phd student salary in canada

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• 17 April 2024

Canadian science gets biggest boost to PhD and postdoc pay in 20 years

• Brian Owens

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Researchers in Canada got most of what they were hoping for in the country’s 2024 federal budget, with a big boost in postgraduate pay and more funding for research and scientific infrastructure.

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Nature 629 , 19-20 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01124-2

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Canada pledges dramatic pay rise for PhDs, postdocs – but many will not benefit

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The Canadian government has pledged a significant investment in its graduate students and postdoctoral scholars after more than two decades of stagnation . Its 2024 budget proposal , announced on 16 April , provides C$825 million (£481 million) over the next five years to support next-generation researchers by increasing both the number and value of stipends. However, the pay rise will only be seen by graduates who win scarce Tri-Council grants, although it is hoped that as these stipends rise others will need to too to compete.

The budget, which the House of Commons must pass before it is finalised, would provide nearly C$200 million per year, increasing annual master’s and PhD scholarships to $27,000 and $40,000, respectively, and postdoctoral fellowships to $70,000. The budget’s passage is not guaranteed – it needs the support of at least one of three political parties other than the ruling Liberal party.

Source: © David Kawai/Bloomberg/Getty Images

Justin Trudeau, Canada’s prime minister, and Chrystia Freeland, Canada’s deputy prime minister and finance minister, presented the budget on 16 April. The package included funding that ended over 20 years of stagnation in PhD and postdoctoral stipends

The planned increases represent a dramatic jump. Currently, the typical annual stipend in Canada is around C$17,500 for master’s students, C$24,000 for PhDs and C$45,000 for postdocs. The government is also proposing C$1.8 billion to the different funding agencies in Canada over five years to increase core research grant funding.

The funding surge is expected to increase the number of research scholarships and fellowships provided by the government, building to approximately 1720 more graduate students or fellows benefiting each year.

Graduate student and postdoc pay in Canada has remained unchanged for over 20 years . A national survey last year by the Ottawa Science Policy Network found that nearly 90% of graduate students in the country reported feeling stressed and anxious about their finances, and almost one-third said they have considered leaving academia due to financial pressures.

‘These fellowships had the same value for many years, which means their ability to support students had, in many cases, fallen below a livable amount,’ explains Bruce Arndtsen , a chemistry professor at McGill University. ‘Many departments and institutions therefore needed to top these fellowships up from research grants simply to get to our normal stipend level.’

Most chemistry graduates ineligible for raise

Such a significant increase to graduate student stipends in Canada will give top students a competitive stipend and enable Canada to better retain these students, Arndtsen adds. ‘It will also allow the use of grant funds to better support their research activities rather than topping their fellowship up to needed levels.’

However, he notes that these stipend increases will only apply to the select few who win prestigious Tri-Council awards, and the majority of chemistry graduate students in Canada do not receive these top fellowships but are instead paid from research grants. In fact, Arndtsen notes that funding for the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada’s major chemistry funding programme has also remained stagnant for decades, and he expresses hope that these grants will receive a similar increase in the near term.

Anne Labarre , a sixth-year PhD chemistry student at McGill who is involved in computational drug discovery, celebrated the government’s announcement. Labarre says the PhD stipends at her chemistry department are currently fixed at around C$26,000 per year and emphasises that this increase is significant considering the recent inflation and rent increases in Montreal.

Matthew Berg, who received a PhD in biochemistry from Western University in Canada in 2021 and is now a postdoc at the University of Washington in the US, is optimistic. ‘These increases are going to set the bar for where funding should be for trainees in the sciences and in graduate school,’ he states. ‘Right now, a lot of Canadian graduate students struggle,’ Berg continues. ‘We’ve heard stories of students having to rely on food banks and different support systems in order to just make it through their degree.’

Last year there was a nationwide walkout of students and academics in Canada who were demanding more federal funding for graduate students and postdoc researchers. This month, graduate teaching assistants at Western University went on strike to protest what they deemed unfair wages. Meanwhile, a union representing striking academic workers at York University in Toronto, including teaching assistants and graduate workers, appeared to have reached a tentative deal on 14 April after being on strike over pay since late February.

Berg says he was lucky – he received one of one of the elusive federal awards to support him as a PhD candidate in Canada, which he says was worth about C$35,000 annually for three years. As a postdoc in the US, Berg says he currently receives significantly better compensation, with a stipend equivalent to more than C$90,000.

‘My dream after my PhD is to move to back to Canada and be a professor there,’ he says. ‘But it does make me nervous how difficult it is to get funding there and I don’t want to run a lab where my students are struggling to survive.’

Michel Cayouette , the vice president of research and academic affairs at the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, says the C$1.8 billion funding boost is great news but will be insufficient to allow supervisors to increase the value of their trainees’ stipends to the amounts announced for award recipients. ‘This means that the vast majority of students and postdocs will continue to struggle financially,’ Cayouette warns. ‘There is therefore more work to do in coming years to fill the gap in funding and ensure that all trainees receive a liveable wage.’

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The average PhD financial support consists of a combination of internal awards, external awards, research stipends, and employment earnings (e.g. teaching assistantships, research assistantships). An interactive summary of PhD financial support data is shown below.

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The elephant in the room of academia: the salaries of graduate student-researchers

Science is built on the backs of overworked and underpaid academics who have yet to defend their workers’ rights: graduate student-researchers .

It may come as a surprise, but I am actually using the term “student” quite liberally, since the work of those enrolled in research-intensive Master’s or PhD programs barely involves any traditional student activities (e.g., classes and exams). The life of graduate student-researchers is instead dedicated to conducting advanced research, applying for funding, making scientific presentations, and writing journal articles—i.e., all the typical activities of a researcher .

But it is convenient to call us “students ” : it blurs the line. It makes it easier to cheaply produce high-impact research and hide the fact that, as a society, we collectively accept that a significant portion of our scientific knowledge is produced by a group of highly educated, yet vulnerable individuals.

Indeed, graduate student-researchers are in a state of mental health crisis.  A third of PhD students seek help for anxiety or depression related to their degree . This may partly be due the numerous cases of bullying, harassment, and discrimination that plague academia. But it is also due to interminable workweeks, crippling publication pressure, and the intense competition for poor job prospects. All of which is exacerbated by the fact that graduate student-researchers sacrifice their time and mental health for pennies on the dollar.

It is high time to address the elephant in the room of academia: the salaries of graduate student-researchers.

The elephant

Academia is like Wall Street, but without the money: research never sleeps. There is always another project, another publication, or another collaboration that graduate student-researchers must pursue to get ahead and perhaps, by some miracle, get that elusive tenure-track position. It is a race to the bottom; and it leaves everyone involved—from students to early career researchers—exhausted and uncompensated for their work.

In Canada, the average salary of graduate student-researchers is $26,000 CAD/year . For the sake of argument, if we divide this amount into 40-hour weeks with 3 weeks off for vacations, that gives us an hourly rate of $13.27 CAD . As a reference point: the minimum wage in Canada ranges from  $11.45 to 16.00/hour depending on the province you work in. Oh but wait, you need to then subtract from this amount the tuition fees and living expenses—which may include moving to a new and expensive city—and you get a group of highly qualified people hardly making ends meet or downright indebted for years.

And let’s be honest, this is nowhere near the 50-to-80-hour weeks without vacations that many of my colleagues do on a regular basis, which would bring down that hourly rate to a more realistic $6.23-10.00 CAD.

Even more horrifying is the fact that this average salary is often contingent on receiving scholarships from academic institutions or funding agencies. And these scholarships are only won by a fraction of applicants, which is often composed of the privileged few who can afford to spend time on research and their application in the first place, as well as receive proper financial and academic support from their supervisors or institutions. The others must find alternative sources of income, such as: teaching, research assistantships, or other part-/full-time jobs to support themselves and/or their family during their degree(s), which takes time away from research—the main metric by which we assess the productivity and scholarly quality of graduate student-researchers.

It's a Catch-22. It’s a vicious circle that leaves many junior scholars unfunded, while sacrificing prime working years of their life. And the bottom line is this:

We should not have to win our salaries!

Yet, societies, academic institutions, and graduate student-researchers themselves have internalized that this is “normal.” And even when they are aware of the problem, graduate student-researchers are too tired, overworked, and underpaid to do anything about it.

