postgraduate research types

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💡 Taught Masters vs Research Masters:

There are many types of Master’s degrees, and most of these are Taught Masters . In the United Kingdom, such programmes are also called postgraduate taught or PGT for short. They typically require completing a set number of modules and a thesis (also called dissertation), plus sometimes work experience through a placement. The type of dissertation you will undertake will depend on the type of Master’s degree you are enrolled in, and might for example include your own small research project. Most postgraduate taught degrees have these elements of independent work and research to varying extents.

In contrast, a Research Master ’ s degree will focus on, you guessed it, research. In the UK, such programmes are also called postgraduate research or PGR (although this term may also refer to doctorate programmes). Rather than attending classes every semester and completing module assignments, you will need to focus on an independent research project – under supervision, of course. The course will still include a few taught modules, most often on research methodologies, but it will require you to work independently for most of the time.

Master’s degrees in the UK are usually one year full-time or two years part-time, but in other countries the duration may differ.

Remember: A final dissertation will be compulsory for all Master ’ s degrees. However, a dissertation for an MRes will typically be longer than that for an MA or MSc.

Typically, Research Masters will lead to an MRes degree. At some universities, however, you'll instead be awarded an MPhil (Master of Philosophy) or MLitt (Master of Letters). For more information, have a look at our detailed glossary.

🤔 Is a Research Master’s the same as a PhD?

No, a Research Master’s degree is not the same as a PhD. Although for both degrees you will need to complete a dissertation based on an independent research project, there are notable differences:

• The first difference is the duration : A Master’s degree will typically last one to two years, while a PhD usually takes up about three to five years. The research project you’ll undertake during a doctorate degree will therefore be longer and broader than one you would pursue in a Master’s degree.
• As a PhD student, you’re expected to publish research papers in journals before you are awarded your degree. MRes students might occasionally do that during or after their studies, but it’s rarely obligatory.
• As a PhD student, you’ll most often be expected to take on other duties , such as teaching.

If you wish to pursue doctoral research and a career in academia, a research Master’s degree could be a great option for you as it will allow you to get to grips with and gather valuable experience and training on independent research early on in your studies.

👀 Overview: What’s the difference?

There are a few differences between Taught Masters and Research Masters , and not all of them are obvious.

The table below outlines some of the main elements to consider when choosing which of the two degrees to pursue after your Bachelor’s degree:

Study in Europe: Find your Master ’ s degrees

🏛️ Which should you choose?

The choice between a taught Master’s and a research Master’s depends on a few factors.

• First of all, do you enjoy research more than coursework? Then an MRes may be more suitable – but remember that any Master’s degree, especially an MSc, will have a research component.
• Then, it’s crucial to understand how you like to work and study. Do you particularly enjoy working independently? Perhaps then you can consider an MRes. In a taught Master’s, you’ll have a more solid structure, timetables and regular deadlines to keep you on track, but these may not be as readily available during an MRes, so consider which environment you are more likely to thrive in.  
• Another important consideration is what you want to do after your Master’s degree. If you want to enter the labour market immediately, and you are not particularly interested in focusing on research training, then perhaps a taught Master’s degree is more suited.

💸 Is there a difference in fees between Taught and Research Masters?

No, normally, you won’t find a huge difference in tuition fees between taught and research Master’s degrees. Only in some instances, Postgraduate Research Masters tend to be cheaper.

📝 Can I do a PhD after taking a Taught Master’s Degree?

Yes, you can pursue a PhD after any type of Master’s course, provided that you have a degree in a relevant subject. All taught postgraduate degrees involve some independent work and research, especially for your dissertation, which will prepare you for further research should you choose to pursue a PhD.

Some taught Masters require more independent research work than others, particularly when it comes to the dissertation after completing the taught modules. Consult the curriculum or ask admissions staff to get a better idea of what to expect.

While a taught Master’s degree won’t prevent you from doing a PhD further down the line, it’s vital that you have a good idea of what requirements you will have to fulfil in order to be admitted to the PhD, and how you can best prepare.

If you already have a clear idea of what field you’d like to conduct your doctoral research in, you could take advantage of the joint Master’s – PhD programmes on offer at some universities.

These four-year programmes – also called “combined” or “integrated” degrees – offer the chance to complete a Master’s degree in the first year and to progress seamlessly to PhD research in the next three.

Looking for Masters in Europe? Have a look at these English-taught degrees 👀

Author: Claudia Civinini

Claudia has many years of experience as a reporter and writer on international education and student mobility. Originally from Italy, she holds a BA in Communication and Media Studies from the University of Genova; a Graduate Diploma in Education, Secondary Education and Teaching from the Australian Catholic University; and a joint MSc in Educational Neuroscience from UCL and Birkbeck, University of London. Claudia has previously worked as Chief Reporter for the English Language Gazette, as Senior Reporter for the PIE News (Professionals in International Education), and as Reporter for Tes.

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Types of Research – Explained with Examples

• By DiscoverPhDs
• October 2, 2020

Types of Research

Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.

It is a vital tool for scientific advancement because it allows researchers to prove or refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it allows research to be verified and replicated.

Knowing the types of research and what each of them focuses on will allow you to better plan your project, utilises the most appropriate methodologies and techniques and better communicate your findings to other researchers and supervisors.

Classification of Types of Research

There are various types of research that are classified according to their objective, depth of study, analysed data, time required to study the phenomenon and other factors. It’s important to note that a research project will not be limited to one type of research, but will likely use several.

According to its Purpose

Theoretical research.

Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge , regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question.

Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas and the reflection of high-level researchers.

Applied Research

Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine.

This type of research is subdivided into two types:

• Technological applied research : looks towards improving efficiency in a particular productive sector through the improvement of processes or machinery related to said productive processes.
• Scientific applied research : has predictive purposes. Through this type of research design, we can measure certain variables to predict behaviours useful to the goods and services sector, such as consumption patterns and viability of commercial projects.

According to your Depth of Scope

Exploratory research.

Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.

Descriptive Research

The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved.

Explanatory Research

Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.

Correlational Research

The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

According to the Type of Data Used

Qualitative research.

Qualitative methods are often used in the social sciences to collect, compare and interpret information, has a linguistic-semiotic basis and is used in techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records and participant observations.

In order to use statistical methods to validate their results, the observations collected must be evaluated numerically. Qualitative research, however, tends to be subjective, since not all data can be fully controlled. Therefore, this type of research design is better suited to extracting meaning from an event or phenomenon (the ‘why’) than its cause (the ‘how’).

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research study delves into a phenomena through quantitative data collection and using mathematical, statistical and computer-aided tools to measure them . This allows generalised conclusions to be projected over time.

According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variables

Experimental research.

It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method.

Non-Experimental Research

Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research.

Quasi-Experimental Research

It controls only some variables of the phenomenon under investigation and is therefore not entirely experimental. In this case, the study and the focus group cannot be randomly selected, but are chosen from existing groups or populations . This is to ensure the collected data is relevant and that the knowledge, perspectives and opinions of the population can be incorporated into the study.

According to the Type of Inference

Deductive investigation.

In this type of research, reality is explained by general laws that point to certain conclusions; conclusions are expected to be part of the premise of the research problem and considered correct if the premise is valid and the inductive method is applied correctly.

Inductive Research

In this type of research, knowledge is generated from an observation to achieve a generalisation. It is based on the collection of specific data to develop new theories.

Hypothetical-Deductive Investigation

It is based on observing reality to make a hypothesis, then use deduction to obtain a conclusion and finally verify or reject it through experience.

According to the Time in Which it is Carried Out

Longitudinal study (also referred to as diachronic research).

It is the monitoring of the same event, individual or group over a defined period of time. It aims to track changes in a number of variables and see how they evolve over time. It is often used in medical, psychological and social areas .

Cross-Sectional Study (also referred to as Synchronous Research)

Cross-sectional research design is used to observe phenomena, an individual or a group of research subjects at a given time.

According to The Sources of Information

Primary research.

This fundamental research type is defined by the fact that the data is collected directly from the source, that is, it consists of primary, first-hand information.

Secondary research

Unlike primary research, secondary research is developed with information from secondary sources, which are generally based on scientific literature and other documents compiled by another researcher.

According to How the Data is Obtained

Documentary (cabinet).

