछ कम जटिल समस्याओं का समाधान प्रयोगशाला से बाहर भी किया जा सकता है। इस विधि का प्रयोग छात्रों में समस्या समाधान करने की क्षमता उत्पन्न करने के लिए किया जाता है। छात्रों से यह आशा की जाती है कि वे स्वयं प्रयास करके अपनी समस्याओं का हल स्वयं ही निकालें। इस विधि में छात्र समस्या का चुनाव करते हैं और उसके कारणों की खोज करते हैं, परीक्षण करते हैं और समस्या का मूल्यांकन भी करते हैं।

तकनीकी शिक्षण में इस विधि का प्रयोग प्रभावशाली ढंग से किया जा सकता है। छात्रों के लिए यह अत्यन्त उपयोगी एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक मानी जाती है। इससे बालकों की चिंतन और तर्क शक्ति का विकास होता है परन्तु इसका प्रयोग प्राथमिक स्तर पर सफलतापूर्वक करना सम्भव नही है।

आसुबेल (Ausubel) के अनुसार, समस्या समाधान में सम्प्रत्यय का निर्माण तथा अधिगम का अविष्कार सम्मिलित है।”

According to Ausubel, “Problem solving involves concept formation and discovery learning.”

गैग्ने (Gagne) के अनुसार, “समस्या समाधान घटनाओं का एक ऐसा समूह है जिसमें मानव किसी विशिष्ट उददेश्य की उपलब्धि के लिए अधिनियमों अथवा सिद्धान्तों का उपयोग करता है।”

According to Gagne, “Problem solving is a set of events in which human being uses rules to achieve some goals.”

रिस्क (Risk) के अनुसार, “शिक्षार्थियों के मन में समस्या को उत्पन्न करने की ऐसी प्रक्रिया जिससे वे उद्देश्य की ओर उत्साहित होकर तथा गम्भीरतापूर्वक सोच कर एक युक्तिसंगत हल निकालते है, समस्या समाधान कहलाता है।”

According to Risk, “Problem solving may be defined as a process of raising a problem in the minds of students in such a way as to stimulate purposeful reflective thinking in arriving at a rational solution.”

रॉबर्ट गेने के अनुसार, “दो या दो से अधिक सीखे गए कार्य या अधिनियमों को एक उच्च स्तरीय अधिनियम के रूप में विकसित किया जाता है उसे समस्या-समाधान अधिगम कहते हैं।”

शिक्षण की इस विधि में शिक्षण तीनों अवस्थाओं के रूप में कार्य करता है तथा छात्रों को विभिन्न समस्याओं का समाधान करने की योग्यता प्राप्त होती है।

समस्या की विशेषताएँ (Characteristics of a Problem)

अध्ययन के लिए चुनी जाने वाली समस्या में निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ होनी चाहिए-

(1) समस्या छात्रों के पूर्वज्ञान से सम्बन्धित होनी चाहिए ताकि उनको समस्या का हल ढूँढने में आसानी हो।

(2) समस्या छात्रों के लिए उपयोगी तथा व्यावहारिक होनी चाहिए।

(3) समस्या छात्रों की रुचि एवं दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार होनी चाहिए।

(4) समस्या चुनौतीपूर्ण होनी चाहिए जिससे छात्रों में सोचने तथा तर्क करने की शक्ति का विकास हो।

(5) समस्या पाठ्यक्रम के अनुसार होनी चाहिए तथा इतनी विशाल नहीं होनी चाहिए कि छात्रों को उसका समाधान ढूँढने के लिए विद्यालय अथवा शहर से बाहर जाना पड़े।

(6) समस्या के आलोचनात्मक पक्ष की ओर भी पूरा ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए। यह परिकल्पनाओं का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए अति आवश्यक है।

(7) समस्या के समाधान में उपयोग किए जाने वाले उपकरण विद्यालय की प्रयोगशाला में उपलब्ध होने चाहिए।

(8) समस्या छात्रों पर एक भार की तरह नहीं होनी चाहिए ताकि छात्र प्रसन्नतापूर्वक समस्या समाधान की विधि का उपयोग कर सकें।

(9) समस्या नई तथा व्यावहारिक होनी चाहिए जिससे छात्रों में कल्पना शक्ति तथा वैज्ञानिक क्षमताओं का विकास हो सके।

(10) समस्या छात्रों के मानसिक स्तर तथा शारीरिक क्षमताओं के अनुकूल होनी चाहिए।

समस्या समाधान की प्रक्रिया (Process of Problem Solving Method)

किसी भी विषय के शिक्षण को प्रभावी बनाने हेतु तथा उससे सम्बन्धित विभिन्न नवीन तथ्यों की खोज हेतु समस्या समाधान विधि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

किसी भी विषय के शिक्षण में छात्रों के सम्मुख जब कोई ऐसी परिस्थिति आती है जिससे उन्हें कठिनाई या समस्या का सामना करना पड़ता है तो इससे पूर्व छात्र विषय के सम्बन्ध में जो कुछ सीखा या पढ़ा है, उसके द्वारा भी इन समस्याओं का समाधान खोजने में कठिनाई आती है तो इस प्रकार की परिस्थितियों में आवश्यक रूप से कुछ नवीन तथ्यों एवं अनुभवों पर आधारित ज्ञान प्राप्त करना अनिवार्य हो जाता है जिससे समस्या का हल खोजा जा सके।

अतः किसी परिस्थिति का सामना करने हेतु समस्त छात्रों समक्ष समस्या समाधान विधि की प्रक्रिया निम्नलिखित है-

(1) सर्वप्रथम यह जाँच लेना चाहिए कि समस्या किस प्रकार की है?

(2) उस समस्या का समाधान किस प्रकार हो सकता है।

(3) इसके पश्चात् छात्र समस्या से सम्बन्धित सृजनात्मक तथा गम्भीर चिन्तन में प्रयत्नरत रहते हैं।

(4) छात्र समस्या के अनुकूल शैक्षिक अनुभव प्राप्त करने का प्रयास करते हैं।

(5) छात्र प्रकट समस्या का समाधान विभिन्न विकल्पों, जैसे- अर्जित अनुभवों आदि के आधार पर वस्तुनिष्ठ समाधान प्राप्त करने का प्रयास करते हैं।

(6) इसके पश्चात् छात्र इस बात की पुष्टि करते हैं कि प्राप्त समस्या का समाधान उपयुक्त एवं सही है अथवा नहीं।

उपर्युक्त विभिन्न चरणों के द्वारा छात्र किसी विशेष समस्या का समाधान खोजकर नवीन ज्ञान एवं कौशल अर्जित करने में सफल हो जाते हैं। इस प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से किसी समस्या का समाधान करने का प्रशिक्षण छात्रों को भूगोल एवं अर्थशास्त्र के विषय विशेष का समुचित ज्ञान प्रदान कराने में अत्यन्त सहायक सिद्ध हो सकता है।

समस्या समाधान विधि के पद / सोपान (Steps / Stages Involved in the Problem Solving Method)

समस्या समाधान पद्धति के पद / सोपान निम्नलिखित हैं-

(1) समस्या का चयन करना (Selection of the Problem)- तकनीकी शिक्षण में किसी समस्या-समाधान विधि में समस्या का चयन करते समय शिक्षकों को यह ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि छात्रों को ऐसी समस्या प्रदान की जाए जिससे वे उसे हल करने की आवश्यकता समझ सके। छात्र एवं शिक्षक दोनों को सम्मिलित रूप से समस्या का चयन करना चाहिए। यदि सम्भव हो तो शिक्षकों को छात्रों के समक्ष उत्पन्न समस्या से ही एक समस्या का चयन कर लेना चाहिए। समस्या का निर्धारण करते समय मुख्य रूप से ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि छात्रों के समक्ष समस्या अत्यन्त व्यापक न हो व समस्या स्पष्ट होनी चाहिए।

(2) समस्या का प्रस्तुतीकरण (Presentation of the Problem)- समस्या का चयन करने के उपरान्त दूसरा चरण समस्या का प्रस्तुतीकरण आता है। समस्या का चुनाव करने के बाद शिक्षक छात्रों के समक्ष चयनित समस्या का सम्पूर्ण विश्लेषण करते हैं। शिक्षकों द्वारा किया गया यह विश्लेषण विचार-विमर्श आदि के माध्यम से हो सकता है। इसके पश्चात् अध्यापक छात्रों को समस्या से सम्बन्धित विभिन्न तथ्यों की जानकारी प्रदान करते हैं। जैसे- समस्या की पद्धति क्या होगी, प्रदत्त संकल्प कहाँ से और कैसे होंगे। इन समस्त जानकारियों के बाद छात्रों को समस्या की समस्त जानकारी प्राप्त हो जाती है विभिन्न तरीकों से आगे की प्रक्रिया के सम्बन्ध में जानकारी प्राप्त हो जाती है।

(3) उपकल्पनाओं का निर्माण (Formulation of Hypothesis)- समस्या-समाधान के तृतीय चरण में समस्या का चयन करने के उपरान्त उसका प्रस्तुतीकरण तथा उपकल्पनाओं का निर्माण आता है। इन परिकल्पनाओं के निर्माण के उपरान्त उत्पन्न समस्याओं के क्या कारण हो सकते हैं, उनकी एक विस्तृत रूपरेखा तैयार कर ली जाती है। इस विधि में परिकल्पनाओं के निर्माण के द्वारा छात्रों की समस्या के विभिन्न कारणों पर गहनता से अध्ययन चिन्तन करने की क्षमता का विकास होता है। अतः समस्या से सम्बन्धित उपकल्पनाएँ ऐसी होनी चाहिए जिनका सरलता से परीक्षण किया जा सके।

(4) प्रदत्त संग्रह (Collection of Data) – समस्या से सम्बन्धित परिकल्पनाओं के निर्माण के उपरान्त चयनित परिकल्पनाओं का छात्रों के द्वारा संकलित प्रदत्तों के माध्यम से परीक्षण किया जाता है। विभिन्न प्रदत्त संकलनों छात्रों को समस्या से सम्बन्धित दिशा-निर्देश देने हेतु निर्णय लेने में शिक्षक यह सहायता प्रदान करें कि प्रदत्त संकलन कहाँ से और कैसे प्राप्त किया जाए। अध्यापकों की सहायता से छात्र विभिन्न संदर्भों से आवश्यक प्रदत्तों का निर्माण कर लेते हैं।

(5) प्रदत्तों का विश्लेषण (Analysis of Data) – समस्या विधि के प्रस्तुत पद में उपरोक्त पदों में समस्या का चयन, प्रस्तुतीकरण, उपकल्पनाओं की निर्माण तथा चतुर्थ पद में प्रदत्तों का संग्रह करने सम्बन्धी अध्ययन किया जाता है। इसके पश्चात् पंचम पद अर्थात् प्रस्तुत पद में प्रदत्तों का विश्लेषण के माध्यम से उनका प्रयोग किया जाता है। विभिन्न प्रदत्तों के मध्य स्थापित सम्बन्धों को ज्ञात किया जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया के लिए विभिन्न तथ्यों को व्यवस्थित एवं संगठित करने के पश्चात् उनकी व्याख्या की जाती है। अतः समस्या के प्रदत्तों का विश्लेषण करना अनिवार्य होता है।

(6) निष्कर्ष निकालना (Find Conclusion)- उपरोक्त सभी प्रक्रियाओं या पदों से होते हुए समस्या समाधान के पदों का विश्लेषण हो जाता है। इसके पश्चात् प्रदत्त संग्रहों विश्लेषण के उपरान्त निष्कर्ष प्राप्त किए जाते हैं। निष्कर्ष में समस्या से सम्बन्धित परिकल्पनाएँ प्रदत्त विश्लेषण में सही एवं उपयुक्त पाई जाती हैं उनके आधार पर समस्या के समाधान से सम्बन्धित उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष प्रदान किए जाते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त इन प्राप्त निष्काष को नवीन परिस्थितियों में लागू करके समस्त तथ्यों तथा निष्कर्षों की जाँच कर ली जाती है। अतः उपरोक्त सभी पदों के माध्यम से समस्या समाधान विधि की प्रक्रिया / सोपान निर्धारित होते हैं तथा समस्या से सम्बन्धि समाधान प्राप्त हो जाते हैं।

समस्या समाधान पद्धति के गुण (Merits of Problem Solving Method)

समस्या समाधान पद्धति के गुण निम्नलिखित हैं-

(1) छात्रों में चिंतन शक्ति का विकास होता है।

(2) छात्रों में समस्याओं का वैज्ञानिक तरीके से समाधान खोजने की अभिवृत्ति तथा योग्यता का विकास होता है।

(3) शिक्षण में छात्रों की क्रियाओं की प्रचुरता के कारण अधिगम अधिक स्थायी होता है।

(4) इस पद्धति से शिक्षण करते समय छात्रों की व्यक्तिगत भिन्नताओं का ध्यान रखा जा सकता है।

(5) समस्या का चयन छात्रों की रुचि एवं मानसिक स्तर के अनुकूल होता है।

(6) छात्रों को विभिन्न समस्याओं के समाधान हेतु प्रेरित किया जाता है।

(7) समस्या पर किए गए कार्य के लिए छात्रों को पर्याप्त अभिप्रेरणा प्रदान की जाती है।

समस्या समाधान पद्धति के दोष (Demerits of Problem Solving Method)

समस्या समाधान पद्धति के दोष निम्नलिखित हैं-

(1) प्रत्येक विषय-वस्तु को समस्या समाधान पद्धति से नहीं पढ़ाया जा सकता है।

(2) समस्या समाधान पद्धति से शिक्षण में समय बहुत अधिक लगता है।

(3) सही समस्या का चुनाव स्वयं में एक समस्या है।

(4) इस विधि का उपयोग केवल बड़ी कक्षा में ही किया जा सकता है।

बोध-स्तर शिक्षण का अर्थ एवं परिभाषाएँ, विशेषताएँ, गुण, दोष, बोध स्तर शिक्षण के लिए सुझाव
स्मृति का अर्थ एवं परिभाषाएँ, विशेषताएँ, गुण, दोष, सुझाव

Important Links

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बालिका विद्यालयीकरण से क्या तात्पर्य हैं? उद्देश्य, महत्त्व तथा आवश्यकता
सामाजीकरण से क्या तात्पर्य है? सामाजीकरण की परिभाषा
समाजीकरण की विशेषताएँ | समाजीकरण की प्रक्रिया
किशोरों के विकास में अध्यापक की भूमिका
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35 problem-solving techniques and methods for solving complex problems

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How do you identify problems?

How do you identify the right solution.

Tips for more effective problem-solving

Complete problem-solving methods

Problem-solving techniques to identify and analyze problems
Problem-solving techniques for developing solutions

Problem-solving warm-up activities

Closing activities for a problem-solving process.

Before you can move towards finding the right solution for a given problem, you first need to identify and define the problem you wish to solve.

Here, you want to clearly articulate what the problem is and allow your group to do the same. Remember that everyone in a group is likely to have differing perspectives and alignment is necessary in order to help the group move forward.

Identifying a problem accurately also requires that all members of a group are able to contribute their views in an open and safe manner. It can be scary for people to stand up and contribute, especially if the problems or challenges are emotive or personal in nature. Be sure to try and create a psychologically safe space for these kinds of discussions.

Remember that problem analysis and further discussion are also important. Not taking the time to fully analyze and discuss a challenge can result in the development of solutions that are not fit for purpose or do not address the underlying issue.

Successfully identifying and then analyzing a problem means facilitating a group through activities designed to help them clearly and honestly articulate their thoughts and produce usable insight.

With this data, you might then produce a problem statement that clearly describes the problem you wish to be addressed and also state the goal of any process you undertake to tackle this issue.

Finding solutions is the end goal of any process. Complex organizational challenges can only be solved with an appropriate solution but discovering them requires using the right problem-solving tool.

After you’ve explored a problem and discussed ideas, you need to help a team discuss and choose the right solution. Consensus tools and methods such as those below help a group explore possible solutions before then voting for the best. They’re a great way to tap into the collective intelligence of the group for great results!

Remember that the process is often iterative. Great problem solvers often roadtest a viable solution in a measured way to see what works too. While you might not get the right solution on your first try, the methods below help teams land on the most likely to succeed solution while also holding space for improvement.

Every effective problem solving process begins with an agenda . A well-structured workshop is one of the best methods for successfully guiding a group from exploring a problem to implementing a solution.

In SessionLab, it’s easy to go from an idea to a complete agenda . Start by dragging and dropping your core problem solving activities into place . Add timings, breaks and necessary materials before sharing your agenda with your colleagues.

The resulting agenda will be your guide to an effective and productive problem solving session that will also help you stay organized on the day!

Tips for more effective problem solving

Problem-solving activities are only one part of the puzzle. While a great method can help unlock your team’s ability to solve problems, without a thoughtful approach and strong facilitation the solutions may not be fit for purpose.

Let’s take a look at some problem-solving tips you can apply to any process to help it be a success!

Clearly define the problem

Jumping straight to solutions can be tempting, though without first clearly articulating a problem, the solution might not be the right one. Many of the problem-solving activities below include sections where the problem is explored and clearly defined before moving on.

This is a vital part of the problem-solving process and taking the time to fully define an issue can save time and effort later. A clear definition helps identify irrelevant information and it also ensures that your team sets off on the right track.

Don’t jump to conclusions

It’s easy for groups to exhibit cognitive bias or have preconceived ideas about both problems and potential solutions. Be sure to back up any problem statements or potential solutions with facts, research, and adequate forethought.

The best techniques ask participants to be methodical and challenge preconceived notions. Make sure you give the group enough time and space to collect relevant information and consider the problem in a new way. By approaching the process with a clear, rational mindset, you’ll often find that better solutions are more forthcoming.

Try different approaches

Problems come in all shapes and sizes and so too should the methods you use to solve them. If you find that one approach isn’t yielding results and your team isn’t finding different solutions, try mixing it up. You’ll be surprised at how using a new creative activity can unblock your team and generate great solutions.

Don’t take it personally

Depending on the nature of your team or organizational problems, it’s easy for conversations to get heated. While it’s good for participants to be engaged in the discussions, ensure that emotions don’t run too high and that blame isn’t thrown around while finding solutions.