The devil’s advocates

For some reason, each time I discuss this matter with people, there always seems to be those who are hellbent on defending the status quo with the same four arguments: Graduate student-researchers 1) are students in training; 2) choose to pursue graduate studies out of interest and passion; 3) have access to scholarships; and 4) should self-care, take time off, and stop glorifying academic performance and over-productivity.

So, let me break these arguments down for you in the same order:

• Graduate student-researchers in research-intensive programs are, first and foremost, researchers. That’s their work and that’s what is expected of them—receiving training does not change that. Several good employers pay their employees while they are training to perform their work.
• Other professionals—such as doctors, lawyers, or engineers—also pursue interesting careers that they feel passionate about, which include paid residencies or internships. Would you tell them that their contribution to society is not worth a decent wage? No. So why would you say that to junior scientists?
• Given that science is underfunded, there are not enough scholarships, and those that are available are both insufficient and often won by the privileged few. Moreover, a scholarship is a recognition; it should only supplement, not replace, a standard and well-deserved income.
• It is easy to say, but harder to do—especially when you feel like the only way to make your degree(s) worth the sacrifices already made is to work yourself to the bone. So, keep your advice about self-care to yourself, and get out your check books.

The solution: pay us!

Moving forward, societies must fund science and academic institutions should ensure decent work conditions for graduate student-researchers. Together, we must also enforce basic wages that reflect the qualifications and contributions of these junior scientists.

Because ultimately, paying graduate student-researchers a decent salary is a matter of workers’ rights and human decency.

Let’s see what we could discover, if they did not have to worry about money.

About the author

Simon Dubé is a PhD candidate in Psychology specializing in human sexuality, sextech, and Erobotics – the study of human-machine erotic interaction and co-evolution. His work also explores Space Sexology, and how we can integrate sex research into space programs. He completed his bachelor’s degree in Psychology at the Université de Montréal in 2016. He is a Student Representative of the "International Academy of Sex Research" and a General Co-Chair of the "International Congress on Love & Sex with Robots". His doctoral research is funded by the "Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Santé".

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Recommended Salary and Benefit Rates

Recommended salary and benefit rates for student and non-student assistants paid from research grants.

Revised: 06-Aug-2024 for the 2024-25 university fiscal year

The tables below provide a summary. Please review the sections that follow for complete details. Note that this information is for budget preparation purposes only. Please consult Human Resources and/or Graduate Studies and Postdoctoral Affairs for specific hiring information. Rates are subject to change May 1 annually.

1 Non-discretionary benefits include Employment Insurance, Canada Pension Plan, Workplace Safety and Insurance, and Employer’s Health Tax

2  The minimum funding levels required for graduate students may be met through various sources of funds (e.g., Graduate Research Assistantship; Teaching Assistantship; other awards). 3  Assuming that the minimum funding rate is met entirely by the GRS Sources:  Graduate TA-ship and RA-ship Finance compensation rates , Graduate student employment , Human Resources GRS vs. GRA

Graduate Research Studentships (GRS)

Human Resources has prepared a chart to help distinguish Graduate Research Studentships (GRS) from Graduate Research Assistantships (GRA) . Graduate Research Studentships should be viewed primarily as support for students while they are working on their academic program(s) (e.g., thesis) under the mentorship and guidance of the faculty supervisor.  These funds are paid through the Graduate Studies Office on a once per term basis, are not taxable, and do not have benefits or vacation pay applied. 

Use the standard rates of the home department for the graduate students in your application budgets. If the home department does not have a set rate:

Master’s: use a rate equivalent to the Graduate Research Assistantship listed below ($21,955/year) is appropriate. At the very least, a $12,000 annual minimum* is required at Waterloo.

Doctoral: the Waterloo minimum* is $27,130/year.

*The minimum funding levels required for graduate students may be met through various sources of funds (e.g., Graduate Research Assistantship; Teaching Assistantship; other awards). Rates are subject to change May 1 annually.

Graduate Research Assistantships (GRA)

Human Resources has prepared a chart to help distinguish Graduate Research Studentships (GRS) from Graduate Research Assistantships (GRA) . Graduate Research Assistantships support graduate students from university-administered accounts to perform a designated list of research duties under the supervision of one or more faculty members.  The student is expected to complete tasks on a fixed schedule and reports progress to the supervisor(s) on an agreed schedule. Duties and assigned tasks may be routine or advanced but normally fall outside the scope of the student’s research. The relationship between supervisor(s) and student is similar to that of employer and employee, and income received by the student as a result of this service is taxable in the student's hands. Graduate students must be enrolled in a graduate program to receive these payments. Payments are processed on a monthly basis and reported as T4 Employment Income, and have non-discretionary benefits and vacation pay applied. There is a 10 hour per week maximum for a GRA. Rates are subject to change May 1 annually.

Master’s: $7,318.34/term or $45.74/hour ( + 14% in benefits and vacation pay).

Doctoral: $8,707.78/term or $54.42/hour ( + 14% in benefits and vacation pay).

Postdoctoral Scholars

Postdoctoral scholars are paid through payroll, with taxes and benefits applied, depending upon the length of the postdoctoral scholar contract (see statutory deductions and benefits costs ). Effective September 1, 2024, Waterloo requires a minimum stipend of $45,000 per year. The Graduate Studies and Postdoctoral Affairs has more information about appointing a postdoctoral scholar.

General Assistants

A person employed to work on a research project is classified as a General Assistant when a faculty member hires someone to work full or part-time on a project who is not registered as a full-time student during the period of employment. For example, a student who has been employed as a Graduate Research Assistant during the academic term would be paid as a General Assistant for work undertaken during a non-academic term or in the summer. Normal Waterloo Human Resources policies must be followed for all General Assistants.

A job description is required for any General Assistant position which is more than 1/3 of a full-time position. This should be discussed with Human Resources well in advance of grant application deadline dates.

Salary rates for General Assistants must fall within University salary (USG) scales. Researchers should contact the Human Resources Partner for their department for help with determining suitable rates of payment for specific research staff positions.

Salary rates for some General Assistants may be determined according to the following guidelines provided by Human Resources. USG level information can be found in Policy 5 and the scale is subject to change May 1 annually. The rates below are based on a 35 hour work week:

• Salary rates for assistants at the undergraduate level may range from $22.99 to $33.15 per hour (USG range: low-3 to mid-5) Example: Research Assistant performing clerical work or secretarial work on a project
• Salary rates for assistants who hold an undergraduate degree or equivalent may range from $26.52 to $40.03 per hour (USG range: low-5 to mid-7) Examples: data collection or survey data work
• Salary rates for assistants who hold a graduate degree or equivalent may range from $34.99 to $47.62 per hour (USG range: low-8 to mid-9) Examples: data analysis or report writing
• Those wishing to hire Co-op Students should contact Co-op Education
• Professional positions such as Research Engineer should be discussed with Human Resources

When preparing a budget, if the position is already filled then use the employee's specific salary and benefit rate. If the person has not yet been hired, but the expected salary range and term of employment is known, use the appropriate rate listed in the statutory deductions and benefit costs and pension plan participation sections below. If a single (global) benefit rate is required, use 25%.

Statutory deductions and benefit costs

In addition to the salaries of research personnel (excludes studentships), the employer’s share of the cost of benefits is to be paid from research awards. The precise total cost of benefits is difficult to predict as many factors affect the calculation, however the suggested rates serve as reasonable estimates for budgeting purposes or you can generate your own estimates using Human Resource's Net Pay/Benefit Cost Estimator (see bottom of page). The statutory non-discretionary deductions, which apply to all employees, are Employment Insurance, Canada Pension Plan, Workplace Safety and Insurance, and Employer’s Health Tax and are payable by the employer. Also, if the term of employment is less than one year, the employee will receive vacation pay at or time off in lieu thereof. Research staff who are employed for less than 30 hours per week are entitled to these basic benefits to a maximum of 14%.

Full-time research staff, including Postdoctoral Scholars, who hold a minimum of a one-year full-time appointment are also eligible for insured benefits (Life Insurance, Extended Health Care). Total estimated benefit costs depend on salary: 23% for annual salaries of $40,000 or less; 21% for annual salaries of $40,001 to $60,000; 17% for annual salaries of $60,001 to $100,000; and 12% for annual salaries of more than $100,000. Note that Postdoctoral Scholars and Research Associates with an appointment that exceeds one year and all other staff with an appointment that exceeds two years are eligible for Pension Plan participation which increases the total estimated benefit costs (see pension plan participation ). For full-time research staff, vacation entitlement is two weeks during the year after one year of employment, and is not to be taken as vacation pay. Postdoctoral Scholars with appointments of one year or more are entitled to one month vacation at their normal monthly rate as per Policy 56 . Please note, graduate students are not considered full-time appointments, but are considered temporary employees hired on a per term basis, and therefore are not eligible for these insured benefits. (If they are registered as full-time students, they will be billed the premium for student health insurance on their tuition fee statement.)

