project management essay introduction

Project Management - Essay Examples And Topic Ideas For Free

An essay on project management can provide insights into the principles and practices of effective project planning and execution. It can discuss project management methodologies, tools, and the skills required for successful project leadership, emphasizing the importance of project management in various industries and sectors. A vast selection of complimentary essay illustrations pertaining to Project Management you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Teamwork in Project Management

Working in a group set up entails collaborating with other workers to succeed. Williams and Marshall LLC’s organization puts into consideration teamwork among its employees. When I joined one of the teams as a leader where Mark and Isabel were my teammates, I had a lot both good and bad experiences. First, there is adequate time to brainstorm in cases of developing new ideas. Every individual has the urge to contribute to the group and therefore crafts new ideas helps […]

Common Conflicts in the Project Management

Conflict often arises when there is difference of opinions among the parties involved in the project. Project management is complicated because of these conflicts but dealing these conflicts can result in better outcome than expected. As per Francine Richards & Tricia Goss there five types of common conflicts in the project management. Assigning the roles is the primary role of the project manager where some conflicts arises, Team members may not interpret their role properly. It is the responsibility of […]

Customer Loyalty as a Part of Profitable Business

Any company works to improve overall performance by increasing revenues, reducing costs, and expanding over a wider geographical area to increase reach and network. Along with an increase in customer flow, an effort is made to improve customer satisfaction and loyalty. Bad costs are curtailed and good costs are leveraged by generating value much higher than the resources deployed. Thus, project management helps reduce expenses and focuses on improving productivity of manpower and other resources. Organizations constantly face constraints of […]

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A Project Management Degree

There are people who have very low regard for China and its people. As if the autocratic leadership of my country is not condescending enough. The status of Chinese women has also yet to improve. This is despite what the media wants the rest of the world to see. While I have no plans of joining the autocracy, I do have one very clear vision – to help my fellow Chinese lead more prosperous lives. I know it is a […]

A New Way of Project Management

Introduction This paper will be an in depth critical review of “Project Management in the Automotive Industry” by Cristophe Midler and Christian Navarre. Their paper talks about how automotive project management has developed after World War II. It mentions how the Japanese made an impact on the Western Automotive Market and brought about the beginnings of an actual project manager. It mentions how it brought about lasting changes in corporate structures, the relationship amongst OEMs and their suppliers. It also […]

Effectively Managing the Project

Managing the project is not just simply capturing the data or has not just limited to strategic value. It is about the interpreting gathered data into reports which tell us the strategic decision. Project management is just effectively managing the project in consideration toward the risk and uncertainties which are happen or happening while doing project. Now-a-days efficient project managers use analytical techniques to monitor and control to estimate the risk involved as well as predicting the future schedule’s and […]

Type of Project Management Techniques

All missions have some type of project management techniques that are utilized. It is an essential part in the higher echelons as it pertains to mission and project timelines. Why would using the project management techniques be useful to a senior prime power soldier? Project management techniques would be useful to senior prime power soldiers for countless reasons. Some of the reasons are obvious and at first glance some of the reasons are imperceptible. Project management is critical for completion […]

Reflection of the Aspects of Project Management on my Career

According to the Project Management Institute in 2017, the demand for hiring project management professionals is higher than other jobs, and as the report says of 2027, employers around the world need approximately 88 million project management roles (“Project Management Job Growth and Talent Gap,” n.d.). Availability of open positions is only part of the professional path of project management; The considerable salary of this job is another advantage of it. In 2018, the average annual salary of project managers […]

Finance Management

Finance management plays an important role in the success of project. A thorough investigation and time should be invested in planning the finance of the project. The crucial signs of project ambiguity can be analyzed in the very early phase of project management while designing the project charter. Conflicts over the project goals and objectives can be guessed as initial signs of drifting. Development approach and scope of the project should be clear, so that the growing problems can be […]

Top Trends in Project Management

For a task to be completed accurately and efficiently, it is a manager’s highest priority to regulate productivity. Depending on the scope of a project, managerial tools like division of labor and communication work to facilitate the process. Project management is crucial to the success of any venture, and it is important to acknowledge recent trends in this discipline. Like with many enterprises, navigating the ways to increase productivity while staying true to a company’s mission can be difficult. Although […]

Project Management and Operations Management

I think that nowadays, more and more professionals are interested in strengthening their knowledge and somehow 'formalize' their experience by obtaining a certification in their field. Many times, it can be difficult to detect or choose the most appropriate certification, I think that the certification to choose depends on, among other things, the professional sector, the goals, and the professional needs. I think that HRM principles are based on practicing active listening, which allows detecting needs and interests in internal […]

The Effects of the Internet of Things on the Field of Project Management

IoT by far comes with a number of benefits to organization, business and the world in general can enjoy. For while it has assisted organizations and business entities to keep track and monitor their overall business-related processes, continue to enhance the customer experience, improve the organization efficiency in terms of saving cost and finances. In addition, it has improved the employee related productivity, integration an adapt models of business as well as better business decision are now made. All this […]

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Essays on Project Management

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What is The Project Management Life Cycle

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The Principles of Operation Management

Review of the role of the project managers, access control system: work breakdown structure, the laboratory information management system, project risk management practices in the construction industry, netsuit project management- the best erp solution , review on management theories, future virtual project management, marvin's organization, importance of selecting the right projects, the importance of project management in achieving the goal of any organization, management information systems, large-scale building integrated wind turbines in the bahrain world trade center, google case study: organization culture and project management, the challenges of managing work, health, and safety, life-cycle phases in epm system, store management at big bazaar, project management models: spiral model, brooks sports clinic, work breakdown structure(wbs), relevant topics.

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Project Management

This chapter provides an overview of project management, defining both projects and project management and exploring the difference between project management and operations management. Advances in technology are driving the speed of innovation and the ability of organizations to shorten the time needed to develop and deliver new products and services that increase an organization’s competitive advantage. This drive to develop new and unique products or services creates a perfect environment for the application of project management methodologies and skills. We also provide a brief overview of the knowledge areas of project management and the skills needed to be a successful project manager.

Project Management from Simple to Complex Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Project Management Essay Example

• November 30, 2022

Project Design and Development

Project Management Essay: Introduction

This paper discusses the projects' architecture, the layout of the task networks, and the effect of the projects on the customer. It also addresses early beginning dates, latest finishing times, vital ways and market relationships of lead time and prices in depth. Throughout the article, it is clear that the design of a project is a significant factor in a company's performance, and the appropriate resources and approaches should be used, and consumer demand is taken into account.

