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Home » 11th Class » Class 11 History Notes for Nomadic Empires (PDF) – Study Material

Class 11 History Notes for Nomadic Empires (PDF) – Study Material

Class 11 History Nomadic Empires – Get here the Notes, Question & Practice Paper of Class 11 History for topic Nomadic Empires Notes. Nomadic Empires Notes for Class 11 History are here. You can download the Nomadic Empires Notes PDF to study all the topics in this chapter. Moreover the class 11 History notes include chapter summary, definitions, examples, and key pointers for Nomadic Empires . Thus if you are studying class History (इतिहास), then the  Nomadic Empires notes  will help you easily understand the topic and ace it.

Class 11 History Notes for Nomadic Empires

Nomadic Empires is a critical part in the study of History . In India, it is taught in class. Therefore the class 11 Notes for History topic Nomadic Empires have been compiled by teachers and field experts. They explain the complete chapter of Nomadic Empires in one-shot . Whether you are studying the topic Nomadic Empires to complete your class syllabus, or for any competitive exam like JEE , NEET , UPSC, you can simply refer these notes to complete the chapter in one-shot!

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Nomadic Empires Notes for Class 11 History PDF

The PDF of Nomadic Empires class 11 notes is as follows. You can view the document here and also download it to use it anytime for future reference whenever you want to brush up your concepts of History.

Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 11 with good score can check this article for Notes, Study Material, Practice Paper. Above we provided the link to access the Notes , Important Question and Practice Paper of Class 11 History for topic Nomadic Empires.

All Topics Class 11 History Notes

Chapter wise notes for History (इतिहास) are given below.

• An Empire Across Three Continents
• Changing Cultural Traditions
• Displacing Indigenous Peoples
• Nomadic Empires
• Paths to Modernization
• The Three Orders
• Writing and City Life

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Nomadic Empires

The Nomadic Empires notes here help you solve the questions and answers . Also, you can complete the class 11 Nomadic Empires worksheet using the same. In addition you will also tackle CBSE Class 11 History Important Questions with these class 11 notes .

However if you still need help, then you can use the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Nomadic Empires to get all the answers. Nomadic Empires solutions contain questions, answers, and steps to solve all questions.

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Nomadic Empires Notes for Class 11 History – An Overview

Class 11 Nomadic Empires Notes for All Boards

You can use the class 11 History notes of Nomadic Empires for all boards.

The education boards in India for which Nomadic Empires notes are relevant are – CBSE, CISCE, AHSEC, CHSE Odisha, CGBSE, HBSE, HPBOSE, PUE Karnataka, MSBSHSE, PSEB, RBSE, TBSE, UPMSP, UBSE, BIEAP, BSEB, GBSHSE, GSEB, JAC, JKBOSE, KBPE, MBOSE, MBSE, MPBSE, NBSE, DGE TN, TSBIE, COHSEM, WBCHSE .

Therefore you can refer to these notes as CBSE, CISCE, AHSEC, CHSE Odisha, CGBSE, HBSE, HPBOSE, PUE Karnataka, MSBSHSE, PSEB, RBSE, TBSE, UPMSP, UBSE, BIEAP, BSEB, GBSHSE, GSEB, JAC, JKBOSE, KBPE, MBOSE, MBSE, MPBSE, NBSE, DGE TN, TSBIE, COHSEM, WBCHSE notes for class Class 11 / Class / History for the topic Nomadic Empires.

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Nomadic Empires NCERT Notes for Class 11 History Chapter 5 

Class 11 history chapter 5 nomadic empires.

NCERT Notes for Class 11 History Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires, (History) exam are Students are taught thru NCERT books in some of state board and CBSE Schools. As the chapter involves an end, there is an exercise provided to assist students prepare for evaluation. Students need to clear up those exercises very well because the questions with inside the very last asked from those.

Sources of History About Mongol

Mongols-social and political background, pastoralists mongols, hunter-gatherers mongols, mongol society, genghis khan’s political system(comparison with attila’s), relations between nomads and settled societies, the great wall of china, genghis khan, early career, temujin to genghis khan, campaigns of genghis khan, genghis khan and india, causes for the success of ghengis khan, military organisation under the mongols, conferring titles, political organisation under genghis khan, trade and communication systems under genghis khan, courier system, mongols after genghis khan, peace between nomadic and settled communities, expansion of territory.

(ii) The second phase was during the years 1255-1300 which led to the conquest of all China (1279), Iran, Iraq and Syria.

First Phase

Second phase.

(ii) The second reason was that the Jochi and Ogodei lineages were marginalised by the Toluyid branch of Genghis Khan descendants.

Administrative features of Genghis Khan’s Rule

Yasa(legal code of genghis khan), law as the identity of mongols, the mongols in the world history, genghis khan as a source of inspiration, present mongolia, class 11 history chapter 5 nomadic empire: timeline.

class 11 history chapter 5 nomadic empires: Summary

Class 11 history chapter 5 nomadic empire: points to be remember, ncert notes for class 11 history.

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Nomadic Empires Class 11 Notes PDF (Handwritten & Short Notes)

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Nomadic Empires Class 11 Notes PDF

Topics and concepts in the Class 11 History chapter Nomadic Empires can be a bit complicated to students. To reduce the complexity in the chapter, Selfstudys website provides the Nomadic Empires Class 11 notes in the PDF. Through the notes in the PDF, students can improve understanding towards the chapter. 

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To go through the short summary of the chapter, students can follow the given steps. Those important steps are: 

• Open the Selfstudys website.
• Bring the arrow towards NCERT Books & Solutions, which can be seen in the navigation bar. 
• A drop-up menu will appear, select NCERT Notes from the list.

• A new page will appear, select Class 11th from the list of classes.

• Click History from the list of subjects.

• Again a new page will appear, now select Nomadic Empires from the list of chapters. 

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Cbse notes and sample papers, nomadic empires class 11 history notes.

October 2, 2018 Mehak History 1

Nomadic Empires is Chapter 5 in History Book of Class 11.  Nomadic Empires can be said to be an imperial formation constructed by nomadic groups. The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, established a transcontinental empire straddling Europe and Asia during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Mongol empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. Originating from the Mongol heartland in the Steppe of central Asia, by the late 13th century it spanned from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Danube River and the shores of the Persian Gulf in the west.

