presentations on anxiety

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Don’t Let Anxiety Sabotage Your Next Presentation

• Riaz Meghji

Stop focusing on yourself and start focusing on your audience.

If you want to beat speaking anxiety, you need to stop focusing on yourself and point your focus outward. This shift isn’t something that can happen instantaneously. It takes time, patience, and practice. Here’s how to get started.

• Be a giver, not a taker. Takers tend to have more anxiety. They want and need validation from their listeners.
• Givers, on the other hand, are all about service. They do work beforehand to connect with stakeholders and use the information they receive to address the needs of their audience. As a result, their presentation becomes less about them and more about helping the other people in the room.
• If you want to turn your presentation into an act of service, you need to talk to the people in the room — well before your presentation begins.
• Choose about three to five influential leaders, and meet with them before to learn their concerns and goals surrounding the topic you’re presenting on.
• Then, incorporate your findings into you presentation. This will help you shift your focus outwards, from yourself to the audience, and as a result, ease some of your nerves.

Where your work meets your life. See more from Ascend here .

How many times have you had an important message to share, only to be sabotaged by anxiety right before you speak?

• RM Riaz Meghji is a human connection keynote speaker, author of Every Conversation Counts: The 5 Habits of Human Connection That Build Extraordinary Relationships and creator of The Magnetic Presenter speaker coaching program. He is also an accomplished broadcaster with 17 years of television hosting experience. Riaz has hosted for Citytv’s Breakfast Television, MTV Canada, TEDxVancouver, CTV News, and the Toronto International Film Festival.  

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Powerful PowerPoint Presentation on Anxiety Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide

Imagine feeling an overwhelming sense of fear and worry, consuming your every thought and impeding your ability to function. This is the reality for millions of individuals with anxiety disorders. These disorders, although invisible, can have a profound impact on the lives of those affected, as well as on society as a whole.

But how can we educate and raise awareness about anxiety disorders in an effective and engaging way? The answer lies in the power of PowerPoint presentations. By harnessing the visual and auditory capabilities of this widely used software, we can create impactful presentations that not only inform, but also inspire action.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the art of crafting powerful PowerPoint presentations on anxiety disorders. From choosing the right design to effectively delivering your message, we will delve into the key elements that make a presentation engaging and informative. We will also discuss the importance of incorporating relevant statistics and research data to provide credibility to your content.

But creating an engaging presentation is just the beginning. Structuring your content in a logical and impactful manner is equally crucial. We will guide you through the process of introducing anxiety disorders, exploring different types, highlighting symptoms, and discussing the effects on daily life. Additionally, we will address the various treatment options and support resources available to individuals facing these challenges.

Furthermore, we will delve into the art of public speaking and how to master the skills necessary to captivate an audience. By incorporating storytelling and personal experiences, you can create an emotional connection that enhances understanding and empathy. We will also explore the use of audio and video elements to further engage your audience and solidify your message.

In the final sections, we will provide additional resources and references, sharing links to online platforms that offer further information and citing credible sources and studies.

This guide aims to demonstrate the power of PowerPoint presentations in spreading awareness about anxiety disorders. By educating individuals and communities, we can empower them to take action and create a supportive environment for those affected by these debilitating conditions. So, let us embark on this journey together, and unlock the potential of a powerful presentation that can make a difference.

Creating an Engaging PowerPoint Presentation

When it comes to creating an engaging PowerPoint presentation on anxiety disorders, choosing the right design and layout is crucial. The design should not only be visually appealing but also complement the content and message you want to convey. Here are some tips to help you in this process:

1. Choosing the Right Design and Layout

Select a design template that aligns with the tone and purpose of your presentation. Use professional and clean designs that enhance readability. Consider the audience you will be presenting to and ensure your design is appropriate for them.

Organize your slides in a logical and coherent manner. Make use of headings, subheadings, and bullet points to create a clear structure. This will help your audience follow the flow of your presentation and easily grasp the information presented.

2. Utilizing Engaging Visuals and Graphics

Visuals play a crucial role in capturing and maintaining audience attention. Incorporate relevant images, photographs, and illustrations to reinforce your message and create a visual impact. Avoid cluttering your slides with too many visuals, as this can be distracting. Instead, choose high-quality images that support your content effectively.

Consider using charts, graphs, and infographics to present data and statistics in a visually appealing and easily understandable way. These visual representations can make complex information more digestible and memorable for your audience.

3. Incorporating Relevant Statistics and Research Data

Anxiety disorders are heavily influenced by research and data. Including relevant statistics and research findings in your presentation helps add credibility and strengthen your message. Ensure that you source your data from reputable and reliable sources.

Use visuals, such as charts or graphs, to present statistics in a clear and concise manner. This not only enhances comprehension but also makes it easier for your audience to remember the information presented.

Remember to provide context and explain the significance of the statistics and research data you include. This helps your audience understand the relevance and impact of anxiety disorders in society.

By paying attention to design, visuals, and data, you can create a PowerPoint presentation that not only captivates your audience but also effectively communicates your message about anxiety disorders. A well-designed presentation with engaging visuals and relevant statistics can leave a lasting impression on your audience, increasing their understanding and empathy towards individuals facing these challenges.

Structuring your Presentation for Maximum Impact

To create a PowerPoint presentation on anxiety disorders that leaves a lasting impact, it is essential to structure your content effectively. By organizing your presentation in a logical and cohesive manner, you can ensure that your message is clear and easily understood. Here are some key elements to consider when structuring your presentation:

1. Introducing the Topic and Defining Anxiety Disorders

Begin your presentation by providing an overview of anxiety disorders and their prevalence. Define anxiety disorders and explain how they differ from normal feelings of anxiety. Use relatable examples and anecdotes to help your audience grasp the concept more effectively.

2. Exploring Different Types of Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders encompass various subtypes, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. Dedicate a section of your presentation to exploring these different types, highlighting the unique characteristics and symptoms associated with each. Incorporate visuals and case studies to enhance understanding and engagement.

3. Highlighting Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria

An important aspect of educating your audience about anxiety disorders is helping them recognize the signs and symptoms. Present a comprehensive list of common symptoms and the diagnostic criteria used by healthcare professionals. Include both physical and psychological symptoms, such as excessive worry, restlessness, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating. Emphasize the importance of seeking professional help for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

4. Discussing the Effects of Anxiety Disorders on Daily Life

Anxiety disorders can significantly impair an individual’s daily functioning and quality of life. Address the impact of anxiety disorders on various aspects, such as personal relationships, work or academic performance, and overall well-being. Share real-life examples or personal testimonials to illustrate the challenges faced by individuals with anxiety disorders. This helps foster empathy and understanding among your audience.

5. Addressing Treatment Options and Support Resources

Provide an overview of the treatment options available for individuals with anxiety disorders. Discuss evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication management. Explain the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the role of healthcare professionals in providing support.

Additionally, highlight the importance of support resources, such as support groups, helplines, and online communities. Share information about local and national organizations that offer assistance, such as mental health clinics and advocacy groups. Including this information equips your audience with the knowledge and resources necessary to help themselves or others who may be struggling with anxiety disorders.

By structuring your presentation around these key elements, you create a comprehensive and informative overview of anxiety disorders. This structure ensures that your audience gains a deeper understanding of the topic, the varying types of anxiety disorders, their symptoms, and the impact they have on daily life. It also empowers them with knowledge about available treatment options and support resources, ultimately encouraging a more informed and supportive community.

Delivering an Effective Presentation

Creating an engaging PowerPoint presentation on anxiety disorders is only half the battle. The way you deliver your presentation plays a crucial role in capturing your audience’s attention and effectively conveying your message. Here are some key strategies to help you deliver an impactful presentation:

1. Mastering Public Speaking Skills

Public speaking can be intimidating, but with practice and preparation, you can become a confident and effective presenter. Start by rehearsing your presentation multiple times, focusing on your delivery, pace, and tone. Pay attention to your body language, maintaining eye contact with your audience and using appropriate gestures to enhance your message. Practice speaking clearly and projecting your voice to ensure everyone in the room can hear you.

Consider joining a public speaking club or taking communication courses to enhance your skills. These resources can provide valuable feedback and guidance on improving your delivery and connecting with your audience.

2. Engaging the Audience through Storytelling and Personal Experiences

To make your presentation more relatable and memorable, incorporate storytelling and personal experiences. Share anecdotes or real-life examples that illustrate the challenges faced by individuals with anxiety disorders. These personal stories can help create an emotional connection with your audience and generate empathy and understanding.

When sharing personal experiences, be mindful of confidentiality and respect for others’ privacy. Focus on the general aspects of the experience rather than specific details that may compromise anonymity.

3. Using Audio and Video Elements to Enhance Engagement

Audio and video elements can significantly enhance audience engagement during your presentation. Consider including short video clips that provide insights into the daily struggles faced by individuals with anxiety disorders or highlight success stories of individuals who have overcome their challenges.