Project Design

The planning of projects plays an essential part in supporting project managers, sponsors, teams, and stakeholders through other project phases. The plan is necessary to define target goals, minimize costs, avoid missing deadlines and eventually deliver the excellent service or result decided upon. Project efficiency is almost inevitably assured to fail without proper preparation. The Center for Project Management reports that by 2017, with every $1 billion spent, the organizations lost $97 million due to lousy project performance (Gray & Dodge, 2008). The project preparation involves a broader mission to be split into assignments, a project manager, and a timeline to be accomplished. In this process, within the overall project, one must set smaller targets such that everything is completed within the period.

The preparation and scheduling of projects is an integral part of project management independent of the technique used. The former team information related to the new project can be easily obtained using management schemes. Project managers can also conveniently establish a consistent management plan and prioritize project success tasks. Tasks like allocating resources, identifying dependencies, setting deadlines, and project deliverables can quickly be completed in no time using project management software (Gray & Dodge, 2008). Every useful project management tool has the features to ease planning while a good start sets the groundwork for a productive project.

Activity Timeline

Sometimes it is more than obvious why a project is behind schedule, but this is not always the case. If one doesn't correctly define that the project is behind budget, the actions one follows to get ahead could be incorrect, and the outcome may be catastrophic. In some way, one doesn't give the patient an aspirin if the gastritis is present, which only aggravates his situation (Lynam, 2011). The same thing can't be achieved with project management if one doesn't know what he is working with.

The choices differ according to the reasons why the project is behind schedule. The options listed here are in no apparent order, and one or more of them can be used in certain situations (Lynam, 2011). Many or all of them are also often possible, but the results differ, and in this case, the task is to find the best solution that could be the least unlikely choice.

Perform overtime: Overtime is always the only way to keep up with it, mainly when the delay is slight. Start with this calculation if overtime for a brief duration is scheduled, and it doesn't cost much. All you need could be overtime.

Extend the time limit: If there is no way to delay and pay, one can seek to prolong the deadline. This is possible in many cases, mainly if the delay results from a force major that no one could foresee (Lynam, 2011). When the date is delayed, but, neither customer nor manager loves it, they only embrace it because it is the least inconvenient.

Table 1. The sequence of the activities along with slack calculations

Figure 1. Activity Network Diagram

Figure 2. ESD and LFD

Figure 3. Gantt Chart

Figure 4. Critical Path

Customer Influence

Often, businesses view production as a cost center that aims to minimize prices and to operate productively. Simultaneously, the promotion is evaluated as a demand regulated sales center and other promotion elements. It's not always a successful technique, though (Palaka & Kropp, 1998). Dividing an organization into separate divisions for calculating accounting results will result in misaligned rewards and poor system performance. Production and marketing incentives need to be aligned with the company goals and objectives. When manufacturing and marketing work together to achieve objectives according to customers, business performance is improved.

Both departments' decisions and actions involve the two prominent aspects of customer service, price and lead-time. Leadtimes and cost controls are two "necessary cooperation but a potential conflict" areas for marketing/manufacturing (Palaka & Kropp, 1998). All too often, the various divisions of large companies fail to report on important business decisions.

John C. Wu discusses the strategic value of organized promotions and activities. Former Kozmo.com President Kozmo.com was a web dealer promising in one hour to deliver every order. Despite the high cost of delivery arising from their service dedication, competitive rates were provided to consumers. Kozmo.com went out of service. Not surprisingly. According to AMR Report, price management firms are leading the way by centralizing their pricing role and changing sales opportunities to provide profit and not just quantity.

Lead-times and Price Decisions

Although shorter lead times can attract more customers and generate more demand; its production resources are under pressure. On the other hand, if cheaper rates are given, consumers might be able to wait longer. Hence, the company can find it more desirable to sell consumers shorter lead times at the cost of higher pricing ranges and vice versa, based on business dynamics and their present workload. To capture price-time trade, demand can be modeled by customer pricing and customer lead time sensitivity (Palaka & Kropp, 1998). Depending upon their rewards (objective functions), the decentralized environment makes the output a lead-time subject to a service-level restriction, whereas marketing opts for a profit.

The model in which development and commercialization/sales agree on lead time and quality, particularly for proven production processes with fixed capacities, is applicable in a variety of sectors. In practice, the primary input (or decision) for the lead-time quote usually comes from production, even if it is notified via sales/marketing to customers and the price quota (Palaka & Kropp, 1998). On the other hand, as the chief, before transmitting the allowance to the consumer, the marketing will influence the first time deciding on the production through its price determination based on potential demand produced.

Project Management Essay: Conclusion

In summary, this paper examined project design, activity network diagram, and customer influence on the project design. It also discussed the earliest start dates, latest finish dates, critical paths with illustrations and lead time price relationship in detail. Throughout the article, it is evident that project design plays a vital role in the success of a product, and while designing necessary tools and methods should be used. Customer demand should be taken into consideration.

Gray, R. M., Cook, M. B., Natera, M. T., Inglis, M. M., & Dodge, M. L. (2008). Project Management: The. In Managerial Process”, McGraw-Hill.

Lynam, J. R. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 8,063,904. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Palaka, K., Erlebacher, S., & Kropp, D. H. (1998). The lead-time setting, capacity utilization, and pricing decisions under lead-time dependent demand. IIE transactions.

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Project Management Process Analytical Essay

Introduction, findings and analysis.

To manage a project effectively, the managing team should make plans, organize them and control the resources to realize the set objectives. Every project has a beginning and an end (Maylor 2005, p. 154). An order process can also be taken as a project with set objectives, a start and an end.

There is the essence of time management in the process, and funding and resource availability are considered as constraint in realizing the objectives. To effectively achieve the goals, management strategies are very important (Clements & Gido 2009, p. 289).

This paper focuses on an order process as an activity of operations to establish the operation ‘fit’ and strategy of the process to realize operations techniques and management of the process in an effective manner (Goetsch & Davis 2010, p. 57). The process or order of my choice for this assignment is green curry chicken. This is an order the organization wishes to establish in the restaurant as it expands.

Analysis of the process of establishing green curry chicken in the restaurant helps in showing how the restaurant wants to fulfill its mission. Everybody in the restaurant should know their work and how what they do impacts the general organization. The interaction between departments is very important and this should be focused for the process to be completed successfully (Hoyle, 2007, p. 212; Katsioloudes 2002, p. 225).

In this scenario, the process to be analyzed is the establishment of the order in the restaurant. This process has various steps to see its successful completion. From the time the proposal is presented until the time the recommendations are implemented, the processes should be effectively followed. Each process or activity has to take time and some resources, which must be effectively allocated. (Kenny 2005, p. 658-812).

Having identified the project (introduction of green curry chicken) the management designed a six phase activity work schedule. To successfully complete the process (Green curry chicken) in the six phases, the managing team proposed the following process that explains nature of the task and the person carrying out the task (each activity will be carried out within a one month’s period).