Sources to understand Mongol  history

• The steppe dwellers themselves usually produced no literature, so our knowledge of nomadic societies comes mainly from  chronicles, travelogues and documents  produced by city-based litterateurs.
• These authors often produced extremely ignorant and biased reports of nomadic life. The imperial success of the Mongols attracted many travelers. These individuals came from a variety of backgrounds –  Buddhist,Confucian, Christian, Turkish and Muslim . Many of them produced sympathetic accounts and others hostile.

Social and Political Background of Mongols

• The Mongols were a diverse body of  tribal people , spoke similar languages.
• Some of the Mongols were  pastoralists while others were hunter gatherers .The pastoralists tended horses, sheep and cattle, goats and camels.
• They  lived nomadic life  in the steppes of Central Asian a tract of land in the area of the modern state of Mongolia. This was a majestic landscape with wide horizons, rolling plains, ringed by the snow-capped mountains, Gobi desert and drained by rivers and springs.
• They were a humbler body of people than the pastoralists, making a living from trade in furs of animals trapped in the summer months. There were  extremes of temperature  in the entire region: harsh, long winters followed by brief, dry summers.
• Agriculture was possible in the pastoral regions but the  Mongols did not take to agriculture.  The Mongols lived in tent sand travelled with their herds from their winter to summer pasture lands.
• Mongols had  scarce resources . The richer families were larger, possessed more animals and pasturelands.
• Periodic natural calamities – either unusually harsh, cold winters when game and stored provisions ran out ,they conflicted over pasture lands and  predatory raids in search of livestock.
• The scant resources of the steppe lands drove Mongols and other Central Asian nomads to trade and barter with their  sedentary neighbours in China . This was mutually beneficial to both parties: agricultural produce and iron utensils from China were exchanged for horses, furs and game trapped in the steppe.

The life and Career of Genghis Khan

• Genghis Khan was born in  1162  near the Onon River in the north of present-day Mongolia.
• His original name was Temujin , he was the son of Yesugei, the chieftain of the Kiyatclan.
• His father  was murdered at an early age  and his mother,Oelun-eke, raised Temujin, his brothers and step-brothers in great hardship.
• Temujin was captured and en slaved for many years.
• Soon after his marriage,  his wife, Borte,was kidnapped , and he had to fight to recover her.
• During these yearsof hardship he also managed to  make important friends . The young Boghurchu was his first ally and remained a trusted friend; Jamuqa,his blood-brother was another.
• Temujinbecame the dominant personality in the politics of the steppe lands, a position that was recognised  at an assembly of Mongol chieftains , where he was proclaimed the ‘Great Khan of the Mongols’ with the title Genghis Khan, the ‘Oceanic Khan’or ‘Universal Ruler’.

Wars and Expansion of Mongols under Genghiz Khan

• The first of his concerns was  to conquer China , divided at this time  into three realms :the Hsi Hsia dynasty in the north-western provinces,Chin dynasty ruled north China and the Sungdynasty in south China.
• By 1209, the Hsi Hsia were defeated,the ‘ Great Wall of China’ was breached in 1213 and long drawn-out battles against the Chin continued until 1234 but Genghis Khan was satisfied enough with the progress of his campaigns to return to his Mongolia
• Sultan Muhammad, the ruler of Khwarazm, executed Mongol envoys worried of Mongol invasion. In the campaigns between 1219 and 1221 the great cities – Otrar,  Bukhara, Samarqand, Balkh,Gurganj, Merv, Nishapur and Herat – surrendered to the Mongol forces.
• Towns that resisted were devastated by Mongols. At Nishapur, where a Mongolprince was killed during the siege operation, Genghis Khan commanded that the  ‘town should be laid waste in such a manner that the site could be ploughed upon and not even cats and dogs should be left alive’.
• Mongol forces in pursuit of Sultan Muhammad pushed into Azerbaijan and defeated  Russian forces.  Another wing followed the Sultan’s son, Jalaluddin, into Afghanistan and the Sindh province.

At the banks of the Indus, Genghis Khan considered returning to Mongolia through North India and Assam, but the heat, the natural habitat and the

Causes for the success of Genghis Khan

•  His military achievements were astounding and they were largely a result of  his ability to innovate and transform different aspects of steppe  combat into extremely effective military strategies.
• The horse-riding skills of the Mongols  and the Turks provided speed and mobility to the army.
• Their abilities  as rapid-shooting archers from horseback  were further perfected during regular hunting expeditions which doubled chance of victory over the enemies.
•  The steppe cavalry had always  travelled light and moved quickly , but now it brought allits knowledge of the terrain.
• They carried out campaigns in the  depths of winter, treating frozen rivers as high ways to enemy cities and camps.
• Genghis Khan learnt the importance of siege.  His engineers prepared light portable equipment , which was used against opponents with devastating effect.

The Mongols after Genghis Khan

• We can divide Mongol expansion after Genghis Khan’s death into two distinct phases: the first which spanned the years 1236-42 when the major gains were in the  Russian steppes, Bulgaria, Poland and Hungary.
•  The second phase including the years 1255-1300 led to the  conquest of all of China, Iran, Iraq and Syria.
• The Mongol military forces met with  few reversals in the decades after the 1260s  the original impetus of campaigns could not be sustained in the West.
• There were two facets to this:  the first was a consequence of  the internal politics  of succession within the Mongol family where the descendants of Jochi and Ogodei allied to control the office of the great Khan in the first two generations.
• The second compulsion occurred as the  Jochi and Ogodei lineages were marginalised  by theToluy’s lineage. With the accession of Mongke, a descendant of Toluy, military campaigns were pursued energetically in Iran but as Toluyid interests in the conquest of China.

Military Organisation under Mongols

• Among the Mongols  all the able-bodied, adult males of the tribe bore arms : they constituted the armed forces when the occasion demanded.
• The unification of the different Mongol tribes and subsequent campaigns against diverse people introduced new members into Genghis Khan’s army. It included groups like the  Turks,Chinese and Arabs  who had accepted his authority willingly.
• Genghis Khan worked to systematically erase the old tribal identities of the different groups who joined his confederacy. His army was organised according to the old steppe system of decimal units: in  divisions of 10s, 100s, 1,000s and 10,000 soldiers . He divided the old tribal groupings and distributed their members into new military units. Any individual who tried to move from his allotted group without permission received harsh punishment.
• He divided the army  into four units and they were required to serve under his four sons  and specially chosen captains of his army units called  noyan .
• The soldiers who had served Genghis Khan loyally through grave adversity for many years were publicly  honoured some of these individuals as his ‘blood brothers’ and  others were given special ranking  as his bondsmen , a title that marked their close relationship with their master.