You’re all in it together, and even if your team or area is seeing problems, that isn’t necessarily a disparagement of you personally. Using facilitation skills to manage group dynamics is one effective method of helping conversations be more constructive.

Get the right people in the room

Your problem-solving method is often only as effective as the group using it. Getting the right people on the job and managing the number of people present is important too!

If the group is too small, you may not get enough different perspectives to effectively solve a problem. If the group is too large, you can go round and round during the ideation stages.

Creating the right group makeup is also important in ensuring you have the necessary expertise and skillset to both identify and follow up on potential solutions. Carefully consider who to include at each stage to help ensure your problem-solving method is followed and positioned for success.

Document everything

The best solutions can take refinement, iteration, and reflection to come out. Get into a habit of documenting your process in order to keep all the learnings from the session and to allow ideas to mature and develop. Many of the methods below involve the creation of documents or shared resources. Be sure to keep and share these so everyone can benefit from the work done!

Bring a facilitator

Facilitation is all about making group processes easier. With a subject as potentially emotive and important as problem-solving, having an impartial third party in the form of a facilitator can make all the difference in finding great solutions and keeping the process moving. Consider bringing a facilitator to your problem-solving session to get better results and generate meaningful solutions!

Develop your problem-solving skills

It takes time and practice to be an effective problem solver. While some roles or participants might more naturally gravitate towards problem-solving, it can take development and planning to help everyone create better solutions.

You might develop a training program, run a problem-solving workshop or simply ask your team to practice using the techniques below. Check out our post on problem-solving skills to see how you and your group can develop the right mental process and be more resilient to issues too!

Design a great agenda

Workshops are a great format for solving problems. With the right approach, you can focus a group and help them find the solutions to their own problems. But designing a process can be time-consuming and finding the right activities can be difficult.

Check out our workshop planning guide to level-up your agenda design and start running more effective workshops. Need inspiration? Check out templates designed by expert facilitators to help you kickstart your process!

In this section, we’ll look at in-depth problem-solving methods that provide a complete end-to-end process for developing effective solutions. These will help guide your team from the discovery and definition of a problem through to delivering the right solution.

If you’re looking for an all-encompassing method or problem-solving model, these processes are a great place to start. They’ll ask your team to challenge preconceived ideas and adopt a mindset for solving problems more effectively.

Six Thinking Hats
Lightning Decision Jam
Problem Definition Process
Discovery & Action Dialogue

Design Sprint 2.0

Open Space Technology

1. Six Thinking Hats

Individual approaches to solving a problem can be very different based on what team or role an individual holds. It can be easy for existing biases or perspectives to find their way into the mix, or for internal politics to direct a conversation.

Six Thinking Hats is a classic method for identifying the problems that need to be solved and enables your team to consider them from different angles, whether that is by focusing on facts and data, creative solutions, or by considering why a particular solution might not work.

Like all problem-solving frameworks, Six Thinking Hats is effective at helping teams remove roadblocks from a conversation or discussion and come to terms with all the aspects necessary to solve complex problems.

2. Lightning Decision Jam

Featured courtesy of Jonathan Courtney of AJ&Smart Berlin, Lightning Decision Jam is one of those strategies that should be in every facilitation toolbox. Exploring problems and finding solutions is often creative in nature, though as with any creative process, there is the potential to lose focus and get lost.

Unstructured discussions might get you there in the end, but it’s much more effective to use a method that creates a clear process and team focus.

In Lightning Decision Jam, participants are invited to begin by writing challenges, concerns, or mistakes on post-its without discussing them before then being invited by the moderator to present them to the group.

From there, the team vote on which problems to solve and are guided through steps that will allow them to reframe those problems, create solutions and then decide what to execute on.

By deciding the problems that need to be solved as a team before moving on, this group process is great for ensuring the whole team is aligned and can take ownership over the next stages.

Lightning Decision Jam (LDJ) #action #decision making #problem solving #issue analysis #innovation #design #remote-friendly The problem with anything that requires creative thinking is that it’s easy to get lost—lose focus and fall into the trap of having useless, open-ended, unstructured discussions. Here’s the most effective solution I’ve found: Replace all open, unstructured discussion with a clear process. What to use this exercise for: Anything which requires a group of people to make decisions, solve problems or discuss challenges. It’s always good to frame an LDJ session with a broad topic, here are some examples: The conversion flow of our checkout Our internal design process How we organise events Keeping up with our competition Improving sales flow

3. Problem Definition Process

While problems can be complex, the problem-solving methods you use to identify and solve those problems can often be simple in design.

By taking the time to truly identify and define a problem before asking the group to reframe the challenge as an opportunity, this method is a great way to enable change.

Begin by identifying a focus question and exploring the ways in which it manifests before splitting into five teams who will each consider the problem using a different method: escape, reversal, exaggeration, distortion or wishful. Teams develop a problem objective and create ideas in line with their method before then feeding them back to the group.

This method is great for enabling in-depth discussions while also creating space for finding creative solutions too!

Problem Definition #problem solving #idea generation #creativity #online #remote-friendly A problem solving technique to define a problem, challenge or opportunity and to generate ideas.

4. The 5 Whys

Sometimes, a group needs to go further with their strategies and analyze the root cause at the heart of organizational issues. An RCA or root cause analysis is the process of identifying what is at the heart of business problems or recurring challenges.

The 5 Whys is a simple and effective method of helping a group go find the root cause of any problem or challenge and conduct analysis that will deliver results.

By beginning with the creation of a problem statement and going through five stages to refine it, The 5 Whys provides everything you need to truly discover the cause of an issue.

The 5 Whys #hyperisland #innovation This simple and powerful method is useful for getting to the core of a problem or challenge. As the title suggests, the group defines a problems, then asks the question “why” five times, often using the resulting explanation as a starting point for creative problem solving.

5. World Cafe

World Cafe is a simple but powerful facilitation technique to help bigger groups to focus their energy and attention on solving complex problems.

World Cafe enables this approach by creating a relaxed atmosphere where participants are able to self-organize and explore topics relevant and important to them which are themed around a central problem-solving purpose. Create the right atmosphere by modeling your space after a cafe and after guiding the group through the method, let them take the lead!

Making problem-solving a part of your organization’s culture in the long term can be a difficult undertaking. More approachable formats like World Cafe can be especially effective in bringing people unfamiliar with workshops into the fold.

World Cafe #hyperisland #innovation #issue analysis World Café is a simple yet powerful method, originated by Juanita Brown, for enabling meaningful conversations driven completely by participants and the topics that are relevant and important to them. Facilitators create a cafe-style space and provide simple guidelines. Participants then self-organize and explore a set of relevant topics or questions for conversation.

6. Discovery & Action Dialogue (DAD)

One of the best approaches is to create a safe space for a group to share and discover practices and behaviors that can help them find their own solutions.

With DAD, you can help a group choose which problems they wish to solve and which approaches they will take to do so. It’s great at helping remove resistance to change and can help get buy-in at every level too!

This process of enabling frontline ownership is great in ensuring follow-through and is one of the methods you will want in your toolbox as a facilitator.

Discovery & Action Dialogue (DAD) #idea generation #liberating structures #action #issue analysis #remote-friendly DADs make it easy for a group or community to discover practices and behaviors that enable some individuals (without access to special resources and facing the same constraints) to find better solutions than their peers to common problems. These are called positive deviant (PD) behaviors and practices. DADs make it possible for people in the group, unit, or community to discover by themselves these PD practices. DADs also create favorable conditions for stimulating participants’ creativity in spaces where they can feel safe to invent new and more effective practices. Resistance to change evaporates as participants are unleashed to choose freely which practices they will adopt or try and which problems they will tackle. DADs make it possible to achieve frontline ownership of solutions.

7. Design Sprint 2.0

Want to see how a team can solve big problems and move forward with prototyping and testing solutions in a few days? The Design Sprint 2.0 template from Jake Knapp, author of Sprint, is a complete agenda for a with proven results.

Developing the right agenda can involve difficult but necessary planning. Ensuring all the correct steps are followed can also be stressful or time-consuming depending on your level of experience.

Use this complete 4-day workshop template if you are finding there is no obvious solution to your challenge and want to focus your team around a specific problem that might require a shortcut to launching a minimum viable product or waiting for the organization-wide implementation of a solution.

8. Open space technology

Open space technology- developed by Harrison Owen – creates a space where large groups are invited to take ownership of their problem solving and lead individual sessions. Open space technology is a great format when you have a great deal of expertise and insight in the room and want to allow for different takes and approaches on a particular theme or problem you need to be solved.

Start by bringing your participants together to align around a central theme and focus their efforts. Explain the ground rules to help guide the problem-solving process and then invite members to identify any issue connecting to the central theme that they are interested in and are prepared to take responsibility for.

Once participants have decided on their approach to the core theme, they write their issue on a piece of paper, announce it to the group, pick a session time and place, and post the paper on the wall. As the wall fills up with sessions, the group is then invited to join the sessions that interest them the most and which they can contribute to, then you’re ready to begin!

Everyone joins the problem-solving group they’ve signed up to, record the discussion and if appropriate, findings can then be shared with the rest of the group afterward.

Open Space Technology #action plan #idea generation #problem solving #issue analysis #large group #online #remote-friendly Open Space is a methodology for large groups to create their agenda discerning important topics for discussion, suitable for conferences, community gatherings and whole system facilitation

Techniques to identify and analyze problems

Using a problem-solving method to help a team identify and analyze a problem can be a quick and effective addition to any workshop or meeting.

While further actions are always necessary, you can generate momentum and alignment easily, and these activities are a great place to get started.

We’ve put together this list of techniques to help you and your team with problem identification, analysis, and discussion that sets the foundation for developing effective solutions.

Let’s take a look!

The Creativity Dice
Fishbone Analysis
Problem Tree
SWOT Analysis
Agreement-Certainty Matrix
The Journalistic Six
LEGO Challenge
What, So What, Now What?
Journalists

Individual and group perspectives are incredibly important, but what happens if people are set in their minds and need a change of perspective in order to approach a problem more effectively?

Flip It is a method we love because it is both simple to understand and run, and allows groups to understand how their perspectives and biases are formed.

Participants in Flip It are first invited to consider concerns, issues, or problems from a perspective of fear and write them on a flip chart. Then, the group is asked to consider those same issues from a perspective of hope and flip their understanding.

No problem and solution is free from existing bias and by changing perspectives with Flip It, you can then develop a problem solving model quickly and effectively.

Flip It! #gamestorming #problem solving #action Often, a change in a problem or situation comes simply from a change in our perspectives. Flip It! is a quick game designed to show players that perspectives are made, not born.

10. The Creativity Dice

One of the most useful problem solving skills you can teach your team is of approaching challenges with creativity, flexibility, and openness. Games like The Creativity Dice allow teams to overcome the potential hurdle of too much linear thinking and approach the process with a sense of fun and speed.

In The Creativity Dice, participants are organized around a topic and roll a dice to determine what they will work on for a period of 3 minutes at a time. They might roll a 3 and work on investigating factual information on the chosen topic. They might roll a 1 and work on identifying the specific goals, standards, or criteria for the session.

Encouraging rapid work and iteration while asking participants to be flexible are great skills to cultivate. Having a stage for idea incubation in this game is also important. Moments of pause can help ensure the ideas that are put forward are the most suitable.

The Creativity Dice #creativity #problem solving #thiagi #issue analysis Too much linear thinking is hazardous to creative problem solving. To be creative, you should approach the problem (or the opportunity) from different points of view. You should leave a thought hanging in mid-air and move to another. This skipping around prevents premature closure and lets your brain incubate one line of thought while you consciously pursue another.

11. Fishbone Analysis

Organizational or team challenges are rarely simple, and it’s important to remember that one problem can be an indication of something that goes deeper and may require further consideration to be solved.

Fishbone Analysis helps groups to dig deeper and understand the origins of a problem. It’s a great example of a root cause analysis method that is simple for everyone on a team to get their head around.

Participants in this activity are asked to annotate a diagram of a fish, first adding the problem or issue to be worked on at the head of a fish before then brainstorming the root causes of the problem and adding them as bones on the fish.

Using abstractions such as a diagram of a fish can really help a team break out of their regular thinking and develop a creative approach.

Fishbone Analysis #problem solving ##root cause analysis #decision making #online facilitation A process to help identify and understand the origins of problems, issues or observations.

12. Problem Tree

Encouraging visual thinking can be an essential part of many strategies. By simply reframing and clarifying problems, a group can move towards developing a problem solving model that works for them.

In Problem Tree, groups are asked to first brainstorm a list of problems – these can be design problems, team problems or larger business problems – and then organize them into a hierarchy. The hierarchy could be from most important to least important or abstract to practical, though the key thing with problem solving games that involve this aspect is that your group has some way of managing and sorting all the issues that are raised.

Once you have a list of problems that need to be solved and have organized them accordingly, you’re then well-positioned for the next problem solving steps.

Problem tree #define intentions #create #design #issue analysis A problem tree is a tool to clarify the hierarchy of problems addressed by the team within a design project; it represents high level problems or related sublevel problems.

13. SWOT Analysis

Chances are you’ve heard of the SWOT Analysis before. This problem-solving method focuses on identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is a tried and tested method for both individuals and teams.

Start by creating a desired end state or outcome and bare this in mind – any process solving model is made more effective by knowing what you are moving towards. Create a quadrant made up of the four categories of a SWOT analysis and ask participants to generate ideas based on each of those quadrants.

Once you have those ideas assembled in their quadrants, cluster them together based on their affinity with other ideas. These clusters are then used to facilitate group conversations and move things forward.

SWOT analysis #gamestorming #problem solving #action #meeting facilitation The SWOT Analysis is a long-standing technique of looking at what we have, with respect to the desired end state, as well as what we could improve on. It gives us an opportunity to gauge approaching opportunities and dangers, and assess the seriousness of the conditions that affect our future. When we understand those conditions, we can influence what comes next.

14. Agreement-Certainty Matrix

Not every problem-solving approach is right for every challenge, and deciding on the right method for the challenge at hand is a key part of being an effective team.

The Agreement Certainty matrix helps teams align on the nature of the challenges facing them. By sorting problems from simple to chaotic, your team can understand what methods are suitable for each problem and what they can do to ensure effective results.

If you are already using Liberating Structures techniques as part of your problem-solving strategy, the Agreement-Certainty Matrix can be an invaluable addition to your process. We’ve found it particularly if you are having issues with recurring problems in your organization and want to go deeper in understanding the root cause.

Agreement-Certainty Matrix #issue analysis #liberating structures #problem solving You can help individuals or groups avoid the frequent mistake of trying to solve a problem with methods that are not adapted to the nature of their challenge. The combination of two questions makes it possible to easily sort challenges into four categories: simple, complicated, complex , and chaotic . A problem is simple when it can be solved reliably with practices that are easy to duplicate. It is complicated when experts are required to devise a sophisticated solution that will yield the desired results predictably. A problem is complex when there are several valid ways to proceed but outcomes are not predictable in detail. Chaotic is when the context is too turbulent to identify a path forward. A loose analogy may be used to describe these differences: simple is like following a recipe, complicated like sending a rocket to the moon, complex like raising a child, and chaotic is like the game “Pin the Tail on the Donkey.” The Liberating Structures Matching Matrix in Chapter 5 can be used as the first step to clarify the nature of a challenge and avoid the mismatches between problems and solutions that are frequently at the root of chronic, recurring problems.

Organizing and charting a team’s progress can be important in ensuring its success. SQUID (Sequential Question and Insight Diagram) is a great model that allows a team to effectively switch between giving questions and answers and develop the skills they need to stay on track throughout the process.

Begin with two different colored sticky notes – one for questions and one for answers – and with your central topic (the head of the squid) on the board. Ask the group to first come up with a series of questions connected to their best guess of how to approach the topic. Ask the group to come up with answers to those questions, fix them to the board and connect them with a line. After some discussion, go back to question mode by responding to the generated answers or other points on the board.

It’s rewarding to see a diagram grow throughout the exercise, and a completed SQUID can provide a visual resource for future effort and as an example for other teams.

SQUID #gamestorming #project planning #issue analysis #problem solving When exploring an information space, it’s important for a group to know where they are at any given time. By using SQUID, a group charts out the territory as they go and can navigate accordingly. SQUID stands for Sequential Question and Insight Diagram.

16. Speed Boat

To continue with our nautical theme, Speed Boat is a short and sweet activity that can help a team quickly identify what employees, clients or service users might have a problem with and analyze what might be standing in the way of achieving a solution.

Methods that allow for a group to make observations, have insights and obtain those eureka moments quickly are invaluable when trying to solve complex problems.

In Speed Boat, the approach is to first consider what anchors and challenges might be holding an organization (or boat) back. Bonus points if you are able to identify any sharks in the water and develop ideas that can also deal with competitors!

Speed Boat #gamestorming #problem solving #action Speedboat is a short and sweet way to identify what your employees or clients don’t like about your product/service or what’s standing in the way of a desired goal.

17. The Journalistic Six

Some of the most effective ways of solving problems is by encouraging teams to be more inclusive and diverse in their thinking.

Based on the six key questions journalism students are taught to answer in articles and news stories, The Journalistic Six helps create teams to see the whole picture. By using who, what, when, where, why, and how to facilitate the conversation and encourage creative thinking, your team can make sure that the problem identification and problem analysis stages of the are covered exhaustively and thoughtfully. Reporter’s notebook and dictaphone optional.

The Journalistic Six – Who What When Where Why How #idea generation #issue analysis #problem solving #online #creative thinking #remote-friendly A questioning method for generating, explaining, investigating ideas.

18. LEGO Challenge

Now for an activity that is a little out of the (toy) box. LEGO Serious Play is a facilitation methodology that can be used to improve creative thinking and problem-solving skills.

The LEGO Challenge includes giving each member of the team an assignment that is hidden from the rest of the group while they create a structure without speaking.

What the LEGO challenge brings to the table is a fun working example of working with stakeholders who might not be on the same page to solve problems. Also, it’s LEGO! Who doesn’t love LEGO!