State the result the general organization is going to achieve through the process, this will be done by the management team.

Look at the situation both in and out of the organization (Asia restaurant) and find out whether there are any influences that may affect it negatively, and the marketing department will carry out this activity.

Analyze the situation and measure the health of the process in relation to its mission, and establish the goals of the process, to be discussed by both team manager and marketing department.

Establish methods or strategies to reach goals where the strategies must be efficient, practicable and affordable. The senior chef and the staff below will be involved in this activity.

Set the objectives that will help achieve the goals where each objective will be assigned time lines when it should be realized. The head management team will see through this process.

Every one will be involved in this process and everyone should know their roles, and acknowledge that the process is complete and celebration for the success.

A critical path analysis will be used to determine activities and the time allocated for each activity. This analysis will assist the team find out whether the time scheduled is used to the maximum and how best to improve the chosen process.

The first process allocates each activity three months to be complete and so the whole process will take a period of 1month.Below is the critical path analysis graph that analyzes the time allocated for each of the above planned activities.

On analysis of the green chicken project, the time allocated to complete each activity, was too slow and to cut back delays, time allocated for each activity had to be reduced from one month to two weeks. The main aim of reducing the time allocated was to have the green curry chicken introduced by the end of the year.

The managing team was to able to reduce the time allocated for each activity by two weeks through employing longer working hours and adding of two extra people in the team. The time reduced is represented below by the Gantt chart. A Gantt chart is a tool that shows how the project or process progresses (Meredith 2006, p. 104)

Gantt chart

The Gantt chart shows the improvement on time taken by the team to complete each activity in two weeks where the rows of bars in the chart indicate when each activity begins and when it ends.

The time was able to be improved because, after the completion of the first activity by the team, another activity begins immediately to reduce maximum time to deliver the green chicken. The improvement of the process sees through the project in 3months, as a result of extra hours put in and an additional two members of the team (Rosen 1995, p. 96; Meredith 2006, p. 103,118).

In the planning, the business process team should always relate every step with the objectives of the process and the predicted outcome of the time each of the activity takes. The critical path analysis helps one to make improvements on the process, by reducing the maximum time allocated to deliver the product.

The Gantt chart reflects the improved process by the team, when time has being improved on to deliver the product successful, without delays. Every process taken is analyses and the time allocated evaluated to improve on the process and yield results faster.

Clements, P. & Gido, J. (2009) Effective project management . London: Cengage Learning.

Goetsch, L. & Davis, B. (2010) Quality management for organizational excellence: Introduction to total quality. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall.

Hoyle, D. (2007) Quality: Management essentials. Oxford Burlington MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Katsioloudes, M. (2002) Global strategic planning : cultural perspectives for profit and non-profit organizations. Woburn MA, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Kenny, G. (2005) Strategic planning and performance: develop and measure a winning strategy. Oxford Burlington MA: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.

Maylor, H. (2005) Project management , New York: FT Prentice Hall.

Meredith, R. (2006). Project management : A managerial approach. Huboken NJ: Jonh Wiley. P. 103-118

Rampersad, K. (2003) Total performance scorecard : Redefining management to achieve performance with integrity, Amsterdam; Boston MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. P.13-16

Rosen, R. (1995) Strategic management: An introduction . Harlow: Financial Times /Prentice Hall.

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IvyPanda. (2019, July 2). Project Management Process. https://ivypanda.com/essays/project-management-process/

"Project Management Process." IvyPanda , 2 July 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/project-management-process/.

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Introduction to Project Management

Introduction, project management.

A project is a long term or short term undertaking aimed at meeting a desired goal or objective such as in an organization, company or by an individual. In order for one to obtain effective and efficient results from a project, they have to plan for the project under what is referred to as project planning and project management respectively. Before anyone undertakes the risk of initiating a project, they first have to develop a project plan. The main mistake people often do is forget that this is the crucial factor behind the success of any given project and prior to this, they venture in trying to save time money and other various problems (Olson, 2001).

The main issue that makes the project manager’s panic is always the way in which they are supposed to plan and schedule their projects since estimation is the crucial or key to the project’s success. Estimation should not be the key thing but accurate estimation for that matter. Cost estimation and time are the essential components which lead to the success of a project and must be considered when developing a project plan.

One more reason is that with the fact that time estimates are known to give the metrics for how much the contracts will go and, therefore, give how much the projects will be beneficial. Critical time estimates also helps allocate enough time for project management governance, whole project, interact with the external bodies resources and legal bodies, meetings, quality assurance and the training (Olson, 2001).

It is very essential for project managers to resist to some project baselines since some other changes within the project have negative impacts to the project. One of circumstances where a manager has to change a project’s timeline is when the project approach is not working and requires to be modified. If the budget of the project gets cut, change of the timeline must also be made. Managers should allow change only when it is precise that, with the type of change, the project will risk failing and not meeting its objectives. It will be this change that will be used to revive the project and make it obtain the desired goals. The presence of natural calamities or disasters also prompts the manager to make timeline changes. There is also a situation when a manager should not make a timeline change; this is when the managers wish to conceal the dismal performance of the previous or recent project. Change is not expected to be made after the completion of the project.

There are ways in which the organizations capture all the lessons learned from projects which include the following: the project managers employ the use of databases or repositories in order to make sure that all tracks and issues are not lost. These repositories are either manual or electronic as per the requirements of the project. The managers have the task of updating them so that they reflect what occurred. This process has helped a lot in avoiding repeat of the problems in the organization’s project (Kerzner, 2010).

It is very important for project managers to get involved in their profession because, without them, the projects will all be failures. They perform various tasks, which include determining how and when consumers are ready to use the products once transformed. They also implement strategies which allow effective and efficient movement of the product in to the performing organization. Acting ethically is very crucial for a project manager since it helps boost the rapport between the firm and the outside or external environment. It helps boost the code of conduct of the manager which will be a driving force for the success of the project hence meeting the objectives.

Project initiation comes before project planning. The aim of project planning is to define the actual parameters of a project and make sure that all initial requirements for the running and controlling of the project are in place. Project planning defines an advantage or the chance to identify and resolve any remaining issues and give solutions to the outstanding questions, which might undermine the goals of the project, or in any case threaten its success. On the other hand, project initiation is what incorporates the crucial or, fundamental documents, to define the project, the success of the project, project sponsorship and ongoing project management. In other words, it ensures the successful beginning of a project and provides a tangible start towards achieving the project goals and objective (Kerzner, 2009).

Kerzner, H. (2009). Project management:a systems approach to planning, scheduling and controlling. Pearson Prentice.

Kerzner, H. (2010). Strategic planning for project management using a project management maturity model. Prentice Hall.