Political Organisation under Genghiz Khan

•  Genghis Khan assigned the responsibility of  governing the newly-conquered people to his four sons . These comprised the four  ulus .
• The eldest son, Jochi, received the Russian steppes  and it extended as far west as his horses could roam.
• The second son,  Chaghatai, was given the Transoxanian steppe and lands north of the Pamir Mountain  adjacent to those of his brother.
• Genghis Khan had indicated that  his third son, Ogodei, would succeed him as the Great Khan  and on accession the Prince established his capital at Karakorum.
• The  youngest son, Toluy, received the ancestral lands of Mongolia . Genghis Khan envisaged that his sons would rule the empire collectively, and to underline this point, military contingents of the individual princes were placed in each  ulus .
• The sense of a dominion shared by the members of the family was underlined at the  assembly of chieftains,  quriltais , where all decisions relating to the family or the state for the forthcoming season campaigns, distribution of plunder, pasture lands and succession were collectively taken.

Development in Trade and communication in Mongolia

• Genghis Khan had already fashioned a  rapid courier system ( yam ) that connected the distant areas of his regime. Fresh mounts and dispatch riders were placed in outposts at regularly spaced distances.
• For the maintenance of this communication system the Mongol nomads  contributed a tenth of their herd – either horses or livestock – as provisions . This was called the  qubcur tax, a levy that the nomads paid willingly for the multiple benefits that it brought.
• Once the campaigns had settled, Europe and China were territorially linked with Mongolia.  Commerce and travel along the Silk Route reached its peak under the Mongols  but, the trade route extended up to Mongolia.
• Communication and ease of travel was vital toretain the coherence of the Mongol regime and  travellers were given a pass for safe conduct . Traders paid the  baj tax for the same purpose, all acknowledging thereby the authority of the Mongol Khan.
• Mongols waged their successful wars against China, Persia, Russia etc there was a strong pressure group within the Mongol leadership that advocated the massacre of all peasantry and the conversion of their fields into pasture lands. But by the 1270s, Genghis Khan’s grandson,  Qubilai Khan appeared as the protector of the peasants and thecities.

Yasa (legal code of Genghis Khan)

• yasa ,the code of law that Genghis Khan was supposed to have promulgatedat the Assembly of Mongol Chieftains ( quriltai) of 1206, has elaborated on the complex ways in whichthe memory of the Great Khan was fashioned by his successors.
• In itsearliest formulation the term was written as  yasa  which meant ‘ law’,‘decree’  or ‘order’. Y asa concern administrative regulations: the organisation of the hunt,the army and the postal system.

Situating Genghis Khan and the Mongols in World History

• For the Mongols, Genghis Khan was the greatest leader of all time:  he united the Mongol people .
• Genghis Khan freed them from interminable tribal wars and  Chinese exploitation .
• Genghis Khan  brought them prosperity , fashioned a grand transcontinental empire and restored trade routes and markets that attracted distant travelers and traders.
• Genghis Khan ruled the diverse body of people and faiths.  Although the Mongol Khans themselves belonged to a variety of different faiths –  Shaman, Buddhist, Christian and eventually Islam they never let their personal beliefs dictate public policy .
• The Mongol rulers  recruited administrators and armed contingents from people of all ethnic groups and religions.  Theirs was a multi-ethnic,multilingual, multi-religious regime that did not feel threatened by its pluralistic constitution.
• Today, after decades of Soviet control, the country of Mongolia is recreating its identity as an independent nation. It has seized upon  Genghis Khan as a great national hero who is publicly venerated and whose achievements are recounted with pride.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 5 Nomadic Empires History

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Humanities History Chapter 5: Nomadic Empires are available here with clear, step-by-step explanations. These NCERT solutions are highly favored by Class 11 Humanities students for History Theme 5: Nomadic Empires as they help in completing homework and exam preparation efficiently. You can access all the questions and answers from the NCERT Book of Class 11 Humanities History Chapter 5 for free. Enjoy an ad-free experience with Infinity Learn NCERT Solutions, prepared by experts to ensure 100% accuracy.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 11 History Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires Questions and Answer

Question 1. Why was trade so significant to the Mongols?

Answer: The region which was occupied by Mongols lacked natural resources. The steppe region of Central Asia had extreme climate. Cultivation of food was not possible there, only trade could help their survival. The Mongols were forced to trade as the scanty resources of the steppes did not help cultivation. So the Mongols traded with neighboring countries and it was beneficial for both the countries.

Question 2. Why did Genghis Khan feel the need to fragment the Mongol tribes into new social and military groupings?

Answer: The following reasons forced Genghis Khan to fragment the Mongol tribes into new social and military groupings:

• Mongols were the inhabitants of the steppe region. They had their own separate identities. So in order to bring them in touch with other tribes, Genghis Khan took this step.
• Mongols were courageous people. Because of this nature, Genghis Khan organized them into military groups and established a formidable army. A sound military organization could be very helpful in trade also .
• Childhood experiences of Genghis Khan were also responsible for the fragmentation of Mongol tribes. Genghis Khan himself had to suffer a lot during his childhood.

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Question 3. How do later Mongol reflections on the Yasa bring out the uneasy relationship they had with the memory of Genghis Khan?

Answer: Yasa were the rules and regulations. These were approved by Quritali during Genghis Khan’s reign. These rules were mainly concerned with Mongol army, hunting, postage system, social ladder, etc. They were compilation of traditions and customs that prevailed in Mongol tribal society itself.

Question 4. “If history relies upon written records produced by city-based literati, nomadic societies will always receive a hostile representation.” Would you agree with this statement ? Does it explain the reason why Persian chronicles produced such inflated figures of casualties resulting from Mongol campaigns? (HOTS)

Answer: Yes, I agree with the statement. I give the following reasons for my view.

• There were vast differences between The Secret Society of Mongols and Marco Polo’s Travelogues in terms of events and their descriptions.
• Being the transcontinental span of the Mongol empire, the sources were written in different languages.
• Persian chronicles produced inflated figures of casualties resulting from Mongol campaigns to prove their cruelty or to prove them as cruel assassins

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NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 3 Answer In A Short Essay

Question 5. Keeping the nomadic element of the Mongol and Bedouin societies in mind, how, in your opinion, did their respective historical experiences differ? What explanations would you suggest account for these differences?