For further details on benefits eligibility, visit Waterloo Human Resources .

Pension plan participation

After an employee’s one year temporary authorization has been renewed once for a total of two years or if they are eligible, in accordance with their T4 slips, the Waterloo Pension Plan may be an added benefit. Postdoctoral Scholars and Research Associates with an appointment that exceeds one year are also eligible for Pension Plan participation. The cost of Pension Plan participation increases the total benefit cost to approximately: 28% for employees with an annual salary of $40,000 or less; 26% for those with an annual salary of $40,001 to $60,000; 24% for those with an annual salary of $60,001 to $100,000; and 22% for those with an annual salary of more than $100,000.

Annual increments for continuing staff

General Assistants may be eligible for increases annually as of May 1 per normal University policy. Researchers applying for multi-year grants should include, if permitted in their budgets, an adjustment factor for salary expenses, as well as for consumables and travel to offset the effects of inflation in the subsequent years of the grant. For salaries, it would be appropriate to allow for an annual increment of about 3%. (This is assuming that the employee’s starting salary was well below the maximum level allowable for the position). While in most cases granting agencies do not recognize inflationary (cost of living) increases, applicants should take into consideration, when planning their budgets, the likelihood of increasing costs in subsequent years.

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• Minimum Funding Policy for PhD Students

Effective September 2024 onward, all full-time students who are offered admission to begin a UBC-Vancouver PhD program in September 2018 or later must be provided with a minimum funding package equal to $24,000 for each of the first four years of their PhD. The funding package may consist of any combination of internal or external awards, teaching-related work, research assistantships, and graduate academic assistantships.

A UBC graduate education challenges students and requires their full attention. As a central element of their education, graduate students also contribute significantly to UBC research, as well as to the education of our undergraduate students. Other work or financial commitments can be a major obstacle for graduate students which is why scholarships and financial support are a key priority for UBC. The majority of the Ontario universities provide a minimum funding package for doctoral students, as do many top universities around the world. It is expected that most PhD students will receive more than the minimum level of funding, as they do currently.

The minimum funding policy supports PhD students and thus enhances UBC’s research enterprise and educational goals. The funding package recognizes the important contributions that PhD students make to the University, and provides needed resources for the students to cope with living in the most expensive city in Canada. Funding has a substantial impact: PhD students with insufficient funding have longer completion times, greater likelihood of attrition, and lower satisfaction regarding their graduate student experience.

The minimum funding policy took effect in September 2018, with the minimum funding amount set at $18,000 per year. From the outset, the policy envisioned future increases to the minimum, and an increase from $18,000 to $22,000 was approved effective September 2021. Another increase from $22,000 to $24,000 will take effect in September 2024. The increased amount applies to all students in years 1-4 who are covered by the minimum funding policy, i.e., enrolled since September 2018.

Funding Policy

All full-time UBC students (domestic and international) newly admitted to start a PhD program of the Vancouver campus since September 2018 will be provided with a Minimum Funding Package equal to $24,000 for each of the first four years of a PhD as of September 2024. In many cases, PhD students will receive more than the Minimum Funding Package (PhD students at UBC-V currently receive an average of $31,000 per year). This funding can be used to pay for university-related expenses (e.g., tuition, books) as well as general living expenses. The funding package may consist of any combination of internal or external awards, teaching-related work, research assistantships, graduate academic assistantships. If a student receives additional funding (e.g., a scholarship) or other income that elevates their package above the minimum funding package, his/her support from on-campus funding sources may be reduced.

At the request of the student, other part-time employment in the field of the student’s research may be considered part of the funding package, whether the work occurs on or off campus (e.g., a PhD student continues part-time nursing practice to maintain professional skills and to understand current research needs in that setting). In such cases, if the student’s work and financial situation were to change, the Department and supervisor will make their best effort to provide a Minimum Funding Package, but this might not be possible as funding is pre-planned well in advance.

The Minimum Funding Package is inclusive of vacation pay and benefits, as well as external awards or third-party sponsorships , if applicable. It does not include the International Tuition Award or funding that Indigenous students receive from their band or nation. Students must apply for scholarships as required by their graduate program to continue to qualify for the Minimum Funding Package. Students may be required to disclose their sources of university or scholarship funding, as well as other income sources to their graduate program and must inform their program immediately of new funding sources.

As with all graduate student award funding at UBC, any funding paid through Workday (ie. award funding) would apply to and pay for UBC tuition and fees (ex. UPass fee) each term first before excess funds are paid to the recipient’s bank account.

The Minimum Funding Package does not apply to students enrolled in a part-time PhD program or those enrolled in EdD or DMA programs. The Minimum Funding Package is contingent on satisfactory academic progress (see UBC calendar for definition of satisfactory progress ).

When the student completes their program (or withdraws without completing) while receiving financial support through the Minimum Funding Package, this support may be subject to repayment or pro-rating for the remainder of the term.

Students transferring from a UBC master’s to a PhD program without completing the master’s will be eligible for the Minimum Funding Package effective the date of transfer to the PhD program, provided the transfer date is September 2018 or later. Consistent with UBC academic policies, the start of the PhD program for these transfer students will be the date of first registration in the master’s program. Hence, a student who transfers to a PhD after one year of master’s study will be provided with a Minimum Funding Package for the next three years.

The student may decline all or part of the package after acceptance of an offer of admission without any prejudice to his/her admission. The student should not feel pressured in any way to decline the package. Where the student declines all or part of the minimum funding package at any time, the program must submit a written statement to G+PS, signed by the student and acknowledging the University has met its obligations. If the student requires a funding package in the future due to a change in situation, the Department and supervisor will make their best effort to assemble a Funding Package, but this might not be possible as funding sources may be fully committed.

The Minimum Funding Policy will be reviewed annually by the Graduate Council. Any annual increases will apply to both new and current eligible doctoral students.

Students who do not receive the funding they anticipated under the Minimum Funding Policy should first discuss this with their supervisor. If the issue is not resolved, they should then speak with their Graduate Program Advisor. The Graduate Program Advisor may need to consult with the Department Head or Dean of their disciplinary Faculty for a solution. If no solution is found, the Graduate Program Advisor, as well as the student, can consult with the Associate Dean of Funding in G+PS.

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• PhD Study in Canada – 2024

Canada is home to some of North America's most historic and globally renowned research universities. Its cosmopolitan society also make it a popular home for thousands of international PhD students.

The number of people studying abroad in Canada has risen by almost 30% in recent years. It's not hard to see why! Students are attracted by Canada's liberal society which celebrates its acclaimed universities. Not to mention the chance to explore the country's diverse range of stunning natural landscapes and habitats.

Why study a PhD in Canada?

• Internationally renowned universities - Canada's oldest universities date back to the seventeenth century. But, their research continues to be world-leading. Five institutions feature in the top 150 of all three major global rankings. You can be confident that a PhD from Canada is well-respected.
• Attractive international fees - PhD study in Canada is generally cheaper than in the USA. Some universities actually reduce - or even waive - international fees.
• Post-study opportunities – Completing your doctorate will entitle you to live and work in Canada for up to three years. This could lead to a pathway of permanent residency, or even citizenship.
• The great outdoors –From the Great Lakes of Ontario and Québec to the unspoilt wilderness of the vast Northwest Territories, there's plenty to explore (and even research) during your PhD.

Where can you study a PhD in Canada?

These are the top five universities for studying a PhD in Canada according to three popular world rankings.

Length of a PhD in Canada

Most courses require at least three years of full-time study and research. Some students may study for longer. You can usually register for up to six years.

In most cases you'll need to hold a Masters degree to apply for a standard Canadian PhD programme. However, some universities offer doctoral stream Masters routes that start with one or two years of MA or MSc study. These are suitable for students coming straight from an undergraduate degree but take longer to complete.

The Canadian PhD process

PhD study in Canada has more in common with the UK than the neighbouring USA. The US PhD normally begins with taught classes and examinations. However, like in the UK, a Canadian PhD is more research-focused from the outset.

However, it is also common for universities to offer structured courses within PhD programmes . Academic cohorts of students undergo collective training alongside their more independent research activities.