Olson, D. H. (2001). Introduction to information systems project management. New Jersey. Prentice Hall.

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• Project management

12 vital project management principles

Browse topics.

Successful project management is a critical activity at every company. Every major business activity is made up of one or more projects.

To deliver maximum business value and user satisfaction, project management requires much more than a spreadsheet, a RACI chart , or occasional meetings. All phases of every project must be supported by a clear, consistent, and transparent decision-making process and effective, efficient collaboration across multiple roles and teams. 

The best project management efforts are built upon a core set of governing principles. This guide describes 12 critical principles of project management that provide a structured yet flexible framework and foundation for collaboration. These principles promote effective planning and execution of projects and ensure consistent project management success. 

What are the 12 essential principles of project management?

A successful project management plan provides all the information needed to carry out a project from inception through completion and evaluation.

Regardless of your methodology, your approach must successfully address project requirements, stakeholder expectations, and business needs and goals. Adhering to the following 12 essential project management concepts can help assure your project’s success.

Establish the project structure

A project is larger in scope than a typical task or activity. Structure your project in a manageable, understandable way that is easy for the project management team and stakeholders to evaluate.

Define project goals and objectives

Defining the goals and objectives of your project is essential to establishing its structure and gaining support from project management team members and stakeholders. Articulate the goals and specific objectives of the project clearly, and ensure these align with the company's overall objectives.

Identify a project sponsor

Sponsor support is crucial to the success of a project. A project sponsor can provide enthusiastic assistance and helpful guidance for the project. Sponsors also can garner additional support and resources from multiple stakeholders and teams as necessary.

Form roles and responsibilities

Roles and responsibilities will vary depending on business requirements, stakeholder expectations, available people and resources, and other factors. Define these roles clearly to ensure effective collaboration and avoid duplication of efforts and unaddressed project needs.

Ensure team accountability

Foster a culture of accountability within your team. Implement ways to track and measure individual and collective responsibility.

Manage project scope and changes

Adaptability is key throughout a project’s life cycle. Goals, needs, expectations, available people, and resources are subject to change at any time throughout a project’s life cycle. Every project management plan must include a robust strategy and clearly defined processes for managing project scope and dealing with changes.

Create a risk management plan

Risks can quickly threaten the project, if not the business itself. Project management plans must include comprehensive steps for identifying, assessing, and mitigating project risks. Regularly review and update the risk management plan as the project progresses.

Monitor progress

The project management team should monitor progress at every stage of every project. Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to help measure progress toward established goals. Your project management plan must also include a system for regularly tracking, assessing, and reporting project progress.

Focus on effective value delivery

The goal of every project is to deliver value to stakeholders and to the business as a whole. Give the highest priority to tasks that contribute to the project's success. Include methods and tools that enable your team to continuously assess and adjust priorities based on stakeholder needs and project objectives.

Establish a performance management baseline

Effective performance management is key to project management success. Establish a performance management baseline to evaluate and track team and project performance. Use performance metrics to identify areas for improvement and recognize achievements.

Finalize the project

To close out your project successfully, complete all the necessary tasks defined in your project plan . Ensure that all deliverables meet quality standards. Obtain necessary stakeholder and management approvals.

Examine successes

Reflect on the project’s successes, and highlight the key factors that contribute to positive outcomes. It’s equally important to document lessons learned to inform future projects and sustain continuous improvement .

Turn project management principles into project success with Confluence

Effective collaboration is essential for unified adherence to project management principles. Collaboration, communication, and documentation are critical elements of every project management effort, from ideation to execution and assessment.

Confluence brings everyone together in a connected workspace to move projects forward. Teams can create, edit, share, and collaborate on project plans seamlessly, keeping everyone on the same page. Confluence can improve project management team performance and lead to more efficient project execution. It can also deliver greater value to team members, stakeholders, and the business. Try Confluence

Project management principles: Frequently asked questions

What is agile project management.

The Agile project management methodology combines the sprints of Scrum with the continuous information sharing and feedback of Kanban. It focuses project management teams on continuous improvement and delivering value to stakeholders. It's flexibility and cross-functional team support make Agile highly effective for managing projects subject to change.

What are common challenges in project management?

All project management efforts face similar challenges, such as:

• Scope creep. As a project proceeds, needs, requirements, stakeholder desires, and external influences can also change. These changes can cause deviations from the original plan. They can also lead to budget overruns, delays, and disappointed stakeholders. A detailed plan with a well-defined project timeline and regular communication with stakeholders can help minimize or eliminate scope creep. 
• Unrealistic deadlines. Overly ambitious deadlines can lead to missed milestones. Project managers must balance what stakeholders want and what is achievable with the available resources. 
• Insufficient resources. Every project must deal with limited availability of money, time, and talent. Realistic, conservative budgets and accurate cost estimates can help, but teams should expect to face resource constraints beyond their plans and forecasts.
• Poor communication. Ineffective communication can lead to misunderstandings, unclear and unmet expectations, additional work, and missed deadlines. Consistent communication can help you avoid scope creep and manage stakeholder expectations.
• Change and risk management. Project management plans must include well-documented risk identification and mitigation processes and adaptation to sudden changes. This can help minimize project disruptions and delays.
• Monitoring, evaluating, and documenting progress. Consistent monitoring and evaluation can keep projects on track and identify challenges before they become problems. Documentation of monitoring efforts and evaluations can help keep team members and stakeholders informed and engaged.

What are the different project management methodologies?

Here are some of the methodologies most widely used for project management.

• Kanban: Kanban focuses on the visualization of tasks and progress. It relies on a shared physical or digital whiteboard typically divided into columns, each labeled with a stage of the workflow —To Do, In Progress, and Completed, for example. Kanban’s visual approach means everyone can see and follow the work as a project progresses. This keeps everyone informed and aligned with each other and the project objectives. Kanban can also help teams be more adaptable and flexible in the face of changing needs or priorities.
• Waterfall: Waterfall project management is more linear and sequential than other methods. Waterfall projects typically have well-defined requirements for planning, design, development, testing, and deployment. Waterfall projects demand strict adherence to plans and close alignment with declared requirements and objectives.
• Scrum:  The Scrum methodology includes a highly structured framework. It defines specific team member roles and the length of each work cycle or sprint. Teams hold daily meetings to review progress and map upcoming sprints. This methodology is well-suited for complex projects and active stakeholder involvement.

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How to Write an Essay Introduction (with Examples)   

The introduction of an essay plays a critical role in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. It sets the stage for the rest of the essay, establishes the tone and style, and motivates the reader to continue reading. 