Answer: Mongols were tribes in the steppes of central Asia, a diverse body of people linked by similarity in language to Tatars, Khitan and Manchus in east and Turkic tribes to the west. Bedouins were Arab tribes moving from dry to green desert in search of food and fodder for cattle. Some Mongols were pastoralists while others were hunter-gatherers. On the other hand, Bedouins were pastoralists, agriculturists and traders because of central Islamic lands surrounded by seas from four sides. The steppes inhabitants usually produced no literature , so our knowledge of nomadic societies under Mongols are quite different and the Italian and Latin versions of Marco- Polo’s Travels to the Mongol Court do not match.

Question 6. How does the following account enlarge upon the character of the Pax Mongolica created by the Mongols by the middle of the thirteenth century?

The Franciscan monk, William of Rubruck, was sent by Louis IX of France on an embassy to the great Khan Mongke’s court. He reached Karakorum, the capital of Mongke, in 1254 and came upon a woman from Lorraine (in France) called Paquette, who had been brought from Hungary and was in the service of one of the prince’s wives who was a Nestorian Christian. At the court he came across a Parisian goldsmith named Guillaume Boucher, ‘whose brother dwelt on the Grand Pont in Paris’. This man was first employed by the Queen Sorghaqtani and then by Mongke’s younger brother. Rubruck found that at the great court festivals the Nestorian priests were admitted first, with their regalia, to bless the Grand Khan’s cup, and were followed by the Muslim clergy and Buddhist and Taoist monks.

Answer: The above account depicts the character of the Pax Mongolica by the middle of the 13th century:

• It became clear from the above incident that the French Monarch Louis IX had sent his ambassador William of Rubruck to Karakorum, the capital of Mongke in 1254. This depicts that Mongol rulers had established a well-knit relation with their neighbours.
• Guillaume Boucher proved that Mongol rulers lived with great pomp and show and they had brought servants to serve them from different parts of the world. They were paid good salaries. That is why they reached to serve Mongol court from far away.
• Mongol rulers were not fanatics and anxious to get the blessings of all the people. They recruited administrators and armed forces from people of all ethnic groups and religions. There was a multilingual, multi-religious regime that did not feel threatened by its pluralistic constitution. The above descriptions display the best aspect of Pax-Mongolica. It is said that in a vast empire, the Mongols had established such a rule that one could walk freely without the fear of robbery.

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NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 3 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who were Mongols?

Answer: Mongols were a nomadic tribe of Central Asia. They lived in present day Mongolia. Basically the Mongols were cattle herders and hunter-gatherers.

Question 2. Who was the founder of Nomadic empire? When was he bom? What was his childhood name?

Answer: Genghis Khan was the founder of Nomadic empire. He was born in 1162 CE. His childhood name was Temujin.

Question 3. Why was Genghis Khan renamed as Temujin and when?

Answer: Genghis Khan was renamed as Temujin by his father Yesugei. When he was bom , his father defeated the chief of Tatar tribe Temujin.

Question 4. Define the term ‘Barbarian’.

Answer: The term ‘Barbarian’ is derived from a Greek word, ‘Barbaras’ which meant non-Greek. In Greek, they were depicted like children who were unable to speak or reason properly.

Question 5. What was the name of parents of Genghis Khan?

Answer: Genghis Khan’s father’s name was Yesugei, while his mother’s name was Oelun-eke.

Question 6. Who restored the old alliances with the ruler of Kereyrts rules?

Answer: Genghis Khan (Temujin) restored the old alliance with the Kereyrt ruler Tughril Khan.

Question 7. Who was Genghis Khan’s wife?

Answer: The name of Genghis Khan’s wife was Berte.

Question 8. How did Oelun-eke infuse confidence in Temujin?

Answer: She infused confidence in Temujin by narrating the stories of glorious past of the Kiyat tribe.

Question 9. When and by whom the most valuable research work on the Mongols was done?

Answer: The two Russian scholars Boris Vladimirtsov Yakovlevich and Vasily Vladimisrovich Bartold did most valuable research work on the Mongols during the 18th and 19th century.

Question 10. In which languages are the most reliable sources of Mongols available?

Answer: The most reliable sources of Mongols are available in the following languages:

Question 11. What do you know about Batu?

Answer: Batu was the grandson of Genghis Khan. He was a great and courageous warrior. He devastated Russian lands upto Moscow, seized Poland and Hungary and camped outside Vienna.

Question 12. Who was Juwaini?

Answer: Juwaini was the Persian chronicler of the Mongol rulers of Iran. He wrote an account about the capture of Bukhara in 1220 CE.

Question 13. Name the most trustworthy account of the Mongols.

Answer: “The Secret History of the Mongols” is the most trustworthy account of the Mongols. It is written by Igor-de-Rachewiltz.

Question 14. What was the extent of the Genghis Khan’s empire?

Answer: Genghis Khan established a vast empire, which was extended from Persia to Peking and from Siberia to Sindh. To such a vast empire the traveler required nearly two years to travel throughout Mongol empire.

Question 15. What does the term ‘Quriltai’ denote?

Answer: ‘Quriltai’is an assembly of Mongol chieftains.

Question 16. Which two important decisions were taken by Quriltai?

Answer: The two important decisions taken by Quriltai are given below:

• The Quriltai took the decisions pertaining to succession.
• It also took the decision regarding the further expansion of the empire.

Question 17. Name any two sources of the Mongols.

Answer: Two important sources of the Mongols are:

• The Secret History of the Mongols.
• Travelogues accounts of Marco Polo.

Question 18. “The affluent Mongol families used to have several followers.” Why?

Answer: The affluent Mongol families used to have several followers because they possessed large number of animals and pasture lands and were more influential in local politics.

Question 19. Which types of clothes were worn by nomadic people?

Answer: The nomadic people used to wear cotton, silk and woolen clothes. Silk and cotton were imported from China. In order to protect themselves from cold, they used to wear expensive clothes. The clothing and head-gears were meant for women.

Question 20. How did the Mongol dispose of their dead bodies?

Answer: They used to perform the last rites of their dead bodies after the sun set and buried at a place previously selected by the person concerned.

Question 21. Did the Mongol undertake agricultural activities? Write in ‘Yes’ or ‘No’, and give argument to support your answer.

Answer: The Mongol did not undertake agricultural activities because:

• Geographical conditions prevailing were unsuitable for growing crops or for agriculture.
• Agriculture was limited for a fix period.

Question 22. “Trade was very significant for the Mongol”. Why?

Answer: The Mongol badly lacked resources for their livelihood. So trade was very significant for their survival.

Question 23. How was trade carried out?

Answer: Trade was based on barter system, which was beneficial for both the parties.

Question 24. Why was China Wall constructed?