Incorporate relevant audio clips, such as calming music or guided relaxation exercises, to create a soothing and immersive environment. These elements can help evoke emotions and create a more impactful experience for your audience.

However, it’s important to use audio and video elements sparingly and strategically. Too many distractions can detract from your message or overwhelm your audience. Ensure that these elements enhance your content rather than overshadowing it.

Remember, an effective presentation is not only about delivering information but also about engaging your audience and leaving a lasting impact. The mastery of public speaking skills, the use of storytelling and personal experiences, and the strategic incorporation of audio and video elements all contribute to creating a presentation that resonates with your audience. By connecting on an emotional level and providing a memorable experience, you increase the likelihood of creating awareness and inspiring action regarding anxiety disorders.

Providing Additional Resources and References

To further support the information presented in your PowerPoint presentation on anxiety disorders, it is important to provide additional resources and references. This allows your audience to explore the topic in more depth and access credible information for further learning. Here are some key aspects to consider when providing additional resources:

1. Sharing Links to Online Resources for Further Information

In today’s digital age, online resources are readily available and accessible. Include a slide or section in your presentation that lists relevant websites, blogs, and online platforms that offer comprehensive information about anxiety disorders. These resources may include reputable mental health organizations, educational websites, and professional associations.

Ensure that the websites you recommend provide accurate and up-to-date information backed by experts in the field. Revisit these links periodically to ensure they are still active and relevant.

2. Citing Credible Sources and Studies

Throughout your presentation, referencing credible sources and studies adds credibility and strengthens the validity of your information. In a separate slide or section, provide a list of the sources you utilized during your research. This may include academic articles, books, research studies, and official publications.

Ensure that the sources you cite are from reputable sources, such as peer-reviewed journals or well-established publications in the field of psychology or psychiatry. This helps establish the credibility of the information you have presented and allows your audience to explore the topic further.

When citing sources, follow a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, to maintain professionalism and facilitate further reading for those interested.

Remember to mention that individuals should consult a healthcare professional or mental health expert for personalized advice and guidance.

By providing additional resources and references, you equip your audience with the tools to continue their learning journey beyond your presentation. This empowers them to delve deeper into the topic of anxiety disorders and gain a more comprehensive understanding. Additionally, by citing credible sources, you ensure that your audience has access to accurate and reliable information, promoting an evidence-based approach to learning about anxiety disorders.

The power of PowerPoint presentations in spreading awareness about anxiety disorders cannot be underestimated. By creating engaging and informative presentations, you have the ability to educate individuals and communities, empowering them to take action and create a supportive environment for those affected by anxiety disorders. Remember to utilize the right design and layout, incorporate visuals and relevant statistics, and structure your presentation effectively. Deliver your presentation with confidence, using storytelling and personal experiences to engage your audience. Finally, provide additional resources and references to encourage further learning and support. Together, let us harness the power of PowerPoint to make a difference in raising awareness and understanding of anxiety disorders.

The Power of PowerPoint Presentations in Spreading Awareness about Anxiety Disorders

PowerPoint presentations have proven to be a valuable tool in spreading awareness about anxiety disorders. By combining informative content with engaging visuals and effective delivery, these presentations can have a profound impact on individuals and communities. Here are some key reasons why PowerPoint presentations are powerful in raising awareness about anxiety disorders:

1. Visual Appeal for Enhanced Understanding

Anxiety disorders can be complex and challenging to comprehend. The visual nature of PowerPoint allows for the effective presentation of information using images, charts, and graphs. Visuals simplify complex concepts and help the audience grasp the information more easily. By using visuals, you can bridge the gap between technical knowledge and everyday understanding, making the information more relatable and accessible.

2. Memorable and Engaging Content

PowerPoint presentations enable the use of storytelling, personal anecdotes, and engaging visuals to create memorable content. Emotionally resonant stories and personal experiences help the audience connect with the topic of anxiety disorders on a deeper level. By incorporating relatable content, you can elicit empathy and understanding, leaving a lasting impact on your audience.

3. Effective Communication of Statistics and Research Data

Statistics and research data are essential to support the information presented in a PowerPoint presentation. By incorporating relevant data into charts, graphs, and infographics, you can efficiently communicate the prevalence and impact of anxiety disorders. This data-driven approach adds credibility to your message and helps the audience recognize the seriousness of these disorders.

4. Accessibility and Reach

PowerPoint presentations can be easily shared and disseminated to a wide audience. With advancements in technology, they can be uploaded to online platforms, shared via email, or presented in person. This accessibility not only allows for wider dissemination of information but also enables individuals to access the presentation at their own convenience, increasing engagement and awareness.

Empowering Individuals and Communities to Take Action

The ultimate goal of a PowerPoint presentation on anxiety disorders is to empower individuals and communities to take action. By raising awareness and understanding, these presentations motivate individuals to seek help, support those affected by anxiety disorders, and advocate for mental health initiatives. By providing additional resources and references, you equip your audience with the tools and knowledge to make a positive difference in their own lives and the lives of others.

In conclusion, PowerPoint presentations are a powerful medium for spreading awareness about anxiety disorders. Through engaging visuals, impactful storytelling, and the effective communication of statistics, these presentations captivate audiences and leave a lasting impression. By sharing informative content, raising empathy, and providing resources, PowerPoint presentations empower individuals and communities to take action and create a supportive environment for those living with anxiety disorders. Let us harness the power of PowerPoint to educate, inspire, and make a real difference in the lives of those affected by anxiety disorders.The comprehensive guide to creating a powerful PowerPoint presentation on anxiety disorders has revealed the importance of this medium in spreading awareness and understanding. By following the strategies outlined in this guide, individuals and organizations can effectively educate and engage their audience, making a significant impact on communities and individuals affected by anxiety disorders.

PowerPoint presentations offer the advantage of visual appeal, simplifying complex concepts and aiding comprehension. By utilizing engaging visuals, storytelling, personal experiences, and incorporating relevant statistics and research data, presenters can create memorable and relatable content that resonates with their audience. Such presentations empower individuals to recognize the signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders, fostering empathy and understanding for those affected.

Moreover, PowerPoint presentations enable the sharing of resources and references, both online and offline. By providing links to credible online resources, organizations, and support groups, presenters guide their audience towards further information and support. This level of accessibility ensures that individuals can continue their learning journey beyond the presentation and seek help or assistance as needed.

The true power of PowerPoint presentations lies in their ability to motivate individuals and communities to take action. By raising awareness, breaking down stigmas, and encouraging dialogue, these presentations empower individuals to seek professional help, support those living with anxiety disorders, and advocate for mental health initiatives.

In essence, PowerPoint presentations have the potential to create a ripple effect of change. They have the ability to break through barriers and create understanding, compassion, and acceptance. Through compelling narratives, captivating visuals, and the sharing of credible information, these presentations can truly make a difference in spreading awareness about anxiety disorders and empowering individuals and communities to address this significant mental health issue.

So, let us harness the power of PowerPoint presentations, armed with knowledge and creativity, to create meaningful connections and bring about positive change for individuals facing the challenges of anxiety disorders. Together, we can build a more inclusive and supportive world for everyone impacted by anxiety disorders.

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• OCD in Kids

MENU MENU I work in the School System I am a Parent/Guardian I am a Student

Welcome to the anxiety in the classroom training center.

Whether you are faculty, a parent/guardian, a student, or a dedicated community member, we applaud your commitment to teaching others about anxiety and OCD in schools. We hope you find the below resources useful to you as you prepare your training.

Pre-Made Presentations on Anxiety in the Classroom Topics

Below are links that will open to embedded, pre-made presentations on the topics covered on the Anxiety in the Classroom site. For presentation purposes, we recommend clicking “Full Screen” at the bottom of the screen. We also recommend manually advancing slides when ready using the left arrow button on your screen (>) or on your keyboard, and NOT the "Play" button (filled in triangle), as the "Play" button will auto-advance the slides instead of allowing you to change them when you're ready.

• Anxiety in children
• Types of anxiety experienced by school-aged children
• Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children
• Identifying typical behavior versus anxiety/OCD-induced behavior
• Signs and symptoms of anxiety in school
• Signs and symptoms of OCD in school
• Common obsessions fueled by compusions

Click here to access the presentation slides.

• Levels of anxiety
• Social/behavioral impact of anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Examples of anxiety/OCD impact on a student at school

Nine Common Behaviors of Students with Anxiety and/or OCD

• Easily agitated and triggered
• Anxiety behavior vs ADHD
• Repetitive questions
• Exhibit consistent presentation of difficulty
• Experience frequent ailments and trips to the nurse's office
• Attendance problems
• Refusing to participate
• Tired in school
• Not completing homework

Click here to access presentation slides.

• Anxiety management strategies
• Cognitive techniques
• Anxiety management resources
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
• Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
• Why ERP works
• Treatment obstacles
• What to tell students and their families regarding treatment
• Tips for making a community referral
• Making the actual referral
• Eight interview questions to ask when considering a mental health professional

Sometimes teachers experience their own anxiety when working with a student who is struggling. In these cases, it becomes important that teachers have strategies for coping and self-care.