Table of Contents

What is an essay introduction , what to include in an essay introduction, how to create an essay structure , step-by-step process for writing an essay introduction , how to write an introduction paragraph , how to write a hook for your essay , how to include background information , how to write a thesis statement .

• Argumentative Essay Introduction Example: 
• Expository Essay Introduction Example 

Literary Analysis Essay Introduction Example

Check and revise – checklist for essay introduction , key takeaways , frequently asked questions .

An introduction is the opening section of an essay, paper, or other written work. It introduces the topic and provides background information, context, and an overview of what the reader can expect from the rest of the work. 1 The key is to be concise and to the point, providing enough information to engage the reader without delving into excessive detail. 

The essay introduction is crucial as it sets the tone for the entire piece and provides the reader with a roadmap of what to expect. Here are key elements to include in your essay introduction: 

• Hook : Start with an attention-grabbing statement or question to engage the reader. This could be a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or a compelling anecdote. 
• Background information : Provide context and background information to help the reader understand the topic. This can include historical information, definitions of key terms, or an overview of the current state of affairs related to your topic. 
• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position on the topic. Your thesis should be concise and specific, providing a clear direction for your essay. 

Before we get into how to write an essay introduction, we need to know how it is structured. The structure of an essay is crucial for organizing your thoughts and presenting them clearly and logically. It is divided as follows: 2  

• Introduction:  The introduction should grab the reader’s attention with a hook, provide context, and include a thesis statement that presents the main argument or purpose of the essay.  
• Body:  The body should consist of focused paragraphs that support your thesis statement using evidence and analysis. Each paragraph should concentrate on a single central idea or argument and provide evidence, examples, or analysis to back it up.  
• Conclusion:  The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis differently. End with a final statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Avoid new information or arguments. 

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write an essay introduction: 

• Start with a Hook : Begin your introduction paragraph with an attention-grabbing statement, question, quote, or anecdote related to your topic. The hook should pique the reader’s interest and encourage them to continue reading. 
• Provide Background Information : This helps the reader understand the relevance and importance of the topic. 
• State Your Thesis Statement : The last sentence is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and directly address the topic of your essay. 
• Preview the Main Points : This gives the reader an idea of what to expect and how you will support your thesis. 
• Keep it Concise and Clear : Avoid going into too much detail or including information not directly relevant to your topic. 
• Revise : Revise your introduction after you’ve written the rest of your essay to ensure it aligns with your final argument. 

Here’s an example of an essay introduction paragraph about the importance of education: 

Education is often viewed as a fundamental human right and a key social and economic development driver. As Nelson Mandela once famously said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” It is the key to unlocking a wide range of opportunities and benefits for individuals, societies, and nations. In today’s constantly evolving world, education has become even more critical. It has expanded beyond traditional classroom learning to include digital and remote learning, making education more accessible and convenient. This essay will delve into the importance of education in empowering individuals to achieve their dreams, improving societies by promoting social justice and equality, and driving economic growth by developing a skilled workforce and promoting innovation. 

This introduction paragraph example includes a hook (the quote by Nelson Mandela), provides some background information on education, and states the thesis statement (the importance of education). 

This is one of the key steps in how to write an essay introduction. Crafting a compelling hook is vital because it sets the tone for your entire essay and determines whether your readers will stay interested. A good hook draws the reader in and sets the stage for the rest of your essay.  

• Avoid Dry Fact : Instead of simply stating a bland fact, try to make it engaging and relevant to your topic. For example, if you’re writing about the benefits of exercise, you could start with a startling statistic like, “Did you know that regular exercise can increase your lifespan by up to seven years?” 
• Avoid Using a Dictionary Definition : While definitions can be informative, they’re not always the most captivating way to start an essay. Instead, try to use a quote, anecdote, or provocative question to pique the reader’s interest. For instance, if you’re writing about freedom, you could begin with a quote from a famous freedom fighter or philosopher. 
• Do Not Just State a Fact That the Reader Already Knows : This ties back to the first point—your hook should surprise or intrigue the reader. For Here’s an introduction paragraph example, if you’re writing about climate change, you could start with a thought-provoking statement like, “Despite overwhelming evidence, many people still refuse to believe in the reality of climate change.” 

Including background information in the introduction section of your essay is important to provide context and establish the relevance of your topic. When writing the background information, you can follow these steps: 

• Start with a General Statement:  Begin with a general statement about the topic and gradually narrow it down to your specific focus. For example, when discussing the impact of social media, you can begin by making a broad statement about social media and its widespread use in today’s society, as follows: “Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of users worldwide.” 
• Define Key Terms : Define any key terms or concepts that may be unfamiliar to your readers but are essential for understanding your argument. 
• Provide Relevant Statistics:  Use statistics or facts to highlight the significance of the issue you’re discussing. For instance, “According to a report by Statista, the number of social media users is expected to reach 4.41 billion by 2025.” 
• Discuss the Evolution:  Mention previous research or studies that have been conducted on the topic, especially those that are relevant to your argument. Mention key milestones or developments that have shaped its current impact. You can also outline some of the major effects of social media. For example, you can briefly describe how social media has evolved, including positives such as increased connectivity and issues like cyberbullying and privacy concerns. 
• Transition to Your Thesis:  Use the background information to lead into your thesis statement, which should clearly state the main argument or purpose of your essay. For example, “Given its pervasive influence, it is crucial to examine the impact of social media on mental health.” 

A thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, or other type of academic writing. It appears near the end of the introduction. Here’s how to write a thesis statement: 

• Identify the topic:  Start by identifying the topic of your essay. For example, if your essay is about the importance of exercise for overall health, your topic is “exercise.” 
• State your position:  Next, state your position or claim about the topic. This is the main argument or point you want to make. For example, if you believe that regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health, your position could be: “Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.” 
• Support your position:  Provide a brief overview of the reasons or evidence that support your position. These will be the main points of your essay. For example, if you’re writing an essay about the importance of exercise, you could mention the physical health benefits, mental health benefits, and the role of exercise in disease prevention. 
• Make it specific:  Ensure your thesis statement clearly states what you will discuss in your essay. For example, instead of saying, “Exercise is good for you,” you could say, “Regular exercise, including cardiovascular and strength training, can improve overall health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.” 

Examples of essay introduction 

Here are examples of essay introductions for different types of essays: 

Argumentative Essay Introduction Example:  

Topic: Should the voting age be lowered to 16? 

“The question of whether the voting age should be lowered to 16 has sparked nationwide debate. While some argue that 16-year-olds lack the requisite maturity and knowledge to make informed decisions, others argue that doing so would imbue young people with agency and give them a voice in shaping their future.” 

Expository Essay Introduction Example  

Topic: The benefits of regular exercise 

“In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of regular exercise cannot be overstated. From improving physical health to boosting mental well-being, the benefits of exercise are numerous and far-reaching. This essay will examine the various advantages of regular exercise and provide tips on incorporating it into your daily routine.” 

