10–50 m
MmWave is a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave has lots of advantages, but it has some disadvantages, too, such as mmWave signals are very high-frequency signals, so they have more collision with obstacles in the air which cause the signals loses energy quickly. Buildings and trees also block MmWave signals, so these signals cover a shorter distance. To resolve these issues, multiple small cell stations are installed to cover the gap between end-user and base station [ 18 ]. Small cell covers a very shorter range, so the installation of a small cell depends on the population of a particular area. Generally, in a populated place, the distance between each small cell varies from 10 to 90 meters. In the survey [ 20 ], various authors implemented small cells with massive MIMO simultaneously. They also reviewed multiple technologies used in 5G like beamforming, small cell, massive MIMO, NOMA, device to device (D2D) communication. Various problems like interference management, spectral efficiency, resource management, energy efficiency, and backhauling are discussed. The author also gave a detailed presentation of all the issues occurring while implementing small cells with various 5G technologies. As shown in the Figure 7 , mmWave has a higher range, so it can be easily blocked by the obstacles as shown in Figure 7 a. This is one of the key concerns of millimeter-wave signal transmission. To solve this issue, the small cell can be placed at a short distance to transmit the signals easily, as shown in Figure 7 b.
Pictorial representation of communication with and without small cells.
Beamforming is a key technology of wireless networks which transmits the signals in a directional manner. 5G beamforming making a strong wireless connection toward a receiving end. In conventional systems when small cells are not using beamforming, moving signals to particular areas is quite difficult. Beamforming counter this issue using beamforming small cells are able to transmit the signals in particular direction towards a device like mobile phone, laptops, autonomous vehicle and IoT devices. Beamforming is improving the efficiency and saves the energy of the 5G network. Beamforming is broadly divided into three categories: Digital beamforming, analog beamforming and hybrid beamforming. Digital beamforming: multiuser MIMO is equal to digital beamforming which is mainly used in LTE Advanced Pro and in 5G NR. In digital beamforming the same frequency or time resources can be used to transmit the data to multiple users at the same time which improves the cell capacity of wireless networks. Analog Beamforming: In mmWave frequency range 5G NR analog beamforming is a very important approach which improves the coverage. In digital beamforming there are chances of high pathloss in mmWave as only one beam per set of antenna is formed. While the analog beamforming saves high pathloss in mmWave. Hybrid beamforming: hybrid beamforming is a combination of both analog beamforming and digital beamforming. In the implementation of MmWave in 5G network hybrid beamforming will be used [ 84 ].
Wireless signals in the 4G network are spreading in large areas, and nature is not Omnidirectional. Thus, energy depletes rapidly, and users who are accessing these signals also face interference problems. The beamforming technique is used in the 5G network to resolve this issue. In beamforming signals are directional. They move like a laser beam from the base station to the user, so signals seem to be traveling in an invisible cable. Beamforming helps achieve a faster data rate; as the signals are directional, it leads to less energy consumption and less interference. In [ 21 ], investigators evolve some techniques which reduce interference and increase system efficiency of the 5G mobile network. In this survey article, the authors covered various challenges faced while designing an optimized beamforming algorithm. Mainly focused on different design parameters such as performance evaluation and power consumption. In addition, they also described various issues related to beamforming like CSI, computation complexity, and antenna correlation. They also covered various research to cover how beamforming helps implement MIMO in next-generation mobile networks [ 85 ]. Figure 8 shows the pictorial representation of communication with and without using beamforming.
Pictorial Representation of communication with and without using beamforming.
Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) [ 24 ]: MEC is an extended version of cloud computing that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user. When we talk about computing, the very first thing that comes to our mind is cloud computing. Cloud computing is a very famous technology that offers many services to end-user. Still, cloud computing has many drawbacks. The services available in the cloud are too far from end-users that create latency, and cloud user needs to download the complete application before use, which also increases the burden to the device [ 86 ]. MEC creates an edge between the end-user and cloud server, bringing cloud computing closer to the end-user. Now, all the services, namely, video conferencing, virtual software, etc., are offered by this edge that improves cloud computing performance. Another essential feature of MEC is that the application is split into two parts, which, first one is available at cloud server, and the second is at the user’s device. Therefore, the user need not download the complete application on his device that increases the performance of the end user’s device. Furthermore, MEC provides cloud services at very low latency and less bandwidth. In [ 23 , 87 ], the author’s investigation proved that successful deployment of MEC in 5G network increases the overall performance of 5G architecture. Graphical differentiation between cloud computing and mobile edge computing is presented in Figure 9 .