Answer: The Great Wall of China was constructed by the Chinese ruler to safeguard their people from the danger of nomadic tribes of Mongolia. ,

Question 25. What do you understand by Qubkur?

Answer: Qubkur was a tax paid to the Mongol government in lieu of cattle and other animal herds by the nomadic Mongol.

Question 26. Name any two famous personalities who contributed a lot in the early life of Genghis Khan.

Answer: Two personalities who contributed a lot in the early life of Genghis Khan were: Boghuchu and Jomuqa.

Question 27. Which two arch rival tribes were defeated by Genghis Khan at the beginning of his political career?

Answer: The two arch-rival tribes defeated by Genghis Khan were:

• The Khitans

Question 28. Who renamed Temujin as Genghis Khan and when?

Answer: Temujin was renamed as Genghis Khan by Quriltai in 1206.

Question 29. How was China divided during the time of Genghis Khan?

Answer: During Genghis Khan’s time, China was divided into three realms, each was ruled by different dynasties. These dynasties were Hsi, Chin and Sung.

Question 30. Which dynasty ruled over Peking? When was it conquered by Genghis Khan?

Answer: Peking was ruled by Chin dynasty. It was conquered by Genghis Khan in 1215.

Question 31. Describe the brief and extent of Genghis Khan’s empire.

Answer: Genghis Khan established a vast nomadic empire. His empire was extended from Persia to Peking and from Siberia to Sindh. He made Karakoram, the capital of his empire.

Question 32. What do you mean by Yesa? When was it given a final shape?

Answer: With the aim to re-organize the Mongol society and give it an altogether new shape, Genghis Khan laid down the legal code that is known as Yesa. Yesa was given final shape in 1226 C.E.

Question 33. Write in brief the composition of Mongol army.

Answer: Mongol army comprised of the people of various tribes. In it, Genghis Khan also included the people of several area as brought under him: Kereyits and Ueghuru were also the part of Mongol army.

Question 34. What are the two features of Mongol army?

Write any two basic features of Mongol army.

• Army was organized on the basis of decimal system.
• Soldiers were to obey strict rules and regulations.

Question 35. What was the position of the emperor in Nomadic empire? Write any two features.

• Khan was the supreme authority and enjoyed unlimited powers.
• He was also vested with all the authority to formulate both internal and external policies.

Question 36. What was Yam?

Answer: Yam was a military post created by Genghis Khan. The horse riders carried messages from one place to another.

Question 37. Define the concept of Ulus.

Answer: ‘Ulus’ means a specifically defined area. It was given to the emperor’s son to rule over his conquered area.

Question 38. Name the sons of Genghis Khan.

Answer: Genghis Khan had four sons. They were:

Question 39. What do you know about Yeh-lu-ch’u-tsai?

Answer: Yeh-lu-ch’u-tsai was a Chinese minister, who was taken under the captivity of Mongol in 1215. He contributed immensely in giving a new shape to Mongol empire.

Question 40.

(i) When did Genghis Khan pass away?

(ii) Name his two successors.

(i) Genghis Khan passed away in 1227.

(ii) His two successors were:

• Ogedei, who ruled from 1229-41.
• Guyrik ; who ruled from 1246-1248 C.E.

Question 41. When and by whom was the Yuan Dynasty founded?

Answer: The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Qubilai Khan in 1260.

Question 42. Write any two features of the religious life of the Mongol.

• Tengri was their chief deity and considered Him to be omnipotent.
• They followed the policy of tolerance towards other religions.

Question 43. Who was Guyuk?

Answer: Guyuk was the son of Ogodei. He became the new Khan in 1246 and ruled till 1248. His tenure is known for the diplomatic relations established with Pope.

Question 44. What do you know about paiza?

Answer: Paiza means passes. These passes were issued by the Mongol government for safe conduct with the travellers. These were of three types, i.e. gold, silver and iron. The travellers had to tie these passes on their forehead.

Question 45. Who was the founder of II-Khan id dynasty?

Answer: The founder of II-Khan id dynasty was Helegu in 1256 C.E.

Question 46. When was Nishapur occupied by Genghis Khan? Why did he carry out terrible destruction here?

Answer: Nishapur was occupied by Genghis Khan in 1219. He carried out a terrible destruction because a Mongol Prince was killed during this expedition.

Question 47. Write any two causes for the defeat of the Mongol at the hands of Egyptian soldiers.

Answer: Reasons behind the defeat of the Mongol at the hands of Egyptian soldiers were:

• The Mongol took more interest in China.
• The Mongol sent a comparatively smaller army to face Egyptian forces.

Question 48. Name a famous traveler from Venice (Italy) who visited China. Where did he stay?

Answer: Macro-Polo, the Venice traveler visited China during the period 1275 to 1292. He stayed at the court of Qubilai Khan.

Class 11 History Chapter 3 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What do you know about the Mongol? Discuss their occupations in brief.

Answer: The nomadic people inhabiting in the regions of present days of Mongolia in Central Asia were known as the Mongol. They were predominantly pastoralists and hunter gatherers. They dwelt in tents and were divided into several patriarchal dynasties.

They were constantly at war with other tribes like tatars, Naimans and Khitans. The main occupation of the nomadic tribe during the 12th century was pastoralism. They reared animals such as horse and sheep. In addition to these animals, they also reared goats and camels. They reared them for getting milk, meat, and wool. The geographical conditions prevailing here were not in favour of adapting agriculture. Nomadic Empires 109 Consequently, their economy was not geared to feed the regions having higher population concentration.

Question 2. Write a note on the Mongol society.

Describe the main characteristics of the Mongol society in 12th century.

• The Mongol society was patriarchal in nature.
• The eldest male member was the head of the family who used to take care of the needs of their family members.
• The rich families were larger in size. The birth of son was highly solicited in the society.
• Polygamy was in practice in the society.
• Regarding marriage, strict rules were followed. There was ban on marriage within family circle or within a tribe.
• There were constant wars among different sections of the society.
• Some tribes with an aim to keep harmonious relations arranged marriages between their respective tribes.
• Women were not secluded to hearth and home alone; rather than as per the needs of the hour, they used to equally assist their male counterparts in the battlefield.
• In case of death of their husbands, they too looked after children and the property of their respective families.

Question 3. How did the Mongol carry out their trade?

Answer: The scarcity of resources forced the nomadic tribes (the Mongols) to depend on the other neighboring countries for the essential goods for trade. Their trade was based on barter system, which was beneficial for both parties engaged in trade. They imported agricultural products and made implements from China and in line of these they used to export horses, fur and animals used for hunting.