LEGO Challenge #hyperisland #team A team-building activity in which groups must work together to build a structure out of LEGO, but each individual has a secret “assignment” which makes the collaborative process more challenging. It emphasizes group communication, leadership dynamics, conflict, cooperation, patience and problem solving strategy.

19. What, So What, Now What?

If not carefully managed, the problem identification and problem analysis stages of the problem-solving process can actually create more problems and misunderstandings.

The What, So What, Now What? problem-solving activity is designed to help collect insights and move forward while also eliminating the possibility of disagreement when it comes to identifying, clarifying, and analyzing organizational or work problems.

Facilitation is all about bringing groups together so that might work on a shared goal and the best problem-solving strategies ensure that teams are aligned in purpose, if not initially in opinion or insight.

Throughout the three steps of this game, you give everyone on a team to reflect on a problem by asking what happened, why it is important, and what actions should then be taken.

This can be a great activity for bringing our individual perceptions about a problem or challenge and contextualizing it in a larger group setting. This is one of the most important problem-solving skills you can bring to your organization.

W³ – What, So What, Now What? #issue analysis #innovation #liberating structures You can help groups reflect on a shared experience in a way that builds understanding and spurs coordinated action while avoiding unproductive conflict. It is possible for every voice to be heard while simultaneously sifting for insights and shaping new direction. Progressing in stages makes this practical—from collecting facts about What Happened to making sense of these facts with So What and finally to what actions logically follow with Now What . The shared progression eliminates most of the misunderstandings that otherwise fuel disagreements about what to do. Voila!

20. Journalists

Problem analysis can be one of the most important and decisive stages of all problem-solving tools. Sometimes, a team can become bogged down in the details and are unable to move forward.

Journalists is an activity that can avoid a group from getting stuck in the problem identification or problem analysis stages of the process.

In Journalists, the group is invited to draft the front page of a fictional newspaper and figure out what stories deserve to be on the cover and what headlines those stories will have. By reframing how your problems and challenges are approached, you can help a team move productively through the process and be better prepared for the steps to follow.

Journalists #vision #big picture #issue analysis #remote-friendly This is an exercise to use when the group gets stuck in details and struggles to see the big picture. Also good for defining a vision.

Problem-solving techniques for developing solutions

The success of any problem-solving process can be measured by the solutions it produces. After you’ve defined the issue, explored existing ideas, and ideated, it’s time to narrow down to the correct solution.

Use these problem-solving techniques when you want to help your team find consensus, compare possible solutions, and move towards taking action on a particular problem.

Improved Solutions
Four-Step Sketch
15% Solutions
How-Now-Wow matrix
Impact Effort Matrix

21. Mindspin

Brainstorming is part of the bread and butter of the problem-solving process and all problem-solving strategies benefit from getting ideas out and challenging a team to generate solutions quickly.

With Mindspin, participants are encouraged not only to generate ideas but to do so under time constraints and by slamming down cards and passing them on. By doing multiple rounds, your team can begin with a free generation of possible solutions before moving on to developing those solutions and encouraging further ideation.

This is one of our favorite problem-solving activities and can be great for keeping the energy up throughout the workshop. Remember the importance of helping people become engaged in the process – energizing problem-solving techniques like Mindspin can help ensure your team stays engaged and happy, even when the problems they’re coming together to solve are complex.

MindSpin #teampedia #idea generation #problem solving #action A fast and loud method to enhance brainstorming within a team. Since this activity has more than round ideas that are repetitive can be ruled out leaving more creative and innovative answers to the challenge.

22. Improved Solutions

After a team has successfully identified a problem and come up with a few solutions, it can be tempting to call the work of the problem-solving process complete. That said, the first solution is not necessarily the best, and by including a further review and reflection activity into your problem-solving model, you can ensure your group reaches the best possible result.

One of a number of problem-solving games from Thiagi Group, Improved Solutions helps you go the extra mile and develop suggested solutions with close consideration and peer review. By supporting the discussion of several problems at once and by shifting team roles throughout, this problem-solving technique is a dynamic way of finding the best solution.

Improved Solutions #creativity #thiagi #problem solving #action #team You can improve any solution by objectively reviewing its strengths and weaknesses and making suitable adjustments. In this creativity framegame, you improve the solutions to several problems. To maintain objective detachment, you deal with a different problem during each of six rounds and assume different roles (problem owner, consultant, basher, booster, enhancer, and evaluator) during each round. At the conclusion of the activity, each player ends up with two solutions to her problem.

23. Four Step Sketch

Creative thinking and visual ideation does not need to be confined to the opening stages of your problem-solving strategies. Exercises that include sketching and prototyping on paper can be effective at the solution finding and development stage of the process, and can be great for keeping a team engaged.

By going from simple notes to a crazy 8s round that involves rapidly sketching 8 variations on their ideas before then producing a final solution sketch, the group is able to iterate quickly and visually. Problem-solving techniques like Four-Step Sketch are great if you have a group of different thinkers and want to change things up from a more textual or discussion-based approach.

Four-Step Sketch #design sprint #innovation #idea generation #remote-friendly The four-step sketch is an exercise that helps people to create well-formed concepts through a structured process that includes: Review key information Start design work on paper, Consider multiple variations , Create a detailed solution . This exercise is preceded by a set of other activities allowing the group to clarify the challenge they want to solve. See how the Four Step Sketch exercise fits into a Design Sprint

24. 15% Solutions

Some problems are simpler than others and with the right problem-solving activities, you can empower people to take immediate actions that can help create organizational change.

Part of the liberating structures toolkit, 15% solutions is a problem-solving technique that focuses on finding and implementing solutions quickly. A process of iterating and making small changes quickly can help generate momentum and an appetite for solving complex problems.

Problem-solving strategies can live and die on whether people are onboard. Getting some quick wins is a great way of getting people behind the process.

It can be extremely empowering for a team to realize that problem-solving techniques can be deployed quickly and easily and delineate between things they can positively impact and those things they cannot change.

15% Solutions #action #liberating structures #remote-friendly You can reveal the actions, however small, that everyone can do immediately. At a minimum, these will create momentum, and that may make a BIG difference. 15% Solutions show that there is no reason to wait around, feel powerless, or fearful. They help people pick it up a level. They get individuals and the group to focus on what is within their discretion instead of what they cannot change. With a very simple question, you can flip the conversation to what can be done and find solutions to big problems that are often distributed widely in places not known in advance. Shifting a few grains of sand may trigger a landslide and change the whole landscape.

25. How-Now-Wow Matrix

The problem-solving process is often creative, as complex problems usually require a change of thinking and creative response in order to find the best solutions. While it’s common for the first stages to encourage creative thinking, groups can often gravitate to familiar solutions when it comes to the end of the process.

When selecting solutions, you don’t want to lose your creative energy! The How-Now-Wow Matrix from Gamestorming is a great problem-solving activity that enables a group to stay creative and think out of the box when it comes to selecting the right solution for a given problem.

Problem-solving techniques that encourage creative thinking and the ideation and selection of new solutions can be the most effective in organisational change. Give the How-Now-Wow Matrix a go, and not just for how pleasant it is to say out loud.

How-Now-Wow Matrix #gamestorming #idea generation #remote-friendly When people want to develop new ideas, they most often think out of the box in the brainstorming or divergent phase. However, when it comes to convergence, people often end up picking ideas that are most familiar to them. This is called a ‘creative paradox’ or a ‘creadox’. The How-Now-Wow matrix is an idea selection tool that breaks the creadox by forcing people to weigh each idea on 2 parameters.

26. Impact and Effort Matrix

All problem-solving techniques hope to not only find solutions to a given problem or challenge but to find the best solution. When it comes to finding a solution, groups are invited to put on their decision-making hats and really think about how a proposed idea would work in practice.

The Impact and Effort Matrix is one of the problem-solving techniques that fall into this camp, empowering participants to first generate ideas and then categorize them into a 2×2 matrix based on impact and effort.

Activities that invite critical thinking while remaining simple are invaluable. Use the Impact and Effort Matrix to move from ideation and towards evaluating potential solutions before then committing to them.

Impact and Effort Matrix #gamestorming #decision making #action #remote-friendly In this decision-making exercise, possible actions are mapped based on two factors: effort required to implement and potential impact. Categorizing ideas along these lines is a useful technique in decision making, as it obliges contributors to balance and evaluate suggested actions before committing to them.

27. Dotmocracy

If you’ve followed each of the problem-solving steps with your group successfully, you should move towards the end of your process with heaps of possible solutions developed with a specific problem in mind. But how do you help a group go from ideation to putting a solution into action?

Dotmocracy – or Dot Voting -is a tried and tested method of helping a team in the problem-solving process make decisions and put actions in place with a degree of oversight and consensus.

One of the problem-solving techniques that should be in every facilitator’s toolbox, Dot Voting is fast and effective and can help identify the most popular and best solutions and help bring a group to a decision effectively.

Dotmocracy #action #decision making #group prioritization #hyperisland #remote-friendly Dotmocracy is a simple method for group prioritization or decision-making. It is not an activity on its own, but a method to use in processes where prioritization or decision-making is the aim. The method supports a group to quickly see which options are most popular or relevant. The options or ideas are written on post-its and stuck up on a wall for the whole group to see. Each person votes for the options they think are the strongest, and that information is used to inform a decision.

All facilitators know that warm-ups and icebreakers are useful for any workshop or group process. Problem-solving workshops are no different.

Use these problem-solving techniques to warm up a group and prepare them for the rest of the process. Activating your group by tapping into some of the top problem-solving skills can be one of the best ways to see great outcomes from your session.

Check-in/Check-out
Doodling Together
Show and Tell
Constellations
Draw a Tree

28. Check-in / Check-out

Solid processes are planned from beginning to end, and the best facilitators know that setting the tone and establishing a safe, open environment can be integral to a successful problem-solving process.

Check-in / Check-out is a great way to begin and/or bookend a problem-solving workshop. Checking in to a session emphasizes that everyone will be seen, heard, and expected to contribute.

If you are running a series of meetings, setting a consistent pattern of checking in and checking out can really help your team get into a groove. We recommend this opening-closing activity for small to medium-sized groups though it can work with large groups if they’re disciplined!

Check-in / Check-out #team #opening #closing #hyperisland #remote-friendly Either checking-in or checking-out is a simple way for a team to open or close a process, symbolically and in a collaborative way. Checking-in/out invites each member in a group to be present, seen and heard, and to express a reflection or a feeling. Checking-in emphasizes presence, focus and group commitment; checking-out emphasizes reflection and symbolic closure.

29. Doodling Together

Thinking creatively and not being afraid to make suggestions are important problem-solving skills for any group or team, and warming up by encouraging these behaviors is a great way to start.

Doodling Together is one of our favorite creative ice breaker games – it’s quick, effective, and fun and can make all following problem-solving steps easier by encouraging a group to collaborate visually. By passing cards and adding additional items as they go, the workshop group gets into a groove of co-creation and idea development that is crucial to finding solutions to problems.

Doodling Together #collaboration #creativity #teamwork #fun #team #visual methods #energiser #icebreaker #remote-friendly Create wild, weird and often funny postcards together & establish a group’s creative confidence.

30. Show and Tell

You might remember some version of Show and Tell from being a kid in school and it’s a great problem-solving activity to kick off a session.

Asking participants to prepare a little something before a workshop by bringing an object for show and tell can help them warm up before the session has even begun! Games that include a physical object can also help encourage early engagement before moving onto more big-picture thinking.

By asking your participants to tell stories about why they chose to bring a particular item to the group, you can help teams see things from new perspectives and see both differences and similarities in the way they approach a topic. Great groundwork for approaching a problem-solving process as a team!

Show and Tell #gamestorming #action #opening #meeting facilitation Show and Tell taps into the power of metaphors to reveal players’ underlying assumptions and associations around a topic The aim of the game is to get a deeper understanding of stakeholders’ perspectives on anything—a new project, an organizational restructuring, a shift in the company’s vision or team dynamic.

31. Constellations

Who doesn’t love stars? Constellations is a great warm-up activity for any workshop as it gets people up off their feet, energized, and ready to engage in new ways with established topics. It’s also great for showing existing beliefs, biases, and patterns that can come into play as part of your session.

Using warm-up games that help build trust and connection while also allowing for non-verbal responses can be great for easing people into the problem-solving process and encouraging engagement from everyone in the group. Constellations is great in large spaces that allow for movement and is definitely a practical exercise to allow the group to see patterns that are otherwise invisible.

Constellations #trust #connection #opening #coaching #patterns #system Individuals express their response to a statement or idea by standing closer or further from a central object. Used with teams to reveal system, hidden patterns, perspectives.

32. Draw a Tree

Problem-solving games that help raise group awareness through a central, unifying metaphor can be effective ways to warm-up a group in any problem-solving model.

Draw a Tree is a simple warm-up activity you can use in any group and which can provide a quick jolt of energy. Start by asking your participants to draw a tree in just 45 seconds – they can choose whether it will be abstract or realistic.

Once the timer is up, ask the group how many people included the roots of the tree and use this as a means to discuss how we can ignore important parts of any system simply because they are not visible.

All problem-solving strategies are made more effective by thinking of problems critically and by exposing things that may not normally come to light. Warm-up games like Draw a Tree are great in that they quickly demonstrate some key problem-solving skills in an accessible and effective way.

Draw a Tree #thiagi #opening #perspectives #remote-friendly With this game you can raise awarness about being more mindful, and aware of the environment we live in.

Each step of the problem-solving workshop benefits from an intelligent deployment of activities, games, and techniques. Bringing your session to an effective close helps ensure that solutions are followed through on and that you also celebrate what has been achieved.

Here are some problem-solving activities you can use to effectively close a workshop or meeting and ensure the great work you’ve done can continue afterward.

One Breath Feedback
Who What When Matrix
Response Cards

How do I conclude a problem-solving process?

All good things must come to an end. With the bulk of the work done, it can be tempting to conclude your workshop swiftly and without a moment to debrief and align. This can be problematic in that it doesn’t allow your team to fully process the results or reflect on the process.

At the end of an effective session, your team will have gone through a process that, while productive, can be exhausting. It’s important to give your group a moment to take a breath, ensure that they are clear on future actions, and provide short feedback before leaving the space.

The primary purpose of any problem-solving method is to generate solutions and then implement them. Be sure to take the opportunity to ensure everyone is aligned and ready to effectively implement the solutions you produced in the workshop.

Remember that every process can be improved and by giving a short moment to collect feedback in the session, you can further refine your problem-solving methods and see further success in the future too.

33. One Breath Feedback

Maintaining attention and focus during the closing stages of a problem-solving workshop can be tricky and so being concise when giving feedback can be important. It’s easy to incur “death by feedback” should some team members go on for too long sharing their perspectives in a quick feedback round.

One Breath Feedback is a great closing activity for workshops. You give everyone an opportunity to provide feedback on what they’ve done but only in the space of a single breath. This keeps feedback short and to the point and means that everyone is encouraged to provide the most important piece of feedback to them.

One breath feedback #closing #feedback #action This is a feedback round in just one breath that excels in maintaining attention: each participants is able to speak during just one breath … for most people that’s around 20 to 25 seconds … unless of course you’ve been a deep sea diver in which case you’ll be able to do it for longer.

34. Who What When Matrix

Matrices feature as part of many effective problem-solving strategies and with good reason. They are easily recognizable, simple to use, and generate results.

The Who What When Matrix is a great tool to use when closing your problem-solving session by attributing a who, what and when to the actions and solutions you have decided upon. The resulting matrix is a simple, easy-to-follow way of ensuring your team can move forward.

Great solutions can’t be enacted without action and ownership. Your problem-solving process should include a stage for allocating tasks to individuals or teams and creating a realistic timeframe for those solutions to be implemented or checked out. Use this method to keep the solution implementation process clear and simple for all involved.

Who/What/When Matrix #gamestorming #action #project planning With Who/What/When matrix, you can connect people with clear actions they have defined and have committed to.

35. Response cards

Group discussion can comprise the bulk of most problem-solving activities and by the end of the process, you might find that your team is talked out!

Providing a means for your team to give feedback with short written notes can ensure everyone is head and can contribute without the need to stand up and talk. Depending on the needs of the group, giving an alternative can help ensure everyone can contribute to your problem-solving model in the way that makes the most sense for them.

Response Cards is a great way to close a workshop if you are looking for a gentle warm-down and want to get some swift discussion around some of the feedback that is raised.

Response Cards #debriefing #closing #structured sharing #questions and answers #thiagi #action It can be hard to involve everyone during a closing of a session. Some might stay in the background or get unheard because of louder participants. However, with the use of Response Cards, everyone will be involved in providing feedback or clarify questions at the end of a session.

Save time and effort discovering the right solutions

A structured problem solving process is a surefire way of solving tough problems, discovering creative solutions and driving organizational change. But how can you design for successful outcomes?

With SessionLab, it’s easy to design engaging workshops that deliver results. Drag, drop and reorder blocks to build your agenda. When you make changes or update your agenda, your session timing adjusts automatically , saving you time on manual adjustments.

Collaborating with stakeholders or clients? Share your agenda with a single click and collaborate in real-time. No more sending documents back and forth over email.

Explore how to use SessionLab to design effective problem solving workshops or watch this five minute video to see the planner in action!

Over to you

The problem-solving process can often be as complicated and multifaceted as the problems they are set-up to solve. With the right problem-solving techniques and a mix of creative exercises designed to guide discussion and generate purposeful ideas, we hope we’ve given you the tools to find the best solutions as simply and easily as possible.

Is there a problem-solving technique that you are missing here? Do you have a favorite activity or method you use when facilitating? Let us know in the comments below, we’d love to hear from you!

thank you very much for these excellent techniques

Certainly wonderful article, very detailed. Shared!

Your list of techniques for problem solving can be helpfully extended by adding TRIZ to the list of techniques. TRIZ has 40 problem solving techniques derived from methods inventros and patent holders used to get new patents. About 10-12 are general approaches. many organization sponsor classes in TRIZ that are used to solve business problems or general organiztational problems. You can take a look at TRIZ and dwonload a free internet booklet to see if you feel it shound be included per your selection process.