Courses often focus on key skills such as research techniques and methodological principles. You might have additional training in areas such as teaching, presentation or publication. Some doctoral programmes also arrange internships and professional placements.

Generally, students complete these courses in the first year of their PhD, before moving on to focus on their doctoral thesis.

In some cases you may need to sit a comprehensive exam at the end of your first or second year. This tests your general knowledge of the field before you can proceed onto more specific research. It is similar to the MPhil upgrade or 'confirmation review' used in UK universities.

Supervision and research during a PhD in Canada

You'll complete your PhD under the guidance of at least one academic supervisor. They'll be an expert in your general subject and field, though they won't have researched on your specific topic before (it wouldn't be a PhD, otherwise).

The main criteria for your degree will be the completion of a doctoral thesis. As in other countries, this must make a substantial new contribution to knowledge.

If your qualification is a professional doctorate , such as a DBA or EdD, you'll focus mainly on practical work and case studies. You'll still be required to submit a thesis, but this may be shorter and supplemented by other materials.

PhD Assessment and examination in Canada

The main criteria for a Canadian PhD is the originality and quality of your doctoral thesis . You'll normally begin drafting this during the middle part of your PhD. Then, write up a final version based on feedback from your supervisor.

Once you submit your dissertation a committee of examiners will be appointed to read and consider it. Your PhD will then proceed to an oral defence.

This process may be slightly more involved than the viva voce used in the UK and elsewhere. You may be expected to offer a presentation on your research before being questioned on the content and significance of your thesis.

The examiners will then meet to decide if your examination performance was satisfactory. If it was, you will be awarded your PhD!

Some Canadian PhD programmes also include coursework and examinations. However, these will normally be to check your progress, and won't count towards your final result.

Cotutelle programmes

Some Canadian universities work with international institutions to offer a collaborative route to a PhD. This is known as a 'cotutelle' (French for 'co-tutored').

These programmes involve a student spending time at two different universities. Both are involved in supervising, examining and awarding the PhD project.

In this sense a cotutelle is a bit like a joint PhD. However, a cotutelle is usually specific to the student's project rather than an ongoing partnership between a pair of universities. It's helpful to think of a cotutelle as a specific kind of joint PhD.

The availability of this option varies between individual Canadian universities. Check with your institution for more information.

Find a PhD in Canada

Ready to start looking for your idea project? Browse PhDs in Canada in our database.

This guide tells you all about everything you need to apply for a PhD programme in Germany.

Canada is a popular and surprisingly affordable destination for PhD study, with comparatively low fees and a range of fellowships, graduate assistantships and other funding options.

Want to study a PhD in Canada? This guide gives a detailed introduction to the kind of visa you need to study in Canada and how to apply for it.

What's it like to live in Canada during a PhD? Our guide covers accommodation, student living costs, working and other key information.

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PhD in Canada: Top Universities, Application Process, Cost, Scholarships and Job Prospects

Syed Yusuf Ashraf

Content Curator | Updated On - Jul 15, 2024

• Course Duration: PhD in Canada typically has a duration of 4 to 6 years depending on number of credits, or extensions period.  
• Cost of Study: PhD in Canada cost around 4,134 CAD to 24,998 CAD (2.53 lakhs to 15.31 lakhs INR) per annum for Indian students  
• Admission Requirements: Indian students require 75-80% in bachelor’s or master’s degree to secure admissions in PhD Degree programs in Canada.
• Average Salary: T he average salary of PhD in Canada graduates is 91,000 CAD (55.75 lakhs INR) per annum as per payscale.com.

PhD in Canada is a 4 to 6 year degree available in a variety of disciplines. Applicants failing to complete this degree within a given time frame can request a 6 months extension. The Phd program is available for Indian students in subjects like business administration, computer science, economics, mechanical engineering, pharmacy etc. PhD in Canada is an ideal option for those seeking higher job profiles in government firms, school/university, or a researcher scientist.

For admissions to Phd In Canada , you must hold a bachelor's or master's degree with an overall academic average of 75-80% . Your degree must be equivalent to the course you are applying for.

• A GMAT score between 550-600 is required for business related PhD courses in Canada.
• GRE scores are generally not required for admissions to PhD programs in Canada. However, Indian students are highly encouraged to submit a GRE score of 300 or above to strengthen their application.
• Additionally, you must target at least 7.0 in IELTS or TOEFL IBT score of 92 to meet English proficiency requirements.
• Indian students can also improve their chances of admissions if they have research experience.

The Canadian government had recently proposed a budget of 825 million CAD to support researchers for the next 5 years. This will not only increase the job opportunities but also the amount stipend for next generation researchers. Hence, pursuing a PhD in Canada will be an ideal choice for Indian students in the coming 5 years. After completion of PhD in Canada, Indian students can expect job roles such as professor, research scientist, research engineer etc.

Top Universities for PhD in Canada

Why study phd in canada, phd in canada application process, phd in canada cost of study, phd in canada scholarships, phd in canada job prospects.

Tabulated below are the top universities for PhD in Canada based on the latest QS World University rankings:

PhD in Computer Science in Canada

PhD in Engineering in Canada

PhD in Medical Science in Canada

PhD in Business in Canada

PhD in Humanities in Canada

PhD in Canada allows graduates to work with top industry leaders of their respective fields. The Canadian universities offer exceptional research opportunities for Indian students along with state of the art facilities.

• Affordable Tuition Fees: PhD degrees in Canada are relatively less expensive than in the United States. For Indian students, the annual tuition fee for a PhD degree in Canada ranges from 4,134 CAD to 24,998 CAD (2.53 lakhs to 15.31 lakhs INR) .
• Diverse Disciplines: There are a diverse range of disciplines available with a PhD degree in Canada. The most popular disciplines for Indian students being computer science, business, engineering, humanities and medical science.
• Easy PR: PhD graduates can easily obtain a PR in Canada through the Ontario Immigrant Nominee Program. For this, you must apply to IRCC for permanent residency status in Canada. PhD students are eligible for PR even without a job offer.
• Scholarships : Canadian universities offer several scholarships for PhD students regardless of their nationality and background. Indian students can avail a scholarship up to 50,000 CAD through Canada Graduate Scholarships Doctoral Program. The other most popular PhD scholarships for Indian students include International Doctoral Student Award, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and Vanier scholarships.

The entry requirements for a PhD in Canada may vary depending on the specialization and the university it is offered by. Below is the basic admission requirements for Indian students regardless of university and specialization:

Admission Requirements

• Bachelors’ or master’s degree with 75-80%
• IELTS- 6.5-7.5
• TOEFL IBT - 92-100
• GMAT - 550-600
• Statement of purpose
• Letters of recommendation
• CV or Resume
• Research experience

PhD in Canada University Specific Requirements

Check specific GPA requirements along with test scores across top universities in Canada for PhD program:

PhD in Canada is highly affordable compared to its neighbor the United States. For the 2024-25 academic year, Indian students can expect to pay around 4,134 CAD to 24,998 CAD (2.53 lakhs to 15.31 lakhs INR) annually in tuition fees. Being a PhD student, you need an annual budget of 21,120 to 28,440 CAD (12.93 lakhs to 17.42 lakhs INR) to meet the cost of living in Canada .

Tuition Fees

Check out the estimated tuition fee for studying a PhD degree in Canada across top universities:

Cost of Living in Canada

Following are the likely expenses that you may include while planning an annual budget For living expenses in Canada.

Indian students pursuing a PhD in Canada are eligible for several scholarships and funding opportunities. Some of these fundings cover both tuition fees and living expenses. Given below are the most popular Phd scholarships in Canada for Indian students :

According to payscale.com, the graduates of PhD degree typically earn an average salary of 91,000 CAD (55.75 lakhs INR) per annum). The graduates with PhD in Computer in Canada earn the highest with average salary being 123,000 CAD (75.35 lakhs INR). PhD graduates in Canada are likely to witness a pay rise in the coming 5 years. Being a PhD graduate in Canada, you can secure high positions in higher education, research and various government positions across the country.

Top Paying Job Roles for PhD in Canada Graduates.

Canada is one of the best choices for Indians seeking a PhD degree abroad. PhD students are eligible for endless facilities and benefits in Canada. Canada offers various scholarships for international students including Indians students. This helps them fund both educational and living expenses in Canada. Indian students can also work part-time while pursuing PhD in Canada for up to 10 hours during semesters.

Ques. Is PhD in Canada worth it?