Ten Tips on How to Manage Personal and Professional Anxiety

• Learn about anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Create a positive relationship with the student
• Educate yourself about what resources the school offers
• Be positive and reward small success and effort
• Get information from past teachers
• Avoid power struggles
• Be aware of your own response to stress
• Debrief after difficult situations
• Frequent communication with home and counselor
• Case consultation

If you notice that a student is exhibiting symptoms of anxiety or OCD, it is important to talk to their parents. Phone calls to a student's home to discuss their academic, social, or emotional difficulties may be stressful and anxiety-provoking for both families and school personnel.

Difficult conversations like these are more effective if there is a positive and trusting relationship already in place.

• Tips for how schools can build positive relationships with families before there is a problem
• Tips for how school personnel can effectively communicate with parents once a problem has been identified

When you recognize that a student may be exhibiting symptoms of anxiety and/or OCD, it's important that you take the time to speak to them. However, knowing what to say and how to voice your concerns is not always easy.

Seven Tips for Talking to Students With Anxiety and/or OCD

• Take students' concerns seriously
• Offer validation and acceptance
• Avoid shaming
• Avoid calling students out
• Encourage students to share their struggles
• Develop a game plan
• Be mindful of how you communicate

Working With Your Colleagues to Recognize and Address Anxiety/OCD

• Identifying anxiety and OCD
• Learning about anxiety and OCD
• Communicating with parents
• Ongoing assessment and data collection
• Common medication used to treat anxiety in youth
• Common medication used to treat OCD in youth
• What to tell families regarding medication concerns and side effects

Your student's anxiety or OCD symptoms may qualify as a disability if they are severe enough that they impact their ability to learn. In these cases, the student who is in public school is eligible for a 504 Plan or an Individualized Education Plan (IEP).

With a 504 or an IEP Plan, accommodations are made so that the student has access to the curriculum in the same way their peers do.

• What to consider when making accommodations
• Examples of accommodations for anxiety/OCD

In a Time Crunch?

School personnel are constantly occupied, making time not just for their students, but for administration, for professional training, for parents/guardians, for meetings, and any other additional duties that arise outside of the classroom walls. For this reason, we have created a guide to Anxiety in the Classroom topics that will fit into any chunk of time.

Sometimes all school staff have are 15 or 30 minutes, and can only go over so much information. Below is some information regarding Anxiety in the Classroom that you can cover within those time crunches!

• Anxiety in Children
• OCD in Children
• Defining OCD
• Start with “Deep Diaphragmatic Breathing” Slide
• Visualization and Guided Imagery
• Constructive Self Talk
• Cognitive Restructuring
• Externalizing the disorder/symptoms
• Video of Denise Egan Stack on What to Look For in the Classroom
• Write down three examples of anxiety and three examples of OCD in children
• OCD in Teenagers and Children
• Different Ways Children May Exhibit Signs of Anxiety/OCD
• Easily Agitated and Triggered
• Easily Agitated and Triggered Example
• Asking Repetitive Questions
• Asking Repetitive Question Example
• Exhibiting a consistent presentation of difficulty
• Exhibiting a consistent presentation of difficulty examples
• Experiencing frequent ailments/ trips to the nurse 
• Bad attendance
• Refusing to participate 
• Tired in school continued
• “Deep Diaphragmatic Breathing”
• Develop a “game plan” on how to help your student when their anxiety is triggered. 
• What is OCD
• Eric Storch, PhD: different ways children exhibit anxiety/OCD symptoms at school
• Cognitive behavioral therapy 
• CBT and ERP
• Defining Exposure and response Prevention Therapy
• Video of Dr. Aureen Wagner PhD, explaining CBT/ERP to Youth
• Video on medications for OCD- Video by Dr. Evelyn Stewart
• ERP continued
• Why Does ERP Work
• Divide into groups and create a small skit of a student dealing with a form of anxiety/OCD symptom (i.e., perfectionism, difficulty with social interaction)
• STUDENT: Describe three ways they are struggling with the specific anxiety/OCD symptom
• SCHOOL STAFF: Describe three ways to help the student cope
• OCD in Kids and Teens Brochure  
• OCD in children and teenagers factsheet
• Common Myths about OCD Handout
• Anxiety disorders in children ( en español )
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Training Evaluation

If possible, we appreciate any feedback you can give about Anxiety in the Classroom. Please feel free to have your attendees take the following evaluation after your training so we can make any necessary improvements to our content:

Take the Training Evaluation survey!

Click here for more resources for school personnel.

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Presentation Anxiety

by Dr. Alan Jacobson | Aug 28, 2023 | Public Speaking Fear

Presentation anxiety is a common psychological phenomenon where individuals experience nervousness, fear, and unease when speaking or presenting in front of an audience. It can affect people of all ages and backgrounds and is considered a natural response to the fear of being judged, evaluated, or making mistakes in a public setting.

I differentiate presentation anxiety from the more general speech anxieties because it relates to speaking in front of a large group with prepared remarks. A more general fear of public speaking can occur in small groups or even when just talking to one person, and it can occur whether or not the material is prepared. The treatment for each of these situations is very similar, but there may be small differences in my approach depending on the type of presentation you are likely to give.

I use various techniques to help people conquer presentation anxiety, including cognitive behavioral therapy , relaxation, self-talk, and general positive psychology . I also offer a specialty service that provides more intensive treatment that can be timed to meet your specific needs before and after a presentation.

Symptoms of Presentation Anxiety

Symptoms of presentation anxiety fall into three general categories. Many people experience all three types of symptoms, while others have only one or two.

Physical Symptoms of Presentation Anxiety

Presentation anxiety can manifest in physical symptoms, including rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, dry mouth, nausea, difficulty breathing, and a shaky voice. The challenge of these symptoms is that they come to feed the anxiety – you feel these symptoms, are convinced that the audience can perceive them, and this makes you more nervous. Also, some symptoms can make it hard to present clearly and effectively. Relaxation and visualization can often help with the physical symptoms, as can some medication.

Cognitive Symptoms of Presentation Anxiety

There are also common cognitive symptoms that occur with presentation anxiety. These include negative self-talk, racing thoughts, and self-doubt. Cognitive symptoms can feel like a snowball rolling down the hill, building as it goes. These symptoms may appear both before and during the presentation. They become the target of cognitive-behavioral therapy since they are usually irrational or at least exaggerated.

Other Symptoms

Most symptoms fit within the cognitive or physical buckets, but others do not. For example, some people experience fear and anxiety without specific thoughts co-occurring, while others feel fine during presentations but are suddenly hit with a wave of anxiety. These are less common situations but still worth addressing in treatment.

The symptoms you experience are helpful in that they point the way toward the treatment methods we will choose together.

Causes of Presentation Anxiety

Presentation anxiety can stem from various factors, including a fear of failure, a fear of judgment from others, concerns about forgetting what to say, perfectionism, lack of experience, and past negative experiences. Some people are more naturally predisposed to anxiety, which can also play a role. Here is more detail:

Fear of Judgement or Failure

One of the primary causes of presentation anxiety is the fear of being judged or evaluated negatively by the audience. The pressure to perform well and meet the expectations of others can lead to heightened anxiety. The fear of making mistakes or not meeting one’s standards can also contribute to anxiety. The thought of forgetting lines, stumbling over words, or experiencing technical difficulties can trigger this fear.

Lack of Confidence and Presentation Anxiety

If individuals lack confidence in their speaking abilities or knowledge of the topic, they may feel more anxious about presenting in front of an audience. The anticipation of social evaluation and the desire to fit in can lead to anxiety, especially when the presenter is in the spotlight. Presenters might fear being rejected by the audience if they perceive their presentation as uninteresting or unconvincing.

Physical Symptoms and Presentation Anxiety

Physiological responses, such as increased heart rate, trembling hands, sweating, and a dry mouth, can be triggered by anxiety. These symptoms and how they feel to you, in turn, can intensify the anxiety further.

Cognitive Distortions and Presentation Anxiety

Negative thought patterns, such as catastrophizing (imagining the worst possible outcomes) or mind reading (assuming that the audience thinks negatively about the presenter), can fuel anxiety.

Self-Consciousness and Striving for Unrealistic Perfection

Being overly self-conscious about appearance, mannerisms, or speech patterns can contribute to presentation anxiety. Striving for perfection and having unrealistically high standards for one’s performance can add to this anxiety.

Sometimes, there is no specific trigger for presentation anxiety. Some people experience sudden anxiety during a presentation even though past presentations have gone fine. Other people do feel anticipatory anxiety and presentation anxiety but cannot figure out where it comes from or why it is there. Treatment is still effective even if the anxiety’s cause is unclear.

Presentation Anxiety Tips

I offer the following tips to reduce presentation anxiety. For some, this helps enough to reduce the symptoms. For others, a more specific and uniquely tailored approach is more helpful.

