encompasses A), B), and C).
has come to be used to refer to …
is generally understood to mean …
has been used to refer to situations in which …
carries certain connotations in some types of …
is a relatively new name for a Y, commonly referred to as …
The definition of X has evolved. There are multiple definitions of X. Several definitions of X have been proposed. In the field of X, various definitions of X are found. The term ‘X’ embodies a multitude of concepts which … This term has two overlapping, even slightly confusing meanings. Widely varying definitions of X have emerged (Smith and Jones, 1999). Despite its common usage, X is used in different disciplines to mean different things. Since the definition of X varies among researchers, it is important to clarify how the term is …
The meaning of this term | has evolved. has varied over time. has been extended to refer to … has been broadened in recent years. has not been consistent throughout … has changed somewhat from its original definition … |
X is a contested term. X is a rather nebulous term … X is challenging to define because … A precise definition of X has proved elusive. A generally accepted definition of X is lacking. Unfortunately, X remains a poorly defined term. There is no agreed definition on what constitutes … There is little consensus about what X actually means. There is a degree of uncertainty around the terminology in … These terms are often used interchangeably and without precision. Numerous terms are used to describe X, the most common of which are …. The definition of X varies in the literature and there is terminological confusion. Smith (2001) identified four abilities that might be subsumed under the term ‘X’: a) … ‘X’ is a term frequently used in the literature, but to date there is no consensus about … X is a commonly-used notion in psychology and yet it is a concept difficult to define precisely. Although differences of opinion still exist, there appears to be some agreement that X refers to …
The meaning of this term | has been disputed. has been debated ever since … has proved to be notoriously hard to define. has been an object of major disagreement in … has been a matter of ongoing discussion among … |
The term ‘X’ is used here to refer to … In the present study, X is defined as … The term ‘X’ will be used solely when referring to … In this essay, the term ‘X’ will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all … In this paper, the term that will be used to describe this phenomenon is ‘X’. In this dissertation, the terms ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are used interchangeably to mean … Throughout this thesis, the term ‘X’ is used to refer to informal systems as well as … While a variety of definitions of the term ‘X’ have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as …
For Smith (2001), X means … Smith (2001) uses the term ‘X’ to refer to … Smith (1954) was apparently the first to use the term … In 1987, psychologist John Smith popularized the term ‘X’ to describe … According to a definition provided by Smith (2001:23), X is ‘the maximally … This definition is close to those of Smith (2012) and Jones (2013) who define X as … Smith, has shown that, as late as 1920, Jones was using the term ‘X’ to refer to particular … One of the first people to define nursing was Florence Nightingale (1860), who wrote: ‘… …’ Chomsky writes that a grammar is a ‘device of some sort for producing the ….’ (1957, p.11). Aristotle defines the imagination as ‘the movement which results upon an actual sensation.’ Smith et al . (2002) have provided a new definition of health: ‘health is a state of being with …
X is defined by Smith (2003: 119) as ‘… …’ The term ‘X’ is used by Smith (2001) to refer to … X is, for Smith (2012), the situation which occurs when … A further definition of X is given by Smith (1982) who describes … The term ‘X’ is used by Aristotle in four overlapping senses. First, it is the underlying … X is the degree to which an assessment process or device measures … (Smith et al ., 1986).
This definition | includes … allows for … highlights the … helps distinguish … takes into account … poses a problem for … will continue to evolve. can vary depending on … was agreed upon after … has been broadened to include … |
The following definition is | intended to … modelled on … too simplistic: useful because … problematic as … inadequate since … in need of revision since … important for what it excludes. the most precise produced so far. |
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Lesson 21: Definition of Terms
A word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express concept, especially In a particular kind of language or branch of study.
Guidelines in defining terms:
1. Definition of terms works like a glossary but have a different twist. It is placed on the beginning of the research paper to tell the meaning of the terms used in the said paper.
2. Only terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique meanings in the study are defined.
3. There are two types of definition of terms. Conceptual and Operational Terms.
Theoretical Definition are based be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazines and newspaper article, dictionaries, and other publications but the researcher must acknowledge his/her sources.
Conceptual Definition are based on how the researcher may develop his own definition from the characteristics of the term define.
4. The term should be arranged alphabetically .
5. When the definition are taken from encyclopedias, books, magazine and newspaper articles, dictionaries and other publications, the researcher must acknowledge his sources .
Definition of terms
Theoretical Definition
Knowledge - the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association.
Conceptual Definition
Knowledge - it is a condition of being aware to a certain problem-cyberbullying.
If you have chosen a topic, you may break the topic down into a few main concepts and then list and/or define key terms related to that concept. If you have performed some background searching, you can include some of the words that were used to describe your topic.
For example, if your topic deals with the relationship between teenage smoking and advertising in the United States, the following key terms may apply:
smoking -- tobacco -- nicotine -- cigarettes
teenage -- adolescents -- children -- teens -- youth
advertising -- marketing -- media -- commercials -- TV -- billboards
When listing the key terms or concepts of your topic, be sure to consider synonyms for these terms as well. Since research is an iterative process, you will also find additional key terms to utilize through the resources you encounter throughout your research process.
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Published on May 24, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation , it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader.
Your glossary only needs to include terms that your reader may not be familiar with, and it’s intended to enhance their understanding of your work. Glossaries are not mandatory, but if you use a lot of technical or field-specific terms, it may improve readability to add one.
If you do choose to include a glossary, it should go at the beginning of your document, just after the table of contents and (if applicable) list of tables and figures or list of abbreviations . It’s helpful to place your glossary at the beginning, so your readers can familiarize themselves with key terms relevant to your thesis or dissertation topic prior to reading your work. Remember that glossaries are always in alphabetical order.
To help you get started, download our glossary template in the format of your choice below.
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Citing sources for your glossary, additional lists to include in your dissertation, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about glossaries.
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Glossaries and definitions often fall into the category of common knowledge , meaning that they don’t necessarily have to be cited.
However, it’s always better to be safe than sorry when it comes to citing your sources , in order to avoid accidental plagiarism .
If you’d prefer to cite just in case, you can follow guidance for citing dictionary entries in MLA or APA Style for citations in your glossary. Remember that direct quotes should always be accompanied by a citation.