Ans. PhD in Canada is worth going for as an Indian student. The degree offers numerous facilities for students including research opportunities, state of the art facilities, high paying job profiles, and easy access to permanent residency in Canada

Ques. Do PhD students in Canada get PR?

Ans. PhD graduates are eligible for PR In Canada even without a job offer. To obtain a PR in Canada, PhD graduates must apply for IRCC for permanent residence status in Canada.

Ques. Is IELTS required for PhD in Canada?

Ans. A minimum IELTS score of 6.5 is required for PhD in Canada. However, Indian students must target a band score of 7.0 or above to get admissions in top universities offering PhD In Canada. Universities such Mcgill and McMaster require an IELTS score of 7.5 for some PhD courses.

Ques. Can I work during my PhD in Canada?

Ans. PhD students can work in Canada as long as they have a study permit. PhD students are eligible to work 10 hours per week during semesters. Upon graduation, PhD graduates can work and live up to 3 years in Canada through a post graduate work program.

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PhD student salary – How much cash will you get?

When considering starting a PhD you need to think about how much you will get as a PhD student at a minimum. Ideally, you would be fully funded so that you could focus 100% on your studies.

A PhD student salary ranges from US$17,000 a year (New Zealand) all the way up to US$104,000 a year (Austria). The amount you need depends significantly on the living costs of a particular country. Places like the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark and Sweden have the highest living cost ratio.

Generally speaking, you can expect to receive a modest stipend for living expenses as well as tuition assistance.

In 2007 my PhD stipend was AU$20,000 (approximately US$13,000). At the time, this was enough for me to live comfortably and save a little bit of money as well.

As the cost-of-living increases PhD student salaries are being stretched to their limits.

Here is data for a range of countries ordered by the best living ratio the higher. The living to cost ratio the further the stipend goes. Data was collected from Glassdoor.com and Numeo .

In the US, most PhD students make between $20,000 and $45,000 per year. Some more prestigious programs may offer higher salaries.

Salaries vary by institution and field of study, so you should check with your school’s department to find out what kind of compensation they offer.

Additionally, many universities provide additional funding opportunities such as research grants or teaching assistantships that can help supplement your income. While you may not get rich off of a PhD student salary, it is possible to make enough money to cover basic needs while continuing your studies.

What Are PhD Student Salaries?

PhD students don’t necessarily get “salaries”.

Full-time doctoral students are typically paid a stipend which is usually a fixed amount that covers living expenses as well as tuition.

Other forms of financial support may include fellowships, grants and teaching or research assistantships.

In addition to monetary compensation, PhD students may also receive health insurance and other benefits such as free housing or childcare services. Many universities also offer career counselling services for their PhD students in order to help them find jobs after graduation.

Ultimately, PhD student salaries can vary greatly and it’s important to consider all factors when evaluating PhD offers.

Countries offering Highest PhD stipends in the World

There are a variety of countries that are better at funding PhD students than others. Check out my YouTube video which goes through the countries with the highest PhD stipend and how you can boost yours.

Here is a quick rundown of other benefits if you are considering doing a PhD abroad.

Netherlands

As an international student, you may be considering studying for a PhD in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is home to some of the top universities in Europe and offers a wide range of PhD programs. In addition, the Dutch government offers a number of scholarships and grants for international students.

I’ve done some research and found that the average salary for a PhD student in the Netherlands is around US$74163 per year . This figure is before any additional income from grants or scholarships. So, if you’re planning on studying for a PhD in the Netherlands, it’s important to bear in mind that you’ll need to budget for living costs on top of your tuition.

Switzerland

Every year, the Swiss Confederation and Swiss National Science Foundation award scholarships to international postgraduate researchers who desire to pursue their PhD in Switzerland. It’s home to some of our planet’s most stunning landscapes and among its brightest minds.

Switzerland is known for its degrees in business, is home to some of the best institutes of technology, and is a world leader in finance and banking.

Sweden is a well-developed and prosperous country with a strong tradition of academic excellence.

Swedish universities are consistently ranked highly in international rankings, making it an attractive destination for students from all over the world.

PhD students in Sweden can expect to receive a competitive stipend to help cover living costs during their studies. About USD$42618 per year , according to my research.

In addition, there are a number of scholarships and grants available to help cover the costs of tuition and other expenses.

Denmark is one of the top countries in the world for research and development, making it an attractive prospect for PhD students. The country offers generous stipends to PhD students, with no additional fees for being a student. The average PhD stipend in Denmark is around US$53,436 per year.

Norway is one of the countries offering a high PhD stipend. The average PhD stipend in Norway is around US$50,268 per year . PhD students in Norway also benefit from a high quality of life, as the country is regularly ranked as one of the best places to live in the world.

If you are considering pursuing a PhD, Norway should definitely be on your list of potential countries to study in.

Things to consider for PhD stipends

Before you settle on your PhD there are a few things to consider about your stipend.

Things such as industry top ups can significantly increase your earning potential as a PhD student and looking at the living costs in a particular country as well as the particular terms and conditions for your PhD stipend will mean you do not end up being shortchanged.

Industry Top-ups

One of the best ways that I have seen PhD students earn more money and raise their minimum salary is by looking for industry supported PhD positions and top ups.

For example, while I was on AU$20,000 a year, one of my colleagues in the department was on AU$60,000 a year and was guaranteed a job after their PhD. They had a top up scholarship from an industry partner sponsoring their battery research.

Looking for these opportunities may help you earn significantly more money during your PhD.

Living costs

Quite frankly, PhD living costs vary dramatically from country to country and city to city. European countries may have a relatively high PhD stipend but the living costs are also higher.

The best way to determine the buying power of your PhD scholarship is to consider it in terms of the living costs. The best way to do that is with the living cost index.

Here are the best countries to get a PhD stipend relative to the cost of living. The higher the living ratio the better.

You can see that Austria tops this list and many of the Scandinavian countries also are high on the list. Places like Ireland and New Zealand are one of the worst places to do your PhD if you want your stipend to go a long way.

Length of the PhD

In countries like the United States of America, the PhD system means that you need to do a 5 to 7 year PhD. This significantly increases the amount of time that you will spend in university and, therefore, your earning potential will be limited for a longer amount of time.

I chose to do my PhD in Australia because it would only take me three years as an international student. Choosing a PhD with a shorter timescale from the UK, Australia, New Zealand or European countries may be best for you.

Terms and conditions

Lastly, it is important to scrutinise the terms and conditions of your PhD stipend.

Some stipends do not allow students to get a second job which significantly limits their full-time earning potential. Other places, do not put any restrictions on their PhD students even with a full scholarship.

If you want to know more about earning more money during your PhD check out the two articles below.

• The best PhD student part-time jobs [Full guide]
• Is it possible to earn a PhD while working? The brutal truth

How to Get a PhD Stipend

To get a stipend, you will need to apply for funding through the university or other organizations offering scholarships and grants.

Be sure to carefully read through all requirements of the application process and submit all necessary documents, such as transcripts, essays, recommendation letters and financial aid forms.

You may also need to show proof of academic excellence, such as high grades or awards. For example, I was required to achieve a first class masters before being able to access any funding from a foreign university.

Once accepted, you will usually receive a monthly payment from the organization as well as tuition assistance. Additionally, many universities offer research assistantships which provide students with an opportunity to gain hands-on experience in their field while earning money at the same time.

With dedication and hard work, obtaining a PhD stipend can help reduce some of the financial burden associated with higher education.

Wrapping up

This article has been through everything you need to know that PhD student salaries and giving you some real-world numbers on what you can expect in different countries.

The real important value is the living cost ratio to ensure that your PhD stipend goes as far as possible and is not eaten up quickly by rent, food, and other basic necessities.

It is possible for PhD students to not only live comfortably but also put some money aside if you are very careful about choosing a PhD with a full stipend and looking for other opportunities to top up the money with industry partnerships and other grants.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

We are here to help you navigate Academia as painlessly as possible. We are supported by our readers and by visiting you are helping us earn a small amount through ads and affiliate revenue - Thank you!

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• Study in Canada /

PhD in Canada for Indian Students

• Updated on  
• Jun 1, 2023

Home to cross-ethnic communities, lively city culture, and thriving businesses, Canada is a go-to place when it comes to overseas education. In addition to that, the world-renowned educational institutions and multifarious offered avenues of research establish Canada as a sought-after destination when it comes to PhD courses. From Science to Fine Arts, the country offers an immense number of opportunities for research scholars to explore. If you are looking to pursue your PhD in Canada at one of its leading universities , this blog will provide you with the key essentials from eligibility criteria to the application process.