Pictorial representation of cloud computing vs. mobile edge computing.
Security is the key feature in the telecommunication network industry, which is necessary at various layers, to handle 5G network security in applications such as IoT, Digital forensics, IDS and many more [ 88 , 89 ]. The authors [ 90 ], discussed the background of 5G and its security concerns, challenges and future directions. The author also introduced the blockchain technology that can be incorporated with the IoT to overcome the challenges in IoT. The paper aims to create a security framework which can be incorporated with the LTE advanced network, and effective in terms of cost, deployment and QoS. In [ 91 ], author surveyed various form of attacks, the security challenges, security solutions with respect to the affected technology such as SDN, Network function virtualization (NFV), Mobile Clouds and MEC, and security standardizations of 5G, i.e., 3GPP, 5GPPP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In [ 92 ], author elaborated various technological aspects, security issues and their existing solutions and also mentioned the new emerging technological paradigms for 5G security such as blockchain, quantum cryptography, AI, SDN, CPS, MEC, D2D. The author aims to create new security frameworks for 5G for further use of this technology in development of smart cities, transportation and healthcare. In [ 93 ], author analyzed the threats and dark threat, security aspects concerned with SDN and NFV, also their Commercial & Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO) 5G vision and new security innovations with respect to the new evolving architectures of 5G [ 94 ].
AuthenticationThe identification of the user in any network is made with the help of authentication. The different mobile network generations from 1G to 5G have used multiple techniques for user authentication. 5G utilizes the 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) authentication method, which shares a cryptographic key between user equipment (UE) and its home network and establishes a mutual authentication process between the both [ 95 ].
Access Control To restrict the accessibility in the network, 5G supports access control mechanisms to provide a secure and safe environment to the users and is controlled by network providers. 5G uses simple public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates for authenticating access in the 5G network. PKI put forward a secure and dynamic environment for the 5G network. The simple PKI technique provides flexibility to the 5G network; it can scale up and scale down as per the user traffic in the network [ 96 , 97 ].
Communication Security 5G deals to provide high data bandwidth, low latency, and better signal coverage. Therefore secure communication is the key concern in the 5G network. UE, mobile operators, core network, and access networks are the main focal point for the attackers in 5G communication. Some of the common attacks in communication at various segments are Botnet, message insertion, micro-cell, distributed denial of service (DDoS), and transport layer security (TLS)/secure sockets layer (SSL) attacks [ 98 , 99 ].
Encryption The confidentiality of the user and the network is done using encryption techniques. As 5G offers multiple services, end-to-end (E2E) encryption is the most suitable technique applied over various segments in the 5G network. Encryption forbids unauthorized access to the network and maintains the data privacy of the user. To encrypt the radio traffic at Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, three 128-bits keys are applied at the user plane, nonaccess stratum (NAS), and access stratum (AS) [ 100 ].
In this section, various issues addressed by investigators in 5G technologies are presented in Table 13 . In addition, different parameters are considered, such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, data rate, spectral efficiency, fairness & computing capacity, transmission rate, coverage, cost, security requirement, performance, QoS, power optimization, etc., indexed from R1 to R14.
Summary of 5G Technology above stated challenges (R1:Throughput, R2:Latency, R3:Energy Efficiency, R4:Data Rate, R5:Spectral efficiency, R6:Fairness & Computing Capacity, R7:Transmission Rate, R8:Coverage, R9:Cost, R10:Security requirement, R11:Performance, R12:Quality of Services (QoS), R13:Power Optimization).