In addition to the glossary, you can also include a list of tables and figures and a list of abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation if you choose.
Include your lists in the following order:
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A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, dictionaries are more general collections of words.
A glossary or “glossary of terms” is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. Your glossary only needs to include terms that your reader may not be familiar with, and is intended to enhance their understanding of your work.
Glossaries are not mandatory, but if you use a lot of technical or field-specific terms, it may improve readability to add one to your thesis or dissertation. Your educational institution may also require them, so be sure to check their specific guidelines.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, an index is a list of the contents of your work organized by page number.
Definitional terms often fall into the category of common knowledge , meaning that they don’t necessarily have to be cited. This guidance can apply to your thesis or dissertation glossary as well.
However, if you’d prefer to cite your sources , you can follow guidance for citing dictionary entries in MLA or APA style for your glossary.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
George, T. (2023, July 18). What Is a Glossary? | Definition, Templates, & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/glossary-of-a-dissertation/
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Research glossary.
The research glossary defines terms used in conducting social science and policy research, for example those describing methods, measurements, statistical procedures, and other aspects of research; the child care glossary defines terms used to describe aspects of child care and early education practice and policy.
A-110 . “Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations,” an OMB circular covering the award of grants and contracts, post-award requirements, and property standards.
A-133 . “Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations,” an OMB circular setting standards for obtaining consistency and uniformity among federal agencies for the audit of recipients of federal awards.
A-21 . “Cost Principles for Educational Institutions,” an OMB circular describing financial management procedures relevant to federal agreements with academic institutions and represent the “Cost Accounting Standards” for federal awards.
AAALAC . American Association for the Accreditation of Lab Animal Care : an organization that accredits research animal facilities.
Advance spending . Authorization to expend funds on a project prior to receipt of the sponsor’s notice of award, e.g., to hire staff and purchase materials required to perform the scope of work.
Agency . Synonym for “sponsor.”
Allowable costs . Costs that may be charged to a grant, such as salaries and equipment, that meet the requirements of being reasonable, allocable to the project, and treated consistently at the institution, and not excluded by Circular A-21.
Audit . A formal examination of an organization’s or individual’s accounts, financial situation, or compliance with applicable terms, laws, and regulations.
Authorized signature . Signature of the person authorized to commit funds and facilities on grants and contracts.
AUTM . Association of University Technology Managers . Its mission is “to promote, support and improve academic technology transfer worldwide and demonstrate its benefits globally through education, advocacy, networking and communication.”
Award . Funds provided by a sponsor to support a particular project.
Bequest . An award given with few or no conditions specified, for instance to establish an endowment or to provide direct support for existing programs.
Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) . An announcement describing a federal agency’s general research interest, soliciting proposals, and specifying the criteria for selecting proposals.
Budget . The detailed estimate of the expenditures to be made under a project’s scope of work.
Budget category . A section of the budget that includes a defined type of expenditure (e.g., salaries, fringe benefits, travel, patient costs).
Budget justification . A description of the individual cost elements that together comprise the budget and the estimation methods used in costing the project.
Budget period . The interval of time into which the project period is divided for budgetary and funding purposes: generally one year.
CAS . See Cost Accounting Standards
CDC . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS)
CFDA . Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance , a listing of all programs available to state and local governments, organizations, individuals, etc.
CFR . Code of Federal Regulations: general and permanent rules established by the Executive branch of the Federal Government.
Change order . A written order signed by the contracting officer, modifying contract clauses or scope of work without the consent of the contractor.
Classified research . Research sponsored by the federal government involving restrictions on the distribution or publication of the research findings or results following completion.
Close-out . Completion of internal procedures and sponsor requirements to terminate or complete a research project.
Cognizant audit agency . The federal office that is designated to perform audits for sponsored projects at a university (at UVA, the Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS]).
COGR . Council on Governmental Relations , an association of colleges and universities that advise the government on the impact of its regulations on their business practices.
Competing proposal . A proposal (1) submitted for the first time, (2) that was unfunded but is being re-submitted, or (3) for an ongoing project after the term of the original award expired.
Compliances and certifications . Federal and state rules and requirements concerning the responsible handling of research involving human subjects, vertebrate animal care, and hazardous substances, as well as other legal issues (such as conflict of interest, drug-free workplace, etc.). Administrative officers of an institution must regularly certify, by their signature, compliance with these rules and regulations; individual investigators must comply with institutional requirements and must sign to that effect on the proposal cover sheet.
Confidentiality agreement . A legal agreement preventing one or both party from disclosing confidential information belonging to the other party. Also called a nondisclosure agreement.
Conflict of commitment . Any situation in which non-university activities are sufficiently demanding of time and attention that they interfere with assigned duties or with responsibilities to students or the university.
Conflict of interest . Situations in which employees use their positions for purposes that are, or give the appearance of being, motivated by a desire for private gain for themselves or others, such as those with whom they have family, business or other ties.
Consideration . Anything of value that changes hands between the parties of contract.
Consortium agreement . A document formalizing the terms and conditions under which a group of collaborative investigators (i.e., a consortium) at different institutions collaborate on a project.
Consultant . An individual whose expertise is required by the PI to perform the research project. Consultant may be a paid or unpaid.
Continuation project (non-competing) . A subsequent award on a project after the previous budget period has expired, on multi-year projects. These do not compete with other proposals: rather, satisfactory progress is assessed in determining whether to provide the next period’s funding.
Contract . Agreement to provide services that primarily benefit the sponsor. For an award to be considered a contract, it normally must contain all of the following: detailed financial and legal requirements; specific statement of work to be performed; deliverables and/or reports required by the sponsor; accounting procedures to be followed; legally binding contract clauses.
Contract/grant officer . A sponsor’s designee who is responsible for the business management aspects of an award. In general, this individual works with the project (scientific) officer.
Cooperative Agreement . An award involving greater agency involvement than a grant, during proposal preparation or in carrying out the scope of work.
Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI) . An investigator sharing responsibility for the direction of a research program. PHS/NIH does not recognize the concept of co-principal investigator, but does recognize multiple-PI projects.