This Blog Includes:

About phd in canada, why study phd in canada, top universities for studying phd in canada, cost of studying phd in canada, popular phd courses in canada, intakes for phd in canada , eligibility criteria, documents required , how to apply for phd in canada, cost of living in canada, phd in canada with scholarships, canadian student visa , post study work permit in canada, student life in canada, pr after study in canada, jobs and salary.

Also Read: Study in Canada

Most PhD programs require at least three years of full-time study and research, although it is common for students to take longer than that to get their degrees. The maximum amount of time you have to do your PhD in Canada is six years. It’s normally performed with the help of at least one academic advisor. You must submit a strong PhD thesis before the end of the semester. This will be sent to a panel of examiners, who will go through your study and provide recommendations. Your PhD will next continue to an oral defence, during which you will be cross-examined on the topic of your study and may be required to prepare a presentation to explain your work to them. Your overall performance as well as your thesis will aid you in acquiring your PhD.

Studying in Canada is no longer only a novelty; the country’s diversified society and hospitable government standards attract international students to enrol in Canadian universities. The incentives listed below entice students to pursue a PhD program available at one of the top universities in Canada:

• World-Class Universities : Around 3-4 universities in Canada make it to the top 150 list across the world. These top-ranking universities in Canada offer you cutting-edge research facilities and educators with the best academic knowledge.
• Post-Study Work Opportunities : You can stay back for up to three years through PGWPP after completing your PhD in Canada. It also paves your path to obtaining a Canadian PR . Not only that but throughout the academic year, PhD students in Canada can work for about 10 hours each week. This enables you to fund and support your everyday costs while also learning and getting experience in the field.
• Affordable Tuition Fees : The fees of pursuing PhD in Canada range from 4,000 (INR 2.4 lakh) to 20,000 CAD (INR 12 lakh). This is a lot lesser when compared with study destinations like the USA and UK.
• Scholarships : The number of scholarships for PhD in Canada for international students is humungous. Some of the popular scholarships are Ontario Trillium Scholarships, Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships, Ontario Graduate Scholarships, and more. Some of these scholarships offer 15,000 (INR 9 lakh) to 40,000 CAD (INR 24 lakh) a year.

Choosing to study in Canada is one of the best decisions you will make as it will open a world full of opportunities. The universities offer students ample opportunities to dive into a topic. Further, the best-in-class research facilities, renowned professors and academic scholars, and a diverse group of students help promote a creative culture and innovative thinking. A few of the universities which offer PhD degrees in fields ranging from management, economics, engineering to arts, culture, and society, and everything in between have been listed below.

Take a quick look at some of the Best Courses in Canada For Indian Students

The table highlighted below shows the average estimated cost of studying PhD in Canada at the top Canadian universities:

Following is a list of some of the most common courses/fields of study taken by overseas students in Canada while pursuing their PhD:

• Natural Sciences
• Mathematics
• Social Sciences
• Medicine & Health
• Business & Management
• Engineering
• Computer Science & IT
• Agriculture
• Applied Sciences
• Environment Sciences

For all those who are planning to complete a Ph.D. in Canada, it is important to target the right semester as per the field and university of your choice. Canada mainly offers 3 semesters during the year and in all three semesters, it allows international students to seek admission to the universities of their choice. Here are the main three intakes in Canada – 

• Winter- January to April 
• Fall- September to December
• Summer- May to August

Here’s an interesting read on 10 Biggest Culture Shocks for Students in Canada

Be it Canada or any other country, you need to fulfill certain eligibility conditions to study abroad. Although the eligibility criteria might vary from university to university, given below are general eligibility or admission requirements that candidates must fulfill to pursue their Ph.D. in Canada:

• A postgraduate degree in a closely-related field with consistent grades. Further, extracurricular activities and prior research experiences are also preferred. For select Ph.D. degrees, such as an integrated masters-PhD program, a high-ranking bachelor’s degree is also accepted.
• A research proposal and a letter of recommendation from your chosen supervisor at the university.
• Minimum English Language ability proof in the form of acceptable IELTS / TOEFL scores.
• Acceptable scores in ability-testing examinations such as the GRE or GMAT depending on the nature of the course.
• After submitting their exam scores, candidates might be called for a personal interview round by the university as well.

To help you get started with your PhD in Canada, pillow we have mentioned a list of documents that you will need during the application process- 

• Transcripts of your previous courses 
• Competitive exam scorecard 
• Photocopy of your passport 
• Detailed resume 
• Letter of Recommendation
• Statement of Purpose
• Research proposal (Optional)
• Other important certificates and transcripts 
• Canadian Study Permit

Also Read: What are the Requirements to Study in Canada?

Here’s a step-by-step guide given for aspirants that will help them with the application process of pursuing PhD in Canada:

• Visit the official website of the university you are interested in.
• Check the course curriculum and the eligibility requirements.
• Click on the application form of the respective university.
• First, you need to create an account using your mobile number or email address.
• You will receive an email or SMS on your registered contact number with login details and verification.
• Use the login details provided and enter your personal details ( name, gender, date of birth)
• Enter your academic qualification and upload the required documents.
• Select the course and pay the application fee.
• The application fee is different for every university and can be paid through a debit/credit card or Internet banking.
• Submit your application form, you can also track your application form through your account.
• Students that have been selected will be required to attend a virtual interview by some universities.

Given below is a breakdown of the different expenses which are important to consider while calculating the cost of studying and living in Canada for Indian students.  

Get your personalized cost of living calculated for studying abroad with the help of our Cost of Living Calculator Tool !

Several scholarship schemes support meritorious students aspiring to pursue a PhD in Canada. From providing full financial support to stipends and accommodation assistance, they help individuals explore research opportunities comfortably. A few scholarship options have been mentioned below.

• Ontario Trillium Scholarship at Waterloo University
• Ontario Graduate Scholarship
• Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Doctoral Scholarship
• Graduate Global Leadership Fellowship at the University of British Columbia
• Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship
• NSERC Postgraduate Scholarship
• Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship
• The University of Calgary Merit-based Scholarship
• Robert Hartog Graduate Scholarship
• University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship
• UAlberta Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Scholarship
• UBC four-year Doctoral Scholarship
• Hira and Renu Ahuja International Graduate Scholarship

Know How to Apply for Scholarships in Canadian Universities?

For international students looking forward to pursuing a PhD in Canada, it is mandatory to have a Canadian student visa before they enter the Canadian borders. Once they have secured their student visa for the country along with an acceptance letter from the university, candidates are all set to pursue the course. It is important to note that along with the student visa, candidates must have a study permit which is valid as long as the duration of their PhD course. To apply for a student permit under the process of Student Direct Stream, you need to fulfill some prerequisites which are given below:

• A letter of acceptance from a designated learning institution of post-secondary learning;
• Transcripts of recent secondary or post-secondary qualification;
• Proof of payment of first-year tuition fees.
• At the time of application of obtaining a Canada visa for Indians, the candidate must be living outside Canada.
• A medical exam before applying (if needed).
• Police certificate before applying (if needed).
• Guaranteed Investment Certificate (GIC) of CAN $10,000 (INR 8 lakh).
• ‘Ministry of Immigration, Diversity and Inclusion-issued ‘Certificate of Acceptance of
• Quebec (CAQ)’ (if you are planning to study in Quebec).
• IELTS 6.0 or higher in each section (reading, listening, writing and speaking), or
• Test d’évaluation de français (TEF) score of 7.0 or higher in each section (reading,
• listening, writing and speaking) which is equal to the Canadian Language
• Benchmark (CLB).

Also Read: Canada Student Visa IELTS Band Requirements

You need to pursue a course for a minimum duration of 8 months to be eligible to stay back in Canada. Courses with a duration of fewer than 8 months do not allow a student to stay back and apply for Post Graduation Work Permit . If you pursue a course that is of duration less than 2 years, he/she is eligible for a post-graduation work permit of equivalent duration as the course. For Example:

• 8 months course = 8 months Post Graduation Work Permit;
• 2 years course (master or diploma) = 3 years Post Graduation Work Permit 
• PhD in Canada = 3 years Post Graduation Work Permit 

Also Read: Canada Student Permit Guide 2023

Canada invests a huge amount of money in education and its facilities. This makes the country among the most caught-after study abroad destinations. Let’s briefly go through the dynamic student life in Canada.