Documentary research, or secondary sources, is based on a systematic review of existing sources of information on a particular subject. This type of scientific research is commonly used when undertaking literature reviews or producing a case study.

Field research study involves the direct collection of information at the location where the observed phenomenon occurs.

From Laboratory

Laboratory research is carried out in a controlled environment in order to isolate a dependent variable and establish its relationship with other variables through scientific methods.

Mixed-Method: Documentary, Field and/or Laboratory

Mixed research methodologies combine results from both secondary (documentary) sources and primary sources through field or laboratory research.

Multistage sampling is a more complex form of cluster sampling for obtaining sample populations. Learn their pros and cons and how to undertake them.

There are various types of research that are classified by objective, depth of study, analysed data and the time required to study the phenomenon etc.

The scope of the study is defined at the start of the study. It is used by researchers to set the boundaries and limitations within which the research study will be performed.

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• Postgraduate Research

Research degrees explained: what is a research degree?

A postgraduate research degree is a challenge that someone with a passion for their subject will relish.

You'll develop advanced knowledge and make an original contribution to your field of study.  The core of a postgraduate research degree is the successful completion of a research project that makes an original contribution to knowledge in a particular area of study.

Although guided and advised by an expert, a postgraduate researcher takes full responsibility for their work. They will be expected to successfully plan and manage their research project and to deliver on time (and to budget) a thesis of appropriate standard.  An important aspect of a postgraduate research degree is the opportunity for training, not only in specialist research techniques but also in skills relevant to employability and personal development.

The two types of research degrees are:

• Research master's degrees: MPhil (Master of Philosophy) and MRes (Master of Research)
• Doctoral degrees: PhD (Doctor in Philosophy) , MD (Doctor of Medicine) , and various Professional Doctorates

Master of Philosophy (MPhil)

The Master of Philosophy (MPhil) can be thought of as a shorter version of the PhD. It requires the same research skills, training planning, and project management. It can be a way to assess whether you wish to undertake doctoral research - or it can be taken for its own sake.

Master of Research (MRes)

The Master of Research (MRes) degree is a one year full-time or two years part-time master’s degree. The MRes places more emphasis on research skills than a traditional taught master’s degree such as an MA or MSc. For students who wish to proceed to doctoral research, it can be an excellent preparation. It can also be a standalone degree for those who wish to learn research skills, or try themselves out in research.

Doctor in Philosophy (PhD)

The Doctor in Philosophy is the classic doctoral research degree. The word 'philosophy' is used in its original sense – in Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia) translates as "love of wisdom". A doctoral degree is awarded to students that have demonstrated the ability to conceptualise, design, and implement a substantial research project that results in new knowledge, applications, or understanding in their field of study.

There are two main ways of progressing on to PhD study. If you can self-fund or bring your own funding (such as government funding, if you are an overseas applicant) you will generally expect to negotiate the project of your choice with a potential supervisor. Studentship opportunities funded by the University or an external funder such as a Research Council (or both) operate in a more formal way, resembling a job application.

Doctor of Medicine (MD)

The Doctor of Medicine (MD) is a doctoral degree open to medical practitioners (technically, anyone holding a medical qualification registrable with the General Medical Council). It is equivalent in requirements and format to the PhD.

Professional Doctorates

These programmes take several different forms, but have in common the integration of professional and academic knowledge in a qualification which, whilst equivalent in status and challenge to a PhD, is designed for those pursuing professional rather than academic careers.

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Exploring the different types of postgraduate research degrees A comprehensive guide

There are two types of research degrees:

• Doctoral degrees such as PhDs or Professional Doctorates
• Masters research degrees including MRes or MPhil

Below we'll explore each of the different types of research degree to help you decide which is the best fit for you.

Professional Doctorates

Engineering doctorates (engd).

• Master of Research (MRes)

Master of Philosophy (MPhil)

Doctoral degrees.

PhD  stands for 'Doctor of Philosophy'. To be awarded a PhD you must undertake a piece of independent and original research that results in a significant contribution to a field of knowledge in a specific area. You must write a thesis and defend your findings in an oral examination (viva).

Professional Doctorates are equivalent to a PhD and allow working professionals to undertake research focussing on their specific professional context. The courses are typically taught in the first year, with emphasis on research methods and skills, followed by a period of independent research that seeks to develop new knowledge in professional practice within each professional field.

We offer professional doctorates in:

• Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA) : specifically designed for Business and Management professionals. Available part-time, over four years
• Doctor of Information Science (DInfSci) : for professionals in the field of Information Science. Available full-time over three years or part-time over four years
• Doctorate of Education (EdD ): providing the opportunity for educationalists to develop their area of academic expertise by undertaking research that is strongly aligned to roles and practice
• Doctorate of Educational Psychology (DEdPsy) : a flexible research degree designed to meet the needs of practising Educational Psychologists (EPs) with at least one year’s experience in the field

A doctorate in Engineering typically focussed on an industrial problem which is undertaken in conjunction with an industrial partner. The integrated programme of taught courses ensures the development of a practising researcher who can lead and innovate the development of products, processes and services in industry.

We offer Engineering doctorates in:

• Design, manufacturing & engineering management
• Electronic & electrical engineering
• Naval architecture, ocean & marine engineering

Masters research degrees

Master of research (mres) degree.

A Master of Research (MRes) is a Masters degree. It differs from what many people would typically consider a Masters degree to entail in that the student focuses on their own research as opposed to following a taught course.

There is still usually a taught element in an MRes, but the majority of the degree is research-based. 

An MRes is a good option for students looking to train as a researcher in a commercial or industrial setting, or to prepare for a PhD.

Strathclyde offers MRes degrees in:

• Architecture
• Biomedical engineering
• Biofluid mechanics
• Civil & environmental engineering
• Climate change adaptation
• Creative writing
• Geoenvironmental engineering
• Integrated pollution prevention & control
• Journalism, media & communication
• Mathematics & statistics
• Modern languages
• Physical activity for health
• Research methodology for business & management
• Speech & Language Sciences
• Work, employment & organisation

Like an MRes, the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) differs from other Masters degrees in that it's research focused.

One fundamental distinction between an MPhil and an MRes lies in the emphasis placed on the taught component of the degree. The MRes programme is specifically crafted to equip individuals with research skills, thus incorporating a substantial amount of coursework. In contrast, the MPhil primarily centres around an independent research project and typically involves minimal or no formal teaching.

An MPhil can be taken as a standalone degree or incorporated into a full PhD.

View our list of MPhil courses .

Research degrees at a glance

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• Faculty of Engineering
• Biomedical Engineering
• Chemical & Process Engineering
• Civil & Environmental Engineering
• Design, Manufacturing & Engineering Management
• Electronic & Electrical Engineering
• Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
• Naval Architecture, Ocean & Marine Engineering

Humanities & Social Sciences

• Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences
• Centre for Lifelong Learning
• Government & Public Policy
• Psychological Sciences & Health
• Social Work & Social Policy
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• Computer & Information Sciences
• Mathematics & Statistics
• Pure & Applied Chemistry
• Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences
• Strathclyde Business School
• Accounting & Finance
• Hunter Centre for Entrepreneurship
• Management Science
• MBA & General Management
• Strathclyde Executive Education & Development
• Work, Employment & Organisation

What is the difference between a postgraduate taught master’s and a postgraduate research master’s?

Pgce, mres, ma, msc or phd if you’re considering postgraduate study, use this guide to learn the difference between the kinds of postgraduate degrees on offer.

Richard Carruthers

Postgraduate courses come in many formats, ranging from vocational diplomas and certificates through to master’s and doctoral qualifications.

The two most common categories of postgraduate study are postgraduate taught (PGT) courses and postgraduate research (PGR) courses.

As you shop around potential postgraduate courses, you may also come across the PGCE, the LLM, the MRes, the MPhil and the PhD.

But what is the difference between all these acronyms?

Below is a guide explaining the differences between all the postgraduate degrees on offer, including how the application process varies between them.

Postgraduate taught (PGT) courses

Postgraduate taught courses are sometimes called level 7 qualifications and are one of the most common kinds of master’s degrees. When people refer to master’s courses, they usually mean a postgraduate taught course.

These courses are typically one year in duration if studied full-time, or two years if studying part-time.