Copyright . A government grant of exclusivity in reproduction and sale of creative (e.g., literary, artistic, computer programs) inventions.
Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) . Federally mandated accounting standards intended to ensure uniformity in budgeting and spending funds.
Cost-reimbursement contract/grant. A contract or grant for which the sponsor reimburses the actual allowable costs incurred during the conduct of the work.
Cost-sharing. University and nonfederal sponsor resources provided in support of sponsored programs; includes contributed effort and matching funds. Cost-sharing contributions must meet the following criteria: verifiability in University records; contributions are allowable, allocable, reasonable, and necessary to accomplish the scope of work; shared costs are not also used for other projects; and shared costs are identifiable in the proposal budget or justification.
Cover sheet . The first page of a proposal, often in a format supplied by an agency, showing summary data on the proposal and PI, plus all required compliance check-offs
CRADA or CRDA. Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. A document allowing government investigators to collaborate with non-government scientists on common research projects.
CSR. Center for Scientific Review (National Institutes of Health).
DARPA. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency , the central R&D arm of the Department of Defense.
Data. Recorded information, regardless of form or characteristic, describing the design or resulting from a scientific project.
Defense Acquisition Regulations (DAR) . The regulations governing research projects sponsored by the Department of Defense.
Deficit. Expenditures exceeding available funds.
Deliverable . Items to be delivered to the sponsor, generally as required by contracts. These might include technical reports, reagents, computer programs, etc.
DFARS. Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement
DHHS. Department of Health and Human Services
Direct costs. Costs that are identified specifically with a sponsored project, such as salaries/fringe benefits, supplies, equipment, etc.
DOD. Department of Defense (includes Air Force, Army, ARPA, and Navy)
Donation. Transfer of equipment, money, goods, services, and property, much like a gift except often with more specific intent than the latter.
DRG . Division of Research Grants (National Institutes of Health)
EDISON . Interagency Extramural Invention Information Management System (for reporting of inventions created under federal funding)
Effort . The amount of time (usually a percent of total professional effort) that individual expends on a project.
Effort report . Periodic report of the time (as a percent of total) expended by an employee on sponsored projects and other professional activities. The employee must sign the effort report, as required by law.
Effort, contributed . Effort expended on a sponsored project that the sponsor does not compensate for; a form of cost sharing.
Encumbrance. Funds set aside for a projected expense prior to their actual expenditure.
Endowment. An income-generating fund usually provided as a gift in order to generate long-term support for faculty positions or research activities.
Equipment . Property having a useful life of more than one year and an acquisition cost of more than $5,000 per unit on federal grants (exclusive of taxes and shipping).
Equipment, general purpose . Equipment that can be utilized for activities other than the specific scope of work supported by a grant or contract (e.g., office equipment and furniture, computers, and photocopiers).
Equipment, government-furnished , Equipment provided to the university by the federal government or a government contractor; title may or may not remain with the government.
Equipment, special purpose . Equipment that can be utilized only for research, medical, scientific, or technical activities.
Expanded authorities . A policy of some federal granting agencies, which delegate prior approval authorities to awardees.
Expiration date. The end of the performance period for a sponsored award.
Extension. A delay of the expiration date by the sponsor to the awardee in order to complete the scope of work. These generally are no-cost (no additional funds provided by the sponsor).
Facilities and Administrative (F&A) costs . Also referred to as indirect costs, overhead, or administrative costs. These are incurred to conduct normal business activities of the organization receiving support that cannot be readily identified or directly charged to a particular project or activity (e.g., library, depreciation of facilities, heat).
Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) . The policies and procedures for acquisition by federal executive agencies.
FDA . Food and Drug Administration
FDP . A cooperative effort among several 10 federal agencies to reduce the administrative burdens associated with research grants and contracts.
Federal Commons . An on-line grants management system offering grants processing to awardees. Includes funding opportunities, proposal submission, and award management modules.
Fellowship . An award directly to an individual rather than an institution.
FIC . Fogarty International Center (NIH)
Final report. The technical or financial report required by the sponsor to complete a research project.
Fiscal Year (FY) . The period for which annual accounts are kept (UVA: July 1 through June 30; federal government: October 1 through September 30).
Fixed-price contract/grant. A contract or grant for which payment is based on a predetermined price, regardless of actual costs.
FOIA . Freedom of Information Act
Fringe benefits . Employee benefits paid by the employer. (e.g., FICA, workers’ compensation, medical insurance). UVA has a negotiated fringe benefits rate with the federal government.
Funding cycle . Periodic deadlines and review and award dates, which may occur either cyclically or throughout the year.
GCP . Good Clinical Practices.
Gift . Awards given with no restrictions specified. Gifts allow the recipient can manage their use, are not associated with deliverables, and are not overseen by the donor.
GLP . Good Laboratory Practices.
GMP . Good Manufacturing Practices.
Goldenrod . UVA’s internal proposal routing form documenting PI assurances and institutional approval.
Governing law . UVA, as a Virginia state agency, cannot accept a contract governed by the laws of another state or other jurisdiction: contracts must be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia or silent on the governing law.
Grant . A type of financial assistance awarded to an organization for the conduct of research or other program as specified in an approved proposal. A grant, as opposed to a cooperative agreement, is used whenever the agency anticipates no substantial programmatic involvement during the performance of the activities.
Grant/Contract Officer. A sponsor’s designee who is responsible for the business management aspects of an award. In general, this individual works with the project (scientific) officer.
Grantee . The recipient of a grant.
GSA . General Services Administration
IACUC (Animal Care and Use Committee) . An institutional committee that reviews and approves the use of animal subjects in all research projects. It also oversees institutional animal facilities.
IBC . Institutional Biosafety Committee
IDC. Indirect Costs (= F&A costs)
Incremental funding. A method of funding contracts that by the agency provides specific spending limits below the total estimated cost of the project. These interim limits may be exceeded at the contractor’s own risk.
Indemnification . An agreement to hold harmless the other party in a contract, from legal actions or claims for damages. State agencies such as UVA cannot indemnify other parties, but can offer insurance clauses.