Text: “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee 

“Harper Lee’s novel, ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’ is a timeless classic that explores themes of racism, injustice, and morality in the American South. Through the eyes of young Scout Finch, the reader is taken on a journey that challenges societal norms and forces characters to confront their prejudices. This essay will analyze the novel’s use of symbolism, character development, and narrative structure to uncover its deeper meaning and relevance to contemporary society.” 

• Engaging and Relevant First Sentence : The opening sentence captures the reader’s attention and relates directly to the topic. 
• Background Information : Enough background information is introduced to provide context for the thesis statement. 
• Definition of Important Terms : Key terms or concepts that might be unfamiliar to the audience or are central to the argument are defined. 
• Clear Thesis Statement : The thesis statement presents the main point or argument of the essay. 
• Relevance to Main Body : Everything in the introduction directly relates to and sets up the discussion in the main body of the essay. 

Writing a strong introduction is crucial for setting the tone and context of your essay. Here are the key takeaways for how to write essay introduction: 3  

• Hook the Reader : Start with an engaging hook to grab the reader’s attention. This could be a compelling question, a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or an anecdote. 
• Provide Background : Give a brief overview of the topic, setting the context and stage for the discussion. 
• Thesis Statement : State your thesis, which is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be concise, clear, and specific. 
• Preview the Structure : Outline the main points or arguments to help the reader understand the organization of your essay. 
• Keep it Concise : Avoid including unnecessary details or information not directly related to your thesis. 
• Revise and Edit : Revise your introduction to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance. Check for grammar and spelling errors. 
• Seek Feedback : Get feedback from peers or instructors to improve your introduction further. 

The purpose of an essay introduction is to give an overview of the topic, context, and main ideas of the essay. It is meant to engage the reader, establish the tone for the rest of the essay, and introduce the thesis statement or central argument.  

An essay introduction typically ranges from 5-10% of the total word count. For example, in a 1,000-word essay, the introduction would be roughly 50-100 words. However, the length can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the overall length of the essay.

An essay introduction is critical in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. To ensure its effectiveness, consider incorporating these key elements: a compelling hook, background information, a clear thesis statement, an outline of the essay’s scope, a smooth transition to the body, and optional signposting sentences.  

The process of writing an essay introduction is not necessarily straightforward, but there are several strategies that can be employed to achieve this end. When experiencing difficulty initiating the process, consider the following techniques: begin with an anecdote, a quotation, an image, a question, or a startling fact to pique the reader’s interest. It may also be helpful to consider the five W’s of journalism: who, what, when, where, why, and how.   For instance, an anecdotal opening could be structured as follows: “As I ascended the stage, momentarily blinded by the intense lights, I could sense the weight of a hundred eyes upon me, anticipating my next move. The topic of discussion was climate change, a subject I was passionate about, and it was my first public speaking event. Little did I know , that pivotal moment would not only alter my perspective but also chart my life’s course.” 

Crafting a compelling thesis statement for your introduction paragraph is crucial to grab your reader’s attention. To achieve this, avoid using overused phrases such as “In this paper, I will write about” or “I will focus on” as they lack originality. Instead, strive to engage your reader by substantiating your stance or proposition with a “so what” clause. While writing your thesis statement, aim to be precise, succinct, and clear in conveying your main argument.  

To create an effective essay introduction, ensure it is clear, engaging, relevant, and contains a concise thesis statement. It should transition smoothly into the essay and be long enough to cover necessary points but not become overwhelming. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to assess its effectiveness. 

References  

• Cui, L. (2022). Unit 6 Essay Introduction.  Building Academic Writing Skills . 
• West, H., Malcolm, G., Keywood, S., & Hill, J. (2019). Writing a successful essay.  Journal of Geography in Higher Education ,  43 (4), 609-617. 
• Beavers, M. E., Thoune, D. L., & McBeth, M. (2023). Bibliographic Essay: Reading, Researching, Teaching, and Writing with Hooks: A Queer Literacy Sponsorship. College English, 85(3), 230-242. 

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Essay on Project Management Process

Project management is a tool used to ensure maximum utilization of goods and resources available to achieve specific goals of a project. The main objective of this paper is to show how project management plays an important role in ensuring the project in question succeeds. It also points out the risks that are likely to be encountered and how who can manage them. This is important since it helps the project manager to plan and strategies.

Introduction

The business has shifted from local to global. As a result of this, there is increased competition among the companies. There is a need for any company to increase and develop new systems to meet the competing environment. Project management is applied to ensure the organization meets its goals within the budget and minimizes the costs while meeting the customers’ expectations. The project manager must look into risks that a project is likely to face and factors that will ensure the project succeeds.

Project Management Process

The company can use various methodologies, and the results are always a success, provided the rules set out by the methodology are followed appropriately. In this project, we consider the kanban methodology. The reason for choosing this methodology is because it carries the best outlines. As a result, an adequate workforce is achieved by following the processes outlined in the methodology. Kanban is adopted procedurally and is employed by employment. The main aim of Kanban is to determine setbacks that are likely to disrupt the management process and correct them to achieve a good flow of the process.

The goal of this methodology is to ensure the company produces only enough to avoid waste of resources. Producing more than what is required will amount to a waste of resources. At first, Kanban was developed by the senior management to avoid inefficiency, and inadequate production of Toyota Company compared to other American rivals. Kanban methodology controls the whole chain from the procedure to the consumer. This methodology perfectly increases efficiency in the company’s reliability and flexibility since it can easily adjust to the outstanding conditions in the market. It also requires the attention of the whole process to achieve a required aim.

Firure 1.Kenboard system

Figure 1.2 Kanboard

Kanban methodology ensures that members in a company access information easily. It is suitable because it is easy to understand, and it ensures a good workflow in the system that is already established. The method is also good because it increases efficiency and effectiveness quickly, helps in easy prioritization of activities, and is good in planning within the company. Since the methodology presents visualization, it cooperates efficiently with the tools of managing workflow.

This methodology minimizes the waste of resources since it is effective in the utilization of the available resources. In the case of human resources, this methodology can determine the right people working on their respective perfect job and in a good way. From this, there is an effective use of human resources within the company. To use Kanban successfully, one must implement some principles. Another importance of this methodology is that it can identify non-active members in the company and easily identify an expensive process to avoid it.

One of the principles of this methodology is, ensuring respect to the system that the current members are using and their roles in the company. Poor management of resources is avoided in this methodology because the end goal is to ensure the extra production of goods for a proper and easy flow of the process, which should emphasize communication among the workforce. The methodology ensures this is achieved. It maintains that any employee is required to alert the other about any move they make. The workforce can achieve effective communication by categorizing it into three parts done, still doing, and not done. This will alert the rest of the employees on what to do.