Approach | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panzner et al. [ ] | Good | Low | Good | - | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Qiao et al. [ ] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | Good | Avg | - | - | - | - |
He et al. [ ] | Avg | Low | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Abrol and jha [ ] | - | - | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good |
Al-Imari et al. [ ] | - | - | - | - | Good | Good | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Papadopoulos et al. [ ] | Good | Low | Avg | - | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Kiani and Nsari [ ] | - | - | - | - | Avg | Good | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Beck [ ] | - | Low | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | - | - | - | Good | - | Avg |
Ni et al. [ ] | - | - | - | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | Avg | - | - |
Elijah [ ] | Avg | Low | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Alawe et al. [ ] | - | Low | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | - |
Zhou et al. [ ] | Avg | - | Good | - | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Islam et al. [ ] | - | - | - | - | Good | Avg | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Bega et al. [ ] | - | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good | - |
Akpakwu et al. [ ] | - | - | - | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | Good | - | - |
Wei et al. [ ] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good | Avg | Low | - | - | - | - |
Khurpade et al. [ ] | - | - | - | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | - | - |
Timotheou and Krikidis [ ] | - | - | - | - | Good | Good | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Wang [ ] | Avg | Low | Avg | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Akhil Gupta & R. K. Jha [ ] | - | - | Good | Avg | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good | Good | - |
Pérez-Romero et al. [ ] | - | - | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Avg |
Pi [ ] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good | Good | Avg | - | - | - | - |
Zi et al. [ ] | - | Avg | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Chin [ ] | - | - | Good | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | - | Good | - | - |
Mamta Agiwal [ ] | - | Avg | - | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good | Avg | - | - |
Ramesh et al. [ ] | Good | Avg | Good | - | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Niu [ ] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good | Avg | Avg | - | - | - | |
Fang et al. [ ] | - | Avg | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Good | - |
Hoydis [ ] | - | - | Good | - | Good | - | - | - | - | Avg | - | Good | - | - |
Wei et al. [ ] | - | - | - | - | Good | Avg | Good | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Hong et al. [ ] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Avg | Avg | Low | - | - | - |
Rashid [ ] | - | - | - | Good | - | - | - | Good | - | - | - | Avg | - | Good |
Prasad et al. [ ] | Good | - | Good | - | Avg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lähetkangas et al. [ ] | - | Low | Av | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
This survey article illustrates the emergence of 5G, its evolution from 1G to 5G mobile network, applications, different research groups, their work, and the key features of 5G. It is not just a mobile broadband network, different from all the previous mobile network generations; it offers services like IoT, V2X, and Industry 4.0. This paper covers a detailed survey from multiple authors on different technologies in 5G, such as massive MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), millimeter wave, small cell, MEC (Mobile Edge Computing), beamforming, optimization, and machine learning in 5G. After each section, a tabular comparison covers all the state-of-the-research held in these technologies. This survey also shows the importance of these newly added technologies and building a flexible, scalable, and reliable 5G network.
This article covers a detailed survey on the 5G mobile network and its features. These features make 5G more reliable, scalable, efficient at affordable rates. As discussed in the above sections, numerous technical challenges originate while implementing those features or providing services over a 5G mobile network. So, for future research directions, the research community can overcome these challenges while implementing these technologies (MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beam-forming, MEC) over a 5G network. 5G communication will bring new improvements over the existing systems. Still, the current solutions cannot fulfill the autonomous system and future intelligence engineering requirements after a decade. There is no matter of discussion that 5G will provide better QoS and new features than 4G. But there is always room for improvement as the considerable growth of centralized data and autonomous industry 5G wireless networks will not be capable of fulfilling their demands in the future. So, we need to move on new wireless network technology that is named 6G. 6G wireless network will bring new heights in mobile generations, as it includes (i) massive human-to-machine communication, (ii) ubiquitous connectivity between the local device and cloud server, (iii) creation of data fusion technology for various mixed reality experiences and multiverps maps. (iv) Focus on sensing and actuation to control the network of the entire world. The 6G mobile network will offer new services with some other technologies; these services are 3D mapping, reality devices, smart homes, smart wearable, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, and sense. It is expected that 6G will provide ultra-long-range communication with a very low latency of 1 ms. The per-user bit rate in a 6G wireless network will be approximately 1 Tbps, and it will also provide wireless communication, which is 1000 times faster than 5G networks.
Author contributions.
Conceptualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. data gathering: R.D., G.C., P.L, I.Y. funding acquisition: I.Y. investigation: I.Y., G.C., G.P. methodology: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P., survey: I.Y., G.C., P.L, G.P., R.D. supervision: G.C., I.Y., G.P. validation: I.Y., G.P. visualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. writing, original draft: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P. writing, review, and editing: I.Y., G.C., G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This paper was supported by Soonchunhyang University.
Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Press release
The next wave of industrial productivity is known as Industry 4.0. Encompassing technologies centered on automation, business information and manufacturing systems, the Industry 4.0 vision includes connected production where all components are tracked and configured in a self-managing system.
Mobile communications and the introduction of 5G could become significant enablers for Industry 4.0. Allowing connectivity and automation on the factory floor on an unprecedented scale would transform the manufacturing sector.