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निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया(Decision Making Process In Hindi)

निर्णय लेना एक महत्वपूर्ण कार्यवाही है। हम कई तरह के कार्यों के करने के लिए Decision लेना होते है, जिसके लिए उचित निष्कर्ष निकालना आवश्यक होता है। Decision Making Process एक ऐसी निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया है, जिसके द्वारा कोई लक्ष्य प्राप्त करने या किसी उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए लिया जाता है।

दो या दो से अधिक वैकल्पिक पाठ्यक्रमों के बीच से इसका चयन किया जाता है। यह Decision Making किसी भी कार्य के लिए हो सकता है, यह अपने व्यवसाय या किसी ऑफिस के प्रबंधकीय निर्णय लेना या किसी निजी उद्देश्य के लिए हो सकता है। हम आपको आज की इस पोस्ट में Decision कैसे ले और Decision Making in hindi मे प्रक्रिया को विस्तार से आपके सामने रखेंगे।

Table of Contents

Decision Making निर्णय निर्माण

Decision Making (निर्णय निर्माण) में कई तरह की चीजों को शामिल किया जाता है। जिसमे आपको अपने विचार को स्पष्ट करने के लिए कई योजना पर कार्य करके किसी Decision पर आया जाता है। जैसे कि किस भी निर्णय लेने से पहले आपको यह जानना होता है, की कब? कैसे? कहा पे? किसके द्वारा? आदि।

इसके बाद उस कार्य के लिए निर्णय निर्माण का अंतिम रूप दिया जाता है। निर्णय निर्माण में कई कार्य आते है, उसी तरह प्रबंधन के अन्य कार्य जैसे आयोजन और नियंत्रण भी निर्णय लेने से बना है। जिसमे आप किसी दो या दो से अधिक पक्षों के बीच निर्णय चुनाव का एक कार्य करते है।

Decision Making (निर्णय निर्माण) में हमेशा दो से अधिक विकल्प शामिल होते हैं, यह कभी भी किसी एक के साथ नहीं लिया जा सकता है। इसके लिए दो से अधिक पक्षों का होना आवश्यक होता है। यदि केवल एक ही विकल्प है, तो कोई निर्णय नहीं लिया जा सकता है।

एक निर्णय एक कार्य की निष्क्रियता है जो किसी समाधान तक पहुँचती है, इसमें किसी भी तरह समस्या हो सकती है या कोई नए कार्य को करने के लिए लिया गया निर्णय हो सकता है। निर्णय को एक निष्कर्ष के रूप में भी देखा जाता है। एक प्रबंधक भविष्य में (या बाद में) उसे क्या करना है, कैसे करना है, और कब करना चाहिए यह सभी कुछ Decision Making (निर्णय निर्माण) के अंतर्गत आता है।

निर्णय लेने का अर्थ।

निर्णय लेना एक बहुत जवाबदारी का कार्य होता है। यह प्रबंधन में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है, क्योंकि निर्णय लेना समस्या से संबंधित है और आपको किसी दो परिस्थितियों में से एक को चुनना होता है। यह आपके निर्णय पर निर्भर करता है, की आप उसमे क्या निर्णय लेते है।

प्रभावी निर्णय लेने से ऐसी समस्याओं को हल करके वांछित लक्ष्यों या उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने में मदद करता है। निर्णय का अर्थ है की, विचार-विमर्श में कटौती करना और निष्कर्ष पर आना। सभी परिस्थितियों को देखकर लिया गया निर्णय आपके कार्य और आपकी समस्या को ठीक करने में मदद करता है।

निर्णय निर्माण की प्रक्रिया (Process of Decision-Making)

निर्णय निर्माण इतना आसान नहीं होता है, किसी भी निर्णय तक पहुंचने के लिए आपको इसकी प्रोसेस को देखना होता है। यदि हम प्रशासनिक क्षेत्र की बात करे तो, निर्णय निर्माण या निर्णय प्रक्रिया के क्षेत्र में विद्वानों ने अलग अलग मत प्रस्तुत किये हैं । सभी ने इसके अलग अलग चरणों के बारे में बताया है।

हरबर्ट साइमन ने निर्णय प्रक्रिया को तीन चरण में बाटा है, वही न्यूमैन व वारेन ने चार चरणों में निर्णय निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को समझाया है। इसी तरह सभी ने अलग अलग निर्णय निर्माण की प्रोसेस को बताया है। हम आपको इन्ही में से मुख्य प्रोसेस को बताते है, जो आपके Decision Making को सफल बनाने में मदद करता है।

(1) लक्ष्य निर्धारण (Setting of Goals)

लक्ष्य निर्धारण (Setting of Goals) निर्णय निर्माण की प्रक्रिया का हिस्सा होता है। सबसे पहले निर्णय निर्माण के प्रथम चरण में आपको अपने उद्देश्यों या लक्ष्यों का निर्धारण करना होता है, जिसके बाद ही आगे बढ़ा जा सकता है। हमे देखना होता है की प्रशासक या व्यवसाय प्रबंधक को जनता के हित में अथवा सार्वजनिक कल्याण की दृष्टि से किन लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करना उचित है ।

(2) अपनी समस्या की विस्तार से व्याख्या करना

किसी भी निर्णय को लेने से पहले समस्या की व्याख्या का आकलन करना होता है। यह दूसरा सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु होता है। इस चरण में यह जानने का प्रयास किया जाता है कि लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने में मार्ग में कौन-कौन सी समस्याएँ आती है। सबसे पहले समस्याओं की पहचान होना जरुरी है, जिसके बाद हम निर्णय निर्माण की पप्रोसेस में आगे बढ़ते है।

(3) समस्या का विश्लेषण (Analysis of the Problem)

यदि निर्णय निर्माण में आपको समस्या का पता चलता है, तो समस्या की व्याख्या करना होती है, उसके बाद ही किसी निर्णय पर पहुंचा जाता है | छोटी समस्या का विश्लेषण सरल होता है, लेकिन आपके सामने यदि कोई बड़ी समस्या है, तो उसका पूरी तरह से विश्लेषण करने के बाद ही निर्णय लेना होता है।

समस्या का विश्लेषण करने के तरिके –

वैकल्पिक समाधान (Alternative Solution):

समस्या-विश्लेषण के उपरान्त आप किसी भी समस्या के लिए वैकल्पिक समाधान का उपयोग कर सकते है। जिससे आप अपनी समस्या का सही निर्णय ले सके। इसमें सम्बन्धित तथ्यों एवं सूचनाओं के आधार पर विकल्प प्रस्तुत किये जाते हैं ।

द्वारा चयन किया जाना

सभी वैकल्पिक समाधानों को देखने के बाद यह देखा जाता है, की कौन सा विकल्प समस्या के समाधान हेतु सर्वाधिक उचित होगा। विवेक संगत विश्लेषण के उपरान्त ही उसका निर्णय लिया जाता है।

निर्णयों का क्रियान्वयन (Implementation of Decisions):

निर्णयों का क्रियान्वयन इसी का पहलू होता है। जब निर्णय लिया जाता है, उसके बाद निर्णयों का क्रियान्वयन करना बेहद जरूरी होता है। जिससे कि समाधान सम्भव हो सके, इसके माध्यम से आप अपने कार्य को और काम करने वाले कर्मचारियों से कार्य पर नियंत्रण रख सकते है।

निर्णय की प्रतिपुष्टि (Confirmation of Decision):

यह Decision Making (निर्णय निर्माण) की अंतिम प्रोसेस होती है, इसमें आपको अपना अंतिम निर्णय दिखाई देता है। जिसके ऊपर आपको अपना अंतिम पक्ष दीखता है। यही निर्णय प्रक्रिया का अन्तिम चरण है |

Decision Making skill (निर्णय लेने का कौशल)

निर्णय लेने का कौशल d आपके अंदर होना जरूरी है, यदि निर्णय लेने का कौशल आपके पास है, तो आप सही निर्णय पर पहुंच सकते है। इसके लिए आपको निम्न बातो को देखना होता है।

1. महत्वपूर्ण कारकों की पहचान करें –

सबसे पहले आपको निर्णय के लिए महत्वपूर्ण कारकों की पहचान करना होता है, जिसकी मदद से आप अपने निर्णय को ले सकते है। एक अत्यधिक कुशल निर्णयकर्ता होने के लिए उत्कृष्ट विश्लेषणात्मक कौशल की आवश्यकता होती है। और सभी से उचित विचार-विमर्श किया जाना चाहिए।

2. नैतिक निर्णय लेने का कौशल –

नैतिक निर्णय लेने का कौशल आपके पास होना आवश्यक है। जिससे आप कठिन विकल्पों में से किस का चुनाव कर सकते है। इसमें स्वास्थ्य देखभाल, वित्तीय उद्योग, और बहुत सारे केंद्रीय कौशल आते है।

3. विकल्पों का सही मूल्यांकन

आपके पास जो भी विकल्प है उनका सही से मूल्यांकन करें क्योंकि उन्ही में से आपको निर्णय लेना होता है। इसके लिए

4. उपभोक्ता निर्णय लेना

उपभोक्ता के लिए लिया गया निर्णय उपभोक्ता निर्णय कहलाता है, एक्स नादेर उपभोक्ता से जुड़े निर्णय लेने का कौशल होना आवश्यक है। जैसे किसी वास्तु का रेट बढ़ाना है, या कम करना है तो आपको सही समय पर इसका निर्णय लेते आना जरुरी है।

5. टीम निर्णय लेने का कौशल

व्यापार और प्रबंधकीय नौकरियों में टीम निर्णय लेने का कौशल सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है। इसमें आपको अपनी टीम के लिए या टीम के साथ निर्णय लेना होता है। यह एक बड़ी चुनौती है, इसमें तेमा के सभी लोग आपसे सहमत होना महत्वपूर्ण होता है ।

6. चिकित्सा निर्णय लेने का कौशल

चिकित्सा निर्णय अति महत्पूर्ण निर्णय में से एक होता है, क्युकी इसमें किसी की जान का नुकशान जुड़ा होता है। यदि सही समय पर सही निर्णय नहीं लिया गया यो किसी की जान जा सकती है। इसमें डॉक्टरों, नर्सों और अन्य स्वास्थ्य पेशेवरों के निर्णय जुड़े होते है।

7. डेटा संचालित निर्णय लेने का कौशल

डेटा संचालित निर्णय लेने का कौशल आपको कई तरह की मार्केटिंग या स्वास्थ्य सेवा जैसे डेटा-भारी क्षेत्रों में महत्वपूर्ण है। इस तरह के निर्णय व्यवसाय की ग्रोथ को बढ़ाने में मदद करते है। डेटा संचालित निर्णय लेने का कौशल आपको अपने जीवन में तरक्की में मदद करता है।

8. जोखिम और अनिश्चितता के साथ निर्णय लेने का कौशल

सबसे कुशल प्रबंधक में यह गन होना आवश्यक होता है, जिससे वह किसी भी परिस्थिति में निर्णय ले सकता है। इस तरह के निर्णय सर्वोत्तम न्यायसंगत अनुमानों का न्याय करते हैं। सबसे अच्छा अनुमान आपके भविष्य से जुड़े हुए फैसले लेता है।

Decision Making के प्रकार (Types of Decisions)

किसी भी संगठन या व्यापार में लिये जाने वाले निर्णयों को निम्न भागों में विभक्त किया जा सकता है:

कार्यात्मक तथा अकार्यात्मक निर्णय (Programmed and Non-Programmed Decisions)

Herbert Simon पद्धति मे Decision को दो वर्गों में बाँट गया है. पहला कार्यात्मक निर्णय और दूसरा अकार्यात्मक निर्णय । कार्यात्मक निर्णयों में व्यापार व संगठन के दिन-प्रतिदिन के लिए जाने वाले निर्णयों को शामिल किया जाता है। और अकार्यात्मक निर्णय किसी विशेष परिस्थिति या लम्बे समय के लिए निर्णय लिया जाता है।

दैनिक आधार पर लिए जाने वाले निर्णय

दैनिक व आधारभूत निर्णय लेने के लिए आपको ज्यादा समय नहीं देना होता है। इस तरह के निर्णय कम समय लेते है, यह सामान्य प्रक्रिया के द्वारा लिये जाते हैं तथा ‘दैनिक निर्णयों’ की श्रेणी में आते हैं । दैनिक व आधारभूत निर्णय लेने के लिए आपको ज्यादा विवेक या ज्ञान की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है। यह प्रतिदिन होने वाले कार्यों के अनुसार लिए जाते है। इस प्रकार के निर्णय उच्च श्रेणी के अधिकारियों द्वारा लिए जाते है, इसमें ज्यादा लोगों द्वारा सम्मिलित निर्णय नहीं होते है।

संगठनात्मक और एकीकृत निर्णय (Organizational or Personal Decisions)

संगठनात्मक व एकीकृत निर्णय चेस्टर आई. बर्नार्ड के अनुसार इसमें दोनों को अलग विभाजित किया जाता है। जो निर्णय संगठन के परिप्रेक्ष्य में लिये जाते हैं जिनसे संगठन को फायदा होता है, इस तरह के निर्णय इस श्रेणी में आते है। ऐसे निर्णय संगठन के उच्च स्तर से निम्न स्तर की और किये जाते है। और व्यक्तिगत निर्णय वे होते हैं, जो एक पदाधिकारी द्वारा अपने कर्मचारी के लिए लिए जाते है।

एकाकी और सामूहिक निर्णय (Individual or Collective Decisions)

‘एकाकी निर्णय’ अकेले के आधार पर लिए जाते है, जो प्रशासन के क्षेत्र में एक ही व्यक्ति द्वारा लिये जाते है। इस तरह के निर्णय प्रशासन द्वारा लिए जाते है, जिन्हे सभी लोगो को मानना होता है। और वही सामूहिक निर्णय अधिक लिये जाते हैं। जो किसी संस्था के अनुसार ”समूह द्वारा किये जाते है।

नियोजित और अनियोजित निर्णय (Planned or Unplanned Decision)

आर. ई. विलियम्स द्वारा नियोजित व अनियोजित निर्णय को दर्शाया गया है। इस तरह के निर्णय प्राय: तथ्यों के आधार पर लिए जाते है और उनके लिये वैज्ञानिक विधियों का प्रयोग किया जाता है। अनियोजित निर्णय किसी विशेष परिस्थिति या समस्या के आने पर लिए जाते है, यह पूर्वनियोजित नहीं होते है और कम समय में लिए जाते है।

निर्णय लेना और समस्या समाधान

हमे आपको निर्णय लेने का कौशल और निर्णय लेने के प्रकार या Decision Making Process के बारे में बताया है। इन सभी के आधार पर निर्णय लेकर समस्या का समाधान किया जा सकता है। किसी भी तरह के निर्णय पर पहुंचने के लिए आपको अपनी समस्या का आकलन करना अति आवश्यक होता है, उसी के आधार पर कोई निर्णय तक पहुंच पाना संभव होता है।

निर्णय लेना प्रबंधन में एक महत्वपूर्ण कार्य है, इसको बेहतर तरीके से आना हम सभी के लिए महत्वपूर्ण होता है। क्योंकि निर्णय लेना समस्या से संबंधित है, और यदि आप एक बेहतर निर्णय स्किल को समझते है, तो यह आपके लिए यह सभी कुछ बहुत आसान हो जाता है और आप अपने लिए और अपने संगठन के लिए निर्णय ले पाएंगे। इससे आप वांछित लक्ष्यों या उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त कर सकते है।

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The Play Way Method - Techniques and Benefits

The Play Way method is a renowned system of educating very small children taking their first steps in the world of formal education. It is based on the premise that learning is best done through play and exploration. While this system of education is largely used in the case of early childhood education, it can also be used in primary and secondary education . Nursery schools in Dubai and the best Indian schools in Dubai are known to use this method of teaching very small children.

What is Play Way Method?

The Play Way method of education assumes that play is a natural way for children to learn about and understand the world around them. It relies on the fact that children learn best when they actively participate in their own learning. This method involves encouraging children to learn via hands-on activities, exploration and games, instead of through traditional classroom teaching. The idea is to create an engaging and interactive learning environment that fulfils a child’s natural curiosity and creative urges.

The teacher’s role is that of a facilitator who guides and supports the child in learning and developing, rather than dictating a specific course of action. He or she is encouraged and empowered to take an active role in their own learning, which allows them to make choices and explore their interests.

What are the types of Play Way Method?

There are quite a few types of the Play Way method. Let’s look at them one by one-

● Role-playing games - This involves the children essaying different roles like those of doctors, teachers, shopkeepers and so on to develop social and emotional skills.

● Block building - This method involves children using blocks of different shapes and sizes to get an understanding about problem solving.

● Outdoor play- This involves children engaging in physical activity outdoors. Things like running, jumping and climbing help them develop their motor skills.

● Creative play- Creative play encourages children to discover their creative side by using materials like paint, clay and drawing tools to express themselves.

● Storytelling- Storytelling has always been around and is a wonderful way of teaching children about different concepts and to help develop their language and communication skills.

How effective is the play-way method of learning in the early years of education?

Nursery schools in Dubai and the best Indian schools in Dubai are known to deploy this method of teaching the very young.The advantages of the play way method of learning are many. Let us look at this in some detail-

● The fact that the Play Way method emphasises learning through play and exploration, encouraging children to learn at their own pace and in a way that they find meaningful and engaging, makes it very effective.

● There is definitive research to suggest that the play way method of education helps children develop a range of skills including cognitive, social, emotional and physical ones. It helps them develop problem-solving, creativity, language and numeracy skills.

● The play way method is known to give a fillip to the children’s social skills like communication, cooperation and teamwork. It also helps them to develop their emotional skills and enhance their confidence.

What are the Benefits of Play Way Method of Teaching?

The play way method of teaching has been universally adopted as the best way to provide early education to very small children. There are several reasons why it is so-

● Engaging- The Play Way method is known to be a most engaging one, on account of its being both engaging and interactive, thereby managing to sustain children’s interest in learning.

● Holistic- The Play Way method leads to holistic development of children incorporating their social, emotional, cognitive and physical development.