Indirect cost rate . The rate established by negotiation with the cognizant federal agency (DHHS for UVA) on the basis of the institution’s projected costs for the year and distributed as prescribed in OMB Circular A-21. Various rates exist for sponsored research, service, other projects, and on- vs. off-site activities.
Indirect costs . Also referred to as facilities and administrative costs, overhead, or administrative costs. These are incurred to conduct normal business activities of the organization receiving support that cannot be readily identified or directly charged to a particular project or activity (e.g., library, depreciation of facilities, heating).
In-kind . Contributions other than money, such as equipment, materials, or services of recognized value.
Institutional Authorized Official . An individuals authorized by the Board of Regents to sign grants, contracts, and agreements on behalf of The University of Virginia.
Intellectual property (IP) . Creations of the mind that include inventions, know-how, copyrightable works, or creative or artistic works. Intellectual property may be protected legally via patents, copyrights, and so on, or protected as trade secrets.
Invention . A process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or design, or any new or useful improvement thereof, and any variety of plant which is or may be patentable under the laws of the United States or any other country.
Investigator-initiated proposal. A submitted proposal that is not in response to an RFP or RFA.
Intergovernmental Personnel Agreement (IPA) . A mechanism by which state employees may be assigned to work for a federal agency, or vice-versa, while remaining on the payroll of the “home” agency. Often used for a temporary assignment of a faculty member to a federal agency, with the faculty retaining his/her university benefits.
IRB . Institutional Review Board (charged with ethical review and oversight of human subjects research).
Key personnel. The personnel considered to be of primary importance to the successful conduct of a research project. The term usually refers to doctoral-level contributors, but may also include other individuals with specialized expertise. In contracts, replacement of key personnel may require approval of the funding agency.
Letter of intent . A document advising a funding agency that an application will be submitted in response to a specific solicitation. These letters often are used to guide the creation of a peer review committee.
Limitation of cost (LOC) . A mandatory clause for cost-reimbursement type contracts stating that the sponsor is not obligated to reimburse the contractor for costs in excess of the stated amount. Similarly, the contractor is not obligated to continue performance once expenses reach the stated amount.
Line item budget . A budget that lists the cost of individual project personnel and itemizes the costs for all other budgeted categories such as travel, supplies, equipment, etc. Also known as a detailed budget.
Lobbying certification . An assurance that no federal funds have been used to influence federal officials in the award of a grant or contract.
Matching funds . Funds obligated by the institution that are required by the granting or contracting agency.
Matching grant. A grant requiring that a portion of the cost be obtained from other sources.
Materials transfer agreement . A legally binding document in which one party releases a proprietary reagent, organism, or other item to another party for the purposes of research. It defines the field of use by the recipient and describes the intellectual property rights of sending and receiving parties.
Misconduct in science. Fabrication, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research. It does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data.
Modification . A document changing an existing award, such as approvals to carry over funds among project periods, changes in funding levels or in key personnel, etc.
Modified Total Direct Costs (MTDC) . For federal awards, these are a subset of direct costs, normally excluding equipment, patient care, space rental, alterations and renovations, and subcontract costs in excess of the first $25,000. These are the base on which F&A (indirect) costs are calculated.
NACUBO . National Association of College and University Business Officers
NASA . National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NCI . National Cancer Institute (NIH)
NCRR . National Center for Research Resources (NIH)
NCURA . National Council of University Research Administrators
NEI . National Eye Institute (NIH)
New award . A grant, cooperative agreement, or contract that had not previously been awarded.
New proposal . Proposals that are submitted to a particular sponsor for the first time.
NHGRI . National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH)
NHLBI . National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
NIA . National Institute on Aging (NIH)
NIAAA . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIH)
NIAID . National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH)
NIAMS . National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH)
NICHD . National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH)
NIDA . National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH)
NIDCD . National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIH)
NIDDK . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH)
NIDR . National Institute of Dental Research (NIH)
NIEHS . National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH)
NIGMS . National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH)
NIH . National Institutes of Health
NIMH . National Institute of Mental Health (NIH)
NINDS . National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH)
NINR . National Institute for Nursing Research (NIH)
NLM . National Library of Medicine
No-cost extension . An extension of the period of performance beyond the expiration data to accomplish the scope of work. By definition, no additional costs are provided.
Non-competing continuation . A report on project progress that requests continuation funding for the next portion of the project period.
Non-compliance . Failure to adhere to applicable regulations, policies, procedures or special conditions related to the conduct of research. These might include unapproved changes in project work scope, use of animals without IACUC approval, and breaches of clinical protocol methodology.
Nondisclosure agreement . A legal agreement preventing one or both party from disclosing confidential information belonging to the other party. Also called a confidentiality agreement.
Notice of grant award . Also called “Notice of award.” The legally binding document that serves as a notification to the recipient that a grant or cooperative agreement has been made. The document lists or references the terms of the award and obligates sponsor funds.
NSF . National Science Foundation
Off-campus . Sponsored activities, less than 50% of which are conducted on university property or which charge rent to the project as a direct cost.
OHRP . Office for Human Research Protections (DHHS). This unit oversees DHHS Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects (45 CFR 46), and offers guidance on ethical issues in biomedical and behavioral research.
OMB . Office of Management and Budget. OMB establishes government grants management policies and guidelines through circulars and common rules.
OMB circulars . See A-21, A-110, and A-133 above.
On-campus (also on-site) . Sponsored activities conducted on university property. In general, when over 50% of such activity takes place within the University, the on-campus F&A rate will be applied to the project.
ONR . Office of Naval Research
ORI . Office of Research Integrity (in DHHS). This office promotes research integrity in projects supported by the PHS, monitors institutional investigations of research misconduct, and facilitates the responsible conduct of research (RCR) through educational, preventive, and regulatory activities.
Patent . A government grant of the right to stop others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling an invention.
Patent infringement . Violation of the rights covered by a patent.
Patent prosecution . Filing of a patent application and the subsequent actions required in order to obtain a granted patent and the maintenance thereof after the award.
Peer review . A process by which committees of researchers from several institutions review and recommend applications to the funding agency.
Per diem . A daily allowance paid to personnel working on a sponsored project to cover meals and lodging while traveling.