In one of the initiatives, Fraunhofer IPT and Ericsson have collaborated to research new methods for improving process control and discovering manufacturing failures more promptly.
The research has looked specifically at the manufacture of bladed disks (BLISKs), which are important components of turbines such as aircraft jet engines. Consisting of a rotor disk and multiple blades around its edge (see Figure 1), BLISKs are one of the most demanding metal processing applications.
In this case study we uncover the value, in terms of both economic and sustainability value, for using 5G technology in the production of BLISKs.
Figure 1: The milling of a BLISK (Image source: Fraunhofer IPT)
[1] Reporting obligation for: EU Registry on industrial sites
The BLISK case presents a clear business opportunity for 5G to support Industry 4.0. By tackling production challenges with 5G solutions, both BLISK manufacturing and industry in general can reap the rewards.
There is an opportunity to improve manufacturing processes by enabling connectivity through smart sensors and real-time transmissions. The benefits of these technologies alone justify the installation of a private enterprise cellular network in a factory and the value potential is considerable.
Once a 5G network is established, a truly automated factory can be realized. An array of connected devices such as machines, sensors, materials and robots can be managed through one standardized network, with the correct latency and bandwidth allocated as necessary. This is where the greatest opportunity lies for operators.
The BLISK milling process today presents several challenges, not least that of ensuring maximum quality. Given there have been instances of failing BLISKs which have led to severe accidents, ensuring maximum quality in the production process is essential to guarantee safety of the product. 2
A key aspect of current BLISK production – and metal processing in general – is that the process is very difficult to monitor, meaning the end result is not known until milling finishes. Given the milling process can last a full day but is capable of reaching 100 hours or more, and rework is often as high as 25 percent, the overall production time is high.
Milling issues, such as vibration patterns affecting the end result, could be revealed by monitoring the process in real time. This data could then be used to instantly optimize the milling process, limiting the need for rework. This type of early detection will also bring significant savings, as costs increase the longer failures go undetected. Failure detection is a challenge that exists throughout the manufacturing industry as a whole, though the BLISK case is a more acute example. Vibration and “chatter” during milling is a very common problem, which seems to occur in an unpredictable manner even in stable serial production. 3
The next generation will see the geometry of BLISKs continue to evolve; thinner blades with increased aspect ratios make them more flexible and therefore prone to vibration, which will further increase the production challenge. 4
Figure 2: The Industry 4.0 maturity model
The Fraunhofer IPT project tested automated production, monitoring and real-time control of the BLISK production process to identify issues and areas where improvements could be made by introducing intelligence to the system. A maturity model that demonstrates the solution (see Figure 2) has been devised, which can be summarized in four steps:
These solutions can be achieved through added and/or improved components (see Figure 3).
Figure 3: Illustration of the solution components
As current technology is not capable of supporting this solution, 5G is key.
The main benefit of 5G in this use case is that it can provide very low, stable and predictable latency. For real-time control, the sensor’s information needs to be processed and acted on within 1 millisecond. 5G technology can enable the control loop by providing this low latency capability, enabling its application in BLISK production.
Miniaturized sensors and 5G communication modules are also critical to wireless data collection and the communication capability for cases like this one.
The introduction of 5G will also bring more tightly controlled monitoring capabilities, meaning that the performance of a critical sensor, such as the BLISK vibration sensor, can be monitored at all times.
[2] The best-known example is the Pensacola aircraft crash in 1996, when minute quality deficiency in the BLISK prevented cooling fluid from proper effect.
[3] Chatter is a specific type of vibration that is “self-induced” or “self-excited”, i.e. a consequence of the interaction of the tool with the workpiece in conditions where the damping behavior is significantly smaller than the excitation.
[4] Increased aspect ratios are increases in the ratio between the absolute blade length (from the root to the tip) and the chord length (length in air flow direction, length of the tip from front to back).
The value of the connected solution for BLISK production has been analyzed from both an economic and a sustainability perspective. 5
The potential for improving production economics for the BLISK is very high and is a revealing illustration of how incredible value can be realized when introducing high performance connectivity to the factory floor.
The rework rate of BLISKs today is approximately 25 percent, meaning that 1 in every 4 BLISKs needs to be reworked. Given their high cost, any decrease in the rework rate is of significant value.