The course will usually comprise several months of taught classes, much like undergraduate study, followed by an intensive independent research project for the final few months.

These courses have highly specialised content, making them great launchpads for careers where specialist knowledge is required. They are also often used as a stepping stone to more advanced research degrees.

What’s the difference between an MSc and an MA?

Postgraduate taught courses will usually lead to either an MSc or an MA qualification, depending on the subject you choose.

An MSc stands for a “master of science” and will focus on advancing a particular aspect of scientific research across the sciences, engineering, mathematics or a similar field that involves logic, scientific research or numbers.

An MA refers to a “master of arts”, and covers postgraduate taught degrees in the arts and humanities, such as literature, languages, history, cultural studies and some social sciences.

Applying for a postgraduate taught course

To apply for a postgraduate taught course, you will normally be asked to provide transcripts showing your academic performance on your undergraduate degree, a personal statement and a CV.

Your CV should focus on your educational achievements and interests and discuss any project work that shows you have the technical and academic skills needed to be a successful and independent postgraduate student.

Your personal statement can be tackled in a similar way to a cover letter, where you introduce yourself and convey your interest, enthusiasm and motivation to study the subject. It is also advisable to tailor your statement to each course you apply for and to explain your interest in some of the modules offered by that specific course.

It can also be beneficial to demonstrate some thought around where the course will lead you in the future, whether that’s into a new career or towards further study.

With postgraduate taught courses, you often won’t have to submit a research proposal for your research project as part of your application, as the taught elements of the course are meant to help inform your research proposal.

However, some postgraduate master’s courses may ask for you to submit a research proposal or at least have an idea of the topic you want to do your master’s dissertation on, even if this changes later.

Applying to master’s courses is generally done through a decentralised system, meaning you apply individually to each course and university. Each institution will set different entrance and application requirements. Check the exact requirements your course is looking for, and get in touch with the institution’s postgraduate admissions office with any questions.

What are MRes and MPhil degrees?

The MPhil stands for “master of philosophy”. The MRes course option, which is relatively new but has grown in popularity in recent years, stands for a “master of research”.

Much like postgraduate taught courses, both the MPhil and the MRes are technically classified as level 7 qualifications, and typically take one year to complete.

The main difference between an MRes or MPhil and a postgraduate taught course is that MRes and MPhil courses place much more focus on individual research, with as much as 60 per cent to 100 per cent of either degree consisting of a personal research project.

Given the heavy research focus, MRes and MPhil courses tend to contain fewer taught classes, but you will usually receive training in research techniques. As a result of the research focus, an MRes or an MPhil may help prepare a student for a doctoral programme (PGR) or a career that requires specific research skills and techniques.

Applying for an MRes or MPhil course is very similar to applying for a postgraduate taught course, but you may be asked to submit a research proposal as part of your application, so it’s important to have an idea of the kind of research project you would like to pursue.

Doctorate courses

Postgraduate research (PGR) courses are sometimes called level 8 qualifications and usually refer to doctorate courses.

These courses take about three to four years of full-time study to complete, but the exact duration of a doctorate course depends on whether you get involved in teaching, how long your research takes to complete and how long it takes you to write your doctorate thesis.

Successful PhD candidates are awarded doctoral qualifications such as doctor of philosophy (PhD) or doctor of engineering (EngD), depending on their field of research.

Research is the core component of a PhD programme, and you will be expected to produce original work on a specific subject topic, usually in the form of a thesis.

Doctorate qualifications are often a prerequisite for a career as a university academic, researcher or scientist in industry.

Applying for a doctorate (PhD) programme

To apply for a doctorate degree, you’ll need to submit a personal statement and a CV, both providing evidence of your academic experiences and passion for the subject.

Some PhD programmes will expect you to have already completed a postgraduate taught programme, but this isn’t always essential.

For a PhD, you may also be asked to submit a detailed research proposal outlining a specific research question you would like to address, the subject area you will work in, and the approach you would take to solving this.

Your proposal should demonstrate your current knowledge and discuss how your research idea could develop or challenge existing knowledge. You should also mention the potential significance of your research and why it would be a useful contribution to your chosen field.

Usually, you will be expected to apply individually to each PhD programme you’re interested in. Places will usually be dependent on your academic achievements, but also on the funding available in your chosen university department and whether the university can provide an appropriate supervisor.

If you’re considering applying for a PhD, it may be worth contacting academics individually to discuss whether they’d be interested in supervising you and asking about any funding opportunities.

Other postgraduate courses

Aside from the categories discussed above, there are many other classifications of master’s degrees, including postgraduate diplomas and certificates.

Often these lead to a vocational qualification that is used to gain entry to a specific profession.

Examples include the postgraduate certificate of education (PGCE), which leads to a career in teaching, the graduate diploma in law (GDL) or master of law (LLM), which opens the door to the legal professions, or the master of business administration (MBA), which is a common choice for business professionals looking to gain entry to C-suite positions.

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Types of research degrees

What is a research degree?

Research degrees are the highest level of qualification awarded by universities in the UK, and are at level 8 of the   National Qualifications Framework (NQF) . Candidates carry out an independent research project under supervision over an extended period of time, before submitting a thesis or dissertation consisting of original material.

Research degrees offer a challenging and exciting opportunity to work at the cutting-edge of research: if you have these qualities we can offer a rich, dynamic and supportive environment in which to pursue research. At the University of Exeter, research students are supported by our  Doctoral College .

We offer a range of research degrees, including:

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
• Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
• Masters by Research (MbyRes)

Engineering doctorate (EngD)

• Doctor of Medicine (MD)
• Master of Surgery (MS)
• Professional doctorates (such as DClinPGR and EngD)

You can find out about the length of each type of degree on our   degree durations   page.

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) and MPhil (Master of Philosophy)

The MPhil, although a qualification in its own right, is often used as a route to the longer PhD. A PhD is only awarded when the results make an original contribution to knowledge in the field, which is normally assessed by a written thesis and oral examination.

Thesis / PhD by publication

Research degrees usually involve the completion of a written thesis, although alternatives may be allowed where suitable. Alternatives can include the presentation of part or all of the thesis as a multimedia document or a piece of art, or a record of professional practice in the form of a series of case-studies, which must be accompanied by a commentary. If you are interested in completing a thesis by alternative submission please contact the appropriate department to discuss this during the application process. If you publish research you have undertaken during your studies, it may also be possible to include such work in its published form in your thesis.

If you already have a portfolio of suitable quality published work which demonstrates a coherent research direction, you may be eligible for the PhD by Publication. This option reduces the study duration, and you will work with a supervisor to produce an integrating chapter explaining how the publications form a coherent whole.

How long does a PhD take?

A PhD takes three-to-four years when studied for full time, and six-to-seven years when studied for part time. And MPhil takes two-to-three years full time, and four-to-five years part time.

Can I study for a PhD part-time, distance learning or split-site?

In many instances, it's possible to study your PhD in a way that suits you. This may be part-time, around work or childcare, or from a distance. If you have access to appropriate academic facilities, becoming a split-site researcher may be an option. All off-campus research students receive supervision and support from our staff and are normally expected to attend the University for limited periods. 

Further information about   split-site study

Further information about   part-time study

Details of which research degrees offer distance learning or split-site study are on individual research topic pages.

How can I pay for my PhD?

There are many ways to fund a research degree, from full studentships that pay your tuition fee and a significant living stipend, to small grants from educational charities and trusts. You can find out much more about funding your research degree on our regularly-updated  PhD funding pages.

Masters by Research

The MA or MSc by Research lets you obtain a research degree without the commitment of a longer-term PhD. Not to be confused with the taught MRes degree, it’s ideal for people interested in pursuing a specific shorter-term research project, perhaps while working. You will have the option to apply to transfer to an MPhil or PhD.

Professional Doctorates

Professional doctorates combine a significant taught element with production of a research thesis, and are designed to help members of specific professions develop both their academic and professional knowledge (eg educational psychologists, clinical psychologists, teachers and lecturers).

Professional Doctorate, Psychology (DClinPGR)

The Professional Doctorate programmes in Psychology are different from conventional PhDs, which essentially offer training in academic research skills. These programmes all include taught academic and clinical research modules as well as applied psychological practice (DClinPsy and DPPClinPrac) and leadership (DClinPsy and DClinRes). All programmes include a major research project dissertation.  Find out more

An EngD is equivalent in level to a PhD and is awarded for industrially relevant research. The degree provides a vocationally oriented approach to obtaining a doctorate in engineering. You can find out more about the EngD degrees we offer on our  Engineering page.