Preparation, positive thinking, and relaxation

Adequate preparation is one of the most effective ways to reduce presentation anxiety. When you are well-prepared and knowledgeable about your topic, you’ll feel more confident in delivering your message. Practice your presentation multiple times, preferably in front of friends or family, to become more comfortable with the material.

Visualizing yourself succeeding and delivering a successful presentation can help reduce anxiety. Positive affirmations and reframing negative thoughts into more constructive ones can also be beneficial.

Deep breathing exercises and relaxation techniques can help calm your nerves before and during a presentation. Focusing on your breath can slow your heart rate and help you regain control of your emotions.

Start Small and Learn to Engage

If you’re particularly anxious about public speaking, start by speaking in smaller, more comfortable settings before moving on to larger audiences. Gradually exposing yourself to speaking in public can help desensitize you to anxiety. Also, i nteracting with your audience can help create a sense of connection and reduce the feeling of isolation. Establishing eye contact, asking questions, and involving the audience in your presentation can make the experience less one-sided.

Reduce Presentation Anxiety by Accepting Imperfection

It’s important to recognize that nobody is perfect, and even experienced speakers have moments of imperfection. Accept that some level of nervousness is normal and part of the process. Remember that the audience will be able to connect well with a presenter who seems real to them.

Conclusions and Our Services

Remember that presentation anxiety is a common experience, and most people feel at least a little nervous before speaking in public. The goal is not necessarily to eliminate all anxiety but to manage it in a way that allows you to deliver your presentation effectively. With practice, preparation, and a positive mindset, you can gradually build your confidence and reduce the impact of presentation anxiety. The tips here and on the self-help page may be enough, but many people find it beneficial to work with a therapist who can design a specific and unique treatment course around your symptoms and the types of presentations you give.

If presentation anxiety severely affects your personal or professional life, or you want to speed up the process, I would be happy to talk to you about my services, both regular therapy and intensive therapy , so feel free to contact me any time.

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Anxiety And Stress Management

Aug 10, 2014

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Anxiety And Stress Management. What we’ll cover What is stress? What causes stress? Strategies to reduce stress Strategies for dealing with stress. What is stress?. Stress is the way that you react physically, mentally and emotionally to various conditions, changes and demands in your life.

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Anxiety And Stress Management • What we’ll cover • What is stress? • What causes stress? • Strategies to reduce stress • Strategies for dealing with stress

What is stress? • Stress is the way that you react physically, mentally and emotionally to various conditions, changes and demands in your life. • Many students experience varying levels of stress each semester. • High levels of stress can affect your physical and mental well-being and academic performance.

Symptoms of stress • fatigue • insomnia • dissatisfaction • anger • depression • inability to concentrate • headaches • nervous stomach • change in appetite • rapid breathing • rapid heart rate • sweaty palms • irritability • anxiety

Exercise: Reflect on a stressful situation • Write a brief description of a recent situation that caused you stress. Summarize your mental, emotional and physical states at the time.

What causes stress? • Anxiety: uneasiness and distress about future uncertainties

What causes stress? • Changes in life’s expectations or demands • Ex. Marriage, divorce, pregnancy, illness, bills, increasing demands of a university course load

What causes stress? • Disorganization: feeling unprepared and powerless

What causes stress? • Physical Constraints • Ex. Physical exhaustion, lack of good exercise and diet strategies

What causes stress? • Time constraints: multiple projects and deadlines

Exercise: Self-assessment • Take the anxiety/stress assessment • Use the results of this assessment to pinpoint specific causes of stress in your life. What (if any) control do you have over these areas of your life? • Make a list of things that you can do to lessen your stress.

Strategies to reduce stress • Take control. Manage your time instead of letting it manage you. Use a to-do list, follow a written plan, set goals and follow through. • Avoid procrastination, a major cause of stress. Make a realistic list of things you need to do each day. Do the most important things first. That way, even if you don’t finish the list, you get the most important things done.

Strategies to reduce stress • Take a break • Sometimes it is better to get away from the situation for a short time. Take a brisk walk, focus on pleasant thoughts. Then, go back to the task feeling refreshed and ready to tackle whatever it is you have to do.

Strategies to reduce stress • Work on your attitude • Put things into perspective. Do not to take yourself too seriously. • Think positive. “If you think you will fail, or think you will succeed, you are probably right.” --Henry Ford

Strategies to reduce stress • Get help • See your instructor, go to tutoring, and participate in study groups. See how to form a study group. • Keep in touch with friends and family, and develop a support group.

Strategies to reduce stress • Physical stress busters • Eat right, exercise regularly and get plenty of rest

Strategies to reduce stress • Practice, practice, practice • Build your confidence: do extra math problems, practice test-taking at home, rehearse your speech a couple of times before the presentation

Self-reflection • Go back to the stressful incident that you described in the first part of the workshop. • List some strategies for dealing with the situation, • List some things you could have done to prevent it from being stressful. • List some ways you can avoid a reoccurrence of such a situation in the future.

Strategies for dealing with stress • No one can avoid stress all the time. In a stressful situation, try these tips to help you overcome the effects of stress.

Strategies for dealing with stress • Join the crowd • Even though you may think you are the only person in the world who is experiencing stress, the fact is that everyone experiences it sometime.

Strategies for dealing with stress • Talk to someone • Find someone you trust, discuss the problems and look for solutions

Strategies for dealing with stress • Put it in perspective • Chances are, this is only one small part of the rest of your life

Strategies for dealing with stress • Visualize • Sit comfortably and think of a favorite place. Imagine yourself in a successful situation.

Strategies for dealing with stress • Breathe • Sit quietly, and breathe deeply and slowly. Continue for five or six breaths. It is calming and the extra dose of oxygen increases the brain’s thinking ability.

Strategies for dealing with stress • It’s all in your head... and shoulders • Roll your head loosely in a wide circle. Repeat five times. Tighten right shoulder and raise it as far up as possible and hold, then relax slowly. Repeat with left shoulder. Repeat with both shoulders.

Strategies for dealing with stress • Go on a diet • Eating light and avoiding sugars can help with performance and lessen stress. In a stressful situation like an exam, have a light meal of mostly protein. Remember, a heavy high carbohydrate meal can put you to sleep.

Strategies for dealing with stress • Lighten up • Take responsibility for your feelings. When you get angry, take a break and cool down before you act.

Strategies for dealing with stress • Use it • A little stress is a good thing. Athletes use it to increase performance. If you are experiencing a small amount of anxiety, it can help to keep you active and alert. Use it to increase your performance.

Summary • Stress is mental, emotional and physical tension, strain, and/or distress • The signs of stress are classic. You may get a headache, stiff neck, backache, become irritable, lose your temper, and you may feel exhausted and find it hard to concentrate. • When these symptoms appear, recognize them as signs of stress and find a way to deal with them. Just knowing why you’re feeling the way that you are may be the first step in coping with the problem.

Apply what you’ve learned • Write about a situation where you would normally experience a high level of stress, (i.e. taking a test, giving a presentation, etc). • Is the stress a bad thing? • Can it be used to increase your performance? • How would you do this? • What coping strategies can you use to help you deal with the situation?

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A Guide to Understnding Presentation Anxiety

We’ve all been there before. The room is dark, and the only light comes from the projector screen in front of you. You can feel everyone’s eyes on you, and your heart is racing. You take a deep breath and begin to speak, but your mind goes blank. You stumble over your words, and by the end of your presentation, you feel like a complete mess. If this sounds familiar, then you may be suffering from presentation anxiety. In this blog post, we will discuss what presentation anxiety is, how to recognize it, and how to overcome it!

• 1 Defining Presentation Anxiety
• 2 Signs And Symptoms
• 4 Link With Other Disorders
• 5 Consequences
• 6.1 Be rehearsed
• 6.2 Practice positive self-talk
• 6.3 Build cues
• 6.4 Ensure comfort
• 6.5 Release tension
• 6.6 Know your triggers
• 6.7 Set realistic goals
• 6.8 Breathe deeply
• 6.9 Normalize failure
• 6.10 Visualize success
• 6.11 Seek professional help
• 7 Conclusion

Defining Presentation Anxiety

The important thing to note is the difference between shyness/nervousness and anxiety. While everyone may get a bit nervous before presenting, those with presentation anxiety often experience more intense symptoms such as a racing heart, sweating, trembling, and even nausea. For some people, the fear is so intense that they may avoid presenting altogether.

It is also essential to keep in mind that presentation anxiety is not the same as stage fright. Stage fright is the fear of being on stage in front of an audience. This can be due to a bad experience in the past or a general feeling of uneasiness. While presentation anxiety is focused on the content of the presentation and how well you will do, stage fright is more about the physical act of being on stage.