● Better Learning- Since the Play Way method of learning is a fun way of learning it helps small children learn and retain information more effectively.

● Instils Confidence- The Play Way method is the best way to help little children build confidence and self-esteem, because it allows them to learn at their own pace and in a fun way.

● Teaches Children Social Skills- The Play Way method teaches children to learn collaboration and teamwork in the process sharpening their communication and social skills.

What are the Techniques of Teaching Play-Way method?

The techniques involved in the Play Way method of teaching are as follows:

● Activity based - Rather than rely solely on books, this kind of learning is activity based, leaving a more lasting effect on the students.

● Hands-on experience- The Play Way method of learning involves a hands on experience about how to go about understanding a concept. If children need to understand what a certain fruit is, one might show it to them and ask them to eat it.

● Playing games- Playing games is a great way to teach small children. They could, for instance, be asked to match names with pictures of animals.

● Art projects- Art plays a great role in firing up the imagination of young people. They could, for example, be asked to paint objects and things of daily use that are green in colour. These could include fruits, vegetables, grass, bed covers, clothes or anything else green in colour.

What are the Principles of Play Way Method of Teaching?

The Play Way method of teaching follows a set of principles of its own. These are as follows-

● Make learning fun.

● Make learning interactive

● Make learning experiential

● Make learning involve games.and other outdoor activities.

● Letting the children learn at their own pace.

● Not burdening the children

Don’t Miss Out- How to choose school for your child in Dubai?

The Play Way method of teaching is acknowledged and used around the world to initiate very small children into International schools, learning and education. This method of learning is meant to inspire small children to understand the world by experiencing it in a fun and interesting way. The idea is to encourage them to satisfy their natural curiosity by real life experiences in a very enabling environment that inculcates a lifelong love of learning in them.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is there any use of tools in play way method.

Yes, the Play Way method of education does use tools to aid the learning process in small children. Some prime examples of that are puzzles, educational toys, building blocks, musical instruments, arts supplies, sand, clay and water.

What Materials Are Used In Play Way Method?

Since this method of education is activity based there are a lot of materials which are put to use to make that possible. These include blocks and building materials, art supplies, play props for role playing, toys and games and outdoor play equipment like swings and slides.

Why Play-Way Method Is Important In Today’s Life?

The Play Way method is important in today’s life because one is valued for the practical skills one brings to the table and not so much what one has read or learnt from books. The Play Way method is based on the same philosophy.

Explain One Example Of Play-Way Method

Using building blocks to explain mathematical concepts to small children is a good example of the Play Way method in action.

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What is Problem Solving? (Steps, Techniques, Examples)

By Status.net Editorial Team on May 7, 2023 — 5 minutes to read

What Is Problem Solving?

Definition and importance.

Problem solving is the process of finding solutions to obstacles or challenges you encounter in your life or work. It is a crucial skill that allows you to tackle complex situations, adapt to changes, and overcome difficulties with ease. Mastering this ability will contribute to both your personal and professional growth, leading to more successful outcomes and better decision-making.

Problem-Solving Steps

The problem-solving process typically includes the following steps:

Identify the issue : Recognize the problem that needs to be solved.
Analyze the situation : Examine the issue in depth, gather all relevant information, and consider any limitations or constraints that may be present.
Generate potential solutions : Brainstorm a list of possible solutions to the issue, without immediately judging or evaluating them.
Evaluate options : Weigh the pros and cons of each potential solution, considering factors such as feasibility, effectiveness, and potential risks.
Select the best solution : Choose the option that best addresses the problem and aligns with your objectives.
Implement the solution : Put the selected solution into action and monitor the results to ensure it resolves the issue.
Review and learn : Reflect on the problem-solving process, identify any improvements or adjustments that can be made, and apply these learnings to future situations.

Defining the Problem

To start tackling a problem, first, identify and understand it. Analyzing the issue thoroughly helps to clarify its scope and nature. Ask questions to gather information and consider the problem from various angles. Some strategies to define the problem include:

Brainstorming with others
Asking the 5 Ws and 1 H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How)
Analyzing cause and effect
Creating a problem statement

Generating Solutions

Once the problem is clearly understood, brainstorm possible solutions. Think creatively and keep an open mind, as well as considering lessons from past experiences. Consider:

Creating a list of potential ideas to solve the problem
Grouping and categorizing similar solutions
Prioritizing potential solutions based on feasibility, cost, and resources required
Involving others to share diverse opinions and inputs

Evaluating and Selecting Solutions

Evaluate each potential solution, weighing its pros and cons. To facilitate decision-making, use techniques such as:

SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
Decision-making matrices
Pros and cons lists
Risk assessments

After evaluating, choose the most suitable solution based on effectiveness, cost, and time constraints.

Implementing and Monitoring the Solution

Implement the chosen solution and monitor its progress. Key actions include:

Communicating the solution to relevant parties
Setting timelines and milestones
Assigning tasks and responsibilities
Monitoring the solution and making adjustments as necessary
Evaluating the effectiveness of the solution after implementation

Utilize feedback from stakeholders and consider potential improvements. Remember that problem-solving is an ongoing process that can always be refined and enhanced.

Problem-Solving Techniques

During each step, you may find it helpful to utilize various problem-solving techniques, such as:

Brainstorming : A free-flowing, open-minded session where ideas are generated and listed without judgment, to encourage creativity and innovative thinking.
Root cause analysis : A method that explores the underlying causes of a problem to find the most effective solution rather than addressing superficial symptoms.
SWOT analysis : A tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to a problem or decision, providing a comprehensive view of the situation.
Mind mapping : A visual technique that uses diagrams to organize and connect ideas, helping to identify patterns, relationships, and possible solutions.

Brainstorming

When facing a problem, start by conducting a brainstorming session. Gather your team and encourage an open discussion where everyone contributes ideas, no matter how outlandish they may seem. This helps you:

Generate a diverse range of solutions
Encourage all team members to participate
Foster creative thinking

When brainstorming, remember to:

Reserve judgment until the session is over
Encourage wild ideas
Combine and improve upon ideas

Root Cause Analysis

For effective problem-solving, identifying the root cause of the issue at hand is crucial. Try these methods:

5 Whys : Ask “why” five times to get to the underlying cause.
Fishbone Diagram : Create a diagram representing the problem and break it down into categories of potential causes.
Pareto Analysis : Determine the few most significant causes underlying the majority of problems.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis helps you examine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to your problem. To perform a SWOT analysis:

List your problem’s strengths, such as relevant resources or strong partnerships.
Identify its weaknesses, such as knowledge gaps or limited resources.
Explore opportunities, like trends or new technologies, that could help solve the problem.
Recognize potential threats, like competition or regulatory barriers.

SWOT analysis aids in understanding the internal and external factors affecting the problem, which can help guide your solution.

Mind Mapping

A mind map is a visual representation of your problem and potential solutions. It enables you to organize information in a structured and intuitive manner. To create a mind map:

Write the problem in the center of a blank page.
Draw branches from the central problem to related sub-problems or contributing factors.
Add more branches to represent potential solutions or further ideas.

Mind mapping allows you to visually see connections between ideas and promotes creativity in problem-solving.

Examples of Problem Solving in Various Contexts

In the business world, you might encounter problems related to finances, operations, or communication. Applying problem-solving skills in these situations could look like:

Identifying areas of improvement in your company’s financial performance and implementing cost-saving measures
Resolving internal conflicts among team members by listening and understanding different perspectives, then proposing and negotiating solutions
Streamlining a process for better productivity by removing redundancies, automating tasks, or re-allocating resources

In educational contexts, problem-solving can be seen in various aspects, such as:

Addressing a gap in students’ understanding by employing diverse teaching methods to cater to different learning styles
Developing a strategy for successful time management to balance academic responsibilities and extracurricular activities
Seeking resources and support to provide equal opportunities for learners with special needs or disabilities

Everyday life is full of challenges that require problem-solving skills. Some examples include:

Overcoming a personal obstacle, such as improving your fitness level, by establishing achievable goals, measuring progress, and adjusting your approach accordingly
Navigating a new environment or city by researching your surroundings, asking for directions, or using technology like GPS to guide you
Dealing with a sudden change, like a change in your work schedule, by assessing the situation, identifying potential impacts, and adapting your plans to accommodate the change.
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A Step-by-Step Guide to A3 Problem Solving Methodology

Author: Daniel Croft

Daniel Croft is an experienced continuous improvement manager with a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt and a Bachelor's degree in Business Management. With more than ten years of experience applying his skills across various industries, Daniel specializes in optimizing processes and improving efficiency. His approach combines practical experience with a deep understanding of business fundamentals to drive meaningful change.

Problem-solving is an important component of any business or organization. It entails identifying, analyzing, and resolving problems in order to improve processes, drive results, and foster a culture of continuous improvement. A3 Problem solving is one of the most effective problem-solving methodologies.

A3 Problem solving is a structured and systematic approach to problem-solving that originated with the lean manufacturing methodology. It visualizes the problem-solving process using a one-page document known as an A3 report. The A3 report provides an overview of the problem, data analysis, root causes, solutions, and results in a clear and concise manner.

A3 Problem Solving has numerous advantages, including improved communication, better decision-making, increased efficiency, and reduced waste. It is a powerful tool for businesses of all sizes and industries, and it is especially useful for solving complex and multi-faceted problems.

In this blog post, we will walk you through the A3 Problem Solving methodology step by step. Whether you are new to A3 Problem Solving or simply want to improve your skills, this guide will help you understand and apply the process in your workplace.

What is A3 Problem Solving?

A3 Problem Solving is a structured and systematic approach to problem-solving that makes use of a one-page document called an A3 report to visually represent the process. The A3 report provides an overview of the problem, data analysis, root causes, solutions, and results in a clear and concise manner. The method was created within the framework of the Lean manufacturing methodology and is based on the principles of continuous improvement and visual management.

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Origin and History of A3 Problem Solving

A3 Problem Solving was developed by Toyota Motor Corporation and was first used in the manufacture of automobiles. The term “A3” refers to the size of the paper used to create the report, which is an ISO standard known as “A3”. The goal of the A3 report is to provide a visual representation of the problem-solving process that all members of the organisation can easily understand and share. A3 Problem Solving has been adopted by organisations in a variety of industries over the years, and it has become a widely used and recognised method for problem-solving.

Key Principles of A3 Problem Solving

The following are the key principles of A3 Problem Solving:

Define the problem clearly and concisely
Gather and analyze data to gain a deep understanding of the problem
Identify the root causes of the problem
Develop and implement effective solutions
Evaluate results and continuously improve

These principles serve as the foundation of the A3 Problem Solving methodology and are intended to assist organisations in continuously improving and achieving their objectives. Organizations can effectively solve problems, identify areas for improvement, and drive results by adhering to these principles.

Step 1: Define the Problem

Importance of clearly defining the problem.

The first step in the A3 Problem Solving process is critical because it lays the groundwork for the remaining steps. To define the problem clearly and accurately, you must first understand the problem and identify the underlying root cause. This step is critical because if the problem is not correctly defined, the rest of the process will be based on incorrect information, and the solution developed may not address the issue effectively.

The significance of defining the problem clearly cannot be overstated. It aids in the collection and analysis of relevant data, which is critical for developing effective solutions. When the problem is clearly defined, the data gathered is more relevant and targeted, resulting in a more comprehensive understanding of the issue. This will enable the development of solutions that are more likely to be effective because they are founded on a thorough and accurate understanding of the problem.

However, if the problem is not clearly defined, the data gathered may be irrelevant or incorrect, resulting in incorrect conclusions and ineffective solutions. Furthermore, the process of collecting and analysing data can become time-consuming and inefficient, resulting in resource waste. Furthermore, if the problem is not accurately defined, the solutions developed may fail to address the root cause of the problem, resulting in ongoing issues and a lack of improvement.

Techniques for Defining the Problem

The first step in the A3 Problem Solving process is to clearly and accurately define the problem. This is an important step because a clearly defined problem will help to ensure that the appropriate data is collected and solutions are developed. If the problem is not clearly defined, incorrect data may be collected, solutions that do not address the root cause of the problem, and time and resources may be wasted.

A problem can be defined using a variety of techniques, including brainstorming , root cause analysis , process mapping , and Ishikawa diagrams . Each of these techniques has its own advantages and disadvantages and can be used in a variety of situations depending on the nature of the problem.

Best Practice for Defining the Problem

In addition to brainstorming, root cause analysis, process mapping, and Ishikawa diagram s, best practices should be followed when defining a problem in A3 Problem Solving. Among these best practices are:

Define the issue in a specific and quantifiable way: It is critical to be specific and concise when defining the problem, as well as to quantify the problem in terms of its impact. This will help to ensure that all stakeholders understand the problem and that data collection is focused on the right areas.
Focus on the problem’s root cause: The A3 Problem Solving methodology is intended to assist organisations in identifying and addressing the root cause of a problem, rather than just the symptoms. Organizations can ensure that their solutions are effective and long-lasting by focusing on the root cause of the problem.
Ascertain that all stakeholders agree on the problem’s definition: All stakeholders must agree on the definition of the problem for the A3 Problem Solving process to be effective. This ensures that everyone is working towards the same goal and that the solutions developed are relevant and appropriate.
Consider the problem’s impact on the organisation and its stakeholders: It is critical to consider the impact of the problem on the organisation and its stakeholders when defining it. This will assist in ensuring that the appropriate data is gathered and that the solutions developed are relevant and appropriate.

Organizations can ensure that their problem is defined in a way that allows for effective data collection, analysis, and solution development by following these best practices. This will aid in the development of appropriate solutions and the effective resolution of the problem, resulting in improvements in the organization’s processes and outcomes.

Step 2: Gather Data

Gathering data in a3 problem solving.

Data collection is an important step in the A3 Problem Solving process because it allows organisations to gain a thorough understanding of the problem they are attempting to solve. This step entails gathering pertinent information about the problem, such as data on its origin, impact, and any related factors. This information is then used to help identify root causes and develop effective solutions.

One of the most important advantages of data collection in A3 Problem Solving is that it allows organisations to identify patterns and trends in data, which can be useful in determining the root cause of the problem. This information can then be used to create effective solutions that address the problem’s root cause rather than just its symptoms.

In A3 Problem Solving, data collection is a collaborative effort involving all stakeholders, including those directly impacted by the problem and those with relevant expertise or experience. Stakeholders can ensure that all relevant information is collected and that the data is accurate and complete by working together.

Overall, data collection is an important step in the A3 Problem Solving process because it serves as the foundation for effective problem-solving. Organizations can gain a deep understanding of the problem they are attempting to solve and develop effective solutions that address its root cause by collecting and analysing relevant data.

Data Collection Methods

In A3 Problem Solving, several data collection methods are available, including:

Observations
Process diagrams

The best data collection method will be determined by the problem being solved and the type of data required. To gain a complete understanding of the problem, it is critical to use multiple data collection methods.

Tools for Data Analysis and Visualization

Once the data has been collected, it must be analysed and visualised in order to gain insights into the problem. This process can be aided by the following tools:

Excel Spreadsheets
Flow diagrams
Pareto diagrams
Scatter Plots
Control diagrams

These tools can assist in organising data and making it easier to understand. They can also be used to generate visual representations of data, such as graphs and charts, to communicate the findings to others.

Finally, the data collection and analysis step is an important part of the A3 Problem Solving process. Organizations can gain a better understanding of the problem and develop effective solutions by collecting and analysing relevant data.

Step 3: Identify Root Causes

Identifying the root causes of the problem is the third step in the A3 Problem Solving process. This step is critical because it assists organisations in understanding the root causes of a problem rather than just its symptoms. Once the underlying cause of the problem is identified, it can be addressed more effectively, leading to more long-term solutions.

Overview of the Root Cause Analysis Process

The process of determining the underlying causes of a problem is known as root cause analysis. This process can assist organisations in determining why a problem is occurring and what can be done to prevent it from recurring in the future. The goal of root cause analysis is to identify the underlying cause of a problem rather than just its symptoms, allowing it to be addressed more effectively.

To understand Root cause analysis in more detail check out RCA in our Lean Six Sigma Yellow Belt Course Root Cause Analysis section

Techniques for Identifying Root Causes

There are several techniques for determining the root causes of a problem, including:

Brainstorming
Ishikawa diagrams (also known as fishbone diagrams)
Root Cause Tree Analysis

These methods can be used to investigate the issue in-depth and identify potential root causes. Organizations can gain a deeper understanding of the problem and identify the underlying causes that must be addressed by using these techniques.

Best Practices for Conducting Root Cause Analysis

It is critical to follow these best practices when conducting root cause analysis in A3 Problem Solving:

Make certain that all stakeholders participate in the root cause analysis process.
Concentrate on determining the root cause of the problem rather than just its symptoms.
Take into account all potential root causes, not just the most obvious ones.
To identify root causes, use a systematic approach, such as the 5 Whys or root cause tree analysis.

Organizations can ensure that root cause analysis is carried out effectively and that the root cause of the problem is identified by adhering to these best practises. This will aid in the development of appropriate solutions and the effective resolution of the problem.

Step 4: Develop Solutions

Developing solutions is the fourth step in the A3 Problem Solving process. This entails generating ideas and options for dealing with the problem, followed by selecting the best solution. The goal is to develop a solution that addresses the root cause of the problem and prevents it from recurring.

Solution Development in A3 Problem Solving

A3 solution development Problem solving is an iterative process in which options are generated and evaluated. The data gathered in the previous steps, as well as the insights and understanding gained from the root cause analysis, guide this process. The solution should be based on a thorough understanding of the problem and address the underlying cause.

Techniques for Developing Solutions

There are several techniques that can be used to develop solutions in A3 Problem Solving, including:

Brainwriting
Solution matrix
Multi voting
Force field analysis

These techniques can help to generate a range of options and to select the best solution.

Best Practice for Developing Solutions

It is critical to follow the following best practices when developing solutions in A3 Problem Solving:

Participate in the solution development process with all stakeholders.
Make certain that the solution addresses the underlying cause of the problem.
Make certain that the solution is feasible and achievable.
Consider the solution’s impact on the organisation and its stakeholders.