If the rework rate through automation can be decreased from 25 to 15 percent, the machine time will in turn be reduced, which can be translated into a machine cost reduction of EUR 3,600 per BLISK. 6
The market for BLISKs is seeing strong growth. A typical BLISK factory produces 40 per day, including rework. For one factory, the annual saving through real-time monitoring and control enabled by 5G would amount to EUR 27 million. Assuming 100,000 BLISKs are produced annually gives an idea of the order of magnitude. 7 Globally, this means value potential of around EUR 360 million annually for current BLISK production alone; a significant metal processing operation, but still only a fraction of total global metal processing. 8
As mentioned earlier, introducing 5G into the BLISK case could lead to a significant reduction in production time. This will give rise to decreased electricity consumption, which in turn means the potential to decrease annual CO2-equivalent emissions by 360 metric tons if applied to the overall global BLISK production. 9 Higher-quality BLISK production also creates opportunities to reduce fuel consumption and thereby greenhouse gas emissions when operating jet engines. Increased production quality means BLISKs operate more efficiently, reducing fuel consumption and, in turn, lowering CO2 emissions. Assuming an average 2 percent higher efficiency is achieved, global CO2 emissions could be reduced by 16 million metric tons annually. These savings equal the total annual consumption-based CO2-equivalent emissions of approximately 1.4 million people in Sweden, a greater number than the population of the capital, Stockholm. 10 Another way to view these savings is to compare them with flying; 16 million metric tons of CO2 emissions is the same amount that 4.4 million people flying from London to Bangkok would emit.
The industrial market offers a major growth opportunity for the telecommunications industry. Mobile operators can now create a new business model based on Service Level Agreements (SLAs) rather than subscriptions. However, to do so will require adapting their go-to-market and delivery strategies.
It is important to understand that industrial sites constitute a new market, where new product packages are required and the customer values need to be understood; it is not merely an extension of the consumer service.
To address this market and unlock its value, operators must look at three areas:
In order to address the large business opportunity operators need to:
[5] In addition, increased value will be released by having one network serve all operations instead of several different networks. Increased flexibility in manufacturing to better serve customers is another value realized through Industry 4.0. However, these values have not been studied in this report.
[6] Machining is assumed to account for 50 percent of the total average BLISK production cost.
[7] There are approximately 13 global factories, together producing the 100,000 BLISKs per working year (250 days per year). It is not unreasonable to assume that adding military and small BLISK production could double that amount.
[8] Going forward, the number of manufactured BLISKs will continue to grow. The engine market roughly doubles every 20 years, and the compressor parts of these engines all have BLISK design.
[9] Calculations and assumptions are described in more detail in Ericsson's sustainability appendix (document number 1/GFTB-18:001245 Uen)
[10] Konsumtionsbaserade växthusgasutsläpp per person och år
This case study is part of an Ericsson 5G for Industries series where we look more closely at the actual business values associated with introducing 5G mobile connectivity.
Information, if not otherwise stated, is based on discussions and interviews with the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology (IPT) carried out as part of a study conducted from January to March 2018.
Generally, the assumptions in this report are based on estimated typical values emerging from these discussions. For the business value calculations, these assumptions are likely to be on the conservative side.
Ericsson Consumer & IndustryLab delivers world-class research, strategic design concepts and insights for innovation and sustainable business development. We explore the future of consumers, industries and a sustainable society in regards to connectivity by using scientific methods to provide unique insights on markets, industries and consumer trends. Our knowledge is gained in global consumer and industry research programs, including collaborations with renowned industry organizations and world-leading universities. Our research programs cover interviews with over 100,000 individuals each year, in more than 40 countries – statistically representing the views of 1.1 billion people.
Ericsson is proud to work with multiple industries on 5G use cases to ensure we develop the right technology for real-world applications, and to help industries understand how 5G can accelerate innovation. Today we are collaborating with 22 industry partners to define the use cases for 5G technology.
In March 2015 we launched 5G for Sweden, a research and development program with industry and academic partners including Volvo, Boliden, SICS, Scania, Saab and SKF. The program applies telecoms technology in industrial processes, products and services. One pilot project has used 5G technology for communication and remote control operations to find productivity and safety solutions in the Swedish mining industry, an industry traditionally considered to have a hazardous operational environment. The program has also established strategic partnerships with the main technical universities in Sweden, as well as a close cooperation with Swedish government and Vinnova, the Swedish innovation agency.