Doctor of Medicine (MD)/Master of Surgery (MS)

These professional degrees contain no taught element and, like a PhD, are only awarded if an original contribution to knowledge is made. The degrees require a clinical degree or equivalent. Please see our  Healthcare and Medicine page  for further information.

PhD Funding

Doctoral College

Research proposal

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What Is a Postgraduate Degree? Your 2024 Guide

Any degree beyond a bachelor's is typically referred to as a postgraduate (or simply graduate) degree. Learn more about types of postgraduate degrees and whether earning one could impact your career.

Postgraduate degrees are also often simply called “graduate degrees,” a term used to describe master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. According to information from the US Census Bureau, the number of people with postgraduate degrees has more than doubled since 2000, with more than 21 million Americans having a master's degree, and another 4.5 million or more having a doctoral degree [ 1 ]. 

Getting a postgraduate degree may open new career opportunities or increase your earning potential. To help you make the best decision based on your goals and interests, we’ve gathered some key information.

What is a postgraduate degree?

The term “postgraduate degree” covers everything from postgraduate diplomas to master's degrees to doctoral degrees. Essentially, any degree that requires an undergraduate ( bachelor's ) degree as an admissions prerequisite can be considered a postgraduate degree. You might choose to pursue a postgraduate degree for a variety of reasons, including to change career paths , specialize in a highly-technical field, or move into a career in research or education. 

Postgraduate vs. graduate degrees: What’s the difference?

While these can sound like two entirely different terms, they can in fact be used interchangeably. Both refer to degrees that come after a bachelor’s degree, including master’s and PhDs. 

3 types of postgraduate degrees

Pursuing a postgraduate degree can help you gain specialized knowledge, demonstrate your dedication to your field, and even boost your networking capabilities. Postgraduate degrees fall into three main categories: Master’s, professional, and doctoral. Let’s take a closer look at each:

1. Master’s degree

For many students, a master’s degree is typically the next degree pursued after earning a bachelor’s degree. Depending on the university and field of study, you might earn a Master of Arts (MA) or a Master of Science (MS) . You might also find more specialized master’s degrees. Popular options include: 

Master of Business Administration (MBA): Business was the most common field of study for master’s degrees conferred in the 2020-2021 school year, according to the latest data from the National Center for Education Statistics [ 2 ]. Earning an MBA could be useful if you want to work in sales, finance, marketing, accounting, or supply chain management.

Master of Public Health (MPH): Many MPH programs focus on approaches to building healthier communities through public policy. Depending on the program you choose, you may be able to specialize in areas like epidemiology, occupational health, global health, health data analysis, or nutrition. 

Master of Social Work (MSW): If you’re interested in a career as a licensed social worker, you’ll first need to earn an MSW degree from an accredited program. Some programs focus on clinical social work—working directly with clients—while others focus on social work as it relates to community organizing or advocacy. 

Master of Fine Arts (MFA): Many artistic media fall into this category. Earning an MFA might mean undergoing an in-depth study of creative writing, painting, sculpture, photography, or theater. 

Read more: MA vs. MS Degree

What is a professional degree?

Professional degrees are master’s or doctoral programs designed to prepare you for specific career fields. Common examples include master’s degrees (like the Master of Architecture, or MArch), as well as doctorate degrees, like the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Juris Doctor (JD), Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), or Doctor of Dental Science (DDS).

2. Doctoral degrees

Doctoral degree programs are the highest academic degree you can earn. Common examples include PhDs and professional doctorates like Doctor of Education or Doctor of Nursing.

3. Postgraduate diploma or certificate

Universities sometimes award postgraduate diplomas or certificates (sometimes called graduate certificates ) as a shorter alternative to master’s degrees. Both can demonstrate to potential employers that you’ve gained advanced skills in a specific area of study, which could make you a more competitive job candidate.

Admissions requirements for postgraduate degree programs

One of the biggest requirements for admission to a postgraduate degree program is already having a bachelor’s degree. There are a few exceptions. For example, a bachelor’s degree/Juris doctorate (law degree) accelerated program may allow you to apply and enroll in law school before completing your undergraduate requirements. 

The typical prerequisites for advanced degree program admissions vary depending on the type of degree you’re seeking. Consider the following: 

For a master’s degree, you'll need to graduate from an accredited college or university. You may also need to take the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT), provide letters of recommendation, write a personal statement, and provide an academic writing sample.

For a professional degree, you typically need to provide your transcripts, take a standardized admissions test like the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), provide letters of recommendation, and write a personal statement. 

For a doctoral degree, you'll need a bachelor's degree and a master's degree from an accredited educational institution. You'll also need to submit references and a personal essay in addition to meeting minimum GPA requirements.

Read more: How to Ask for a Letter of Recommendation (Template + Tips)

How long does a postgraduate degree take?

The amount of time it might take you to earn your postgraduate degree can vary widely depending on a variety of factors. The first consideration is the type of degree you’re pursuing. The average amount of time for earning a master’s degree is 1.5 to two years while the average time it takes to earn a doctoral degree is anywhere from four to six years. Postgraduate diplomas and certificates can take as little as a year to complete.  

The type of advanced degree isn’t the only factor that can affect how long it takes to earn a postgraduate degree. Other notable factors include: 

Whether you attend full-time or part-time

Whether you decide to take time off to gain professional experience or to earn additional money to continue your schooling

Whether you pursue online courses or additional courses between semesters, which may help you graduate faster

Whether you have access to an accelerated degree program or an opportunity to earn micro-credentials, which allow you to earn certificates that you can stack toward your advanced degree

Whether you’ve got ample support from academic advisors and mentors, which can help you complete your schooling faster, particularly in PhD programs

Is earning a postgraduate degree worth it?

If you're wondering if getting a postgraduate degree is right for you, it helps to ask yourself a few questions. There’s no one right approach to a postgraduate education, because it depends on so many factors, most of which are personal to your specific situation. Pursuing a postgraduate degree requires you to make a significant investment of time and money. To evaluate if it might be worth it for you, consider these four questions:

Does it fit your career goals? Not every job and role requires an advanced degree. More importantly, if you're considering a career that does require one, will you be happy with the day-to-day activities, responsibilities, and hours? Take some time to shadow professionals or conduct an informational interview to get a solid feeling for the role you're considering, and to make sure you're choosing a career that will be fulfilling.

What's the earning potential? Graduate school may require you to take out significant loans. To decide if it's worth it, consider whether you'll be ultimately earning enough once you're working to make that debt worth it. Research average starting salaries and job opportunities to inform your choice.

Will it increase your networking opportunities? By enrolling in a postgraduate program, you can sharpen the necessary skills in your field of study with hands-on experience. Additionally, the relationships you create with key industry professionals could help you throughout the rest of your career.

Are there alternatives that might be a better fit? While a postgraduate degree might be the right choice for one person, a professional certification or online course might be a better option for someone else. Look at some job descriptions on sites like LinkedIn to see what common requirements are for the jobs you’re interested in, and let that guide your decision on where to invest your time and effort.

Read more: How to Pay for Graduate School: 8 Ways

How a postgraduate degree may impact earning potential

Many advanced degrees open the door to possibly earning higher salaries, but just as the job outlook varies from job to job, so does your earning potential. Research from the BLS reveals that earnings are highest among people with a master's degree, professional degree, or doctoral degree [ 3 ]. 

According to that data, if you have a bachelor's degree you can expect to earn a median weekly salary of $1,432. With a master's degree, that increases to $1,661. Doctoral degrees and professional degrees are close in earnings potential. If you have a doctoral degree, the median weekly earnings is $2,083, while the median weekly earnings, if you have a professional degree, is $2,080.

*Data adapted from the BLS Current Population Survey [ 3 ]

As you consider the types of postgraduate degrees you might pursue, browse degrees from top universities available on Coursera, including bachelor's and master's degrees , as well as graduate certificates and diplomas in fields like computer science, machine learning, data analytics, and strategic leadership and management.