PHS . Public Health Service
PHS 2590 . Application for Continuation of a PHS Grant (National Institutes of Health )
PHS 398 . Application Form for a PHS Grant (NIH, in the process of being replaced by the SF 424).
PRDA . Program Research and Development Announcement: a competitive solicitation for research, development, and related projects in a specified area of interest.
Pre-proposal . A preliminary proposal of a research project and its estimated budget. Successful PIs are asked by the sponsor to submit full proposals.
Principal Investigator (PI) . The individual responsible for the conduct of research or other activity described in a proposal for an award. The PI has primary responsibility for technical compliance, completion of programmatic work, and fiscal stewardship of sponsor funds.
Prior approval . The requirement for written sponsor permission for changes in the scope of work, key personnel, use of funds for a project, etc., beyond the original proposal/approval.
Priority score . A numerical value representing the rating given a proposal by a review committee. Grants are ordered on the basis of their priority scores in order for funding decisions to be made.
Program Announcement. Notification of a research opportunity that will be available for several years. Renewed in 3 years at NIH.
Program income . Gross income earned by the recipient for activities supported by an award.
Program/Project Officer. A sponsor’s technical officially overseeing an award. This person works with the Principal Investigator of the awardee and with the sponsor’s grant/contract officer in overseeing the project.
Progress report. A periodic summary of research progress required by the sponsor.
Project period . The total time for which support of a project has been approved by the sponsor.
Proposal. An application for funding including the technical description of the project, personnel, available resources, and funds requested.
Proprietary research . Sponsored research involving restrictions placed by the sponsor on the distribution or publication of the research findings.
Rebudget . The movement of funds from one budget category to another. May require approval of the sponsor’s grant/contract officer.
Regulations . The contractual rules and procedures governing sponsored research projects.
Renewal . A competitively reviewed grant and cooperative agreement proposal requesting additional funds extending the scope of work and project period.
Representations and certifications (Reps & Certs) . Statements of policies, practices, and commitments (e.g., conflict of interest, misconduct in science, debarment/suspension, delinquent federal debt, drug-free workplace, assurances on lobbying) which must be signed as part of some proposals, and especially for federal contract proposals.
Request for Applications (RFA) . Focused programmatic announcement of a grant opportunity, for a topic of specific interest to a sponsor. Usually a one-time solicitation, as opposed to a program announcement.
Request for Proposal (RFP) . Announcement of a contract opportunity that specifies the anticipated area of research, methods to be used, deliverables, and characteristics of allowable applicants (e.g., small business concerns).
Research . Systematic investigation aimed at the discovery, interpretation, or revision of facts or accepted theories or to make practical applications with the help of such knowledge.
Research, applied . The systemic, intensive study directed toward producing results that are applicable to a particular problem.
Research, basic . A systemic, intensive study designed to increase the body of knowledge in a particular field, rather than to develop specific, practical applications.
Responsible conduct of research . As described by the DHHS Office of Research Integrity, this is comprised of the following components: honest in conveying information and keeping commitments; accuracy and precision in reporting findings; using resources wisely; avoiding improper bias.
Revised proposal . A modified request for funding for a project that previously was not funded by the sponsor.
SBIR . Small Business Innovative Research
Scope of work . The description of the work to be performed on a research project.
SF 424 . Standard Form 424 (R&R).
Site visit . An agency-initiated review of a proposed project conducted at the applicant’s institution.
Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) . A program under which a federal agency provides funds to small businesses.
Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) . A federal program providing funds to small businesses that are “teamed” with research institutions.
Sole source acquisition . A procurement that does not provide full and open competition, but rather because one source is available.
Sponsor . The organization or agency funding research project.
Sponsored project . A research, training, or service activity supported by an external agency by means of a grant or contract.
Sponsored research . Research supported by outside sources that is conducted by University employees using any University space or facilities.
SRA . Society of Research Administrators
Stipend . A payment made to an individual under a fellowship or training grant in accordance with pre-established levels to provide for the individual’s living expenses during the period of training. Such individuals are not University employees but are covered by University policies and regulations.
Subcontract, subgrant, or subagreement . A contract issued under a prime contract, agreement, purchase order, or grant for the procurement of services or program-related tasks over $10,000. Subcontracts must be consistent with the terms and conditions of the master award, transferring a portion of the research or substantive effort of the prime award to another institution or organization.
Supplemental proposal . A request to the sponsor for additional funds for an existing project: may result, for example, from increased costs or changes in project design.
Task order . A contractual document authorizing work and appropriating funds in a supplement to an existing contract or master agreement.
Teaming agreement . An agreement between two or more parties to participate in a research teaching activity.
Terms of award . Requirements imposed by the sponsor on the recipient by policy, statute, or regulations.
Total Direct Costs (TDC) . The total of all direct costs of a project.
Total project costs . Also known as total costs. The allowable direct and indirect costs to carry out an approved project.
Unallowable costs . Specific expenditures that cannot be charged, directly or indirectly, to federally sponsored agreements.
Unrestricted funds . Monies with no requirements as to their use or disposition. Gifts represent such funds.
Unsolicited proposal . Proposals submitted to a sponsor that are not in response to an RFP or RFA. (See also Investigator-Initiated Proposal.
Any untoward occurrence in a research participant. The occurrence need not have a clear causal relationship with the individual’s participation in the research; an AE can be any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, event, or occurrence affecting a participant’s physical, mental, social, financial, legal, or psychological well-being. An unanticipated AE should be reported to the committee as soon as possible after it is identified.
Agreement by an individual not competent to give legally valid informed consent (e.g., a child or cognitively impaired person) to participate in research. An assent is typically paired with permission from a parent or guardian, and together they comprise the informed consent to participate.
An officer of an institution with the authority to speak for and legally commit the institution to adherence to the requirements of the federal regulations regarding the involvement of human subjects in biomedical and behavioral research.
A statement of basic ethical principles governing research involving human subjects issued by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in 1979. View a summary of the Belmont Report . The Belmont Report principles permeate human subjects research to this day.
An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report that entails an obligation to protect persons from harm. The principle of beneficence can be expressed in two general rules: 1) do not harm; and 2) protect from harm by maximizing possible benefits and minimizing possible risks of harm.