In September 2015 we announced 5G for Europe, a program to deliver research, innovation and industrial pilots enabled by 5G. Industries forming part of this project include transport and automotive, manufacturing, and energy and utilities. The 5G for Europe program spans 7 countries and 10 institutions and the BLISK case study covered in this report forms part of this program.
In February 2017 Ericsson and Intel launched the 5G Innovators Initiative (5GI2) in the US. 5GI2 will connect equipment manufacturers, technology companies, industry leaders and universities to test 5G network and distributed edge technologies, with the aim to accelerate the adoption of 5G wireless and infrastructure innovation. Honeywell, General Electric and the University of California, Berkeley are the first participants to join the initiative.
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In collaboration with the World Economic Forum (WEF) we have published a new whitepaper, Creating New Value across Industries and Society, outlining the ways to realize the large estimated economic output potential of 5G by taking a bottom-up approach through a use-case-driven analysis. You can view the full paper here .
Rolling out 5G is critical because it will enable unprecedented levels of connectivity, upgrading 4G networks with five key functional drivers: superfast broadband, ultra-reliable low latency communication, massive machine-type communications, high reliability/availability and efficient energy usage. Together, these defining features will transform many sectors, such as manufacturing, transportation, public services and health.
The analysis of 40 sample use cases in a wide range of key industries within this paper establishes linkages between commercial and societal impact of 5G, discussing how the functional drivers of 5G could enhance the output of these use cases as 5G networks evolve.
What is clearly apparent is that there is significant economic and social value to be gained from the widespread deployment of 5G networks. Technological applications, enabled by a set of key functional features, will both facilitate industrial advances—improving their bottom line—and enhance city and citizen experiences.
However, to accelerate the adoption of 5G, new collaboration models among stakeholders are needed, along with clear methodologies to estimate the social value creation, which will enhance the business case for 5G. This in turn will require the development of new business models, particularly within the Telecommunications industry, a topic we have covered in our whitepaper Making 5G Pay .
However, the transition to 5G networks can only be achieved when all stakeholders—citizens, the private sector, regulators, national governments and cities—collaborate to effectively address these issues. The insights and recommendations in this white paper aim to pave the way towards accelerating a global, sustainable and inclusive transition to 5G networks, creating significant economic and social value.
You can view the full paper here The Impact of 5G: Creating New Value across Industries and Society
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On this episode of the Ciena Insights Podcast, Jarrod Nink, Chief Operating Officer at Vocus offers an insider's perspective to how the Australian network provider is capitalizing on this surging demand for bandwidth.
CSPs are looking to use AIOps to broaden the scope of network management and improve operational efficiency at each stage of the network lifecycle, by combining big data with AI/machine learning (ML).
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Ciena reports fiscal fourth quarter 2023 financial results, customer story, dish expands first-of-its-kind cloud-native 5g network with blue planet’s automation platform, investor relations.
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I keep hearing that 5G will require millions of small cells. Why is that?
Brian: Higher frequencies expected to be used by 5G do not travel as far as lower frequencies used today, and also have a harder time penetrating walls, bridges, trees, or anything physical. To get around that, MNOs will deploy more cells that cover smaller areas serving fewer people albeit at much higher speeds, which will drive the proliferation of small cells.
Will 5G smartphones support 10Gb/s?
Brian: Initially, probably not. 5G is expected to support a minimum of at least 100Mb/s yet be capable of speeds as high as 10Gb/s. The mobile infrastructure won’t be able to support hundreds of millions of people accessing the network at this top speed, at least early on and this is fine in most situations. Today, for example, watching video is the most bandwidth-intensive smartphone application, but it doesn’t consume anywhere near 10Gb/s because there are only so many pixels in a smartphone screen to populate. With that bandwidth, who knows what future applications will be possible.
Brian: In North America today, most 4G MNOs purchase backhaul from third-party service providers. This market will likely continue for 5G, albeit at much higher rates. I believe it will be increasingly done using dark fiber rather than packet-optical-based services, at least for the higher supported rates.
Will the Internet of Things (IoT) generate video traffic?
Brian: It depends on what you classify as a “thing”. If it includes HD surveillance camera, for example, that runs on a cellular network, then yes, and lots of it. Smaller things, such as temperature sensors, will generate far less traffic, but there may be billions of them deployed, so it adds up quickly. For the most part, the challenge of IoT will likely be about the number of individual services, not capacity.
What’s driving the spike in mobile video traffic?