Another principle is emphasizing incremental change rather than radical change on the existing setup. The reason for this is to avoid opposition by the workforce and the organization. Continuous improvement will be realized in various levels of the company as a result of this. Performance is improved by ensuring members are encouraged to express their views and give their ideas.

If this process is followed effectively, there are high chances of completing the project earlier and no wastage of resources. The project groups should have deliverables to ensure there is effective completion of the projects. There is a need to clearly outline technical problems that are likely to be encountered during the process. The plan should also outline the progress to prepare the comparison to incase of any occurrence.

Effective completion is achieved by ensuring the plan should clearly outlining the timelines. The time project starts to the completion of the project. Also, the plan should propose the costs of the project. If the company puts these deliverables in place, it would be easy to complete the project because it has a clear scope. If a project manager needs to change some of the things on the methodology, there is a clear process that they are supposed to follow. The first step to be followed is initiation. This will give a clue to the members about the change and help them prepare to adapt to the change.

Planning follows initiation. In planning, the manager must write down the steps to be followed in the new initiative—some of the things they should not down include a budget and the need for new employees. The new initiative might require a change in budget allocation and more skilled labor to achieve the new objective. Effective planning will ensure there is a smooth process in achieving the new goal. After planning, execution follows. This is to ensure every department in the company adheres to the new change. In this stage, the management sets the ground for implementing the change by giving the workforce mandates and whatever is required to achieve the initiative. After the senior management reaches an agreement, then it is executed.

In addition, the project scope is required. Project scope ensures that the project is completed on time and within the allocated budget. The project groups need to research the fields they choose. There are risks involved in making certain decisions in business; therefore, the research should include them. The research should also include the following, problems that are likely to be encountered in venturing the business, the amount of capital required in case of any changes in the company, and lastly, the policies to be used to achieve the main goal of the company. (Jovanovic,et.al,2018)

Also, the research should be in a position to identify competitors and how competitors manage to achieve their set goals. This will give the company an overview of how others work and give them ideas on what new methods t use to achieve efficiency and maximum production in the company.

There is a need for the project group to visit a consulting firm. From this, they can write a report about the findings and some of the things the company is doing wrongly. They can now strategize on how to improve from their findings. From the findings, the company will follow the right path in achieving the objectives and ensure the company is satisfied from the consultation.

After completing the research and writing of the report, the company would then draft a conclusion from the research and areas that they need to improve on to ensure the company’s success. All the company sectors are required to carry out this research, the finance department, management sectors, and the workforce sector. From this, the company will easily identify specific problems affecting specific departments. In this case, we use a divisional system where different teams working on specific areas must provide detailed information from their specified areas. (Müller,et.al 2019). The final result is then presented to the consulting; the final report should have clear methods and policies to improve the company’s production. With the new deliverables being put in place, the company will have a clear scope of what is required to guarantee the project’s success.

Nonetheless, when the project manager needs to review some of the parts of the methodology and see through its implementation, clear steps need to be followed. Among the factors that the project manager should look into are the financial requirements. This is to make sure that the changes will not alter the budget plan considering the complexity of the project that they are to implement and ensure that the proposed changes will not negatively impact the organization’s work. The other important factor is the political environment. The project manager should check that the policies they intend to implement align with the government of the day policies. The other important factors that the project manager needs to look into before implementing the changes include the size of the change. It is important to consider the size of the change. Big changes take a considerable amount of time before they are fully implemented and thus will slow the organization’s currently running projects. The project manager should also consider the existing relationships between clients and other parties. The change should serve the purpose of creating more unity between them and their clients; additionally, the project manager should be aware of the penalties that come with the implementation of the changes and that they don’t limit the company negatively.

We should also consider the impact of the change on other projects. With the change projected to result in major changes in other projects, the timing of other projects will be affected, leading to significant delays or even terminations of the running projects, thus raising the case of poor project management. Nonetheless, if all factors are according to plan, the last step will be to test if the company can withstand change. If the company is not capable of withstanding the changes, it will be negatively impacted. Therefore, after the series of tests and it is concluded that the company cannot handle change, outside assistance needs to be reported.

The initial step would be to introduce the changes that need to be implemented. This is a crucial step because it allows people affected by the change to reflect and adapt. The next step would be to planning for the change. This step would require the project manager to draft the steps that are to be followed. This is to include the budget if it exists, the areas that need the change, the amount of change included in the new plan, and if there is a need for any new personnel. When planning, it is important to track the progress as it is important in achieving the desired goal. The next step is the execution of the plan. Execution involves setting the plan in motion and ensuring that each department follows the management stipulated changes. The management should set the stage for implementing the changes and ensure that all the members understand what is expected of them. The execution-only starts after the senior management give it the green light to proceed. The project manager is the overall manager of the project, and they are to ensure that all the changes that are made are to be followed by the task force and rectify any mistake that may arise. Therefore, a good project manager should have their work arranged in terms of priority. This will help in keeping track of the important parts that need to be implemented without any delay. (Weflen,et.al 2021).

In arranging the work in criticality, the best method is the  Mo scow prioritization method. M  stands for must-have. These are the components required for the project to be completed, and the project will not be considered complete without these features. S  stands for should have. These are components required for the project completion, though not urgent but are high priority. C stands for could have. These are components of the project that are highly desired but are not necessary for the completion of the project.  W , stands for won’t have. These are the components of the project that have been thought of, but they are not to be implemented in the current project, but they have a chance of being included in the next project.

Fig 2. MosCOWprioritization method

In implementing any project, risk should be factored in. Risk is a condition that what had not been planned for that may occur and affect the project. With that in mind, the project manager needs to have a risk management framework in place. Some of the common risks associated with project management include degraded quality regarding handling a project as less human resources are used. The other risk costs. This occurs when the project uses more resources than the allocated budget. These cost risks can be considered as poor budget planning or inaccurate cost estimations. Cost risks normally lead to performance risks.

The other common risk is the schedule risk. This occurs when the project runs out of schedule by taking more time than the scheduled time, affecting other activities. Schedule risks may lead to cost risks because more resources mean more expenses. In general, the schedule risks will affect the performance of the project. The other risks that may occur are governance risk, deferral risk, which comes from failing to perform the project.

It can noted that project risks can either be internal or external. All projects are subject to face risks if they are to be deemed successful. The risks usually depend on the nature and weight of the possible outcomes and their likelihood. To handle risks in project management, what should apply steps of avoiding or preventing risks. The most effective way to avoid risks is by walking away from them or by mitigation when they can’t void the risk. Mitigations help to prevent the damage from being bigger.