A valued or desired outcome associated with a research project. Anticipated benefits may express the probability that subjects and society may benefit from the research procedures. Research may benefit the individual or society as a whole. If research will not benefit individuals, it is required to provide a reasonable likelihood of resulting in benefits to society. UNLV’s human research application requests information about the direct benefits accruing to the research participants and to society. Compensation and incentives given to participants are not considered benefit.
This is a certificate issued by the National Institutes of Health that protects identifiable research information of a sensitive nature from forced disclosure. It is typically requested when the researcher believes his/her research objectives could not be met without this form of protection.
Persons who have not attained the legal age for consent to treatment or procedures involved in the research, as determined under the applicable law of the jurisdiction in which the research will be conducted [45 CFR 46 46.401(a)]. In Nevada, individuals younger than 18 years of age are considered children for most research situations, and informed consent then consists of the child’s assent and the parent’s permission.(See “Assent.”)
The act of forcing or compelling one to take action against one’s will. Coercion can be overt or perceived, and it can occur when the researcher is in a position of authority or power over the subject (for example, teachers over students or physicians over patients). It can also occur when incentives become so great that the participant will only participate to attain the incentive.
Having either a psychiatric disorder (e.g., psychosis, neurosis, personality or behavior disorders, or dementia) or a developmental disorder (e.g., mental retardation) that affects cognitive or emotional functions to the extent that capacity for judgment and reasoning is significantly diminished. Others, including persons under the influence of or dependent on drugs or alcohol, those suffering from degenerative diseases affecting the brain, terminally ill patients, and persons with severely disabling physical handicaps, may also be compromised in their ability to make decisions in their best interests.
Human subjects research projects conducted by more than one institution. Each institution is responsible for safeguarding the rights and welfare of human subjects. Arrangements for joint review, relying upon one qualified IRB, or similar arrangements are acceptable. (Please contact the ORI-HS staff if this situation occurs; they can assist with the arrangements.)
Payment for participation in research. Compensation should be appropriate for the amount of effort involved, and not excessive and thereby coercive. Compensation is NOT considered a benefit.
Technically, a legal term, used to denote capacity to act on one’s own behalf; the ability to understand information presented, to appreciate the consequences of acting (or not acting) on that information, and to make a choice. (See also: Incompetence, Incapacity)
Pertains to the treatment of information that an individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be divulged to others without permission in ways that are inconsistent with the understanding of the original disclosure.
Defined as a set of conditions in which an investigator’s judgment concerning a primary interest (e.g., subject welfare, integrity of research) could be biased by a secondary interest (e.g., personal or financial gain). See information regarding UNLV’s Conflict of Interest/Compensated Outside Services Policy .
See “Informed Consent.”
Subject(s) used for comparison who are not given the treatment under study or who do not have a given condition, background, or risk factor that is the object of study. Control conditions may be concurrent (occurring more or less simultaneously with the condition under study) or historical (preceding the condition under study). When the present condition of subjects is compared with their own condition on a prior regimen or treatment, the study is considered historically controlled.
The other primary scholar or researcher involved in conducting the research. Co-PIs must also meet the UNLV PI eligibility requirements.
Giving subjects previously undisclosed information about the research project following completion of their participation in research.
A code of ethics for clinical research approved by the World Medical Association in 1964 and widely adopted by medical associations in various countries. It was revised most recently in 2008.
Any study that is not truly experimental (e.g., quasi-experimental studies, correlational studies, record reviews, case histories, and observational studies).
A legal status conferred upon persons who have not yet attained the age of legal competency as defined by state law (for such purposes as consenting to medical care), but who are entitled to treatment as if they had by virtue of assuming adult responsibilities such as marriage, procreation, or being self-supporting and not living at home. (See also “Mature Minor.”)
Fair or just; used in the context of selection of subjects to indicate that the benefits and burdens of research are fairly distributed.
The code of federal regulations (45 CFR 46.101(b)) identifies several categories of minimal risk research as exempt from the Federal Policy for the Protection of Research Subjects. This determination must not be made by the PI, but by the IRB or someone appointed by the IRB. For more information, see the U.S. Health and Human Services website, “ Exempt Research and Research That May Undergo Expedited Review .”
The code of federal regulations (45 CFR 46.110 and 21 CFR 56.110) identifies several categories of minimal risk research that may be reviewed through an expedited review process. For more information, see the U.S. Health and Human Services website on “ Guidance on Expedited Review Procedures .”
This act defines the rights of students and parents concerning reviewing, amending, and disclosing educational records and requires written permission to disclose personally identifiable information from a student’s education record, except under certain circumstances such as an order of subpoena. 1
The federal policy that provides regulations for the involvement of human subjects in research. The policy applies to all research involving human subjects conducted, supported, or otherwise subject to regulation by any federal department or agency that takes appropriate administrative action to make the policy applicable to such research. Currently, 16 federal agencies have adopted this policy, commonly referred to as “The Federal Policy,” but also known as the “Common Rule.”
A formal written, binding commitment that is submitted to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP) in which an institution agrees to comply with applicable regulations governing research with human subjects and stipulates the procedures through which compliance will be achieved. UNLV’s assurance number is FWA00002305.
Review of proposed research at a convened meeting at which a majority of the membership of the IRB are present, including at least one member whose primary concerns are in nonscientific areas. For the research to be approved, it must receive the approval of a majority of those members present at the meeting. Generally, studies that undergo full board review are studies involving greater than minimal risk, risky, or novel procedures or vulnerable populations.
An individual who is authorized under applicable state or local law to give permission on behalf of a child for general medical care. In Nevada, under NRS 159.0805, guardians may not give permission for a child to enter into a research study unless a court order has been obtained.
The rule which protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information. The privacy rule provides federal protections for personal health information held by covered entities and gives patients specific rights with respect to that information.
Individuals whose physiological or behavioral characteristics and responses are the object of study in a research project. Under the federal regulations, human subjects are defined as living individual(s) about whom an investigator conducting research obtains: (1) data through intervention or interaction with the individual; or (2) identifiable private information.
Federal regulations define identifiable to mean that the identity of the individual subject is or may readily be ascertained by the investigator or may be associated with the information.