Signs And Symptoms

Recognizing the signs and red flags of presentation anxiety is the first step in overcoming your fear. For some people, the symptoms may be very mild and only occur in specific situations. Others may find that their anxiety is more constant and interferes with their daily lives. The most common signs and symptoms of presentation anxiety include the following.

• Avoiding social situations or events where you know you will have to present
• Experiencing physical symptoms such as a racing heart, sweating, trembling, or nausea
• Feeling dizzy or lightheaded
• Having trouble sleeping or concentrating
• Feeling irritable or on edge
• Imagining the worst-case scenario
• Fearing that you will embarrass yourself or be judged negatively
• Having intrusive and negative thoughts
• Dry mouth or difficulty speaking
• Mind going blank during presentations
• Feeling like you are going to faint or pass out
• Experiencing anxiety or panic attacks in the days leading up to your presentation

It is important to remember that this is only an outline of some of the most common symptoms. Everyone experiences anxiety differently, so you may experience other symptoms not listed here. If you are unsure whether or not you are suffering from presentation anxiety, it is best to consult with a mental health professional.

• Fear of public speaking : For many people, the thought of speaking in front of a group is enough to trigger anxiety. This can be due to a bad experience in the past or a general feeling of uneasiness.
• Perfectionism: If you are someone who strives for perfection, then the thought of making a mistake in front of an audience can be very anxiety-inducing.
• Lack of experience : If you have little to no experience presenting, then it is only natural to feel anxious about it. The more you do it, the easier it will become.
• Imposter syndrome : This is the feeling of being a fraud or not good enough for the task at hand. It is common among high-achievers and can be very debilitating.
• Fear of being judged or evaluated negatively: This is a common cause of anxiety for many people. The fear of being judged by others can be very overwhelming and often leads to avoidance behaviors.
• Lack of preparation: If you do not feel prepared for your presentation, it is only natural to feel anxious.
• Previous bad experiences: If you have had a bad experience presenting in the past, it is likely that you will feel anxious about doing it again. This is because you may be worried that you will make the same mistakes or that the outcome will be just as bad.
• Low self-esteem or lack of confidence: Lastly, if you do not feel confident in your abilities, it is likely that you will feel anxious about presenting. This is because you may be worried that you will not be able to do a good job or that you will be found out as a fraud.

It is essential to remember that everyone experiences anxiety differently. What may cause one person to feel anxious may not have the same effect on another.

Link With Other Disorders

Our psychology and emotions are not separate entities. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that presentation anxiety is often linked with other disorders. The most common ones are as follows.

• Generalized anxiety disorder : This is a disorder characterized by excessive and long-lasting anxiety that interferes with daily life. It often leads to avoidance behaviors, as well as physical symptoms such as trembling, sweating, and difficulty sleeping.
• Social anxiety disorder : Also known as social phobia , this is a disorder characterized by intense fear and anxiety in social situations. It often leads to avoidance behaviors and can be very debilitating.
• Panic disorder: This is a disorder characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. These panic attacks are often accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and sweating.
• Agoraphobia : This is a disorder characterized by fear and anxiety of situations where escape may be difficult or impossible. It often leads to avoidance behaviors and can be very debilitating.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder: This is a disorder characterized by intrusive and distressing memories, flashbacks, and nightmares of a traumatic event. It often leads to avoidance behaviors and can be very debilitating.
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder : This is a disorder characterized by intrusive and distressing thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions). It often leads to avoidance behaviors and can be very debilitating.

As you can see, presentation anxiety is often linked with other disorders. If you are experiencing anxiety, it is important to seek professional help.

Consequences

• Poor performance: When we are anxious, our performance often suffers. This is because we are not able to think clearly or focus on the task at hand. As a result, our presentations may be poorer quality and we may not be able to achieve our goals.
• Avoidance: As mentioned earlier, anxiety often leads to avoidance behaviors. This means that we may start to avoid situations where we have to present. This can lead to missed opportunities and a decline in our career or studies.
• Isolation : When we start to avoid social situations, we may start to feel isolated. This can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression .
• Health problems: Anxiety can also take a toll on our physical health. When we are anxious, our body goes into “fight or flight” mode. This means that our heart rate and blood pressure increase, and we may start to experience chest pain, headaches, and stomach problems.
• Mental health problems: Anxiety can also lead to mental health problems such as depression, eating disorders , and substance abuse .

If you are experiencing any of the above consequences, it is important to seek professional help. These consequences may be dire but are manageable. This is why it is important to seek professional help if you are experiencing anxiety.

Tips To Overcome

The good news is that there are a variety of treatment options available for those suffering from presentation anxiety. Some people may only need to make a few lifestyle changes, while others may require more intensive treatment. The key is to try different methods and see what works for you.

Be rehearsed

The foremost step to lessen your anxiety is to be rehearsed. This will help you be more confident and in control when presenting. You may do so by practicing your presentation in front of a mirror or videotaping yourself. This will help you catch any mistakes and give you a better idea of how you come across to others.

Practice positive self-talk

· “I am prepared.”

· “I can do this.”

· “I am confident.”

· “I am not perfect and that is okay.”

If you think you can make it to the end of your presentation without any cues, you are wrong. Cues help to ground us and remind us of what we need to say next. They can be anything from keywords written on index cards to physical prompts like rubbing your hands together. Incorporating these cues will help you feel more prepared and in control.

Ensure comfort

Anxiety is bound to make you feel odd or uncomfortable. To counter this, it is important to make sure that you are as comfortable as possible. This means wearing clothes that you feel good in, being aware of your posture, and making sure that the room temperature is not too hot or cold.

Release tension

Anxiety makes its way into our body and makes us hold onto tension. This can lead to physical discomfort and make it difficult to focus. To release this tension, you may want to try some relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or yoga. You may even want to try aromatherapy or meditation.

Know your triggers

Set realistic goals

When we set unrealistic goals, we are setting ourselves up for disappointment. This can trigger our anxiety and make it harder to cope. To avoid this, it is important to set realistic goals for ourselves. This means being realistic about what we can achieve and not putting too much pressure on ourselves.

Breathe deeply

Don’t forget to monitor your breathing. When we are anxious, our breathing becomes shallow and rapid. This can lead to dizziness and lightheadedness. To avoid this, make sure to take deep belly breaths throughout your presentation. This will help to calm you down and ease your anxiety.

Normalize failure

If you still fail or are unable to meet your goal, it is important to remember that this is normal. We all make mistakes and we all have days where things don’t go as planned. What is important is that you learn from your mistakes and keep trying. Don’t let one failure define you or your presentation skills.

Visualize success

Another method that can help ease your anxiety is to visualize yourself being successful. See yourself giving a great presentation and imagine the audience applauding you. This will help increase your confidence and reduce your anxiety.

Seek professional help

At last, if your condition is too severe and is impacting your daily life, it is important to seek professional help. This doesn’t mean that you are weak or crazy. It just means that you need a little extra help to get through this tough time. There is no shame in seeking help from a therapist or counselor. They may make use of the following techniques.

• Cognitive behavioral therapy : This type of therapy helps to identify and change the negative thoughts and behaviors that are causing your anxiety.
• Exposure therapy : This therapy involves gradually exposing yourself to the things that trigger your anxiety. This can help you to learn how to cope with your triggers and eventually overcome them.
• Narrative therapy : This therapy involves telling your story and working with a therapist to find a new perspective. This can help you to see your anxiety in a new light and eventually overcome it.
• Free association: This therapy involves saying whatever comes to mind without censoring yourself. This can help to identify the root of your anxiety and eventually work through it.
• Medication: In some cases, medication may be necessary to help control your anxiety. Your doctor can prescribe you with medication that will help to ease your symptoms.

If you suffer from presentation anxiety, know that you are not alone. Millions of people around the world suffer from this condition. However, there are ways to ease your anxiety and make it more manageable. By following the tips above, you will be on your way to giving a great presentation. So don’t let your anxiety hold you back—you can do this!

To conclude our blog post, we can say that presentation anxiety is a common problem that many people face. However, there are ways to overcome it. By being aware of your triggers, setting realistic goals, breathing deeply, and visualizing success, you will be on your way to giving a great presentation. If your anxiety is severe, don’t hesitate to seek professional help. With the right help, you can overcome your anxiety and live a normal life.

If you or someone you know is looking for psychological help, Therapy Mantra is here for you. We are the leading providers of online therapy and counseling. Our team of highly trained and experienced therapists can provide assistance at the most affordable rates. Contact us today to learn more about our services. You may also visit our website to book an  online therapy  session or download our free  Android  or  iOS app  for more information.

The mission of TherapyMantra is to provide inexpensive, accessible, and professional online mental health care to the individuals all around the world.