• Canada is known to have a multicultural environment that gives students a global perspective and also helps them build a stronger network. 
• The country is also known for welcoming the majority of immigrants which contributes to the progressive nature of the people.
• Students can explore endless leisure activities in  Canada. Being home to many world heritage sites and lively festivals, students can engage in various activities.
• Canada is also known to have the lowest crime rates in the world. Canadians experience fewer violent crimes and fewer break-ins, and police officers follow strict ethics which makes it safe for students. 

After earning a degree from a prominent Canadian university, obtaining permanent residency and immigration becomes simple. The government offers a variety of options to help international students become permanent residents. The Post-Graduate Job Permit (PGWP) is an alternative for fresh graduates who want to obtain work experience in the business.

International students can also apply for Permanent Residency in Canada through the following avenues:

• Students must have completed two years of study and one year of work experience following graduation to be eligible for this class.
• Students must have a working knowledge of the French language and have completed a CEGEP programme at a Quebec-based university.
• Students who participate in the Provincial Nomination Program can obtain PR more quickly.

Also Read: Best PR-Friendly Courses in Canada 2023

Scope of PhD in Canada

After earning your PhD in Canada, you have a variety of alternatives, ranging from teaching to conducting research with industrial giants. The occupations you pick or the research field you choose will be determined by the specialties of your project; as a result, the pay you will receive will vary depending on your choices.

Also Read: PhD Scholarships in Canada

The following are some of the most common research profiles in Canada, as well as the wages associated with them for PhD graduates:

No, a PhD in Canada costs between 4,000 and 19,000 Canadian dollars. However, you can study for a PhD in Canada if you can get a scholarship that covers your tuition and living expenses.

To pursue a Ph.D. in Canada, you may need to take the GRE. This criterion is strongly reliant on the university of choice.

Yes, Ph.D. students in Canada are eligible for a small stipend. However, the stipend mostly provides basic assistance, and the amount is modest. As a result, if you plan on relying on your stipend, it’s time to reconsider and consider other options.

If you are looking to pursue a PhD or any other higher education degree but feel uncertain as to its suitability and prospects, get in touch with our experienced counselors at Leverage Edu on 1800572000. They’ll guide you throughout the process of selecting a suitable program and university that equip you with the right knowledge and exposure to kickstart your career.

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Hi , I am looking for a PHD in Canada preferably funded . My details are : Bachelor in science in 1999, MBA in marketing and international business with First class in 2002, Bachelor degree in Eucation in 2017 , International travel and work exposure in areas of marketing of education programs

Hello Amol,

PhD in Canada is a great academic choice! Thank you for providing your academic details. Our experts will the best ones to guide you with the best universities, eligibilities, application processes and the cost. Please connect to them at 1800-572-000 and book your first counselling session for FREE!

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Government of Canada announces details of increase in award values for federal scholarships and fellowships

From: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada

News release

The increase will take effect September 1 to further support Canadian students and fellows

May 31, 2024 – Ottawa, Ontario

Investing in students and postgraduate researchers nurtures future leaders who will help address global challenges and drive Canada’s success in the 21st century.

This is why Budget 2024 proposed significant new investments to increase the value and number of scholarships and fellowships for master’s and doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers funded by Canada’s federal granting agencies—the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).

Today, the Honourable François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, and the Honourable Mark Holland, Minister of Health, announced that students and fellows receiving scholarships and fellowships from the funding agencies will see increased award values take effect as of September 1, 2024. The annual value of all current and new master’s and doctoral student scholarships will increase to $27,000 and $40,000, respectively, and current and new postdoctoral fellowships will increase to $70,000.

This enhancement reflects the Government of Canada’s steadfast dedication to supporting the next generation of researchers, giving them equal opportunity to succeed and providing them with the resources they need to tackle complex challenges and drive innovation.

Additional details will be communicated to award holders in July 2024. There will be no changes to the value or duration of the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships or the Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships. The Vanier and Banting programs will continue under their current parameters, $50,000 and $70,000 per year respectively, until they are replaced by the new, streamlined talent program proposed in Budget 2024.

“Since day one, our government has been committed to reinforcing the role of researchers and scientists. We are making significant investments that directly address the sector’s crucial needs and provide the next generation of academics with the tools they need to generate new breakthroughs and discoveries that will improve people’s lives, boost innovation ecosystems and shape Canada’s prosperity for years to come.” – The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry

“By increasing the value of scholarships and fellowships provided by the government’s research granting councils, the Government of Canada is reaffirming its support for Canadian research talent. This will ensure the next generation of scientific leaders remain here in Canada, where their work has the potential to lead to a better quality of life and improved health for us all.” – The Honourable Mark Holland, Minister of Health

Quick facts

Since 2016, the government has provided more than $16 billion to support science and research.

In addition, Budget 2024 proposed $825 million over five years, and $199.8 million ongoing, to increase support for master’s and doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows, as well as $1.8 billion over five years, and $748.3 million ongoing, to the federal granting councils to increase core research grant funding and support Canadian researchers.

In addition to the increase in award values, Budget 2024 proposed to increase the number of scholarships and fellowships provided, building to approximately 1,720 more graduate students and fellows benefitting each year, and to streamline the various tri-agency scholarship and fellowship programs into one talent program. 

Award holders on paid parental leave will have the value of their leave supplements increased in proportion to the new value of their award in the same manner as all other active awards. 

Budget 2024 also included investments in modern, high-quality research facilities and infrastructure to help solve real-world problems, create economic opportunities, and attract and train the next generation of scientific talent.

Associated links

• CIHR Health Research Training Award Programs
• NSERC Students and Fellows
• SSHRC Research Training and Talent Development

Audrey Milette Press Secretary Office of the Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry [email protected]

Media Relations Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada [email protected]

Christopher Aoun Press Secretary Office of the Minister of Health 613-291-4176

Media Relations Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada [email protected]

Stay connected

Find more services and information on the Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada website.

Follow Canadian Science on social media. X (Twitter): @CDNScience | Facebook: Canadian Science | Instagram: @cdnscience

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PhD in Canada: Top Universities, Tuition Fees, Deadlines, and Scholarships

Zollege Team

Content Curator | Updated On - Mar 2, 2024

ROI for PhD in Canada is highest at 277% offered by University of Alberta, followed by University of Clagary at 267%, University of Waterloo at 260%. Positions in research, leadership, and other fields that are closed to those with less education can become available to those with a PhD. A PhD can be intellectually fulfilling and provide a sense of achievement. Students receive packages well above the average salary in Canada , with a PhD degree.  

Doctorate programs in Canada have different entrance requirements for different universities and programs, but generally speaking, these include a strong academic record, research experience, scores from tests of English language proficiency (TOEFL or IELTS), GRE or GMAT results, letter of recommendation , and a research proposal.Numerous fellowships and scholarships are offered to assist with the cost of your PhD studies in Canada. Universities, private companies, and the government may all provide these.Depending on the university, the program, and your residency status, a PhD in Canada can cost different amounts. Tuition for international students is usually more than that of domestic students. On the other hand, compared to other developed nations, living expenses are generally lower in Canada.

Why Study PhD in Canada?

Pursuing a PhD in Canada can be a rewarding experience for many reasons. In Canada, a PhD normally takes four to six years to finish. In international comparisons, Canadian universities consistently rank highly, indicating that the country offers a top-notch educational system. In general, PhD programs in Canada are less expensive than those in the US or the UK. Furthermore, Canada has a high standard of living and is a friendly, multicultural nation. Canada has positioned itself as the best country to provide education and a supportive government for immigrants. Few universities in Canada offering GRE waiver for PhD progrma are also available. The reasons for studying in Canada are as follows:

• According to the QS World University Ranking 2023, 3 universities in Canada ranked in the top 50. These universities are McGill University (rank 31), University of Toronto (rank 34) and University of British Columbia (rank 47).
• Canada has been ranked as the 2nd largest research place in the country.
• Compared to the USA, the cost of living and tuition fee is much cheaper and more economical.
• Students can stay for about 3 years via PGWPP after completing their PhD courses in Canada. This will enable the candidates to get a Canadian PR.
• Canada provides immense scholarship opportunities for international students. Some of the scholarships for PhD students are The Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Doctoral Scholarship etc. These scholarships provide an amount of 15,000 to 40,000 CAD per year.
• Students can also earn more money through part-time work in Canada during their course of study.

Listing below is an overview of studying PhD in Canada.