Article sources

United States Census Bureau. “ Number of People With Master’s and Doctoral Degrees Doubles Since 2000 , https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/02/number-of-people-with-masters-and-phd-degrees-double-since-2000.html.” Accessed June 1, 2023.

National Center for Education Statistics. “ Master's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected years, 1970-71 through 2018-19 , https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_323.10.asp.” Accessed June 1, 2023.

US Bureau of Labor Statistics. “ Education pays, 2020 , https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2023/data-on-display/education-pays.htm.” Accessed June 1, 2023.

Keep reading

Coursera staff.

Editorial Team

Coursera’s editorial team is comprised of highly experienced professional editors, writers, and fact...

This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.

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Postgraduate Research Degree Types

• How to Find Funding for a PhD
• PhD Application Process
• How to Write a Research Proposal
• Find a PhD Supervisor
• Explore Research Areas

WHAT IS A POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH DEGREE? 

As part of the Russell Group, Queen’s University is proud to be one of the UK’s leading research universities, offering postgraduate research opportunities across all fields of study. 

A research degree offers you the opportunity to gain in-depth, specialised knowledge in an original research project, guided by a supervisory team, which culminates in the presentation of a thesis which you defend in an oral examination.  

During your studies you will also develop research, personal and professional development skills that will support future careers within academia, industry, or the public sector.  

Discover the research degree that is right for you and your career ambitions below. 

TYPES OF RESEARCH DEGREES 

Master of research (mres).

MRes qualifications are different to other types of master’s degrees as they have a greater focus on research and independent learning which allows for greater flexibility in how you choose to complete your degree. MRes degrees are perfect for students interested in doctoral study but want to get a taste of what it is like before committing to a PhD.   

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (MPHIL)

MPhil qualifications are typically shorter than a PhD but are completed to the same academic quality. Our students will often study an MPhil for around two years full-time, whereas a PhD could be three or four years full-time. Where appropriate, completing an MPhil qualification may be followed by registration for a PhD.   

DOCTOR OF MEDICINE (MD)

MD research programmes typically last two to three years here at Queen’s and result in an award of recognition in areas of medicine such as Cancer Research, Experimental Medicine, Public Health, and Medical Education.   

Find out more about our MD programme here

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD)

PhDs typically last between three and four years full-time, and most of that time will be spent on independent research.   

Students must demonstrate their ability to apply appropriate research methods to a specialist topic and display a critical understanding of key issues and debates in their chosen field. Students are also expected to complete an oral exam (often referred to as viva voce) where they present their work in front of a panel of experts to justify why the thesis makes a valuable contribution to the field.   

PROFESSIONAL DOCTORATES

Professional doctorates and Integrated PhDs comprise taught and research components. At Queen’s, we offer the following Professional Doctorates:   

• Clinical Psychology (DClinPsych)  
• Educational, Child and Adolescent Psychology (DECAP)  

CENTRES FOR DOCTORAL TRAINING (CDT) PHD

Doctoral training programmes typically last three or four years full-time and combine taught courses with a programme of supervised research leading to the production of the doctoral research project.  

Find out more about Doctoral Training Programmes        

PHD BY PUBLISHED WORKS 

The submission for the PhD by Published Works includes a copy of works published within the 10-year period prior to submission; and a critical analysis comprising a statement of the contribution of the work to the advancement of the field of study, a critical account of its significance, an explanation of the inter-relationship between the material presented, and a critical appraisal and discussion of the corpus.

Registration is typically on a part-time basis, under the direction of an adviser appointed by the University. You will be expected to submit your published works, with a 10,000-word critical analysis, within one year.   You need to be an academic member of staff at Queen’s with a minimum of one year of service to apply for a PhD by Published Works.  

Application forms are available from the Admissions and Access Service (email:  [email protected] , tel;  +44 (0) 28 9097 3004.)

HIGHER DOCTORATES

Higher Doctorates are awarded to students who have demonstrated a contribution of originality and merit to their field of study; a sustained, consistent and substantial contribution to the advancement of knowledge over a number of years; an authoritative standing in the field of study; and seminal publications which have led to extensions or the development of knowledge by others.

The submission includes a copy of the published works and a summary document incorporating a research record and outlining research interests and achievement through reference to selected publications.

To apply for this program, you must have a significant link to the University, usually as a graduate or current academic staff member. It is expected that applicants will also have a minimum of 10 years of research experience at a postdoctoral level. Registration is normally on a part-time basis. You will be expected to submit a copy of the published works and a 3,000 word summary document, within one year. Applicants should contact the relevant School for further information.

Still have some questions?

If the above has not answered all your questions or worries, here are some of the most common questions we get asked about doing a PhD.

You may be permitted to carry out some of your research away from Queen’s.

You will need to satisfy the University that you will maintain appropriate contact with your supervisor, and have access to appropriate facilities, during any periods spent away, and you may be required to spend a specified period in residence at the University.

You will be subject to the University’s normal training and monitoring requirements.

Yes, many students choose to study part-time, particularly when they are self-funded. It is likely that the majority of funded PhD positions will require full-time commitment. Most international students are required to study full-time on their Tier 4 visa.

The development of transferable skills is an integral part of the experience of being a postgraduate research student.

The Postgraduate Development Programme led by The Graduate School offers you a choice of training courses and development activities aimed at providing you with the skills to complete your higher degree and enhance your employability. The funding bodies for postgraduates consider the development of these skills as an essential part of training for careers both in academic and non-academic work environments.

The courses offered in the Development Programme supplement those provided by Schools and are available to all research students.

Funding is available for student-led initiatives. These are activities developed and delivered by postgraduate students for postgraduate students. These initiatives can involve organising a conference, research seminar or some other research event.

To date, these initiatives have proven to be very effective in encouraging students to identify their skills requirements and develop their own training.

Postgraduate Development Programme

• Schools & departments

Types of degree

Our three postgraduate research programmes are: Population Health Sciences, Global Health and Medical Informatics. We offer PhD/MPhil/MD/MSc by Research.

Research degrees can be undertaken part-time or full-time. Degrees offered by the Usher Institute, and supervised by academic members of staff within the Usher Institute, form part of either the postgraduate research programme in Population Health Sciences, in Global Health or in Medical Informatics.

Details on eligibility for these programmes are given at:

Postgraduate research programme in Population Health Sciences (PHS)

Postgraduate research programme in Global Health (GH)

Postgraduate research programme in Medical Informatics (MI)

The following degrees are offered:

• PhD   Candidates for the degree of PhD pursue a research project, under the supervision of one or more members of the Usher Institute academic research staff (perhaps also including as supervisors staff of an associated research units or institutions within the University, or within an external collaborating institution). The period of study is 36 months if studying full-time, or 72 months if studying part-time. The outcome of the research is a thesis written by the candidate, and the doctorate is awarded if the thesis is judged to be of an appropriate standard, and the research makes a definite contribution to knowledge.
• MPhil   Candidates for the degree of MPhil by thesis pursue a research project under broadly the same conditions as those applying to PhD candidates, except that the period of study is 24 months full time or 60 months part-time, with appropriate reduction to the scale/scope of the research undertaken.
• MSc by Research   The programme of study for MSc by Research is tailored to an individual student's requirements and in the Usher Institute typically comprises research training and a supervised dissertation. The period of study is normally 12 months full-time or 36 months part-time.

In many cases individual supervision with respect to the research project is supplemented by selected modules of the taught Master of Public Health programme and/or by other training courses.

Taught Master of Public Health programme

Types of courses

King's offers an extensive range of postgraduate-level qualifications. Our courses encompass pioneering research and world-class teaching and takes traditional subjects forward through interdisciplinary approaches such as business and cultural links, and the use of digital tools in the humanities.

Whatever your reasons, King's offers an extensive range of postgraduate research qualifications. 

Studying for a research degree

Phd and mphil.

Increasingly, a PhD is recognised as the first step in an academic research career and as a qualification valued in many professional areas as an indication of academic excellence and high level skills. Our PhD courses provide you with a unique and academically rigorous experience whilst equipping you with the skills you need for your chosen career. We aim to have an appropriate research supervisory framework, together with training and development to support you throughout your PhD so that you can get the most from our postgraduate community.

Whether you study full or part-time, your PhD will require enormous commitment from both you and King’s: we therefore strongly encourage you to contact the department or research division in which you wish to study, and discuss your research aims in-depth, before you apply.