The nomadic people used to suffer less as compared to their opponents. The possible reason behind that was the nomadic people quickly disappeared from the place of their strife after carrying out loot and plunder. It meant several losses for trading partner, i.e. China. In order to safeguard their people from Mongol strife’s, the ruler of China constructed the ‘Great Wall of China’.

Question 4. Write a brief description of Genghis Khan.

Discuss the early career and achievements of Genghis Khan.

Answer: Genghis Khan was the greatest Mongol who laid the foundation of Nomadic empire. His contribution was immense in unifying Mongols. It was due to his efforts that a vast Mongol empire was established. He was born in the year 1162. He was born near the river Onon. His father’s name was Yesugei, who was the chief of the tribe, Kiyat. His mother Oleun-eke belonged to Onggerat tribe.

His original name was Temujin. He grew up as a brave man. He organized a powerful army which helped him to lay down the foundation of a vast empire. His main achievements were the conquest of Northern China, conquest of Qara Katie, etc. During the period from 1219 to 1222 CE the Mongol forces occupied Bukhara, Samarqand, Balk, Marv, Nishapur and Herat. Genghis not only built vast empire but also contributed a lot in improving the civil administration of the empire.

Question 5. How did Temujin become Genghis Khan? Discuss.

Answer: No doubt, Temujin was a bom commander. His initial success made him more influential. Jamuque was unable to see the growing friendly relations between Temujin and Tughril Khan. Thus, he started be-friending all the tribes hostile to Temujin. Temujin was unable to tolerate it and gave a crushing defeat to Jamuqua with the help of Tughril Khan.

Encouraged by the defeat over the powerful Jamuqua, he concentrated towards Taters, Naimaans and Kereyits. Later on Tughril Khan also became hostile to Temujin and was defeated. Thus, he became the most influential person in the politics of steppe region. Keeping his achievement in mind, Quriltai awarded him with the title of Genghis Khan which means universal sovereign.

Class 11 History Chapter 3 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Which favourable conditions encouraged Genghis Khan to launch an expedition against the Muhammad Shah of Khwarazm?

Answer: Following favourable conditions encouraged, Genghis Khan to launch an expedition against the Shah of Khwarazm:

• Shah had established a vast empire, but nothing had been done to consolidate it.
• Shah also refused to recognise the Khalifa of Baghdad. This mistake resulted in the hostility of Muslim community against him.
• By annexation of a number of regions to his vast empire, Shah antagonised a large number of people.
• The mutual relations between Turkish and Iranian officers were not cordial. They never missed a chance to let down each other.
• He had also imposed many taxes on the farmers and general public but did care a little about their grievances. So the people wanted to get rid of such tyrannical regime.
• There was also a fear of loot and plunders. So there was restlessness among the traders as well as the common people.
• There was lack of discipline in his army.
• The continued intrigues of his mother further eroded his position. She wanted him to overthrow.

Question 2. Discuss the causes of the success of Genghis Khan.

Answer: Prior to his death, Genghis Khan had established a vast empire within a short span of 20 years.

Some of the main causes of his success are listed below:

• He was a born commander and distinctively fortunate to get success, wherever he went. He became a real terror of his opponents.
• He also established a large disciplined army. It was not easy to face such a huge army.
• His spies used to collect every bit of information about the opponent’s army and gave it to him.
• He knew the importance of psychological warfare and used to unleash the region of terror. In this effort, people could not face his army.
• He used to make people dread his forces, so that the people could surrender without waging a war against him.
• The Mongol soldiers were experts in horse riding and archery.
• Genghis Khan usually launched his expedition during the winter season. Because during this season rivers used to freeze and make it easier to cross them.
• The use of Naphtha Bombardment destroyed enemy forts and had dreadly results in the course of the war.

Question 3. Why did Genghis Khan become unpopular? Explain.

Describe the causes of the unpopularity of Genghis Khan.

Answer: No doubt, Genghis Khan had established a vast empire. The newly vanquished people had no inclination towards their new ruler. Several causes were responsible for this. The main causes were:

• The Mongols during the course of their expedition destroyed several beautiful cities and towns. Most of these cities lost their glory after his attack.
• Their invasion also badly affected the agriculture, because when the huge forces passed away they destroyed standing crops.
• During war year or the time of invasion trade and commerce was badly affected.
• A large number of people lost their lives due to their invasion. Many became handicapped and helpless.
• A number of people were slaves.
• As a result of their invasion, the timely repair to the underground rivers in the arid region was not carried out.
• All his invasions resulted in rapid desertification of newly conquered areas.
• People from all walks of life had to face hardships.

Question 4. Discuss the rules and regulations of the Yasa as evolved by Genghis Khan.

Answer: Rules and regulations of the Yasa:

• People should believe in one God, because He gives us life and death, riches and poverty.
• All religions are equal. They must be respected. The priests should be exempted from all kinds of taxes, transcending all religious barriers.
• Any person, who proclaimed himself to be a Khan without the recognition of Quriltai, should be awarded death penalty.
• Do not indulge into adultery. People doing so will be given death penalty.
• Do not tell a lie.
• Always respect the aged and the poor and not deceive anyone.
• It was mandatory for all able-bodied persons to serve in the army.
• On the opening of hostilities, the soldiers on leave, were asked to resume their duties immediately.
• Passion involved in spying, giving the false information/evidence/witness should be punished with death penalty.
• No one in his empire can employ a Mongol as his slave or servant.
• If a soldier indulges into loot and plunder without the prior permission of the commander, he should be awarded death penalty.
• All the Mongol princesses should preserve this Yasa, and at the time of need, they should take help from it.
• The armed forces are to be organized into units numbering 10,100, 1000 and 10000. This makes it easier for the army commander to control over military. Yasa played a remarkable role in unifying the Mongols and kept their tribal identity intact. Without any hesitation, we can say that Yasa played a remarkable role in making of global Mongol empire.

Question 5. Discuss the role of civil administration in Mongol administration’

Answer: Genghis Khan belonged to nomadic society. On the basis of capacity he established a vast empire. His empire included the people from various walks of society and they were civilized people. To rule such a diverse society was not an easy task. Hence, he appointed the people belonging to civilized society to look after the civil administration. The officers were concerned with civil administration and were appointed on the basis of merit. No credit was given to tribals or religious affinities while appointing them in civil administration. The civil administration played an outstanding role in strengthening and consolidating the foundation of Mongol empire. They even influenced the Mongol rulers to transform their policies pertaining to administration. He also made Genghis Khan aware about the ‘Importance of Yan system’ as followed in China.