Brian: The answer is probably right in front of you! It’s mobile devices with HD cameras for one, that are feeding content into YouTube and Facebook, which are, in turn streamed to mobile devices more than anywhere else. When Facebook enabled auto-play on its videos it drove a massive increase in mobile bandwidth consumption overnight. Other sites have replicated this model, so I don’t see the trend slowing.
How will 5G change the wireline architecture that currently supports 4G mobile backhaul?
Brian: That will depend on MNO’s rollout patterns, how many users are on the network, and what limits they’ll set on speeds. Today MNOs typically feed a 1 Gb/s Ethernet line to a 4G cell sites, of which an average of 200-300 Mb/s is being used. With 5G, that same macro tower may need 10’s to 100’s of Gbps, which will require an enormous capacity upgrades to those towers.
Will fiber deployment patterns change when 5G is deployed?
Brian: Direct communication between cells is planned for 5G networks, skipping the connection to the packet core wherever possible, which would offload a lot of traffic. Those cells might be wired together directly in the shortest path, but I think traffic will mostly home back to a central location.
Should a service provider now planning to start a 4G deployment hold off until 5G?
Brian: Yes, as there will be significant and time-consuming upgrades to the existing 4G wireline network that will ease 5G deployments, as soon as the latter technology arrives. There are many things that MNOs can do today, such as deploy more fiber to small and macro cells, that are compatible with both 4G networks of today, and 5G network of tomorrow.
Will the 5G backbone be physically and virtually separate from the 4G backbone?
Brian: Not physically. If, for example, a service provider has a 4G cell and wants to add 5G radios to that macro towers, they would likely end up sharing the aggregation and core network back to the data center, perhaps over different wavelengths or different parts of the network, L2/L3 VPNs, or Optical VPNs. Rolling out completely separate networks for both it would become cost prohibitive quickly and much harder to get to ROI. Some parts of the network will be only for 5G, and some shared.
Will there be a relation between 5G and WiFi?
Brian: Yes. The Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) that is expected to achieve the require geographic coverage for 5G will include a wide variety of cells such as pico, femto, micro, small, and even WiFi, which all serve a smaller area than traditional macro cells via spectrum reuse. People will still want to use WiFi to avoid affecting their cellular usage caps, with many of those coffee-shop WiFi access points being owned by MNOs.
How will 5G latency be lower if processing is being done in the cloud?
Brian: Latency in the case of 5G refers to over-the-air latency, between the user device and the radio access network radio. To reduce overall latency, service providers will need to put data much closer to end-users, which is why some MNOs are considering leasing space at their cell sites to host data and applications for content providers, particularly in large urban centers. Ultimately, the placement of data and processing will be determined by the supported 5G application. The Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) initiative will play a major role in addressing this important challenge.
What impact will 5G have on backhaul networks?
Brian: Data received at the 5G radio located in a cell site won’t go anywhere without fiber. That’s why many large MNOs are buying large fiber footprints. They know that fiber and its geographic footprint will ultimately dictate the performance and commercial success of their 5G services and applications. 5G will need fiber, and lots of it .
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1.1. Evolution from 1G to 5G. First generation (1G): 1G cell phone was launched between the 1970s and 80s, based on analog technology, which works just like a landline phone. It suffers in various ways, such as poor battery life, voice quality, and dropped calls. In 1G, the maximum achievable speed was 2.4 Kbps.
for broadcasting live streams of medical procedures. The 5G connectivity is also used to enable remote clinical training for medical students and to support international medical conferences hosted by CUHKMC, with participants phy. ically located in the Greater Bay Area and overseas.In the face of COVID-19, 5G's capacity for transmitting ...
diverse use cases and their demands, 5G networks call for such qualities as adaptation, scalability, re-reconfigurability, virtualization, and self-organization. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) started the 5G standardization process with initial study items as part of Release 14. The standardization was divided in two phases:
Introducing 5G mobile communications into industrial manufacturing processes can both address pain points and release great value. - The 5G-enabled BLISK case study alone could create annual savings of approximately EUR 27 million for one single factory, and up to EUR 360 million globally. While the BLISK case is an extreme example, similar ...
Particularly as 5G enables greater investment at the edge of the business and powers new data-hungry capabilities such as AI. In this environment, legacy ERP and ITSM systems, for example, will struggle to keep pace with the latest technological environment. 52%.