All students register initially for the MPhil course and are then permitted upgrade to the PhD course usually within three to five terms of work. To achieve upgrade:

Submit at least two substantial pieces of written work (thesis chapters)

Presenting an aspect of the research at a seminar

Succeed at upgrade interview.

Usually this means that a student registering on to the MPhil/PhD will aim to complete their PhD within three to four years (if full time).

Professional doctorates

If you want to continue your postgraduate study to doctoral level, have a master’s level qualification and several years’ professional experience, one of our professional doctorates will allow you to enhance and integrate your professional practice with academic work. Academically equivalent in level to a traditional PhD, King's currently offers:

DClinPsy Specialist Doctorate in Clinical Psychology

Professional doctorates vary in length and study mode, but last a minimum of three years. All except the DClinPsy are studied part-time.

Please browse our  postgraduate research courses for more information about the individual programmes offered at King's.

The MD(Res) degree is aimed specifically at students in clinical practice, undertaking research in any branch of medicine, or surgery or medical science, within King's.

As with other research degrees, the MD(Res) is assessed on the basis of the submission of a thesis, however, there is the option for King’s students to submit the thesis in the form of a series of publications, supplemented by an introduction and conclusion. Students wishing to opt for this format would need to specify this prior to registration.

Please browse our postgraduate research courses for more information.

The Department of Philosophy offers MPhilStud for students who have an undergraduate degree in which philosophy was a major component and who want to research further.

The MPhilStud lasts for two years full-time (between three and four years part time), and involves studying three areas of philosophy in depth.

Joint / Dual PhD

King’s partnerships with world-leading international universities provide a number of joint PhD courses. These enable research students to embark on joint degrees (conferred by both institutions) that considerably enhance their research and employment opportunities on an international scale. Students are registered at both institutions and usually divide their study period equally.

A list of current courses and frequently asked questions can be found on the King’s Worldwide webpages.

You can also browse our postgraduate research courses for more information on application procedures for these programmes.

Study options

Our postgraduate courses are as flexible as possible and, where appropriate, are timetabled on a particular day or days so you can plan attendance to fit in with other commitments.

Start dates

It is possible to start a PhD at different points throughout the year although most students start in the autumn.

Full-time courses

Full-time PhD degrees generally extend for three years, with some disciplines offering four-year courses.

Part-time courses

Part-time courses generally last twice as long as the full-time equivalent. Some postgraduate courses run in the early evening. Please browse our postgraduate research courses to find out if a course is available part-time, and/or by distance learning.

Distance and e-learning

King's also runs distance and e-courses in: 

• War Studies

Many courses at postgraduate level include an element of blended learning to aid study. Please browse our postgraduate research courses for more information on study mode, and the format and assessment of each course.

More about Postgraduate Research

Postgraduate entry requirements

Find out more about entry requirements for our postgraduate courses.

Funding & Scholarships

Discover our range of postgraduate research funding opportunities.

Disabled applicants

Find out what support is available for disabled applicants.

Visiting research and experience students

Find out about visiting research or experience students at King's.

Postgraduate research degrees

Our research is driven by the big picture. The University of Sydney is home to leading researchers who are finding solutions to the world's most pressing issues by changing the way they look at them. 

We are home to 90 world‑renowned multidisciplinary research and teaching centres that tackle some of the world’s biggest challenges, such as health, climate change and food security. These centres include the Charles Perkins Centre, the Brain and Mind Centre ,  The University of Sydney Nano Institute , the Sydney Policy Lab , the Sydney Environment Institute , and the Sydney Southeast Asia Centre .

Our interdisciplinary approach means that students are part of a community of scholars that unites experts in fields as diverse as medicine, arts, social sciences, engineering, information technologies and science. 

As a researcher at Sydney, you'll work alongside some of the world's brightest and most accomplished academics. You can access high-calibre facilities and unique international partnerships with top-ranked institutions, including Stanford, UCLA, the University of Edinburgh, Utrecht University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and the University of Hong Kong.

Types of research degrees

Master's degree by research.

A master's degree by research at Sydney:

• is the second-highest qualification on the Australian Qualifications Framework
• can be a gateway to study at a PhD level
• is usually one to two years full-time or two to four years part-time*
• is awarded based on a supervised thesis, which makes a substantial contribution to the knowledge of the subject concerned.

*Part-time is not available to international student visa holders.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A PhD at Sydney:

• is our premier research award and the highest qualification on the Australian Qualifications Framework
• comprises of independent research and writing on an approved topic toward a thesis for examination
• may be undertaken in all faculties and divisions, or across disciplines
• is usually 3.5 years of full-time or seven years of part-time* study.

If you’re interested in a Joint PhD program, you need to follow the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) application steps 1-3. In addition, your proposed supervisor will need to complete a proposal to negotiate a student agreement form. If accepted, you will also be required to sign an individual student agreement. After your student agreement is finalised, you will then be sent an application form for the Joint PhD program.

Please refer to the University's Dual and Joint Degree Policy for full policy details.

Download our  Joint PhD programs factsheet (pdf, 116KB)  to learn more.

Professional doctorate

A professional doctorate at Sydney:

• allows candidates to pursue rigorous scholarship alongside advancing their practice in many fields
• is usually three to four years of full-time or six to eight years of part-time* study.

Internship opportunities

Grow professionally and academically through a paid 3-6 month internship with an industry partner as you complete your degree.

The University of Sydney has partnered with  Australian Postgraduate Research Intern (APR.Intern)  to provide domestic and international HDR students with internship opportunities  in a range of sectors and disciplines.

A paid internship will allow you to:

• Develop competencies that will contribute to your research
• Gain industry experience, develop skills and build networks
• Enhance your employability
• Earn additional income

HDR coursework 

HDR coursework is mandatory for some of our research degrees. HDR coursework adds to your researcher toolkit so you can graduate with a robust set of skills, for a career in academia or industry.

Your faculty may elect to define certain units of study as mandatory for a given degree, or define any other studies as required by the progress evaluation panel of the research project. Refer to the relevant course in the  handbook .  

Frequently asked questions

Getting started, do i need prior research experience.

Yes, all HDR courses require prior research experience. This is because HDR courses are largely self-driven, requiring pre-requisite research, time and project management skills.

If I have no prior research experience how can I get started?

If you do not have any previous research experience, there are ways to gain what you need. Both the one-year honours and masters by coursework degrees containing substantial research components are great pathways into research. These courses will allow you to gain the research skills necessary to apply for the PhD.

What is the difference between a Master of Philosophy/Research and a PhD?

The PhD is our premier research award and the highest qualification on the Australian Qualifications Framework. The PhD is usually three years full-time or six years part-time.

The Master of Philosophy/Research is usually one to two years full-time or four years part-time (part-time is available to domestic students only). A PhD thesis is generally around 80,000 words while a master’s thesis is 50,000 words.

How do I find a supervisor?

To browse through the profiles of our researchers and learn about their current and past research, please refer to Find a Researcher . Here, you will also be able to access the publications lists and contact details of our researchers. 

My research idea crosses two disciplines – is this a problem?

No. Interdisciplinary research is highly regarded in the world of academia and working across disciplines can be very beneficial in developing and demonstrating different analytical skills. Working on research from two perspectives can also offer insight that you would not be able to achieve from one discipline perspective.

What are the English language requirements for a PhD?

Please check your  course page  for the requirements of each course. Generally, the English requirements are between 6.0 to 7.0 IELTS overall or equivalent in other accepted English proficiency tests.

How much do HDR courses cost?

There are no course fees for domestic students – fees are covered by the government Research Training Program (RTP) fee offset. However, fees apply to international students. Please refer to the  course page  for fee details.

What scholarships are available?

We have one of the largest research schemes in Australia. Opportunities include the Australian government-funded Research Training Program (RTP) stipend scholarships, and the University of Sydney and faculty-specific awards. Explore your options .

Degree progression

Do i have to undertake hdr coursework.

It depends on your degree. Your faculty may define certain units of study as mandatory for a given degree. Where this is not the case, you may still have the opportunity to complete units of study that you find useful to support your learning and research. 

Can I transfer from the Master of Philosophy into a PhD?