Nowadays, the risk is handled by transferring it to someone else. Typically, this is having the insurance company pay. When risks can’t be avoided or mitigated, acceptance is reported. Risks need to be tackled earlier before it’s too late. A risk management plan provides a clear guideline on how risks are to be handled.

Risks need to be handled by employing different steps. This includes mapping the risk in the picture, the results of these risks, and what happens after. The impact and severity of the risks also need to be measured. How is the risk going to cause a problem? What will be affected as a result of the risk? After that is answered, the next step to be taken is what decisions need to be made. This is where the project manager is crucial in analyzing and determining whether the project should carry on or stop completely and determine the steps for mitigating it. After this part, solutions need to be identified and drafted, after which the risks are constantly analyzed. These steps are crucial in the identification and analysis of the risks. The structure of the project management is important for the success of any project. When the structure is not well organized, it often leads to the failure of the project. The project management structure is organized so that the project manager is the overall leader of the project and has the power and speaks authority over the project.

The powers of the project manager allow him to have a say on the project budget and cost, control the project schedule and the structure of the project task force. On the project team hierarchy, the project manager is at the top, and they manage everything, and the other employees are their juniors. The structure is also organized such that the team members report directly to the project manager, and all the activities of the project work towards the realization of the project’s goal. The project manager assigns tasks to the project members, makes key project decisions, and manages project resources. The project members either work permanently or part-time on the project. To create a uniqueness of the organizational structure, the project team and resources are demobilized on the completion of the project. The company usually tasks different departments of the organization to support the project. The common departments that offer support include human resources and the administration departments. (Cakmakci,et.al,2019).

Most companies have resorted to this type of organization when dealing with their projects as it has proven to be so effective. The project manager is always given major responsibilities because of the skills and abilities they are to possess, which are much needed for the success of a project. (Demirken.et.al,2017). This structure is preferred due to transparency; hence nothing can be compromised. This structure also provides clear communication channels hence no confusion can arise.

The success of a project requires teamwork from the project team. Therefore, team members need to support learning, growth, and improvement based on the different skill sets. The project organizational structure has made the learning curves quicker as it encourages the project team to learn from one another; thus, it takes a much shorter time. The project team concludes that the overall success will depend on the principles and methods adopted; hence the organization needs to employ the best structure.

The project team must handle the limitations of any organizational structure. This includes giving the project manager more power. This can lead to pride and arrogance leading to a misunderstanding between the project manager and the project team. This structure also includes inflexible and tight schedules. This is not a healthy technique because it brings fatigue and can lead to stress. For the part-time members, it can bring un-commitment because they know their job ends once the project is completed.

The project life cycle costing gives the company a tool for breaking down the cost of the project. This cycle is also a technique for evaluating and determining all the expenses incurred as the project is being implemented. The project’s costs are divided into three important components; project maintenance, operation & design, and development. These three need to be incorporated for the project costing to be completed. After these three parts are considered, the costs incurred in making purchases, investment costs, development, and the actual value of the technological products being used should also be added by the project manager.

Some of the potential employers in the project are employees, suppliers, community, suppliers, investors, customers, community, vendors, trade unions, and government.

The project management cycle is a clear framework that helps a project manager take a project through a systematic process to ensure the project is cleared within a short period and is done successfully. The project cycle ensures the project is subdivided into small steps that would be easier to understand and implement easily. This will make work easier for the project manager because they would take steps assigned for the specific project and go to the next when it is done. There is a coincidence with the Kanban methodology because members must communicate every step they undertake to avoid messing up with the project. Poor communication and taking the project as a whole will mess up the project. Therefore there is a need to follow the steps keenly.

The project cycle is required to outline clearly a few aspects. These aspects include project deliverables, project monitoring through each phase, the projects’ final goal, and the people involved in the project group. The different phases are followed using the life cycle. There is a need to complete a previous project phase in the sequential phase before going to the project phase. The overlapping phase implies that the start of another project phase does not necessarily require the end of the other phase (Bibarsov et al., 2017). This kind of project requires an adaptive life cycle because it outlines easy adaptation in rapid changes.

The project cycle always starts with the initiation phase. In this phase, the project goals are outlined and ensuring that project groups understand the goals that have been set out. Also, it shows the priorities of the project and the risks that the project is likely to encounter. From this, the project group will get the scope required to complete the project effectively. After completing the initiation phase, planning follows. In this stage, the project schedule is outlined; it shows the beginning of the project, and the time it will take to complete the project effectively and systematically. Also, there is a need to include the project’s budget during planning, which will ensure the company has an entire scope of what is required to complete the project in time. Available sources should also be considered. This is in terms of human resources and other available resources that would be esse3ntial AMD of importance in completing the project.

Fig 3. WBS of the required project

After all the resources have been gathered and proper planning put in place, the execution phase follows. This is the phase where the actual project starts. After the execution of the project, there is a need to monitor. Monitoring ensures that every step is followed and every policy put in place is followed effectively to the latter. The project is divided into small cycles. By doing this, it is necessary to ensure that a step is completed before starting a new step to ensure the effectiveness of the process, so long as the sequential cycle is used. From this cycle, performance can be easily measured. Project groups are rated depending on how they perform their duties. Monitoring is required to continue until the project reaches the completion stage.

Project management is an important factor in governing a project. A project manager or group leader must understand project lifecycle and risk management to provide a clear strategy to ensure the project’s success. In addition, they are using a proper tool in bringing changes within an organization to achieve the major goal. The project manager must ensure the project does not go beyond its budget, and if it goes beyond the budget, there is a need to stop it.

Bibarsov, K. R., Khokholova, G. I., & Okladnikova, D. R. (2017). Conceptual basics and mechanism of innovation project management.

Cakmakci, M., Kucukyasar, M., Aydin, E. S., Aktas, B., Sarikaya, M. B., & Bekar, E. T. (2019). KANBAN optimization in the relationship between industry 4.0 and project management approach. In  Agile Approaches for Successfully Managing and Executing Projects in the Fourth Industrial Revolution  (pp. 210-227). IGI Global.

Demirkesen, S., & Ozorhon, B. (2017). Impact of integration management on construction project management performance.  International Journal of Project Management ,  35 (8), 1639-1654

Müller, R., Drouin, N., & Sankaran, S. (2019). Modeling organizational project management.  Project Management Journal ,  50 (4), 499-513.

Jovanovic, P., & Beric, I. (2018). Analysis of the available project management methodologies.  Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies ,  23 (3), 1-13.

Weflen, E., MacKenzie, C. A., & Rivero, I. V. (2021). An Influence Diagram Approach to Automating Lead Time Estimation in Agile Kanban Project Management.  Expert Systems with Applications , 115866.

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