Organizations can ensure that the solutions they develop are effective and sustainable by adhering to these best practises. This will help to ensure that the problem is addressed effectively and that it does not reoccur.

Step 5: Implement Solutions

The final and most important step in the A3 Problem Solving methodology is solution implementation. This is the stage at which the identified and developed solutions are put into action to address the problem. This step’s goal is to ensure that the solutions are effective, efficient, and long-lasting.

The implementation Process

The implementation process entails putting the solutions developed in the previous step into action. This could include changes to processes, procedures, and systems, as well as employee training and education. To ensure that the solutions are effective, the implementation process should be well-planned and meticulously executed.

Techniques for Implementing Solutions

A3 Problem Solving solutions can be implemented using a variety of techniques, including:

Piloting the solution on a small scale before broadening its application
Participating in the implementation process with all relevant stakeholders
ensuring that the solution is in line with the goals and objectives of the organisation
Monitoring the solution to determine its effectiveness and make any necessary changes

Best Practice for Implementing Solutions

It is critical to follow these best practices when implementing solutions in A3 Problem Solving:

Make certain that all relevant stakeholders are involved and supportive of the solution. Have a clear implementation plan that outlines the steps, timeline, and resources required. Continuously monitor and evaluate the solution to determine its efficacy and make any necessary changes. Encourage all stakeholders to communicate and collaborate openly. Organizations can ensure that solutions are effectively implemented and problems are effectively addressed by adhering to these best practices. The ultimate goal is to find a long-term solution to the problem and improve the organization’s overall performance.

In conclusion, A3 Problem Solving is a comprehensive and structured methodology for problem-solving that can be applied in various industries and organisations. The A3 Problem Solving process’s five steps – Define the Problem, Gather Data, Identify Root Causes, Develop Solutions, and Implement Solutions – provide a road map for effectively addressing problems and making long-term improvements.

Organizations can improve their problem-solving skills and achieve better results by following the key principles, techniques, and best practices outlined in this guide. As a result, both the organisation and its stakeholders will benefit from increased efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. So, whether you’re an experienced problem solver or just getting started, consider incorporating the A3 Problem Solving methodology into your work and start reaping the benefits right away.

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Daniel Croft

Daniel Croft is a seasoned continuous improvement manager with a Black Belt in Lean Six Sigma. With over 10 years of real-world application experience across diverse sectors, Daniel has a passion for optimizing processes and fostering a culture of efficiency. He's not just a practitioner but also an avid learner, constantly seeking to expand his knowledge. Outside of his professional life, Daniel has a keen Investing, statistics and knowledge-sharing, which led him to create the website www.learnleansigma.com, a platform dedicated to Lean Six Sigma and process improvement insights.

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A guide to problem-solving techniques, steps, and skills

You might associate problem-solving with the math exercises that a seven-year-old would do at school. But problem-solving isn’t just about math — it’s a crucial skill that helps everyone make better decisions in everyday life or work.

A guide to problem-solving techniques, steps, and skills

Problem-solving involves finding effective solutions to address complex challenges, in any context they may arise.

Unfortunately, structured and systematic problem-solving methods aren’t commonly taught. Instead, when solving a problem, PMs tend to rely heavily on intuition. While for simple issues this might work well, solving a complex problem with a straightforward solution is often ineffective and can even create more problems.

In this article, you’ll learn a framework for approaching problem-solving, alongside how you can improve your problem-solving skills.

The 7 steps to problem-solving

When it comes to problem-solving there are seven key steps that you should follow: define the problem, disaggregate, prioritize problem branches, create an analysis plan, conduct analysis, synthesis, and communication.

1. Define the problem

Problem-solving begins with a clear understanding of the issue at hand. Without a well-defined problem statement, confusion and misunderstandings can hinder progress. It’s crucial to ensure that the problem statement is outcome-focused, specific, measurable whenever possible, and time-bound.

Additionally, aligning the problem definition with relevant stakeholders and decision-makers is essential to ensure efforts are directed towards addressing the actual problem rather than side issues.

2. Disaggregate

Complex issues often require deeper analysis. Instead of tackling the entire problem at once, the next step is to break it down into smaller, more manageable components.

Various types of logic trees (also known as issue trees or decision trees) can be used to break down the problem. At each stage where new branches are created, it’s important for them to be “MECE” – mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. This process of breaking down continues until manageable components are identified, allowing for individual examination.

The decomposition of the problem demands looking at the problem from various perspectives. That is why collaboration within a team often yields more valuable results, as diverse viewpoints lead to a richer pool of ideas and solutions.

3. Prioritize problem branches

The next step involves prioritization. Not all branches of the problem tree have the same impact, so it’s important to understand the significance of each and focus attention on the most impactful areas. Prioritizing helps streamline efforts and minimize the time required to solve the problem.

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4. Create an analysis plan

For prioritized components, you may need to conduct in-depth analysis. Before proceeding, a work plan is created for data gathering and analysis. If work is conducted within a team, having a plan provides guidance on what needs to be achieved, who is responsible for which tasks, and the timelines involved.

5. Conduct analysis

Data gathering and analysis are central to the problem-solving process. It’s a good practice to set time limits for this phase to prevent excessive time spent on perfecting details. You can employ heuristics and rule-of-thumb reasoning to improve efficiency and direct efforts towards the most impactful work.

6. Synthesis

After each individual branch component has been researched, the problem isn’t solved yet. The next step is synthesizing the data logically to address the initial question. The synthesis process and the logical relationship between the individual branch results depend on the logic tree used.

7. Communication

The last step is communicating the story and the solution of the problem to the stakeholders and decision-makers. Clear effective communication is necessary to build trust in the solution and facilitates understanding among all parties involved. It ensures that stakeholders grasp the intricacies of the problem and the proposed solution, leading to informed decision-making.

Exploring problem-solving in various contexts

While problem-solving has traditionally been associated with fields like engineering and science, today it has become a fundamental skill for individuals across all professions. In fact, problem-solving consistently ranks as one of the top skills required by employers.

Problem-solving techniques can be applied in diverse contexts:

Individuals — What career path should I choose? Where should I live? These are examples of simple and common personal challenges that require effective problem-solving skills
Organizations — Businesses also face many decisions that are not trivial to answer. Should we expand into new markets this year? How can we enhance the quality of our product development? Will our office accommodate the upcoming year’s growth in terms of capacity?
Societal issues — The biggest world challenges are also complex problems that can be addressed with the same technique. How can we minimize the impact of climate change? How do we fight cancer?

Despite the variation in domains and contexts, the fundamental approach to solving these questions remains the same. It starts with gaining a clear understanding of the problem, followed by decomposition, conducting analysis of the decomposed branches, and synthesizing it into a result that answers the initial problem.

Real-world examples of problem-solving

Let’s now explore some examples where we can apply the problem solving framework.

Problem: In the production of electronic devices, you observe an increasing number of defects. How can you reduce the error rate and improve the quality?

Before delving into analysis, you can deprioritize branches that you already have information for or ones you deem less important. For instance, while transportation delays may occur, the resulting material degradation is likely negligible. For other branches, additional research and data gathering may be necessary.

Once results are obtained, synthesis is crucial to address the core question: How can you decrease the defect rate?

While all factors listed may play a role, their significance varies. Your task is to prioritize effectively. Through data analysis, you may discover that altering the equipment would bring the most substantial positive outcome. However, executing a solution isn’t always straightforward. In prioritizing, you should consider both the potential impact and the level of effort needed for implementation.

By evaluating impact and effort, you can systematically prioritize areas for improvement, focusing on those with high impact and requiring minimal effort to address. This approach ensures efficient allocation of resources towards improvements that offer the greatest return on investment.

Problem : What should be my next job role?

When breaking down this problem, you need to consider various factors that are important for your future happiness in the role. This includes aspects like the company culture, our interest in the work itself, and the lifestyle that you can afford with the role.

However, not all factors carry the same weight for us. To make sense of the results, we can assign a weight factor to each branch. For instance, passion for the job role may have a weight factor of 1, while interest in the industry may have a weight factor of 0.5, because that is less important for you.

By applying these weights to a specific role and summing the values, you can have an estimate of how suitable that role is for you. Moreover, you can compare two roles and make an informed decision based on these weighted indicators.

Key problem-solving skills

This framework provides the foundation and guidance needed to effectively solve problems. However, successfully applying this framework requires the following:

Creativity — During the decomposition phase, it’s essential to approach the problem from various perspectives and think outside the box to generate innovative ideas for breaking down the problem tree
Decision-making — Throughout the process, decisions must be made, even when full confidence is lacking. Employing rules of thumb to simplify analysis or selecting one tree cut over another requires decisiveness and comfort with choices made
Analytical skills — Analytical and research skills are necessary for the phase following decomposition, involving data gathering and analysis on selected tree branches
Teamwork — Collaboration and teamwork are crucial when working within a team setting. Solving problems effectively often requires collective effort and shared responsibility
Communication — Clear and structured communication is essential to convey the problem solution to stakeholders and decision-makers and build trust

How to enhance your problem-solving skills

Problem-solving requires practice and a certain mindset. The more you practice, the easier it becomes. Here are some strategies to enhance your skills:

Practice structured thinking in your daily life — Break down problems or questions into manageable parts. You don’t need to go through the entire problem-solving process and conduct detailed analysis. When conveying a message, simplify the conversation by breaking the message into smaller, more understandable segments
Regularly challenging yourself with games and puzzles — Solving puzzles, riddles, or strategy games can boost your problem-solving skills and cognitive agility.
Engage with individuals from diverse backgrounds and viewpoints — Conversing with people who offer different perspectives provides fresh insights and alternative solutions to problems. This boosts creativity and helps in approaching challenges from new angles

Final thoughts

Problem-solving extends far beyond mathematics or scientific fields; it’s a critical skill for making informed decisions in every area of life and work. The seven-step framework presented here provides a systematic approach to problem-solving, relevant across various domains.

Now, consider this: What’s one question currently on your mind? Grab a piece of paper and try to apply the problem-solving framework. You might uncover fresh insights you hadn’t considered before.

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MODELS OF TEACHING

Dr. V.K.Maheshwari , M.A. (Socio, Phil) B.Sc. M. Ed, Ph.D.

Former Principal, K.L.D.A.V.(P.G) College, Roorkee, India

Mrs Sudha Rani Maheshwari, M.Sc (Zoology), B.Ed.

Former Principal, A.K.P.I.College, Roorkee, India

The term model is used to mean a teaching episode done by an experienced teacher in which a highly focussed teaching behaviour is demonstrated, in it an individual demonstrating particular patterns which the trainee learns through imitation. It is a way to talk and think about instruction in which certain facts may be organized, classified and interpreted.

Bruce Joyce and Marsha Weil describe a Model of Teaching as a plan or pattern that can be used to shape curricula, to design instructional materials and to guide instruction in the classroom and other settings.

Thus teaching models are just instructional designs. They describe the process and producing particular environmental situations which cause the student to interact in such a way that specific change occurs in his behaviour.

.According to N.K.Jangira and Azit Singh (1983): “A model of teaching is a set of inter-related components arranged in a sequence which provides guidelines to realize specific goal. It helps in designing instructional activities and environmental facilities, carrying out of these activities and realization of the stipulated objectives.”

Models of Teaching are designed for specific purposes-the teaching of information concepts, ways of thinking, the study of social values and so on-by asking students to engage in particular cognitive and social tasks. Some models centre on delivery by the instructor while others develop as the learners respond to tasks and the student is regarded as a partner in the educational enterprise.

These are based on the following specifications:

a-Specification of Environment- It specifies in definite terms the environmental conditions under which a student’s response should be observed.

b- Specification of operation - It specifies the mechanism that provides for the reaction of students and interaction with the environment.

c- Specification of criterion of Performance -It specify the criterion of Performance which is accepted by the students The behavioural outcome which the learner would demonstrate after completing specific instructional sequences are delineated in the teaching models

d- Specification of learning outcome - It specifies what the student will perform after completing an instructional sequence.

Effects of teaching by modelling

Models of Teaching are really models of learning. As we helps students acquire information ideas skills, values, ways of thinking, and means of expressing themselves, we are also teaching them how to learn . ln fact the most important long term outcome of instruction may be the students ‘increased capabilities to learn more easily and effectively in the future ,both because of the knowledge and skills they have acquired and because they have mastered learning processes.

According to Joyce and Weil, Each model results in two types of effects Instructional and Nurturant.

A- Instructional effects are the direct effects of the model which result from

the content and skills on which the activities are based.

B- Nurturant effects are those which are implicit in the learning environment.

They are the indirect effects of the model.

Bandura and Walters have formulated three kind of effect in teaching by modelling:

1- Modelling effect- The learner acquires new kind of response pattern.

2- -Inhibitory and disinhibitory effect- The learner increases or decreases the frequent, latency or intensity or previously required responses.

3- Eliciting effect- The learner receives from a model merely a cue for realising a response.

Modelling effect can be seen when a teacher demonstrates to a student how to hold a pencil or write capital A and thus shows a new behaviour. Through modelling the teacher lets the student know that it is not permissible of obscene nature in art book. The eliciting effect takes place when through modelling; a teacher tries to teach students to get up when he enters the room. Thus it provide a cue eliciting a response neither new nor inhibited. Gagne feels that learning through imitation seems to be more appropriate for tasks which are a little cognitive in nature.

Utility of Teaching Models in Teaching

Teaching models are useful in developing social efficiency, personal abilities, cognitive abilities and behavioural aspects of the students. It helps in selecting and stimulating situations which causes the desirable changes in students
Teaching models help to establish teaching and learning relationship empirically. It helps in making the teaching more effective.
Teaching models helps in providing a theoretical rationale to the teaching, which will provide changes and rectifications in teaching.
Teaching models stimulates the development of new educational innovations in teaching strategies and tactics, which may replace the existing ones in schools of today.
Teaching models assist makers of materials to create more interesting and effective instructional materials and learning sources.
Teaching models assist teachers to develop their capacities to create conductive environment for teaching, as its nature is practical.
Teaching models help curriculum planners to plan learning activities and content material which provide a variety of educational experiences to learners.
Teaching model evaluates the behaviour of the students. For this important task, it presents such a criterion with the help of which the changes in the students behaviours can be easily evaluated.

Characteristics of a Teaching model

1- Encourage Art of Teaching - Teaching is considered as an art.. Teaching models encourages this art by providing learning environment.

2- Development of Inherent Abilities -Teaching models bring about the qualitative development of personality as it helps in developing human abilities. It also increases the teacher’s social competency.

3- Based on Individual Differences - Teaching model uses the student’s interest, as it is constructed on the basis of individual differences.

4- Influenced by Philosophy- Every teaching model is influenced by the philosophy of education. Hence, teachers formulate different models of teaching under the influence of the philosophy they believe.

5- Answers Fundamental Questions - In every teaching model answers to all the fundamental questions pertaining to the behaviour of students and teachers are included.

6- Providing Appropriate Experiences - Teaching models provides proper experiences to both teacher and student. Selecting the content and presenting it for learning before the students is the main essentiality of teaching. This difficulty is solved when a teacher presents appropriate experience before the students.

7- Maxims of Teaching - The basis of teaching model is the maxims of teaching. They are the foundation of each teaching model.

8- Practice and Concentration - The development of a teaching model is based on regular and continuous practice and concentration. The proper development of a teaching model is only possible when the assumptions are made clear by related thinking.

Fundamental Elements of a Teaching Model:

Normally majority of teaching models are based on the following six elements:

Focus is the central aspects of a teaching model. Objectives of teaching and aspects of environment generally constitute the focus of the model. Every teaching model is based on one or the other objective as its focal point. Any teaching model is developed by keeping this focal point in mind. Every teaching model differs from another in terms of its objectives. It is the nucleus of a teaching model. Every model is developed by keeping in view its focal point or objective . Every model has various phases, some particular types of competencies are developed by it.

Syntax of the model describes the model in action. Syntax includes the sequences of steps involved in the organization of the complete programmed of teaching. It is the systematic sequence of the activities in the model. Each model has a distinct flow of phases. It means the detailed description of the model in action. In it, the teaching activities and interactions between a pupil and the teacher are determined .The syntax of any teaching model means those points which produce activities focused on educational objectives at various phases. Under syntax, the teaching tactics, teaching activities and interaction between a student and the teacher are determined in such a pattern of sequence that the teaching objectives are achieved conveniently by providing desirable environmental situations.

Principles of Reaction

Principles of Reaction tell the teacher how to regard the learner and to respond to what the learner does. This element is concerned with the way a teacher should regard and aspects respond to the activities of the students. These responses should be appropriate and selective. They provide the teacher with rules of thumb by which to select model, appropriate responses to what the student does. This element is concerned with the teacher’s reaction to the students responses. In it,he comes to know that how he has to react to the responses of the students and has to see whether the learners have been actively involved in the process, or not.

The Social System

This element is concerned with the activities of pupil and the teacher and their mutualrelationships. Every teaching model has separate objectives and will have therefore separate social systems. It is related with the interactive roles and relationship between the teacher and the student, and the kinds of norms that are observed and student behaviour which is rewarded. The Social System describes the role of and relationships between the teacher and the pupils. In some models the teacher has a dominant role to play. In some the activity is centred around the pupils, and in some other models the activity is equally distributed. This element is based on the assumption that every class is a miniature society. In it also discussed the selection of motivating strategies and tectics for the students. Naturally social system occupies a central position in making the teaching impressive and successful in relation to the previously selected objectives. .

Support system

Support System describes the supporting conditions required to implement the model. ‘Support’ refers to additional requirements beyond the usual human skills, capacities and technical facilities. The support system relates to the additional requirements other than the usual human skills or capacities of the teacher and the facilities usually available in the ordinary classroom. Teacher requirements refer to special skills, special knowledge of the teacher and special audio-visual material like films, elf-instructional material, visit to special place etc.This includes books, films, laboratory kits, reference materials etc. It means the additional requirements beyond the usual human skill, capacities and technical facilities. In it, the evaluation is done by oral or written examination, whether the teaching objectives have been achieved or not. On the basis of this success or failure, clear idea is achieved regarding the effectiveness of strategies, tactics and techniques used during teaching.