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Distress in social situations, causing impaired functioning in daily life. Triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny from others. Physical symptoms may include: blushing, excess sweating, trembling, palpitations, and nausea, stammering, along, rapid speech, panic attacks.. Introversion and shyness (personality characteristics) are not social anxiety (mental distress). Socially anxious people may be shy/introverted, but shy/introverted people do not necessarily have social anxiety

Propranolol Guidelines For Presentations

I was recently prescribed propranolol (10mg tablets - 30 minutes before anxiety activity’s). It was through a tele appointment and the doctor wasn’t very helpful. I have a work presentation this Tuesday and I’m stressing!! I feel like 10mg may be too light to suppress my shaky body/voice that I usually get when presenting. this will be the first time I take anything for my social anxiety. Does anyone have a general guideline of how much I should take to be effective & how soon before my presentation? I would just hate to take too light of a dose that it doesn’t do anything and I’m shaking, nervous, etc. I’m 24M- 150lb. Thanks!

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Positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety patients – A study protocol for a randomized control trial in an online group setting

• Engelhardt, Catiana L.
• Meier, Marina
• Keller, Sabrina
• Laireiter, Anton-Rupert

Background Anxiety disorders are common and debilitating which is why treatment is so important. According to the guidelines, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has the highest level of effectiveness among psychotherapeutic treatments and is the recommended procedure. However, not everyone responds well or at all to CBT which makes a wider range of therapy options valuable. Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) comes to mind as an alternative with its strength-based approach focusing on enhancing well-being and life satisfaction. Additionally, it has not yet been extensively studied how the processes that occur during treatment sessions and between treatment sessions effect treatment outcome. Thus, to lessen the lack of evidence regarding the efficacy of PPT as an anxiety treatment the planned study examines and compares the effectiveness of CBT and PPT as well as the effect of intrasession and intersession processes of the two therapy approaches. Method The study is in the planning stage and consists of an efficacy and a process study. The efficacy study is a randomized controlled comparative study of patients with anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder with or without agoraphobia) with two active treatment conditions (PPT and CBT) and a control group (CG; positive psychotherapy with minimal therapeutic supervision) in an online group setting. There are three measurement time points: before treatment begins (T0), at the end of the ten-week treatment (T1), and a follow-up after three months (T2). The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of PPT and CBT in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and to compare the efficacy of online-based PPT with minimal therapeutic supervision and online-based PPT with intensive therapeutic supervision in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The process study will be used to evaluate both the intrasession processes and the intersession processes of the therapy in the two intervention groups. In addition, the process variables that predict the success of the therapy and the extent to which PPT and CBT differ in the therapy processes will be tested. The study is registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (№ DRKS00027521). Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first randomized controlled comparative study to examine the effectiveness of CBT and PPT for anxiety disorders in an online group setting.

Here’s how you know

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
• National Institutes of Health

Melatonin: What You Need To Know

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Melatonin is a hormone that your brain produces in response to darkness. It helps with the timing of your circadian rhythms (24-hour internal clock) and with sleep. Being exposed to light at night can block melatonin production.

Research suggests that melatonin plays other important roles in the body beyond sleep. However, these effects are not fully understood.

Melatonin dietary supplements can be made from animals or microorganisms, but most often they’re made synthetically. The information below is about melatonin dietary supplements.

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Melatonin supplements may help with certain conditions, such as jet lag, delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, some sleep disorders in children, and anxiety before and after surgery.

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Jet lag affects people when they travel by air across multiple time zones. With jet lag, you may not feel well overall and you may have disturbed sleep, daytime tiredness, impaired functioning, and digestive problems.

Research suggests that melatonin supplements may help with jet lag. This is based on medium-sized reviews from 2010 and 2014.

• Four studies that included a total of 142 travelers showed that melatonin may be better than a placebo (an inactive substance) in reducing overall symptoms of jet lag after eastward flights. Another study of 234 travelers on eastward flights looked at only sleep quality and found low-quality evidence that melatonin may be better than placebo for improving sleep quality.
• Two studies that included a total of 90 travelers showed that melatonin may be better than a placebo in reducing symptoms of jet lag after westward flights.

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People with DSWPD have trouble falling asleep at the usual times and waking up in the morning. They typically have difficulty getting to sleep before 2 to 6 a.m. and would prefer to wake up between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m.

Melatonin supplements appear to help with sleep in people with DSWPD, but it’s uncertain whether the benefits outweigh the possible harms. This is based on a clinical practice guideline, a small review, and a more recent study.

• In 2015, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended melatonin supplements given at specific times for DSWPD. The recommendation was a weak one, and it came with uncertainty about whether the benefits of melatonin outweigh its potential harms.
• A 2016 review that looked at a small number of people (52) from two studies showed that melatonin supplements reduced the time it took for people with DSWPD to fall asleep when compared to placebo. On average, it took about 22 minutes less for them to fall asleep.
• A 2018 randomized controlled trial that lasted 4 weeks and included 307 people with DSWPD found that taking melatonin 1 hour before the desired bedtime combined with going to bed at a set time led to several improvements. Those improvements included falling asleep an average of 34 minutes earlier, better sleep during the first third of the night, and better daytime functioning.

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Sleep problems in children can have undesirable effects on their behavior, daytime functioning, and quality of life. Children with certain conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are more prone to sleep problems than other children.

There are no overall guidelines on the best approach to improving sleep in children. However, guidelines for specific conditions recommend behavioral treatments, such as good bedtime habits and parent education, as an initial treatment that may be supplemented with medicines.

The list below shows the review’s results on melatonin’s short-term effects for children with specific conditions.

• Children with ASD fell asleep 37 minutes earlier and slept 48 minutes longer.
• Children with ADHD fell asleep 20 minutes earlier and slept 33 minutes longer.
• Children with atopic dermatitis fell asleep 6.8 minutes earlier and slept 35 minutes longer.
• Children with chronic sleep-onset insomnia fell asleep 24 minutes earlier and slept 25 minutes longer.

Because there aren’t many studies on children and melatonin supplements, there is a lot we don’t know about the use of melatonin in children. For example, there are uncertainties about what dose to use and when to give it, the effects of melatonin use over long periods of time, and whether melatonin’s benefits outweigh its possible risks. Because melatonin is a hormone, it’s possible that melatonin supplements could affect hormonal development, including puberty, menstrual cycles, and overproduction of the hormone prolactin, but we don’t know for sure.

Because of these uncertainties, it’s best to work with a health care provider if you’re considering giving a child melatonin for sleep problems.

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Anxiety before and after surgery happens in up to 80 percent of patients.

Melatonin supplements appear to be helpful in reducing anxiety before surgery, but it’s unclear if it helps to lower anxiety after surgery. This is a based on a 2015 review.

• The 2015 review looked at 12 studies that involved 774 people and assessed melatonin supplements for treating anxiety before surgery, anxiety after surgery, or both. The review found strong evidence that melatonin is better than placebo at reducing anxiety before surgery. Melatonin supplements may be as effective as standard treatment (the antianxiety medicine midazolam). However, the results on melatonin’s benefits for reducing anxiety after surgery were mixed.

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Current research looking at the effects of melatonin on COVID-19 is only in the early stages. There are a few randomized controlled trials (studies evaluating melatonin in people) in progress. At this point, it is too soon to reach conclusions on whether melatonin is helpful for COVID-19.

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Studies of the effect of melatonin supplements on cancer symptoms or treatment-related side effects have been small and have had mixed results.

Keep in mind that unproven products should not be used to replace or delay conventional medical treatment for cancer. Also, some products can interfere with standard cancer treatments or have special risks for people who’ve been diagnosed with cancer. Before using any complementary health approach, including melatonin, people who’ve been diagnosed with cancer should talk with their health care providers to make sure that all aspects of their care work together.

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People with insomnia have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. When symptoms last a month or longer, it’s called chronic insomnia.

According to practice guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2017) and the American College of Physicians (2016), there’s not enough strong evidence on the effectiveness or safety of melatonin supplementation for chronic insomnia to recommend its use. The American College of Physicians guidelines strongly recommend the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as an initial treatment for insomnia.

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Shift work that involves night shifts may cause people to feel sleepy at work and make it difficult to sleep during the daytime after a shift ends.

According to two 2014 research reviews, studies on whether melatonin supplements help shift workers were generally small or inconclusive.

• The first review looked at 7 studies that included a total of 263 participants. The results suggested that (1) people taking melatonin may sleep about 24 minutes longer during the daytime, but (2) other aspects of sleep, such as time needed to fall asleep, may not change. The evidence, however, was considered to be of low quality.
• The other review looked at 8 studies (5 of which were also in the first review), with a total of 300 participants, to see whether melatonin helped promote sleep in shift workers. Six of the studies were high quality, and they had inconclusive results. The review did not make any recommendations for melatonin use in shift workers.

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For melatonin supplements, particularly at doses higher than what the body normally produces, there’s not enough information yet about possible side effects to have a clear picture of overall safety. Short-term use of melatonin supplements appears to be safe for most people, but information on the long-term safety of supplementing with melatonin is lacking.

Also keep in mind:

Interactions with medicines

• As with all dietary supplements, people who are taking medicine should consult their health care providers before using melatonin. In particular, people with epilepsy and those taking blood thinner medications need to be under medical supervision when taking melatonin supplements.