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Class 11 History Notes Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires

July 22, 2019 by Bhagya

• Mongols were the nomadic tribes who inhabited in central Asia.
• Mongols were divided into many groups. These groups were constantly engaged in wars with each other.
• Mongol society was patriarchal in nature. Birth of a son was considered to be the sign of prosperity.
• Genghis Khan played an outstanding role in the establishment of Nomadic Empire.
• Genghis Khan was born in 1162 CE. His childhood name was Temujin. His father Yesugei was Kiyat’s tribe chief. Oelun-eke was the name of his mother.
• Genghis Khan faced many problems in his childhood as his father was murdered by a tribe.
• With the help of some persons like Jamuqa, Boghuruchu, Tughril Khan, etc. he successfully defeated some powerful tribes.
• Quriltai bestowed upon Temujin, the title of Genghis Khan in 1206. He ruled upto 1227 CE.
• During his reign, Genghis Khan conquered the region of northern China and Qara Khita.
• Genghis Khan brought some changes in the area under his rule. In the history of Mongol, Genghis Khan is known as a national hero.
• The nomadic people were mainly non-vegetarians. They ate the meat of different animals like sheep, goat, etc. The main diet of the nomadic people was meat and milk.
• Silk clothes were imported from China, while woollen clothes were prepared by themselves. The rich used to wear expensive clothes while the dress of common people was very simple.
• Trade was also in practice and carried out with neighbouring countries.
• In 1209, Genghis Khan defeated Hsi, Hsia of China.
• Mongols occupied Otsar, Bukhara, Samarqand, Maru, Herat, Nishapur and Balkh between 1219 to 1222 CE.
• Genghis Khan organised his forces as per the old steppe system of decimal units. The important institution of Mongolian state was the army.
• Strict discipline was maintained in the army. The authority of the king could not be challenged.
• Civil system was based on the Ulus system.
• Yam was the military rank enjoyed by Mongols.
• Ogodei, Guyuk and Mongke were the successors of the Genghis Khan.
• Qubilai Khan was the founder of Yuan dynasty. He founded this dynasty in 1260 and ruled till 1294.
• The steppe inhabitants had no literature of their own. Most of our knowledge regarding the nomadic society was mainly derived from the chronicles, travelogues and documents produced by cities based literature.
• We find most significant information regarding the expansion of transcendental Mongol empire from Chinese, Mongolian, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Latin, French and Russian sources.
• Two most outstanding sources of Mongols are Igor de Rachewiltz’s ‘The Secret History of Mongol’ and ‘the Travelogues of Marco Polo’.

Important Terms:

• Barbarian: A person who is uncultured and behaves in a rough or cruel manner and is ignorant of good taste.
• Kiyat: A group of families related to the Boijigid clan
• Anda: Real or blood brother
• Confederacy: A union of states, groups of people or political with the same aim.
• Tuman: A group of ten thousand soldiers
• Noyan: Captain of army unit
• Naukar: Bonded man, a rank to common but intimate people
• Ulus: Conquered but not fixed territory
• Tama: Military contingents
• Quriltais: An assembly of chieftains
• Qubcur: A tax imposed on nomads for communication facility provided to them.
• Yam: Courier system
• Qanat: Underground canal in the arid plateau in Iran
• Paiza: A pass or permit to move from one place to another.
• Bjg:A tax imposed on traders
• Yasa: A code of law promulgated by Genghis Khan in 1206.

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Chapter 3: Nomadic Empires | Class 11 History Notes

Nomadic Empires Class 11 History Notes: Nomadic Empires, popularly known as big empires, were created by groups of people who moved from place to place rather than staying in one spot. One famous example is the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, who built a vast empire across Europe and Asia between the 1200s and 1300s.

The Mongols’ successful empire attracted many travelers from different backgrounds, such as Buddhists, Confucians, Christians, Turks, and Muslims. We have learned about the Nomadian empire from the various writings by city people, such as travelers and historians. However, these city writers often didn’t understand nomadic life very well and sometimes wrote wrong things because of their biases. The article will discuss the Nomadic Empires class 11 History notes in detail.

Creator of Nomadic Empire

Genghis Khan was known to be the creator of the Nomadic Empire. He was born in 1162 as Temujin, and his father was murdered when he was young. With help from allies like Jamuqa and Tughril Khan, he defeated powerful tribes. Genghis Khan made significant changes during his rule and is celebrated as a national hero in Mongol history.

The Mongols were nomadic tribes from Central Asia. They were split into groups that often fought each other. Their society favoured men, and having a son was seen as a sign of prosperity. Genghis Khan arranged his troops based on an ancient system using ten units. The most important part of the Mongolian government was the army. The army was very disciplined, and no one could question the king’s authority.

In history, settled societies often viewed nomads as uncivilized barbarians. The term “barbarian” comes from the Greek word “Barbaros,” meaning a non-Greek person whose language sounded strange, like random noise.

Social and Political Background

The Mongols constituted a diverse population, sharing linguistic similarities with neighboring groups such as the Tatars, Khitan, and Manchus to the east, and the Turkic tribes to the west. While some Mongols were pastoralists, raising horses, sheep, cattle, goats, and camels in the vast steppes of Central Asia, others were hunter-gatherers residing in the Siberian forests. The region experienced extreme temperature variations, with harsh winters and brief summers, limiting agricultural activities to certain periods. Despite this, the Mongols did not engage significantly in farming, and their economies, whether pastoral or hunting-gathering, could not support dense settlements or urban centers.

Ethnic and linguistic ties bound the Mongol society together, but scarce resources led to a division of society into patrilineal lineages, with wealthier families exerting more influence due to their larger herds and pasture lands. Natural calamities, such as harsh winters or droughts, often led to conflicts over resources and predatory raids for livestock. While occasional alliances were formed among lineages for defensive purposes, they were generally short-lived.

Genghis Khan’s confederation of Mongol and Turkish tribes was notable for its size and durability, unlike previous confederacies led by leaders like Attila. The Mongol political system, established by Genghis Khan, proved stable enough to counter larger armies and administer agrarian economies and urban settlements in regions far removed from their traditional habitat.

Despite the differences in social and political organization between nomadic and agrarian societies, they engaged in trade and barter, with nomads exchanging horses, furs, and game for agricultural produce and goods from sedentary neighbors like China. Commerce was mutually beneficial but occasionally fraught with tension, leading to military pressure and conflicts. These frontier wars often dislocated agriculture and plundered cities, impacting settled societies more severely than nomadic ones.