Application

It is an important element of a teaching model. It means the utility or usage of the learnt material in other situations. Several types of teaching modes are available. Each model attempts to desirable the feasibility of its use in varying contexts related with goal achievements in terms of cognitive, and affective behaviour modification.

Types of Teaching Models:

Every teaching model has its specific objective. In order to achieve the objective of a teaching model, the teacher has to choose right type of model for achieving the particular objective. The teaching models have been classified into three main types:

1. Philosophical teaching models : Israel Saffer had mentioned such types of models. These include

A- The Insight model (Plato).- The insight model discard the assumption that the meaning of of a teaching model is merely deliver the knowledge or ideas through teaching to the mental domain of the students. According to this model the knowledge can not be provided merely through the expression of sence organs, but the knowlnd principles of language are most important.edge of the content is also a necessity. The knowledge can not be provided merely by speaking the words or listening them. Mental processes and language both work together.

B- The Impression model of teaching (John Locke).- It is based on a general assumption the the child’s brain is like a clean slate at the time of birth. Whatever experiences are provided through teaching, creates impression on child’s brain. These impressions are termed as learning. In the learning process the sense organs .

C- The Rule model ( Kant)- In this model much importance is given to the logic. Kant gives importance to logic, because in it following certain rules is essential. The objective of rule model is to devlop the logical reasoning capacities of the student. Some particular rules are followed. Planning, organisation and interaction of teaching is performed under specific rules.

2- Psychological model of teaching: John P. Dececco had mentioned such types of models. It includes

A- Basic Teaching model (Robert Glaser)- Robert Glaser (1962) has developed a stripped-down teaching model which, with modifications, is the basic teaching model. The basic teaching model divides the teaching process into four components or parts. It will be useful in several ways.. The four parts of the model represent the basic divisions. Instructional objectives, Entering behavior, instructional procedure, and finally performance assessment.

B- An Interaction model of teaching (N.A. Flander).- Flander considered teaching process as an interaction process. He divided class-room behaviour in ten categories known as Flander’s ten category system. In this model the behaviour of student and teacher is analysed. An interaction between a teacher and the student is more emphasised in this model.

C-Computer based teaching model ( Daniel Davis )- It is the most complicated model having , entering behaviour, determination of objectives and teaching aspect as fundamental elements. In this element computer teaching plan is selected according to the entering behaviour and instructional objectives. The performances of the student are evaluated. Accordingly alternative teaching plan is presented. In this model, the diagnosis and teaching go side by side. Remedial teaching is provided on the basis of diagnosis .Individual differences are also given importance.

3- Modern teaching models (Joyce and Weil)

Eggen, Kauchar and Harder (1979 ) have discussed six Information Processing Models –

General Inductive Model,
Concept Attainment Model,
Taba Model,
General Deductive Model,
Ausubel’s Model and
Such man’s Inquiry Model.

Modern teaching models

The most comprehensive review of teaching models is that of Joyce and Weil (1980). Bruce R.Joyce has divided all the teaching models under the title “Modern teaching models”. They identified 23 models which are classified into four basic families based on the nature, distinctive characteristics and effects of the models. These four families are :

1. information Processing Models

2. Personal Models

3. Social Interaction Models and

4. Behaviour Modification Models.

Within the families, there are specific models which are designed to serve particular purposes.

Information Processing Models

The models of this type are concerned with the intellectual development of the individual and help to develop the method of processing information from the environment. These models focus on intellectual capacity. They are concerned with the ability of the learner to observe, organise data, understand information, form concepts, employ verbal and nonverbal symbols and solve problems. The primary purposes are :

1. The mastery of methods of inquiry

2. The mastery of academic concepts and facts

3 . The development of general intellectual skills such as the ability to reason and think more logically

The models which belong to this family are :

a. The Concept Attainment Model

b. Inquiry Training Model

c. The Advance Organiser Model

d. Cognitive Growth Development Model

e. Biological Science Inquiry Model

Brief Review of the Information Processing Source Models

SOURCE	TEACHING MODEL	INNOVATOR	AIMS AND APPLICATION
The Information Processing Source	1-Concept Attainment Model 2-Inductive Model	Bruner, Hilda Taba	To develop inductive reasoning, mental inductive process, and understanding of concepts and principles.
	Inquiry Training Model	Richard Suchman	To develop individual competencies to achieve the social objective.
	Biological Science Inquiry Model	Joseph J. Schwab	To develop understanding of research methodology, to think logically on social problems.
	Advance Organizational Model	David Asubel	To understand concepts and facts and to make the content purposeful and interesting.
	Cognitive Growth Developmental Model	Jean Piaget	To develop general intelligence and logic,social and moral development.

II. Personal Models

Personal development models assist the individual in the development of selfhood, they focus on the emotional life an individual,.

The emphasis of these models is on developing an individual into an integrated, confident and competent personality. They attempt to help students understand themselves and their goals, and to develop the means for educating themselves. Many of the personal models of teaching have been developed by counsellors, therapists and other persons interested in stimulating individual’s creativity and self expression.

The primary goals are :

To increase the student’s self worth,
To help students understand themselves more fully.
To help students recognise their emotions and become more aware of the way emotions effect other aspects of their behaviour,
To help them develop goals for learning,
To help students develop plans for increasing their competence,
To increase the students’ creativity and playfulness,
To increase the students’ openness to new experience.

a. Non-Directive Teaching Model,

b. Synectics Teaching Model,

c. Awareness Training Model,

d. Classroom Meeting Model.

e-Conceptual System Model

Brief Review of The Personal Source Models

SOURCE	TEACHING MODEL	INNOVATORS	AIMS AND APPLICATION
The Personal Source	Non-Directive Teaching Model,	Carl Rogers	To develop self learning by auto instructions, self research and self understanding
	Synectics Teaching Model,	William Gordon	To develop creative competencies for problem solving.
	Awareness Training Model,	W.S. Fietz	To develop individual competencies and mutual relations.
	Classroom Meeting Model.	William Glasser	To develop skills of self –understanding and capacities of dutifulness.
	Conceptual System Model	David. F. Hunt	To adjust with the environment with flexibility in the personality.

Ill. Social Interaction Models

The models in this family emphasise the relationships of the individual to the society or other persons. The core objective is to help students learn to work together. to identify and solve problems, either academic or social in nature.

To help students work together to identify and solve problems

To develop skills to human relations, and
To become aware of personal and social values.

a. Group Investigation Model,

b. Role Playing Model,

c. Jurisprudential Inquiry Model,

d. Laboratory Training Model,

e. Social Simulation Model,

f. Social Inquiry Model.

Brief review of The Social Interaction Source Models

SOURCE	TEACHING MODEL	INNOVATOR	AIMS AND APPLICATION
The Social Interaction Source	Group Investigation Model	John Dewey, Herbert	To develop democratic abilities, use of knowledge and skills in life of individual and society.
	Jurisprudential Model	Donald Oliver, James P. Shaver	To solve problems on the basis of information and reasoning power.
	Social Inquiry Model Social Simulation Model, Role Playing Model.	Benjamin Cox, Byron	To develop competencies of problem solving and adjustment
	Laboratory Method Model	Bethal, Maine	To develop group skills individual capacities and adjustment.

IV. Behaviour Modification Model

All the models in this family share a common theoretical base, a body of knowledge which referred to as behaviour theory. The common thrust of these models is the emphasis on changing the visible behaviour of the learner.

The models which belong to this family is Operant Conditioning Model

Brief Review of The Behaviour Modification Source Model

SOURCE	TEACHING MODEL	INNOVATORS	AIMS AND APPLICATION
Behaviour Modification Source	Operant Conditioning Model	B.F.Skinner	To achieve the objectives of lower level of cognitive domain on the basis of individual differances

A number of instructional strategies to realise different instructional goals have been developed recently by different researchers They have transformed existing knowledge in the learning and teaching processes into ‘Models of Teaching’ which can be used by teachers in the teaching, learning process for realising different instructional objectives. There is a need to incorporate a few ‘Models of Teaching’ in the curriculum of teacher education programme at the secondary as well as elementary level so that prospective teachers attain a higher degree of ‘ability to teach’.

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Conscious and Nonconscious Processes:Distinct Forms of Evidence Accumulation?

First Online: 01 January 2010

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Stanislas Dehaene 2

Part of the book series: Progress in Mathematical Physics ((PMP,volume 60))

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Among the many brain events evoked by a visual stimulus, which ones are associated specifically with conscious perception, and which merely reflect nonconscious processing? Understanding the neuronal mechanisms of consciousness is a major challenge for cognitive neuroscience. Recently, progress has been achieved by contrasting behavior and brain activation in minimally different experimental conditions, one of which leads to conscious perception whereas the other does not. This chapter reviews briefly this line of research and speculates on its theoretical interpretation. I propose to draw links between evidence accumulation models, which are highly successful in capturing elementary psychophysical decisions, and the conscious/nonconscious dichotomy. In this framework, conscious access would correspond to the crossing of a threshold in evidence accumulation within a distributed global workspace, a set of recurrently connected neurons with long axons that is able to integrate and broadcast back evidence from multiple brain processors. During nonconscious processing, evidence would be accumulated locally within specialized subcircuits, but would fail to reach the threshold needed for global ignition and, therefore, conscious reportability.

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Dehaene, S. (2011). Conscious and Nonconscious Processes:Distinct Forms of Evidence Accumulation?. In: Rivasseau, V. (eds) Biological Physics. Progress in Mathematical Physics, vol 60. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0428-4_7

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IIT JEE Study Material
Beggar S Method

Beggar’s Method

The principle of multiplication states that “If we can perform a particular operation in ‘n’ ways and the second operation in ‘m’ ways, the two operations can be performed in m x n ways in succession”. This is applicable to a finite number of operations. A factorial can be defined as a function that multiplies a single number with each and every number preceding it. For example, 5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120. The concept of permutations is the arrangement of objects in a particular order. The formula for permutation is given by:

n P r = n! / [n – r]! (without repetition)

Example: Find the number of ways in which 5 prizes can be distributed among 4 boys where every boy can take one or more prizes.

The 1 st prize can be distributed to any of the 4 boys, hence it is done in 4 ways. In the same way, the second, third, fourth and fifth prizes can be given in 4 ways. Total number of ways = 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 = 4 5 = 1024 ways.

Combination refers to the selection of objects without repetition where the order doesn’t matter. The formula for the combination of n things being chosen out of r is given by:

n C r = [n!] / [n – r]! r!

It is based on the distribution of like objects. It states that “The number of ways of distributing ‘n’ identical things among ‘p’ persons without any restriction (none, 1, 2 or all or any of the number of things can be given to one person)” = n+p-1 C p-1.

	Number of Things That Can Be Given	Number of Things Actually Given
P	0, 1, 2, 3 ……. n	r
P	0, 1, 2, 3 ……. n	r
P	0, 1, 2, 3 ……. n	r

r 1 + r 2 + …… + r p = n

The coefficient of x n in (1 + x + …… + x n ) p

= [(1 – x n+1 ) / (1 – x)] p

= (1 – x n+1 ) p (1 – x) p

The coefficient of x n in (1 – x) -p

= p+n-1 C n

= n+p-1 C p-1

Illustration 1: In how many ways can 3 rings be worn on 4 fingers if any number of rings can be worn on any finger?

(i) Rings are distinct

(ii) Rings are identical

Let R 1 , R 2 and R 3 be the rings.

Number of ways = 4 3

Here, n = 3, p = 4

Using the formula from the Beggar’s method, n+p-1 C p-1 = 3+4-1 C 4-1

Illustration 2: Find the number of ways of distributing 10 apples, 5 mangoes, and 4 oranges among 4 persons if each can receive any number of fruits and the same type of fruits is identical.

Here, p = 4

Using the formula from the Beggar’s method, n+p-1 C p-1

= [ 10+4-1 C 4-1 ] (apples) [ 5+4-1 C 4-1 ] (mangoes) [ 4+4-1 C 4-1 ] (oranges)

= 13 C 3 8 C 3 7 C 3

Illustration 3: Find the number of ways in which 16 identical toys are distributed among 3 students such that each receives not less than 3 toys.

Let the students be S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 such that each receives not less than 3 toys.

S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = 16 —- (1)

Distribute 3 toys to each of the students in the beginning.

So, equation (1) now becomes S 1 ’ + S 2 ’ + S 3 ’ = 16 – 9 = 7

= 7+3-1 C 3-1

Beggar’s Method – Video Lesson

Frequently Asked Questions

When do we use the beggar’s method.

The Beggar’s Method is used for the distribution of like objects.

What is the number of ways of distributing n identical things among p persons without any restriction?

The number of ways of distributing ‘n’ identical things among ‘p’ persons without any restriction = n+p-1 C p-1 .

What do you mean by combination?

Combination denotes the selection of objects without repetition where the order does not matter.

Give the combination formula.

The combination formula is n C r = n!/r!(n-r)!.

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Share this article, download a pdf version., subscribe to our newsletter, 10 effective tools and problem-solving methods for manufacturers.

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• April 30, 2024

Worker wearing a safety helmet, surrounded by machines, looking into the distance while holding a tablet

Variability of demand, quality management, equipment maintenance, and integration of new technologies : problems are frequent and inevitable, and manufacturers face challenges very often. Acknowledging this reality enables teams to remain vigilant, quickly identify and resolve these difficulties, and constantly improve processes and products alike.

Why focus on problem-solving? In the Lean philosophy , a problem isn't just a problem; it's also, and above all, an opportunity to do better. Rather than hiding or ignoring what's not working, the idea is to face up to it, to find structured methods for optimizing efficiency and quality. For this, there are a number of possible solutions and tools available.

What are the different stages of problem-solving? Which methods and tools are most effective in production environments? And how do you use them?

This article provides all the answers and problem-solving tips.

Key takeways:

By scrutinizing every action and aspect of processes, it is crucial to distinguish between activities that bring value and those that don't , in order to reduce or eliminate waste.
Involving employees in identifying problems and suggesting solutions strengthens their sense of ownership, and improves team cohesion and efficiency.
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) helps to identify the underlying causes of problems to find more sustainable solutions and prevent problems from recurring.
The use of tools such as the PDCA cycle and the 5S method, as well as techniques such as Six Sigma , is essential for optimizing processes and improving quality and efficiency.
It is essential to monitor implemented changes and continuously improve them to maintain and increase Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE).

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Key steps of a problem-solving process in a factory

To better understand each of these steps, let's take the example of a factory manufacturing automotive components, faced with a sudden rise in the number of defective parts.

Graphic showing the 6 steps of the problem-solving process, each with a short explanation

1. Identify the problem

The first step is to recognize that a problem exists. This involves observing the symptoms and identifying the gaps between the current state and the desired goal.

The QQOQCCP tool enables you to identify the problem by collecting factual information on incidents.

Observation: Abnormal increase in the number of defective parts at the quality inspection station.
Action: Collect data on the number of defective parts, the types of defects, and the times when they occur.

2. Define the problem

After identification, you need to precisely define the problem. This involves determining its scope (using the Four A’s method, for example), representing it clearly, and understanding its impact on operations.

Analysis: 10% of parts produced have surface defects (higher than the acceptable standard of 2%).
Action: Clearly define the problem as a significant increase in surface defects on automotive parts.

3. Find the root cause of the problem

This step aims to analyze the factors contributing to the problem in order to identify its root cause. This is a critical process requiring in-depth examination to avoid treating symptoms alone.

Investigation: After using the 5 Whys method, the root cause turns out to be premature machine wear.
Action: Examine maintenance records and machine operating parameters to confirm this cause.

4. Brainstorm solutions

Once the root cause has been identified, it's time to focus on finding solutions. This phase encourages creative problem-solving and innovation from the whole team. They have to explore existing ideas and generate new ones.

Brainstorming: Several potential solutions are considered, such as replacing tools more frequently or modifying machine parameters.
Action: Evaluate the advantages, disadvantages, and feasibility of each solution using the PDCA method.

5. Test your solutions

Before implementing a solution on a large scale, it is essential to test it in a controlled environment. This enables you to assess its effectiveness in real-life situations and adjust the action plan.

Experimentation: Replace tools more frequently to see if this reduces the defect rate.
Action: Implement the test plan over a set period using the "Do" phase of PDCA, then collect data on the impact of this change.

6. Standardize and document the chosen solution

Once you’ve found the best solution, it must be standardized and integrated into the organization's procedures. Documenting the process helps prevent the problem from recurring and facilitates employee training .

Implementation: After confirmation that more frequent tool replacement reduces defects, this practice is standardized across the entire production line using the DMAIC method.
Action: Document the new process using the 8Ds, train operators in the new practice, and integrate the change into standard operating procedures.

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5 Useful problem-solving strategies for manufacturing

1. 8d (eight disciplines problem solving).

8D is a quality approach to solving complex problems requiring in-depth analysis and lasting corrective action.

The method comprises eight steps:

Prepare the 8D process
Describe the problem
Identify and implement immediate actions
Identify the real causes
Identify and implement permanent corrective actions
Validate permanent corrective actions
Prevent recurrence
Congratulate the team

Use case in the manufacturing industry

Problem: Recurrent failure of a major piece of equipment, leading to costly production stoppages.

8D would enable a multi-disciplinary team to systematically identify, analyze, and eliminate the root cause of the failure while implementing sustainable corrective actions.

2. PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act)

Also known as the Deming wheel, this systematic, iterative model comprises four stages or cycles: Plan, Do, Check, Act.

The PDCA method helps companies test changes under controlled conditions, evaluate the results, and then implement improvements progressively to optimize production and ensure consistent product quality.

Problem: Variation in the quality of the finished product, which does not always meet standards.

PDCA would address this problem by planning improvements, testing them, evaluating their effectiveness, and adjusting the production process to stabilize product quality.

Circle-shaped graphic describing a step of the PDCA method in each quadrant

3. DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control)

This Six Sigma method is highly effective in optimizing production processes, reducing variation, and eliminating defects by focusing on data and statistical analysis.

It involves clearly defining the problem (Define), measuring (Measure), and analyzing process data to identify root causes (Analyze), then implementing improvements (Improve) and controlling processes to ensure sustainable quality gains (Control).