Possible allergic reaction risk

• There may be a risk of allergic reactions to melatonin supplements.

Safety concerns for pregnant and breastfeeding women

• There’s been a lack of research on the safety of melatonin use in pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Safety concerns for older people

• The 2015 guidelines by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommend against melatonin use by people with dementia.
• Melatonin may stay active in older people longer than in younger people and cause daytime drowsiness.

Melatonin is regulated as a dietary supplement

• In the United States, melatonin is considered a dietary supplement. This means that it’s regulated less strictly by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) than a prescription or over-the-counter drug would be. In several other countries, melatonin is available only with a prescription and is considered a drug.

Products may not contain what’s listed on the label

• Some melatonin supplements may not contain what’s listed on the product label. A 2017 study tested 31 different melatonin supplements bought from grocery stores and pharmacies. For most of the supplements, the amount of melatonin in the product didn’t match what was listed on the product label. Also, 26 percent of the supplements contained serotonin, a hormone that can have harmful effects even at relatively low levels.

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In addition to issues mentioned above, there are some things to consider regarding melatonin’s safety in children.

• Parents considering giving their children melatonin should first speak with a health care provider about melatonin use in children.
• A 2023 study found that 22 out of 25 over-the-counter melatonin gummy products were inaccurately labeled. One product did not contain detectable levels of melatonin. In the remaining products, the melatonin levels ranged from 74 to 347 percent of the labeled quantity (i.e., up to almost 3.5 times more melatonin than reported on the label). Most had more than the label said, with the majority containing between 1.2 to 1.7 times more melatonin than the amount listed.
• Parents need to ensure safe storage and appropriate use of melatonin supplements. Based on case surveillance data, a 2024 report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that from 2019 to 2022, 11,000 emergency department visits were for unsupervised melatonin ingestion by children 5 years and younger. The report noted that many of the incidents involved ingestion of flavored products such as gummies and emphasized the importance of keeping medications and supplements out of children’s reach and sight. 
• A 2022 study indicated that U.S. sales of melatonin—which is widely available in tablet, capsule, liquid, and gummy formulations—increased by about 150 percent between 2016 and 2020. The study authors said that the increase in sales, availability, and widespread use of melatonin in the United States has likely resulted in increased access to melatonin among children in the home. 
• The 2022 study also showed that the number of reports to U.S. poison control centers about people 19 years and younger who took melatonin increased from 8,337 in 2012 to 52,563 in 2021. Over the 10-year period, the number of reports increased each year. Hospitalizations and serious outcomes from melatonin ingestion by people 19 years and younger also increased over the 10 years. Most hospitalizations involved teenagers who had intentionally taken melatonin overdoses, and the largest increase in hospitalizations occurred in children 5 years and younger.

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• Most of the calls to poison control centers—94.3 percent—were for children 5 years and younger who accidentally consumed melatonin products in their homes.
• Data from the calls show that most of the people who had taken melatonin—82.8 percent—did not have any symptoms. Among those who did have symptoms, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or symptoms related to the central nervous system were the most common.
• Of the 4,097 people who were hospitalized over the 10-year period, 287 needed intensive care.
• Five individuals required mechanical ventilation, and two children younger than age 2 died, but the data from the poison control centers did not show whether the two deaths were caused by a melatonin overdose or another cause.  

Melatonin supplements at normal doses appear to be safe for most children for short-term use, but there aren’t many studies on children and melatonin. Also, there’s little information on the long-term effects of melatonin use in children. Because melatonin is a hormone, it’s possible that melatonin supplements could affect hormonal development, including puberty, menstrual cycles, and overproduction of the hormone prolactin, but we don’t know for sure.

Possible melatonin supplement side effects reported in children have usually been mild and have included:

• Increased bedwetting or urination in the evening

.header_greentext{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_bluetext{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_redtext{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_purpletext{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_yellowtext{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_blacktext{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_whitetext{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;}.Green_Header{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Blue_Header{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Red_Header{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Purple_Header{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Yellow_Header{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Black_Header{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.White_Header{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;} What are the side effects of melatonin?

A 2015 review on the safety of melatonin supplements indicated that only mild side effects were reported in various short-term studies that involved adults, surgical patients, and critically ill patients. Some of the mild side effects that were reported in the studies included:

The possible long-term side effects of melatonin use are unclear.

.header_greentext{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_bluetext{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_redtext{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_purpletext{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_yellowtext{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_blacktext{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_whitetext{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;}.Green_Header{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Blue_Header{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Red_Header{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Purple_Header{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Yellow_Header{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Black_Header{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.White_Header{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;} Tips To Consider

• Remember that even though the FDA regulates dietary supplements, such as melatonin, the regulations for dietary supplements are different and less strict than those for prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
• Some dietary supplements may interact with medicines or pose risks if you have medical problems or are going to have surgery.
• If you’re pregnant or nursing a child, it’s especially important to see your health care provider before taking any medicine or supplement, including melatonin.
• If you use dietary supplements, such as melatonin, read and follow label instructions. “Natural” doesn’t always mean “safe.” For more information, see Using Dietary Supplements Wisely .
• Take charge of your health—talk with your health care providers about any complementary health approaches you use. Together, you can make shared, well-informed decisions.

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Nccih clearinghouse.

The NCCIH Clearinghouse provides information on NCCIH and complementary and integrative health approaches, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature. The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners.

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Telecommunications relay service (TRS): 7-1-1

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Know the Science

NCCIH and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide tools to help you understand the basics and terminology of scientific research so you can make well-informed decisions about your health. Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information.

Explaining How Research Works (NIH)

Know the Science: How To Make Sense of a Scientific Journal Article

Understanding Clinical Studies (NIH)

A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed® contains publication information and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed .

Website: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

NIH Clinical Research Trials and You

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has created a website, NIH Clinical Research Trials and You, to help people learn about clinical trials, why they matter, and how to participate. The site includes questions and answers about clinical trials, guidance on how to find clinical trials through ClinicalTrials.gov and other resources, and stories about the personal experiences of clinical trial participants. Clinical trials are necessary to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases.

Website: https://www.nih.gov/health-information/nih-clinical-research-trials-you

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The NHLBI Health Information Center provides information to health professionals, patients, and the public about heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders and accepts orders for publications.

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Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-877-NHLBI4U (1-877-645-2448)

Website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov

Email: [email protected] (link sends email)

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• Acuña-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Figueira JC, et al. Clinical trial to test the efficacy of melatonin in COVID-19. Journal of Pineal Research. 2020;69(3):e12683.
• Andersen LP, Gögenur I, Rosenberg J, et al. The safety of melatonin in humans.   Clinical Drug Investigation . 2016;36(3):169-175.
• Artigas L, Coma M, Matos-Filipe P, et al. In-silico drug repurposing study predicts the combination of pirfenidone and melatonin as a promising candidate therapy to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection progression and respiratory distress caused by cytokine storm. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240149.
• Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Emens JS, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: advanced sleep-wake phase disorder (ASWPD), delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD), non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder (N24SWD), and irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder (ISWRD). An update for 2015.  Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2015;11(10):1199-1236.
• Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, et al. Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders.   Sleep Medicine Reviews . 2017;34:10-22.
• Bahrampour Juybari K, Pourhanifeh MH, Hosseinzadeh A, et al. Melatonin potentials against viral infections including COVID-19: current evidence and new findings. Virus Research. 2020;287:198108.
• Cohen PA, Avula B, Wang Y-H, et al. Quantity of melatonin and CBD in melatonin gummies sold in the US . JAMA . 2023;329(16):1401-1402.
• Costello RB, Lentino CV, Boyd CC, et al. The effectiveness of melatonin for promoting healthy sleep: a rapid evidence assessment of the literature.   Nutrition Journal . 2014;13:106.
• Esposito S, Laino D, D’Alonzo R, et al. Pediatric sleep disturbances and treatment with melatonin.   Journal of Translational Medicine . 2019;17:77.
• Freeman DI, Lind JN, Weidle NJ, et al. Notes from the field: emergency department visits for unsupervised pediatric melatonin ingestion - United States, 2019-2022 . MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 2024;73(9):215-217.
• García IG, Rodriguez-Rubio M, Mariblanca AR, et al. A randomized multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of melatonin in the prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk contacts (MeCOVID Trial): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):466.
• Hansen MV, Halladin NL, Rosenberg J, et al. Melatonin for pre- and postoperative anxiety in adults.   Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2015;(4):CD009861. Accessed at www.cochranelibrary.com on October 10, 2019.
• Hazra S, Chaudhuri AG, Tiwary BK, et al. Matrix metallopeptidase 9 as a host protein target of chloroquine and melatonin for immunoregulation in COVID-19: a network-based meta-analysis. Life Sciences. 2020;257:118096.
• Herxheimer A.  Jet lag.   Clinical Evidence . 2014;2014:2303.
• Kennaway D. Potential safety issues in the use of the hormone melatonin in paediatrics.   Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health . 2015;51(6):584-589.
• Lelak K, Vohra V, Neuman MI, et al. Pediatric melatonin ingestions - United States, 2012–2021 . MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 2022;71(22):725-729.
• Liira J, Verbeek JH, Costa G, et al. Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work.   Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2014;(8):CD009776. Accessed at www.cochranelibrary.com on October 10, 2019.
• McDonagh MS, Holmes R, Hsu F. Pharmacologic treatments for sleep disorders in children: a systematic review.  Journal of Child Neurology . 2019;34(5):237-247.
• Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. A systematic review of COVID-19 and obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2020;55:101382.
• Öztürk G, Akbulut KG, Güney Ş. Melatonin, aging, and COVID-19: Melatonin, aging, and COVID-19: Could melatonin be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment in the elderly? Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;50(6):1504-1512.
• Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, et al. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians.   Annals of Internal Medicine . 2016;165(2):125-133.
• Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline.   Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2017;13(2):307-349.
• Sehirli AO, Sayiner S, Serakinci N. Role of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19; as an adjuvant through cluster differentiation 147 (CD147). Molecular Biological Reports. 2020;47(10):8229-8233.
• Tan D-X, Hardeland R. Targeting host defense system and rescuing compromised mitochondria to increase tolerance against pathogens by melatonin may impact outcome of deadly virus infection pertinent to COVID-19. Molecules. 2020;25(19):4410.
• Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, et al. A network medicine approach to investigation and population-based validation of disease manifestations and drug repurposing for COVID-19. PLoS Biology. 2020;18(11):e3000970.
• Ziaei A, Davoodian P, Dadvand H, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of melatonin in moderately ill patients with COVID-19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):882.