This refers to a person’s mental status and means inability to understand information presented, to appreciate the consequences of acting (or not acting) on that information, and to make a choice. The term is often used as a synonym for incompetence.
A legal term meaning inability to manage one’s own affairs, and often used as a synonym for incapacity.
A person’s voluntary agreement, based upon adequate knowledge and understanding of relevant information, to participate in research or to undergo a diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive procedure. In giving informed consent, subjects may not waive or appear to waive any of their legal rights, or release or appear to release the investigator, the sponsor, the institution, or agents thereof from liability for negligence.
Institutional research (also called internal research) is the gathering of data from or about UNLV students, faculty, and staff by university offices or organizations, with the sole intent of using the data for internal informational purposes or for required data-collection purposes. This data would not be made generalizable. Examples include surveys to improve university services or procedures; ascertain the opinions, experiences, or preferences of the university community; or to provide necessary information to characterize the university community. This kind of data gathering does not require IRB review unless respondents are queried about sensitive aspects of their own behavior. For debatable projects, investigators should submit an exclusion review form to the ORI-HS.
A specially constituted, federally mandated review body established or designated by an entity to protect the welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in biomedical or behavioral research. UNLV has two IRBs – Social/Behavioral and Biomedical.
The federal regulations define interaction as “communication or interpersonal contact between investigator and subject.”
The federal regulations define intervention as both physical procedures by which data are gathered (for example, venipuncture) and manipulations of the subject or the subject’s environment that are performed for research purposes.
This refers to a researcher conducting the project. Investigators can be principal investigators or co-principal investigators. Students are always listed as student investigators.
A formal agreement between UNLV and another FWA-holding institution that allows the one IRB to serve as the “IRB of Record” for protocols involving collaborative research between UNLV and the other institution.
A term utilized when an institution assumes the IRB responsibilities for a human subject research protocol conducted at another institution. An IRB authorization agreement signed by institutional officials at both institutions is required.
An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report requiring fairness in distribution of burdens and benefits; those that bear the burdens of research should also receive the benefits. There must be fair and equitable selection of subjects.
A person authorized either by statute or by court appointment to make decisions on behalf of another person. In human subjects research, an individual or judicial or other body authorized under applicable law to consent on behalf of a prospective subject to the subject’s participation in the procedure(s) involved in the research.
Someone who has not reached adulthood (as defined by state law) but who may be treated as an adult for certain purposes (e.g., consenting to medical care). Note that a mature minor is not necessarily an emancipated minor. (See also “Emancipated Minor.”)
A risk is minimal when the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the proposed research are not greater, in and of themselves, than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests. For example, the risk of drawing a small amount of blood from a healthy individual for research purposes is no greater than the risk of doing so as part of routine physical examination. Note: The definition of minimal risk for research involving prisoners differs somewhat from that given for non-institutionalized adults.
Any change to an IRB-approved study protocol, regardless of the level of review it receives initially.
A federally mandated member of an Institutional Review Board who has no ties to the parent institution, its staff, or faculty. This individual is usually from the local community (e.g., business person, attorney, or teacher).
A code of research ethics developed during the trials of Nazi war criminals following World War II and widely adopted as a standard during the 1950s and 1960s for protecting human subjects.
The office within the Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for implementing DHHS regulations (45CFR46) governing research involving human subjects.
The UNLV office, formerly known as the Office for the Protection of Research Subjects (OPRS), that serves as an administrative hub for the UNLV IRB’s oversight of human subjects research.
The agreement of parent(s) to the participation of their child in research.
The scientist or scholar with primary responsibility for the design and conduct of a research project. See UNLV’s PI Eligibility Policy for those who are eligible for automatic PI status and how to apply for PI status.
An individual involuntarily confined in a penal institution, including persons: 1) sentenced under a criminal or civil statue; 2) detained pending arraignment, trial, or sentencing; and 3) detained in other facilities (e.g., for drug detoxification or treatment of alcoholism) under statutes or commitment procedures providing such alternatives to criminal prosecution or incarceration in a penal institution. Note that this includes adjudicated youth.
Control over the extent, timing, and circumstances of disclosing personal information (physical, behavioral, or intellectual) with others.
Defined by the federal regulations to include information about behavior that occurs in a context in which an individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place. It also includes information that has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and which the individual can reasonably expect will not be made public (e.g., a medical record). Private information must be individually identifiable (i.e., the identity of the subject is or may readily be ascertained by the investigator or associated with the information) in order for the acquisition of the information to constitute research involving human subjects.
Studies designed to observe outcomes or events that occur subsequent to the identification of the group of subjects to be studied. Prospective studies need not involve manipulation or intervention but may be purely observational or involve only the collection of data.
Applies to survey research conducted in schools and states that parents have the right to inspect surveys and questionnaires distributed within schools. This amendment also specifies that parental permission must be obtained to have minors participate in surveys that disclose certain types of sensitive information. 1
The formal design or plan of an experiment or research study; specifically, the plan submitted to an IRB for review and to an agency for research support. The protocol includes a description of the research design or methodology to be employed, the eligibility requirements for prospective subjects and controls, the treatment regimen(s), and the proposed methods of analysis that will be performed on the collected data.
A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.
An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report requiring that individual autonomy be respected and persons with diminished autonomy be protected.
Research conducted by reviewing records from the past (e.g., birth and death certificates, medical records, school records, or employment records) or by obtaining information about past events elicited through interviews or surveys. Case control studies are an example of this type of research. This requires IRB review, as long as it involves private information about humans.
The probability of harm or injury (physical, psychological, social, or economic) occurring as a result of participation in a research study. Both the probability and magnitude of possible harm may vary from minimal to significant. Risks include immediate risks of study participation as well as risks of long-term effects.
This involves two types of data: 1) data collected by someone other than the principal investigator for a research or non-research purpose, or 2) data that was collected by the principal investigator, but when collected was not intended to be used for human subjects research. For data to be considered secondary data, the data must exist prior to the initiation of the current research study or be “on the shelf” at the time of study initiation. Principal investigators must submit and receive approval for use of secondary human subjects data prior to initiation of the project.