CAD 1= INR 61.09, as of 2 nd  March 2024

Top Universities in Canada for PhD

The best university for your PhD program will depend on a number of things, such as your research interests, program offerings, faculty qualifications, funding availability, and campus culture. It's wise to conduct in-depth research and think about getting in touch with possible supervisors to talk about your research fit. There are more than 100 universities whwether among top public universities in Canada or among private universities that offer PhD programs in Canada. Here are a few of the top universities for doctoral studies with fees:

Admission Process

Candidates must follow the admission process to get a chance at the top PhD colleges in Canada, whether it is among top universities in Toronto , or Calgary. Here given below is the step to step guide to the admission process for PhD admission in Canada:

• Select the PhD programs in Canada and shortlist the universities for attaining the courses.
• Identify a supervisor to get guidance in the research programs.
• Submit the research proposal as per the guidelines of the selected university that depicts the summary of the project.
• Fill in the application form and pay the application fees.
• Submit all the required documents as asked by the university.
• Attend the interview offered by Canadian universities.
• After confirmation of application, apply for a student visa.

Admission Deadline

The deadlines for applications to Canadian universities differ based on the type of institution, the program graduate or undergraduate, and the term of admission or intakes in Canada  like fall, winter, or summer.The admission deadline of the top universities for PhD admission in Canada is as follows:

PhD in Canada Eligibility Criteria

Candidates can apply for full time or part time or online PhD Canada. Candidates need to follow certain criteria to apply for PhD in Canada. Listing below are the eligibility criteria of the best universities in Canada for PhD:

• A master’s degree with an excellent academic record.
• Strong GRE or GMAT score is required.
• IELTS score of 6.5 is required.
• TOEFL score of 100 is required.
• PBT score of 600 is required.
• GPA score of 3.0 or higher score.

Admission Requirements

 Excellent results in pertinent coursework in order to be considered for graduate programs. Although they vary, minimum GPA requirements usually fall between 70% and 80%. Candidates must meet the admission requirements to apply to the top universities in Canada.  Exams requireed to study in Canada for PhD in Canada for Indian students requirements for admission are tabulated below:

PhD in Canada Application Fee

There aren't many Canadian universities that require an application fee. On their website, each university will provide details regarding their application costs. The list below does not include any universities in Canada without application fee . The graph below states the application fee of the top universities in Canada for PhD:

Admission Document Requirement

Students need to submit various documents to study in Canada .The documents required to be submitted to the universities for PhD programs in Canada are:

• Transcripts of previous degrees
• GRE/ GMAT Scorecards of entrance exams
• Proficiency language scorecards such as IELTS/ TOEFL
• An updated CV/Resume
• Statement of purpose/ research outline
• Writing sample
• Letters of recommendation
• Application form and fee slip
• Proof of sufficient funds

PhD in Canada Cost

Canada is a friendly, safe nation with an excellent standard of living. There is a strong sense of community and the people are courteous and friendly. Regarding outdoor recreation and natural beauty, Canada is a great place to visit. Candidates of full time or part time PhD Canada must bear the cost of living in Canada . The cost of living for PhD in Canada for international students is detailed below in graph:

PhD Scholarship in Canada

Canadian universities offer various scholarships to students during their course of study. A fully funded PhD in Canada for Indian students usually provides 100% concession on tuition fees, accommodation fees, research, and insurance costs. Students will get benefitted by various scholarships in Canada for international students . The table below shows the eligibility details for PhD in Canada for Indian students with scholarship details:

Jobs after PhD in Canada

There are numerous career options after PhD in Canada for Indian students including part time job in Canada . PhD graduates can find teaching positions at many universities, particularly in fields where there is a dearth of experienced teachers.  PhD graduates are hired by a number of Canadian companies for roles in research and development.The below table shows the salary for different job roles in Canada:

Top Recruiters for PhD in Canada

 There are certain limitations on working while pursuing a PhD in Canada for foreign students. Both a work permit and a valid study permit are required for high paying jobs in Canada . While working off-campus may be restricted to 20 hours per week during the semester and full-time during breaks, working on campus is normally unrestricted.The top recruiters for PhD in Canada are as follows:

• Stanford University
• Economist Intelligence Unit
• Ryerson University
• York University
• Prime Minister's Office
• Northern Illinois University
• Science & Economic Development Canada
• University of Mohamed VI Polytechnique
• Environment and Climate Change Canada
• University of Toronto

Work Permit

Canada is a country known for their supportive immigration policies. Students should have a student visa and electronic travel authorization to study and travel in Canada. PGWP stands for Post-Graduation Work Permit. It allows international students to study and work in Canada for around 3 years even after completing their course of study. Those who have a PGWP can eventually apply for Canadian PR. Candidates have to complete at least 2 years of their PhD course with a good academic record to apply for the work permit for Canada visa. Candidates should apply via a federal skilled work visa. To pursue a PhD in Canada, you must apply for a study permit. The particular requirements will change based on your country of citizenship.

Canadian universities are known for fostering a collaborative and supportive environment for graduate students. Pursuing PhD courses in Canada can lead to immense job opportunities for the candidates. Candidates must meet the eligibility condition to apply to the top universities for PhD programs in Canada. Aspirants can also apply for PhD in Canada without IELTS. There are also various scholarships for PhD programs in Canada for international students. Candidates can avail of the PhD programs in Canada with scholarship.

Ques: What are the career prospects after completing a Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : In Canada, doctorate holders frequently go on to work in academia, research, business, government, or entrepreneurship. The particular opportunities vary according to the field of study.

Ques: Can I transfer credits from another Ph.D. program to a Canadian university?

Ans : Program policies and the university will determine this. For detailed information on credit transfer, get in touch with the admissions office.

Ques: What are the key research strengths of Canadian universities?

Ans : Institutions differ in their strengths in research. To determine which university best suits your interests, look through the faculty research profiles of each one.

Ques: Is there support for international students in terms of adapting to Canadian culture?

Ans : In Canada, there are plenty of options for Ph.D. candidates to work as research or teaching assistants, which can offer both valuable experience and financial support.

Ques: Are there opportunities for teaching or research assistantships?

Ques: Can I bring my family with me during my Ph.D. studies?

Ans : You are welcome to bring your family, but make sure you are aware of the necessary visa requirements and any extra family support services.

Ques: Is health insurance included in the Ph.D. program fees?

Ans : International students can get health insurance from many universities, but it's important to check with the specific university.

Ques: What is the cost of a Ph.D. in Canada for international students?

Ans : Although tuition costs vary, international students often pay more. Verify the particular costs associated with the program and university that interest you.

Ques: How do I apply for a Ph.D. program in Canada?

Ans : Apply online via the university's admissions portal, making sure to include all necessary supporting documentation, such as transcripts, recommendation letters, and a statement of purpose.

Ques: Are there opportunities for interdisciplinary research?

Ans : Interdisciplinary research is encouraged in many Canadian universities, enabling cross-departmental collaboration among students.

Ques: What is the structure of a Canadian Ph.D. program?

Ans : Coursework, comprehensive exams, and original research culminating in a dissertation are typical components of Ph.D. programs.

Ques: Is there an age limit for starting a Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : No, there's usually no age restriction to enroll in a Ph.D. program.

Ques: How can I find a Ph.D. supervisor?

Ans : Look up faculty biographies, go to conferences, and make direct contact with prospective mentors to convey your interest.

Ques: Is there a comprehensive exam in Canadian Ph.D. programs?

Ans : A comprehensive exam or qualifying exam is a common component of Ph.D. programs, designed to evaluate a student's knowledge in their field.

Ques: Can I work while pursuing my Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : Yes, most doctoral students are permitted to work part-time while enrolled in classes, both on and off campus.

Ques: What is the language proficiency requirement for international students?

Ans : International students usually have to take tests like the TOEFL or IELTS to prove that they are proficient in either French or English.

Ques: Do I need a Master's degree to apply for a Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : Depending on the program, yes. While some might require a master's degree, others might accept students with a bachelor's.

Ques: Are there scholarships available for international Ph.D. students?

Ans : Indeed, a large number of Canadian universities provide scholarships to Ph.D. candidates from both home and abroad. Investigate options such as the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship.

Ques: How do I choose a university for my Ph.D. studies?

Ans : Take into account elements like program reputation, research faculty, resources available, and location.

Ques: What is the duration of a Ph.D. program in Canada?

Ans : In Canada, the majority of PhD programs take four to six years to finish.

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