.header_greentext{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_bluetext{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_redtext{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_purpletext{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_yellowtext{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_blacktext{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_whitetext{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;}.Green_Header{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Blue_Header{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Red_Header{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Purple_Header{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Yellow_Header{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Black_Header{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.White_Header{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;} Other References

• Barion A, Zee PC. A clinical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine . 2007;8(6):566-577.
• Brasure M, MacDonald R, Fuchs E, et al. Management of insomnia disorder . Comparative Effectiveness Reviews no. 159. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015. AHRQ publication no. 15(16)-EHC027-EF.
• Bruni O, Alonso-Alconada, Besag F, et al. Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology . 2015;19(2):122-133.
• Chen WY, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gantman K, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment . 2014;145(2):381-388.
• Del Fabbro E, Dev R, Hui D, et al. Effects of melatonin on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and cachexia: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology . 2013;31(10):1271-1276.
• Erland LAE, Saxena PK. Melatonin natural health products and supplements: presence of serotonin and significant variability of melatonin content. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2017;13(2):275-281.
• Grigg-Damberger MM, Ianakieva D. Poor quality control of over-the-counter melatonin: what they say is often not what you get. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2017;13(2);163-165.
• Hansen MV, Andersen LT, Madsen MT, et al. Effect of melatonin on depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment . 2014;145(3);683-695.
• Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2010;(1):CD001520. Accessed at www.cochranelibrary.com on October 10, 2019.
• Madsen MT, Hansen MV, Andersen LT, et al. Effect of melatonin on sleep in the perioperative period after breast cancer surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2016;12(2):225-233.
• Masters A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Seixas A, et al. Melatonin, the hormone of darkness: from sleep promotion to Ebola treatment. Brain Disorders & Therapy . 2014;4(1):1000151.
• Posadzki P, Bajpai R, Kyaw BM, et al. Melatonin and health: an umbrella review of health outcomes and biological mechanisms of action. BMC Medicine . 2018;16(1):18.
• Rasmussen CL, Olsen MK, Johnsen AT, et al. Effects of melatonin on physical fatigue and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Cancer . 2015;121(20):3727-3736.
• Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral SA, Tan D-X, et al. Melatonin, a full service anti-cancer agent: inhibition of initiation, progression and metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 2017;18(4):E843.
• Sletten TL, Magee M, Murray JM, et al. Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial. PLoS Medicine . 2018;15(6):e1002587.
• Tordjman S, Chokron S, Delorme R, et al. Melatonin: pharmacology, functions and therapeutic benefits. Current Neuropharmacology . 2017;15(3):434-443.
• Vural EMS, van Munster BC, de Rooij SE. Optimal dosages for melatonin supplementation therapy in older adults: a systematic review of current literature. Drugs & Aging . 2014;31(6):441-451.
• Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Brasure M, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of insomnia disorder: an evidence report for a clinical practice guideline by the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine . 2016;165(2):103-113.

Acknowledgments

NCCIH thanks D. Craig Hopp, Ph.D., and David Shurtleff, Ph.D., NCCIH, for their review of this publication.

This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Duplication is encouraged.

NCCIH has provided this material for your information. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your health care provider(s). We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. The mention of any product, service, or therapy is not an endorsement by NCCIH.

For Consumers

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For Health Care Providers

Use of Natural Products by Children

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Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report Part 1: The Connection Between Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness

Many individuals who develop substance use disorders (SUD) are also diagnosed with mental disorders, and vice versa. 2,3 Although there are fewer studies on comorbidity among youth, research suggests that adolescents with substance use disorders also have high rates of co-occurring mental illness; over 60 percent of adolescents in community-based substance use disorder treatment programs also meet diagnostic criteria for another mental illness. 4

Data show high rates of comorbid substance use disorders and anxiety disorders—which include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. 5–9 Substance use disorders also co-occur at high prevalence with mental disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, 6,9–11 attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 12,13 psychotic illness, 14,15 borderline personality disorder, 16 and antisocial personality disorder. 10,15 Patients with schizophrenia have higher rates of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use disorders than the general population. 17 As Figure 1 shows, the overlap is especially pronounced with serious mental illness (SMI). Serious mental illness among people ages 18 and older is defined at the federal level as having, at any time during the past year, a diagnosable mental, behavior, or emotional disorder that causes serious functional impairment that substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. Serious mental illnesses include major depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, and other mental disorders that cause serious impairment. 18 Around 1 in 4 individuals with SMI also have an SUD.

Data from a large nationally representative sample suggested that people with mental, personality, and substance use disorders were at increased risk for nonmedical use of prescription opioids. 19 Research indicates that 43 percent of people in SUD treatment for nonmedical use of prescription painkillers have a diagnosis or symptoms of mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. 20

Youth—A Vulnerable Time

Although drug use and addiction can happen at any time during a person’s life, drug use typically starts in adolescence, a period when the first signs of mental illness commonly appear. Comorbid disorders can also be seen among youth. 21–23 During the transition to young adulthood (age 18 to 25 years), people with comorbid disorders need coordinated support to help them navigate potentially stressful changes in education, work, and relationships. 21

Drug Use and Mental Health Disorders in Childhood or Adolescence Increases Later Risk

The brain continues to develop through adolescence. Circuits that control executive functions such as decision making and impulse control are among the last to mature, which enhances vulnerability to drug use and the development of a substance use disorder. 3,24 Early drug use is a strong risk factor for later development of substance use disorders, 24 and it may also be a risk factor for the later occurrence of other mental illnesses. 25,26 However, this link is not necessarily causative and may reflect shared risk factors including genetic vulnerability, psychosocial experiences, and/or general environmental influences. For example, frequent marijuana use during adolescence can increase the risk of psychosis in adulthood, specifically in individuals who carry a particular gene variant. 26,27

It is also true that having a mental disorder in childhood or adolescence can increase the risk of later drug use and the development of a substance use disorder. Some research has found that mental illness may precede a substance use disorder, suggesting that better diagnosis of youth mental illness may help reduce comorbidity. One study found that adolescent-onset bipolar disorder confers a greater risk of subsequent substance use disorder compared to adult-onset bipolar disorder. 28 Similarly, other research suggests that youth develop internalizing disorders, including depression and anxiety, prior to developing substance use disorders. 29

Untreated Childhood ADHD Can Increase Later Risk of Drug Problems

Numerous studies have documented an increased risk for substance use disorders in youth with untreated ADHD, 13,30 although some studies suggest that only those with comorbid conduct disorders have greater odds of later developing a substance use disorder. 30,31 Given this linkage, it is important to determine whether effective treatment of ADHD could prevent subsequent drug use and addiction. Treatment of childhood ADHD with stimulant medications such as methylphenidate or amphetamine reduces the impulsive behavior, fidgeting, and  inability to concentrate that characterize ADHD. 32

That risk presents a challenge when treating children with ADHD, since effective treatment often involves prescribing stimulant medications with addictive potential. Although the research is not yet conclusive, many studies suggest that ADHD medications do not increase the risk of substance use disorder among children with this condition. 31,32 It is important to combine stimulant medication for ADHD with appropriate family and child education and behavioral interventions, including counseling on the chronic nature of ADHD and risk for substance use disorder. 13,32