It is possible for students to move to the PhD after the first year of study, if you have made satisfactory progress and if the transfer is approved by your Faculty. It is important to inform your supervisor of your plans early so that you can work on a timeline together to achieve this goal.

Support during your studies

Am i able to work while studying my hdr course full-time.

Yes, you can work during your PhD. How many hours you take on is at your own discretion, and you must ensure that you still allow time for the completion of your research. International HDR students can generally work more hours than coursework students. Please check your individual visa for specific restrictions.

Will the university employ me during my PhD?

There are sometimes opportunities for PhD candidates to engage in paid employment at the University, but this is not guaranteed and is dependent on the Faculty/Department. If opportunities do arise, they may be in the form of teaching, marking, acting as a research assistant, or other roles.

What support services are available to research students?

There is extensive support for research students at Sydney, including 100+ multidisciplinary research and teaching centres.

Other services:

• Library workshops for research skills
• Academic Liasion Librarians
• Research Support Officers
• Careers Centre
• Sydney University Postgraduate Representative Association (SUPRA)
• Learning Hub

How to apply

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• Postgraduate research
• Types of research degree

Types of Research Degree

Are you ready to take your studies to the highest level? We offer traditional PhDs, PhDs by Published Work, and Professional Doctorates. You can study for your research degree either full time or part time and, in many cases, by distance learning. There may also be an option for a bursary.

To register for a PhD with us, you’ll typically need both undergraduate and master’s degree qualifications. However, this is not always the case, and we will also consider appropriate research or professional experience.

Traditional PhDs

We offer traditional PhDs where you undertake an in-depth research project while working alongside a supervision team. They are usually self-funded, but funded PhD studentships may be available for some new doctoral research projects. These will be advertised at  jobs.staffs.ac.uk  as they become available.

Before you apply, please check the  postgraduate research courses  to see if we can offer doctoral supervision in the area you wish to research, or look through our ready to go PhD projects to see if any of these appeal to your interests. You can then complete a  PhD enquiry form  to give us a little more detail about your proposed project. We’ll only offer a research degree where we have relevant expertise to ensure you get the right academic support in your area of interest.

Professional Doctorates 

Professional Doctorates are designed to develop research and professional skills related to professional practice. They combine taught modules with an in-depth research project. Work must demonstrate an original contribution to knowledge within your profession.

We offer Professional Doctorates in:

• Health Psychology
• Clinical Psychology
• Healthcare Science
• Doctor of Education (EdD)
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

To register for a programme of doctoral research, please see the information on our  Professional Doctorate course  pages.

PhDs by Published Work

A PhD by Published Work allows you to apply for a research degree based on work you have already had published or exhibited. This can include edited texts, creative works or collections of artefacts that you have exhibited in public.

Your application should include a list of your Published Works that form the basis of your proposed PhD, along with a statement on how they will contribute to knowledge and when your research was carried out. Please contact  [email protected]  for more information on how to apply.

Once you know which programme of study you want to follow, the next step is to start your application.

Postgraduate research and Doctoral courses

Find out more about our Professional Doctorates, which combine taught modules with in-depth research. The research skills gained will inform your future professional practice.

Current PhD opportunities

See our wide range of PhD opportunities and topics. They include self-funded PhDs and those offered through fully-funded scholarships.

How to apply

Follow our step-by-step guide to applying for a research degree with us. It will help us ensure you get the right support in your specialist area.

Fees and funding

Find out more about the support available to help fund your studies. Options include Doctoral Loans. You can also see a breakdown of our course fees.

Make an enquiry

Start your postgraduate career by completing our enquiry form. We'll put you in touch with a member of staff to have an informal conversation about your proposed research and qualifications.

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Research programmes.

Join over 3,500 postgraduate researchers from all over the world. Our community is the perfect place to start your research journey.

Research at Bristol

Bristol was ranked 5th in the UK for research and is home to world-changing research across many fields ( THE analysis of REF 2021). We welcome students from across the globe and offer a supportive community with significant opportunities for professional development. Find out more about research at Bristol.

Applying to Bristol

Things are a little different when you apply to study a postgraduate research degree, so we recommend familiarising yourself with the application process by reading our  how to apply pages early in your journey.

It is also a good idea to find a suitable supervisor and contact them before you start your application. Depending on your research area, you may need to name a proposed supervisor in your application. Specific advice relating to supervision and applications is available on the programme webpage, which you can visit using our online programme finder.

Programme finder

Bristol Postgraduate Research Scholarships

Applications are open for 2024 entry. Scholarships cover full fees and an annual stipend. Find out more.

My MSc and PhD at Bristol have made me an excellent thinker and improved both my team and independent working skills.

Bristol Doctoral College

‌The Bristol Doctoral College provides a home for all postgraduate research students and a wealth of funding advice, skills training and researcher development.

Call us : +88 (0) 1712969390, +44 (0) 7495942849, +44 (0) 7459725824

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• Study Guide

13 July, 2023

5 mins min read

Postgraduate Research course

UK universities offer Postgraduate Research (PGR) courses at both master’s level and doctorate level. A Postgraduate Research (PGR) course qualifies students with a research-based higher degree. A PGR programme comprising a research component (including a requirement to produce original work) which is larger in terms of student effort than any accompanying taught component.

PGR degrees give you the opportunity for more independent study, with the chance to focus on more detailed research or projects. You will receive support and guidance from an expert supervisor throughout the course, but the focus of your programme will be on your own research work.

Usually, a UK Postgraduate Research master’s degree takes 1 year full-time study while a UK Postgraduate Research doctorate degree takes 3 to 4 years full-time study to complete. PGR masters are RQF level 7 while PGR doctorate courses are RQF level 8 qualifications.

Regular intakes at UK universities to study a PGR course are September and January. However, many UK universities have interim intakes and a few universities allow students to start it anytime of the year if an appropriate supervisor is available.

Types of Postgraduate Research (PGR) courses taken by international students include:

• MAD (Master of Arts by Dissertation)
• MPhil (Master of Philosophy)
• MRes (Master of Research)
• MSD (Master of Science by Dissertation)
• MD (Doctor of Medicine)
• MLitt (Master of Letters)
• BusD (Doctor of Business)
• DBA (Doctor of Business Administration)
• DBMS (Doctor of Biomedical Science)
• DSW (Doctor of Social Work)
• DClinPsy (Doctor of Clinical Psychology)
• EdD (Doctor of Education)
• EngD (Doctor of Engineering)
• DHSci (Doctor of Health Science)
• DHSC (Doctor of Health and Social Care)
• DPharm (Doctor of Pharmacy)
• DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy)
• PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)
• DProf (Doctor of Professional Studies)
• DrPH (Doctor of Public Health)
• LLD (Doctor of Laws)
• VetMD (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine)
• Integrated Doctorate (1+3: MPhil + PhD/DPhil)

Study in the UK – Key Information

Academic level Level 7 to Level 8

Qualification type Postgraduate Taught course

Study mode Full-time, part-time or on-line

Duration 1 year to 4 years

Intakes Throughout the year*

Scholarship Yes*

Study in the UK – submit admission inquiry

Why choose total student care (tsc) to study in the uk.

Total Student Care is an award winning education agent and UK university admission expert. We take your stress to make you happy and we are widely known for providing total student care.

• Offering 15,000+ courses at 100+ study locations
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• Helping students from any country, on-line and off-line
• Providing end-to-end services, almost 24/7
• Maintaining 99% visa success rate
• Equipping 15+ years accumulative admission experience

Most popular postgraduate research degree courses

Postgraduate taught master’s degrees can be studied in host of subject areas, depending on your previous study area and/or work experience. International students most popular choices for master’s course in the UK include:

• African Studies
• Agriculture
• Anthropology
• Arabic & Islamic Studies
• Archaeology
• Architecture
• Arts & Humanities
• Biochemistry
• Business Studies
• Business Administration
• Biological Science
• Biomedical Science
• Cancer Biology
• Child Psychology
• Clinical Psychology
• Computer Science
• Counselling
• Criminology
• Data Science
• Development Studies
• Earth Science
• Engineering
• Environment
• Film Studies
• Food Security
• Gender Studies
• Health Studies
• Health Economics
• History &Cultures
• Global Studies
• Information Security
• International Development
• International Studies
• Law & Legal Studies
• Linguistics
• Management Studies
• Mathematics
• Marine Science
• Media Studies
• Medical Science
• Mental Health
• Microbiology
• Modern Languages
• Molecular Genetics
• Musculoskeletal Biology
• Neurological Science
• Performing Arts
• Public Health
• Social Work
• Sociology and Social Policy
• Speech & Language Therapy
• Sport & Exercise
• Theology & Religion
• War Studies
• Work, Employment & Organisation

Postgraduate Research (PGR) course duration

Most of the universities offer some scholarship ranging from GBP 500 to GBP 5000 which will reduce tuition fee cost.