Throughout history, China experienced significant disruptions from nomadic incursions, prompting the construction of defensive structures like the Great Wall. Nomadic raids on agrarian societies in northern China left a lasting impact, shaping the region’s defensive strategies and infrastructure.

Career of Genghis Khan

• Genghis Khan was a great ruler; his talent for inventing new tactics from steppe warfare techniques was the main reason for his remarkable success in battles. The points below describe his achievements.
• Genghis Khan organized the army strictly; he smartly blended tribal skills with military structure,
• Mongol and Turk horse-riding skills provided speed and mobility.
• Regular hunting programs improved archery skills and enhanced the chances of victory.
• Training and preparation involved traveling light and quickly and utilizing knowledge of the terrain.
• Campaigns were conducted even in harsh winters, using frozen rivers as pathways to enemy territories.
• The importance of siege warfare was recognized, leading to the development of light, portable equipment for effective attacks.

Timeline of Genghis Khan

Political Organisation Under Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan allowed his four sons to rule over the newly conquered lands: Jochi, Chaghatai, Ogodei, and Toluy. These territories were called the four ulus, which refers to specific or fixed lands.

The points below specify the political organization under Genghis Khan:

• Genghis Khan conquered much land and wanted his sons to rule together.
• Jochi got Russian lands, with borders that moved depending on where his horses went.
• Chaghatai got lands near his brother, close to the Pamir mountains.
• Ogodei became the Great Khan and made Karakorum his capital.
• Toluy got the original Mongolian lands.
• Each son had military groups from other sons in their territory to show they were a team.
• Important decisions were made together at meetings where everyone had a say

Trade and Communication systems under Genghis Khan

Knowing the details of the communication system and trade under Genghis Khan is very interesting. The detailed information is listed below:

• Genghis Khan had a fast mail system called yam that connected faraway places in his empire.
• Mongol nomads gave some animals to support this mail system. They did this because it helped them in many ways.
• After Genghis Khan’s wars, Europe and China were connected through Mongolia. Trade and travel along the Silk Route became busy under the Mongols, but the route still went up to Mongolia.
• The Mongols gave travelers safe passes to keep communication and travel easy. Traders paid a baj tax to show they accepted the Mongol ruler’s authority.
• Some Mongol leaders wanted to kill all farmers and turn their fields into pastures. But by the 1270s, Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan, protected the farmers and cities.

Military Organisation by the Mongols

Genghis Khan changed the old way of organizing soldiers into groups of 10s, 100s, 1,000s, and 10,000s. He split the old groups and put their members into new army units. No one could leave their assigned group without permission. If they did, they got punished.

Among the Mongols, all the solid and grown-up men had weapons. When needed, they formed the army. These military units had to follow Genghis Khan’s four sons and exceptional leaders called noyans. A group of loyal followers had also been with Genghis Khan through tough times. They became important in the new kingdom, too.

Mongols After Genghis Khan

After Genghis Khan died in 1227, his descendants began to rule. Instead of collective rule, each brother wanted power for themselves. This led to separate dynasties ruling different areas. The consequences after the death of Genghis Khan are described in the points below:

• Some of Genghis Khan’s descendants formed the Yuan and Il-Khanid dynasties in China and Iran.
• Others, like the descendants of Jochi, ruled the Russian steppes in the Golden Horde. Chaghatai’s successors ruled parts of Central Asia and Turkistan.
• Nomadic traditions continued in Central Asia and Russia for a long time, but the descendants of Genghis Khan started to separate into different family groups. This happened because they competed with each other.
• The Toluyid branch, especially, was good at telling their side of the story in history because they controlled Iran and China and had many scholars.

Situating Genghis Khan and Mongols in World History

When Genghis Khan is remembered today, the prevailing images often depict him as a conqueror, responsible for the destruction of cities and the deaths of thousands. Many residents of towns in China, Iran, and eastern Europe during the thirteenth century viewed the Mongol hordes with fear and disdain. However, for the Mongols themselves, Genghis Khan was revered as the greatest leader of all time. He unified the Mongol people, ending internal tribal conflicts and freeing them from Chinese exploitation. Under his leadership, the Mongols experienced prosperity and established a vast transcontinental empire. Genghis Khan’s policies also revitalized trade routes and markets, attracting distant travelers like Marco Polo.

Beyond the perspective of the defeated sedentary peoples, it’s essential to consider the immense size and diversity of the Mongol dominion in the thirteenth century. Despite the varied faiths practiced among the Mongol Khans themselves, they did not allow their personal beliefs to influence public policy. The Mongol rulers embraced a multi-ethnic, multilingual, and multi-religious regime, recruiting administrators and armed contingents from diverse ethnic groups and religions. This pluralistic approach was uncommon for the time and has only recently been studied by historians who recognize the Mongols’ influence on later regimes, such as the Mughals of India.

The nature of the available documentation on the Mongols makes it challenging to fully grasp the inspiration behind the confederation of fragmented groups into a unified empire. However, the legacy of Genghis Khan remained a potent force, influencing subsequent monarchs like Timur, who hesitated to declare himself monarch until he could claim descent from Genghis Khan. Even today, Mongolia, after decades of Soviet control, is redefining its identity as an independent nation. Genghis Khan is now celebrated as a national hero, revered for his achievements, and his memory is mobilized to forge a strong national identity for Mongolia’s future.

Genghis Khan was a prominent leader of the Mongols. He made them stop fighting and brought them wealth by reopening trade routes. Even though Mongol leaders followed different religions, they didn’t let that affect how they ruled. Nowadays, Mongolia is finding its identity again, and Genghis Khan is a big part of that. Other rulers, like the Mughals and Timur, looked up to the Mongols, but some faced problems if they weren’t related to Genghis Khan.

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FAQs Regarding Nomadic Empires | Class 11 History Notes

What was the last nomadic country.

Mongolia’s Steppe is home to one of the last surviving nomadic cultures.

What was the main occupation of nomads?

The main occupations of nomads are salt traders, conjurers, ayurvedic healers, Fortune tellers, snake charmers, tattooists, basketmakers, and many more.

When was Genghis Khan born?

The founder of the nomadic empire, Genghis Khan, was born in 1162 CE.

Who defeated the Mongols?

The Mamluks defeated the Mongols back to Iran and solidified the western Mongol Border.

What are the three types of Nomads?

The three types are Nomadic hunters, Pastoral nomads, and Trader nomads.

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