• Good biocompatibility and bioavailability
• It depends on the particular nanoparticle | EVs | • Physiologically secreted • Good molecular characterisation • High biocompatibility • modifiable/loadable | • Lack of preclinical procedures for isolation, quantification, storage and drug loading |
Natural antioxidants | • Easily available in large quantities • Exploitation of their intrinsic properties | • Limited bioavailability • Possible toxicity |
Targeted therapy | • High specificity • Reduction of adverse reactions | • Lack of information regarding long-term side effects |
Gene therapy | • Expression of pro-apoptotic and chemo-sensitising genes • Expression of wild type tumour suppressor genes • Expression of genes able to solicit specific anti-tumour immune responses • Targeted silencing of oncogenes and safety (RNAi) | • Genome integration • Limited efficacy in specific subsets of patients • High chances to be neutralised by immune system • Off-target effects and inflammation (RNAi) • Need of delivery systems (RNAi) • Set-up of doses and suitable conditions for controlled release (RNAi) |
Thermal ablation Magnetic hyperthermia | • Precise treatment of the interested area • Possibility to perform the treatment along with MRI imaging (magnetic hyperthermia) | • High efficiency only for localised areas • Low penetration power • Need for a skilled operator to perform the treatment |
Radiomics/pathomics | • Creation of tumour whole tridimensional volume by non-invasive imaging techniques • Therapeutic and prognostic indicators of disease outcome | • Definition of univocal data acquisition guidelines • Standardisation of procedures to facilitate clinical translation • Description of parameters and computational/statistical methods to set robust protocols for the generation of models for therapy |
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Funding declaration
This work was partially supported by the Fondazione CaRiPLo, grant no. 2018-0156 (Nanotechnological countermeasures against Oxidative stress in muscle cells Exposed to Microgravity—NOEMI) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement N°709613, SLaMM).
Authors’ contributions
Carlotta Pucci and Chiara Martinelli contributed equally to this work.
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