Problem: High scrap and rework rates on an assembly line.

DMAIC would be used to specify the problem, measure performance, analyze data to find the cause, implement improvements, and control the process to reduce defects.

4. QRQC (Quick Response Quality Control)

This fast, effective method inspired by Lean Management, consists in identifying, analyzing and solving problems directly on the shop floor. It is particularly well suited to fast-paced production environments where immediate detection and resolution are necessary to maintain production continuity and efficiency.

Problem: Frequent safety incidents in the workplace.

QRQC would enable rapid reaction to identify and resolve the causes of such incidents immediately, thereby reducing their frequency and improving overall safety.

5. Four A’s

The Four A’s method is a structured approach that is designed to systematically address and solve problems within an organization.

Assess: This step involves identifying and understanding the problem.
Analyze: Once the problem is assessed, the next step is to analyze it to find the root causes.
Address: With a clear understanding of the root causes, the third “A” involves developing and implementing solutions to address these causes.
Act: The final “A” focuses on standardizing the correct solution and integrating it into the organization’s processes.

It is used where problems need to be solved quickly and efficiently while ensuring that lessons learned are integrated into standard practices.

Problem: Missed delivery deadlines due to production bottlenecks.

The Four A’s method would help to quickly detect bottlenecks, analyze their causes, find and implement effective solutions, and then integrate these changes into regular operations to improve on-time delivery.

How to choose the right problem-solving method

The choice of problem-solving method depends on several factors:

The nature and complexity of the problem: Before choosing a problem-solving approach, you need to understand exactly what is wrong. If it's a complex and multifactorial problem, structured, in-depth methods such as 8D or DMAIC may be appropriate. For more immediate or quality-related problems, QRQC or Four A’s may be more appropriate.
Company objectives: Look at the big picture; align the method with your strategic objectives, such as improving quality, reducing costs, or increasing customer satisfaction. For example, DMAIC is often chosen for defect reduction and process optimization objectives.
Available resources: Think about the resources you can allocate to problem-solving processes (time, skills, budget). For example, PDCA can be implemented more quickly when resources are limited.
Team expertise and problem-solving skills: Use a method that matches your team's qualifications. Training may be required for more complex approaches such as DMAIC or 8D.
The need for standardization and documentation: If documentation and standardization of processes are essential, opt for methods that integrate these aspects, such as 8D or DMAIC.

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5 Tools for structuring your problem-solving methods

Now it's time for the problem-solving tools! These will help structure the process and keep it moving in the right direction.

1. The 5 Whys

This problem-solving technique, created by Toyota founder Sakichi Toyoda, involves repeatedly asking the question "Why?" until the root cause of a given problem is revealed. It's a simple but powerful tool for finding root causes.

A factory has a problem with late delivery of finished products:

Why is the plant experiencing delays in the delivery of finished products? Because the production of final units is often late.
Why is the production of final units behind schedule? Because assembly takes longer than expected.
Why does assembly take longer than expected? Because parts needed to complete assembly are often missing.
Why are parts often missing? Because supplies regularly arrive late from the supplier.
Why do supplies arrive late from the supplier? Because orders are placed too late, due to an inefficient procurement process.

2. The Ishikawa diagram (5M)

Also known as the "fishbone diagram" or "5M", this tool developed by Kaoru Ishikawa helps to systematically visualize all the potential causes of a specific problem, as well as the contributing factors.

Causes are divided into 5 main categories.

A factory encounters a problem with a drop in product quality:

Problem or "Effect" (fish head): Decline in product quality
Categories of causes (main branches):
Manpower: Operator skills , training, motivation.
Methods: Work procedures, quality standards, operating instructions.
Materials: Raw material quality, batch variability, supplier specifications.
Environment: Working conditions, temperature, humidity, dust.
Equipment: Equipment wear, machine calibration, maintenance.

This evolution of the Ishikawa diagram focuses on not five, but seven major problem areas: Manpower, Method, Materials, Environment, Equipment, Management, Measurement.

A factory is experiencing machine failure problems:

Manpower: Inadequate operator training, human error due to fatigue, or lack of experience.
Methods: Obsolete production processes, and lack of standardized operating and maintenance procedures.
Materials: Inconsistent quality of raw materials, premature wear of spare parts.
Environment: Unsuitable working conditions, disturbances due to excessive noise or vibration.
Equipment: Outdated equipment, neglected or inadequate preventive maintenance.
Management: Inadequate decision-making, and insufficient communication between departments.
Measurement: Uncalibrated or faulty measuring instruments, lack of regular quality controls.

4. The Pareto principe

The Pareto or 80/20 principle is very useful for focusing on the problems that will have the greatest impact once solved, and for making informed decisions.

In a factory producing electronic components, 80% of production defects stem from just 20% of the manufacturing processes.

By analyzing production data, the company could discover that the majority of defects are linked to errors in the soldering and PCB inspection stages. These two stages, although representing a small part of the total manufacturing process, are crucial and require special attention to reduce the overall number of defects.

Two circular diagrams displayed side-by-side, showing the 80/20 rule

5. The QQOQCCP

This tool helps gather comprehensive information on a problem by answering these key questions: Who, What, Where, When, How, How much, Why. Thus, it provides an in-depth understanding of the situation.

There is a delay in production at a furniture manufacturing plant:

Who is affected by the problem? Assembly line operators and production managers are directly affected by the delay.
What exactly is the problem? Deliveries of finished furniture to customers are several days behind schedule.
Where exactly is the problem occurring? The problem occurs in the final assembly shop, where the furniture is prepared for shipment.
When was the problem detected or when does it occur? The delay has been observed over the past two weeks, mainly during the third shift.
How does the problem occur? The delay is due to a bottleneck in the finishing and packing stage, where there is a lack of personnel and problems with the packing equipment.
How often has the problem occurred, or what is the scale of the problem? The problem caused a 30% delay in orders during this period.
Why does the problem occur? The problem could be due to inadequate staff planning and recurring packaging equipment failures.

Other tools can also be useful for structuring problem-solving methods:

Brainstorming
Gemba Walks
SWOT analysis
Control charts
Prioritization matrices

Tips for effective implementation of problem-solving techniques

Integrate problem-solving into daily routines.

Instead of seeing problem-solving as a separate activity, integrate it into daily routines. For example, set up SIM meetings to discuss ongoing problems as a group and monitor progress on solutions.

Use technology for your benefit

Adopt a Daily Management System (DMS) like UTrakk to quickly identify problems, track corrective actions, facilitate collaboration between teams, and document solutions in a centralized repository.

Develop specific key performance indicators for problem resolution

Define Lean KPIs that measure the effectiveness of the problem-solving process (average time to solve the problem, problem recurrence rate, and impact of solutions on business performance).

Practice problem-solving on the shop floor

To understand problems, you need to go where value is created. Encourage managers to go on the shop floor to directly observe processes, interact with operators, and identify possible improvements.

Create cross-functional problem-solving groups

Form teams with members from different departments to tackle complex problem-solving. Integrating different angles, perspectives, and expertise broadens the point of view on the subject, enriches the analysis, and generates more creative ideas.

Adopt a coaching approach to skills development

In addition to basic training, use mentoring and coaching to develop problem-solving skills . Experienced employees can guide less experienced ones, sharing their know-how.

Conduct post-mortem reviews

When a problem is solved, conduct a post-mortem to discuss what went well, what didn't, and how processes can be improved.

Tracking and evaluating each solution implemented allows you to adjust strategies as needed, learn from past experiences, and foster continuous improvement .

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UTrakk: Your ally in structuring and optimizing problem-solving

Using organized methods and analytical tools to tackle challenges is essential for manufacturers seeking to improve operational efficiency and product quality. UTrakk DMS is the perfect solution for this structured approach to daily problem-solving. With its multiple functionalities – rituals, actions, dashboards, and more – this Daily Management System can adapt to any problem-solving method to optimize every step of the process. Once a solution is standardized, it can be documented in UTrakk’s Knowledge Center to ensure compliance and prevent recurrence.

Adopting these problem-solving techniques not only enables manufacturers to respond effectively to today's challenges, but it also lays the foundations for continuous improvement, ensuring their competitiveness in an ever-changing industrial environment .

FAQ on problem-solving methods

What are the key problem-solving methods for manufacturers.

The key problem-solving methods for manufacturers include Lean manufacturing, Six Sigma, and the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle. These methodologies focus on eliminating waste, optimizing processes, and implementing continuous improvement to enhance operational efficiency.

How can manufacturers effectively implement Lean principles?

Manufacturers can effectively implement Lean principles by identifying and eliminating waste, optimizing workflows, and improving overall efficiency through techniques like Kanban and 5S. Training employees and involving them in the continuous improvement process are also critical steps.

What is the importance of Six Sigma in manufacturing?

Six Sigma is important in manufacturing because it provides a data-driven approach for reducing defects and variability in processes. This methodology helps in improving product quality and operational efficiency by following the DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) framework.

Can technology enhance problem-solving in manufacturing?

Technology plays a crucial role in enhancing problem-solving in manufacturing. Digital twins, augmented reality, and collaborative robotics are technologies that help improve precision, efficiency, and safety, facilitating better decision-making and process optimization.

What benefits do continuous improvement practices offer to manufacturers?

Continuous improvement practices offer several benefits, including increased operational efficiency, reduced waste and costs, and improved employee engagement and customer satisfaction. These practices encourage a proactive approach to addressing inefficiencies and fostering innovation.

Turn your production challenges into opportunities for improvement!

In addition to providing the UTrakk solution, Proaction International supports you in implementing the best problem-solving methods and helps you achieve operational excellence.

Adeline de Oliveira

Writer and editorial manager for about 15 years, Adeline de Oliveira is passionate about human behavior and communication dynamics. At Proaction International, she covers topics ranging from Industry 5.0 to operational excellence, with a focus on leadership development. This expertise enables her to offer insights and advice on employee engagement and continuous improvement of managerial skills.

Déli-Porc Develops an Agile, Digitalized Culture Focused on Optimization

Kefor maximizes its performance by optimizing manager skills, le goupe maurice: motivate and retain talents by focusing on the leadership development of managers.

COMMENTS

खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां
इस आर्टिकल में खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां (Play Way Method in hindi ...
खेल प्रविधि / विधि
खेल विधि के सिद्धान्त. इस विधि के प्रमुख सिद्धान्त इस प्रकार हैं-. (1) शिक्षण की परम्परा विधियों को समाप्त करके एक रोचक शिक्षण विधि का ...
समस्या समाधान विधि- विशेषताएँ, प्रक्रिया, पद / सोपान, गुण, दोष
समस्या समाधान विधि (Problem Solving Method) समस्या समाधान विधि प्रोजेक्ट तथा प्रयोगशाला विधि से मिलती-जुलती है परन्तु यह जरूरी नहीं है कि प्रत्येक समस्या का समाधान ...
35 problem-solving techniques and methods for solving complex problems
6. Discovery & Action Dialogue (DAD) One of the best approaches is to create a safe space for a group to share and discover practices and behaviors that can help them find their own solutions. With DAD, you can help a group choose which problems they wish to solve and which approaches they will take to do so.
निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया(Decision Making Process In Hindi)
Decision Making skill (निर्णय लेने का कौशल) निर्णय लेने का कौशल d आपके अंदर होना जरूरी है, यदि निर्णय लेने का कौशल आपके पास है, तो आप सही निर्णय पर ...
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What is Problem Solving? (Steps, Techniques, Examples)
The problem-solving process typically includes the following steps: Identify the issue: Recognize the problem that needs to be solved. Analyze the situation: Examine the issue in depth, gather all relevant information, and consider any limitations or constraints that may be present. Generate potential solutions: Brainstorm a list of possible ...
The Play-Way Method: Unleashing the Power of Play in Children's
This creative thinking lays the foundation for problem-solving skills and innovative thinking later in life. 4. Holistic Development. The play-way method supports the holistic development of children—cognitive, social, emotional, and physical. Through play, they develop language skills, emotional intelligence, teamwork, motor skills, and more.
PDF Play Way Method: An Effective Approach for Self-Regulated ...
Play way method method of learning social, mature emotional gains a self-confidence, environment. It helps ready to learn and to. The student learns and abilities, new vocabulary, The teacher gives a physical development. It unity, brotherhood, problem solving, competence on. This helps to increase doings.
Problem-Solving Strategies: Definition and 5 Techniques to Try
In insight problem-solving, the cognitive processes that help you solve a problem happen outside your conscious awareness. 4. Working backward. Working backward is a problem-solving approach often ...
(Pdf) Learning and Problem Solving: the Use of Problem Solving Method
The five most common methods are; trial and error, difference reduction, means-ends analysis, working backwards, and analogies. Problem solving learning is a part of active learning which is "a ...
case study method kisne diya
SUGGESTED TOPICS; The Magazine; Newsletters; Managing Yourself; Managing Teams; Work-life Balance; The Big Idea; Data & Visuals; Reading Lists; Case Selections; HBR ...
The McKinsey guide to problem solving
Become a better problem solver with insights and advice from leaders around the world on topics including developing a problem-solving mindset, solving problems in uncertain times, problem solving with AI, and much more.
eGyanKosh: Unit-2 Stages of Problem Solving
DSpace JSPUI eGyanKosh preserves and enables easy and open access to all types of digital content including text, images, moving images, mpegs and data sets
PDF THIRTEEN PROBLEM-SOLVING MODELS
The Six-Step method provides a focused procedure for the problem solving (PS) group. It ensures consistency, as everyone understands the approach to be used. By using data, it helps eliminate bias and preconceptions, leading to greater objectivity. It helps to remove divisions and encourages collaborative working.
A Step-by-Step Guide to A3 Problem Solving Methodology
Problem-solving is an important component of any business or organization. It entails identifying, analyzing, and resolving problems in order to improve processes, drive results, and foster a culture of continuous improvement. A3 Problem solving is one of the most effective problem-solving methodologies. A3 Problem solving is a structured and systematic approach to problem-solving that ...
A guide to problem-solving techniques, steps, and skills
The 7 steps to problem-solving. When it comes to problem-solving there are seven key steps that you should follow: define the problem, disaggregate, prioritize problem branches, create an analysis plan, conduct analysis, synthesis, and communication. 1. Define the problem. Problem-solving begins with a clear understanding of the issue at hand.
MODELS OF TEACHING
1- Modelling effect- The learner acquires new kind of response pattern. 2- -Inhibitory and disinhibitory effect- The learner increases or decreases the frequent, latency or intensity or previously required responses. 3- Eliciting effect- The learner receives from a model merely a cue for realising a response.
Question Paper Kisne Diya?
Click here to subscribe to SAB: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6-F5tO8uklgE9Zy8IvbdFw?sub_confirmation=1Episode 850: Question Paper Kisne Diya?-----...
PDF Conscious and Nonconscious Processes: Distinct Forms of ...
fulness, arousal); voluntary versus involuntary actions; or even explicit problem solving versus implicit incubation. In this chapter, I focus on the masking paradigm, perhaps the simplest and ... The latter hypothesis lies at the heart of the dissociation method, which has been used by many others to separate conscious and nonconscious processing.
Beggar's Method
Using the formula from the Beggar's method, n+p-1 C p-1 = 3+4-1 C 4-1 = 6 C 3 = 20. Illustration 2: Find the number of ways of distributing 10 apples, 5 mangoes, and 4 oranges among 4 persons if each can receive any number of fruits and the same type of fruits is identical. Solution: Here, p = 4. Using the formula from the Beggar's method ...
10 Effective Problem-Solving Methods for Manufacturers
Key steps of a problem-solving process in a factory. To better understand each of these steps, let's take the example of a factory manufacturing automotive components, faced with a sudden rise in the number of defective parts. 1. Identify the problem. The first step is to recognize that a problem exists.

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खेल विधि क्या है

खेल विधि पर आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियां

किंडरगार्टन पद्धति (Kindergarten Method in hindi)

मोंटेसरी पद्धति (Montessori Method in hindi)

ह्यूरिस्टिक पद्धति (Heuristic Method in hindi)

प्रोजेक्ट पद्धति (Project Method in hindi)

डाल्टन पद्धति (Dalton Method in hindi)

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खेल प्रविधि / विधि | playway method / devices in hindi

playway method / devices in hindi | खेल प्रविधि / विधि

खेल विधि (Playway Method)

खेल प्रविधि पर आधारित विभिन्न प्रविधि

(2) किण्डरगार्टन पद्धति

(3) प्रोजेक्ट पद्धति

(4) डाल्टन पद्धति

(5) बेसिक शिक्षा पद्धति

विद्यालयों में खेल का महत्त्व

खेल विधि के सिद्धान्त

खेल विधि की आवश्यकता

खेल विधि के गुण

खेल विधि के दोष

आपको यह भी पढ़ना चाहिए।

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समस्या समाधान विधि- विशेषताएँ, प्रक्रिया, पद / सोपान, गुण, दोष

समस्या समाधान विधि (Problem Solving Method)

समस्या की विशेषताएँ (Characteristics of a Problem)

समस्या समाधान की प्रक्रिया (Process of Problem Solving Method)

समस्या समाधान विधि के पद / सोपान (Steps / Stages Involved in the Problem Solving Method)

समस्या समाधान पद्धति के गुण (Merits of Problem Solving Method)

समस्या समाधान पद्धति के दोष (Demerits of Problem Solving Method)

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Sarkari Guider Team

35 problem-solving techniques and methods for solving complex problems

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How do you identify problems?

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Clearly define the problem

Don’t jump to conclusions

Try different approaches

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Get the right people in the room

Document everything

Bring a facilitator

Develop your problem-solving skills

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1. Six Thinking Hats

2. Lightning Decision Jam

3. Problem Definition Process

4. The 5 Whys

5. World Cafe

6. Discovery & Action Dialogue (DAD)

7. Design Sprint 2.0

8. Open space technology

Techniques to identify and analyze problems

10. The Creativity Dice

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14. Agreement-Certainty Matrix

16. Speed Boat

17. The Journalistic Six

18. LEGO Challenge

19. What, So What, Now What?

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Problem-solving techniques for developing solutions

21. Mindspin

22. Improved Solutions