Connectivity. 5G Case Study. Connectivity Infrastructure Acceleration. Synopsis. Staying connected has become a defining feature of the modern economy and a significant trend of the 21stcentury. 5G networks are critical to driving economic recovery and will prove fundamental to fulfilling the potential of digital connectivity, as we live in an ...
a private 5G network based on a 5G Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) solution, planning to migrate its data from public to private network for transmission and processing, so that data will be better secured; the high bandwidth, low latency, and massive connection of 5G can be fully leveraged; and jobs can be offloaded
DIB 5G Study Preliminary Release, 3 April 2019 2. Executive Summary. The term "5G" refers to the oncoming fifth generation of wireless networks and technology that will produce a step-change improvement in data speed, volume, and latency (delay in data transfer) over fourth generation (4G and 4G LTE) networks. 5G will enable a host of new ...
The 5G is being used to relay real-time information about a patient travelling in an ambulance to medics in the hospital so they can prepare ahead of the patient's arrival at the emergency room. That information could include vital signs, video images and medical records. Since the 5G technology was deployed in late 2021, the survival rate of
The study area includes residential and business districts. 2.3 Defining 5G 5G is a promising technology that has the potential of enabling several attractive services over time. Because 5G consists of a collection of technology advancements, in this section we make a definition of what 5G is for the business case presented in this article.
opportunities of that ecosystem. 5G in particular is aiming at offering new building blocks to digitalization by enabling fast exchange of increasing amounts of data between different entities. This paper presents a case study of the digitalization of a port which presents an intriguing example of future 5G platform ecosystems.
Bringing faster connectivity, lower latency, and more reliability, efficiency, and security, 5G is beginning to unlock innovation and digital transformation across industries. With the capacity to relieve many of the pain points of connected industry, 5G is seen by 75% of manufacturing executives as a key enabler of digital transformation ...
P. 3 5G-Advanced to Support Self-Powered Sensors GSMA 5G TRANSFORMATION HUB - 5G-ADVANCED TO SUPPORT SELF-POWERED SENSORS It can achieve a true ten-year life cycle with no maintenance issues such as replacing which is 10~100 times lower than the cost of NB-IoT, and can be widely used in cost-sensitive industries
The 40 use cases outlined in this paper clearly demonstrate that 5G is here, now. However, the transition to 5G networks can only be achieved when all stakeholders—citizens, the private sector, regulators, national governments and cities—collaborate to effectively address these issues. The insights and recommendations in this white paper ...
[email protected]. Abstract. Future of mobile access network will be facing tremendous challenges as compared nowadays. Predicted traffic volume will rise to 1000 ti mes and also the number ...
the investment case for operators can be made robust and before any large-scale commercial deployment can commence. Until the investment case for 5G is demonstrable, industry and policy-makers may consider approaching 5G investment with caution and should continue to enhance the availability and quality of the existing 4G networks. 1.3.
Michele leads Analysys Mason's research on private LTE/5G networks and has produced reports on the competitive landscape and network deployment models, as well as a forecast of network spending on private LTE/5G. We are experts in the telecoms, media and technology sector. Our research programmes.
The following lists specific examples of the most anticipated 5G use cases in the industry: 1. VR creates an unparalleled service experience through an immersion into virtual content such as gaming and panoramic video. This technology has strict requirements for perspective viewing (traffic and bandwidth) and.
As 5G deploments ramp up new business challenges abound including dilemmas behind how service providers and vendors should price 5G services and devices. eBook: The 5G Business Case Puzzle Putting it all Together The telecom industry is, once again, at the dawn of a new era. The fifth generation of mobile technology has
loy more robots to further increase production capacity.Autonomous mobile robots are one of several 5G solutions and platforms AIS is developing to enable manufacturers to ha. ness digital technologies to transform their operations. Its factory-specific 5G private network ofering can support network slicing to enable the customer to configure the.
Will 5G smartphones support 10Gb/s? Brian: Initially, probably not. 5G is expected to support a minimum of at least 100Mb/s yet be capable of speeds as high as 10Gb/s. The mobile infrastructure won't be able to support hundreds of millions of people accessing the network at this top speed, at least early on and this is fine in most situations.
Bradley is adopting a 5G Hybrid Mobile network to deliver innovative, immersive learning experiences and increase operational efficiency across the institution. The school also provided the latest iPads equipped with T-Mobile unlimited data plans and 5G connectivity to students, faculty, and relevant staff in the fall 2023 semester. Students ...