A visit by agency officials, representatives, or consultants to the location of a research activity to assess the adequacy of IRB protection of human subjects or the capability of personnel to conduct the research.
“Participant” is the preferred term since it more correctly portrays the participatory aspects of research. Sometimes “subject” more accurately describes the role.
Free of coercion, duress, or undue inducement or influence. Used in the research context to refer to a subject’s decision to participate (or to continue to participate) in a research activity.
Objectives To develop a consensual definition for the term ‘early axial spondyloarthritis—axSpA’—and ‘early peripheral spondyloarthritis—pSpA’.
Methods The ASAS (Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society-Spondyloarthritis EARly definition) steering committee convened an international working group (WG). Five consecutive steps were followed: (1) systematic literature review (SLR); (2) discussion of SLR results within the WG and ASAS community; (3) a three-round Delphi survey inviting all ASAS members to select the items that should be considered for the definition; (4) presentation of Delphi results to the WG and ASAS community and (5) ASAS voting and endorsement (2023 annual meeting).
Results Following the SLR, consensus was to proceed with an expert-based definition for early axSpA (81% in favour) but not for pSpA (54% against). Importantly, early axSpA should be based on symptom duration taking solely axial symptoms into account. 151–164 ASAS members participated in the Delphi surveys. Consensus was achieved for considering the following items within early axSpA definition: duration of symptoms ≤2 years; axial symptoms defined as cervical/thoracic/back/buttock pain or morning stiffness; regardless of the presence/absence of radiographic damage. The WG agreed that in patients with a diagnosis of axSpA ‘early axSpA’ should be defined as a duration of ≤2 years of axial symptoms. Axial symptoms should include spinal/buttock pain or morning stiffness and should be considered by a rheumatologist as related to axSpA. The ASAS community endorsed this proposal (88% in favour).
Conclusions Early axSpA has newly been defined, based on expert consensus. This ASAS definition should be adopted in research studies addressing early axSpA.
https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2023-224232
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Handling editor Josef S Smolen
X @annamolto, @sofiaramiro82
Contributors VN-C and SR designed the study and developed the study protocol. DB and DC performed the survey and summarised the data. All authors participated actively in the project. VN-C and SR wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual contribution and approved the final version.
Funding The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) funded Diego Benavent to work on this project.
Competing interests VN-C: Speaker fees—AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma; Consultancy fees- AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, MoonLake, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma; Grants: AbbVie, Novartis. DB: Grant/research support from Novartis, and speaker fees from Janssen, Abbvie, and Galapagos. DvdH: Consulting AbbVie, Bayer, BMS, Cyxone, Eisai, Galapagos, Gilead, Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma. Director of Imaging Rheumatology bv. RBML: Consulting AbbVie, Eli-Lilly, Janssen, Galapagos, Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB. Director of Rheumatology Consultancy BVD. DP: Research grant from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Consultation AbbVie, Biocad, BMS, Eli Lilly, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung Bioepis, UCB, Speaker AbbVie, BMS, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB. AvT: Speaker fees: Pfizer; Consulting fees: Novartis, Galapagos, UCB; Grants: Pfizer, UCB, Novartis XB: Abbvie, Amgen, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, UCB. FEVdB: received speaker and/or consultancy fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB FAvG: Research Grants—Novartis; consultancy -MSD, AbbVie, Novartis and BMS LG: Research grants UCB, Novartis, Consulting fees AbbVie, Acelyrin, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma CL-M: Speaker fees AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Janssen, UCB Pharma. Consulting fees Eli Lilly, Novartis, UCB Pharma. HM-O: Speaker fees/consultancy: ABvie, Eli-Lilly, Janssen, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. Research grants from Janssen, Novartis and UCB. AM: Consulting fees AbbVie, Biogen, BMS, Cyxone, Eisai, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma. Grants: UCB RP-A: Speaker fees Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Janssen, Pfizer. Consulting fees Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis. MR: Speaker- AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, UCB Pharma; Consultancy AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma MvdS: Speaker -Janssen, Novartis, UCB; Consultancy Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, UCB; Research Grants: Eli Lily, Novartis, UCB RS: Speaker - AbbVie, Biogen, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, UCB; Consultancy—AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB. Grants: AbbVie, Novartis, UCB UW: Speaker fees NovartisS. SR: Research Grants—AbbVie, Galapagos, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB; consultancy—AbbVie, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
COMMENTS
Learn how to write a clear and concise definition of terms section in a research paper to enhance clarity, consistency, and accessibility. Find out the purpose, benefits, types, and steps of defining terms in a research paper with examples and tips.
This glossary is intended to assist you in understanding commonly used terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research. Also included are common words and phrases defined within the context of how they apply to research in the social and behavioral sciences.
The study is intended to describe the methods of defining terms found in the theses of the English Foreign Language (EFL) students of IAIN Palangka Raya. The method to be used is a mixed method, qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative approach was used to identify, describe the frequencies, and classify the methods of defining terms.
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Terms. A word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express concept, especially In a particular kind of language or branch of study. Guidelines in defining terms: 1. Definition of terms works like a glossary but have a different twist. It is placed on the beginning of the research paper to tell the meaning of the terms used in the said paper.
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Defining Key Terms. If you have chosen a topic, you may break the topic down into a few main concepts and then list and/or define key terms related to that concept. If you have performed some background searching, you can include some of the words that were used to describe your topic. For example, if your topic deals with the relationship ...
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The technical or financial report required by the sponsor to complete a research project. The period for which annual accounts are kept (UVA: July 1 through June 30; federal government: October 1 through September 30). A contract or grant for which payment is based on a predetermined price, regardless of actual costs.
A valued or desired outcome associated with a research project. Anticipated benefits may express the probability that subjects and society may benefit from the research procedures. Research may benefit the individual or society as a whole. If research will not benefit individuals, it is required to provide a reasonable likelihood of resulting ...
Objectives To develop a consensual definition for the term 'early axial spondyloarthritis—axSpA'—and 'early peripheral spondyloarthritis—pSpA'. Methods The ASAS (Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society-Spondyloarthritis EARly definition) steering committee convened an international working group (WG). Five consecutive steps were followed: (1) systematic literature ...