Postgraduate Research (PGR) course tuition fees

Tuition fees guide for Postgraduate Research (PGR) course in the UK

* Laboratory based courses, bench fees, clinical courses, Russell Group universities etc.

Progression Route

Further Postgraduate Research (PGR) degree, progress to academic career as senior research fellow, associate or professor, senior researcher position, laboratory management position, scientist or research analyst with research councils or organisations

12 main reasons to study a Postgraduate Research (PGR) course in the UK for international students

An undergraduate bachelor degree is your first university degree to become a graduate. The benefits of studying a bachelor degree in the UK include:

• In a research master’s course you can specialise on one topic that interests you most
• A research master’s course will give you a headstart for your doctorate course with detailed insights of your research area
• Research courses will develop your ability to search for, locate, extract, analyse, interpret, review, organise and evaluate data and information methodically
• You will gain investigative, application of logic, critical thinking, analytical techniques, questioning, forming hypotheses, finding solutions transferrable skills
• Research students develop excellent team-working, time maintenance, entrepreneurial, leadership professional and communication soft skills
• You will get to practice ethical issues, originality, accountability, transparency, responsibilities in your work
• With a doctorate degree, you will be entitled to use ‘Dr’ title before your name
• A doctorate degree will make you an elite member of worldwide scholarly community and set professional network hubs for you
• International students will be able to bring their dependants in the UK when studying a research master’s or a doctorate course
• Research students will have great chance to work as research assistants while studying and potential job offer at university after completion
• You will get the right of 2 years graduate visa with a research master’s degree and 3 years with a research doctorate degree
• A research degree will be a valuable passport to enter into highly skilled work visa in the UK and highly demanding jobs internationally

Want to study Postgraduate research course in the UK?

Check your admission eligibility for a postgraduate course in the UK

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)s

Q what is an mad/msd (masters by dissertation) course.

A An MRes is a RQF level 7 Postgraduate Research master’s course and requires to present the results of research carried out during the approved period of study and should demonstrate advanced understanding of the area of study. The course does not have any taught components like regular taught masters. In An MAD/MSD course, you’ll conduct independent research which you will then write up a dissertation, present and defend it in an oral examination, viva voce.

Q What is an MRes (Master by Research) course?

A An MRes is a RQF level 7 Postgraduate Research master’s course and involves undertaking a research project at Master’s level but places more emphasis on research skills than a traditional taught master’s degree. For students who wish to proceed to doctoral research, MRes study can be an excellent preparation for them. In An MRes course, you’ll conduct independent research which you will then write up as a thesis and present in an oral examination - also known as viva voce.

Q What is an MPhil (Master of Philosophy) course?

A An MPhil is a RQF level 7 Postgraduate Research master’s course which is considered as precursor of the PhD. It is normally a full-time one year course, can be studied as a stand-alone course or as part of an integrated doctorate course. In an MPhil course you will need to critically investigate and evaluate an approved topic, write a thesis and then present and defend this thesis by viva voce.

Q What is a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) course?

A A PhD also known as DPhil is a RQF level 8 Postgraduate Research doctorate course and considered as the highest level of degree that a student can achieve. It is normally a full time three year course in the UK. Students studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a thesis, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the viva voce examination. On completion of a PhD degree, you will be entitled to use ‘Dr’ title before your name.

Q What are DProf (Professional Doctorate) courses?

A Professional Doctorate courses are Postgraduate Research degrees at RQF level 8. These programmes take several different forms, but have in common the integration of professional and academic knowledge in a qualification which, whilst equivalent in status and challenge to a PhD, is designed for those pursuing professional rather than academic careers. In DProf courses, you will require to submit a thesis and defend it in viva voce examination. Like a PhD graduate, you can use ‘Dr’ title once you qualify with a professional doctorate course.

Q What is a PhD by publication?

A A PhD by publication is a postgraduate research degree that's based on research you've already undertaken over a significant period of time (at least five to ten years) and have a number of publications arising from this work which have already been published. As well as submitting the published work, candidates for the PhD by Publication need to prepare a critical analysis of around 15,000 words and to undertake an oral examination (viva) on the critical analysis and the published work. The course is normally a part-time one and are available to faculty members.

Q What is an MD (Doctor of Medicine) course?

A The Doctor of Medicine (MD) is a doctoral degree open to medical graduates and practitioners (technically, anyone holding a medical qualification that meets registration requirements with the General Medical Council). It is usually laboratory-based though it will focus on a specific clinical research topic. It is equivalent in requirements and format to the PhD.

Q What is an Integrated Doctorate course?

A An Integrated Doctorate is a four-year full-time postgraduate research programme. Integrated Doctorates are referred to as ‘New Route’, ‘4 year’ or ‘1+3’ (MPhil + PhD/DPhil) programmes. Unlike stand-alone PhD graduates, Integrated Doctorate students will graduate with two separate qualifications: i) a RQF level 7 MPhil degree and ii) a RQF level 8 PhD/DPhil degree.

Q What documents I may need to apply for a postgraduate research course?

A To apply for a postgraduate research course, you will normally require the following documents including –

• Certificate and official transcripts of your previous degree/s
• English language proficiency certificate
• Details of two referees or two reference letters dated within last 2 years
• A research proposal
• A personal statement
• Up-to-date academic CV
• A portfolio of artwork or samples of your written work (if applicable)
• Published work i.e. book, journal, article etc. (if any)

Q What is a research proposal?

A Your application for PhD and postgraduate research masters courses must be supported by a written proposal for your theses. In the proposal, you should give clear, academically sound, description of the area that you intend to work in and the type of research that you are looking to undertake. The research proposal should describe ‘what’ you will investigate, ‘why’ it is important to investigate those and ‘how’ you will conduct the investigation. This will help universities to understand your interests, assess your ability to successfully complete a PhD or Postgraduate research masters courses and find an appropriate supervisor for you.

As a general guideline, a research proposal should be around 2,000 to 3,000 words that you write to outline the project you want to undertake – it is a concise and coherent summary of your proposed research for your theses.

Your research proposal aims should be centred on –

• Feasibility

Q What should be the format of a research proposal for a successful PhD application?

A There is no formal structure for proposal; as a general guideline you may follow the following structure and suggestions that get positive outcomes –

• A working title
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Key research questions
• Research design and methods
• Significance of the research
• Work plan and timescale
• Bibliography or reference list

Q What should I include in the research design and methodology section of the research proposal?

A The research design and methodology is the most important part of the research proposal. The section should cover answers for questions as outlined below –

Research type

• Are you going to perform qualitative or quantitative research? Combination of both?
• Will you collect original data or work with primary/secondary sources?
• Is your research design descriptive, correlational or experimental? Something completely different?
• If you are undertaking your own study, when and where will you collect the data? How will you select subjects or sources? Ethics review? Exactly what or who will you study?

Research methods

• What tools and procedures will you use (e.g. systematic reviews, surveys, interviews, observation, experiments, bibliographic data) to collect your data?
• What tools/methods will you use to analyse your data?
• Why are these the best methods to answer your research question(s)? This is where you should justify your choices.

Practicalities

• How much time will you need to collect the data?
• How will you gain access to participants and sources?
• Do you foresee any potential obstacles and if so, how will you address them?

Q How are Postgraduate Research (PGR) courses assessed for degree awards?

A The assessment of Postgraduate Research (PGR) courses for degree awards involve –

• Peer review
• Examination of written thesis
• Viva voce examination to discuss and defend the thesis

Q What is the difference between thesis and a dissertation?

A A thesis is the acquisition and dissemination of new knowledge of learned and existing information, while the purpose of a dissertation is to develop a personal unique and original concept in a particular area of research.

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