online thesis in obstetrics and gynaecology

• Log In Log in with your UoM account Problems logging in with your UoM account? or Guest login Email address Password No UoM account? Click here to register a guest account. Have you forgotten your guest credentials?

Obstetrics and Gynaecology - Theses

Permanent uri for this collection, results per page, search results.

• 1 (current)

Do a more advanced search »

Search for dissertations about: "obstetrics and gynaecology"

Showing result 1 - 5 of 416 swedish dissertations containing the words obstetrics and gynaecology .

1. Behavioral effects of female sex steroid hormones : models of PMS and PMDD in Wistar rats

Author : Magnus Löfgren ; Torbjörn Bäckström ; Inga-Maj Johansson ; Per Södersten ; Umeå universitet ; [] Keywords : MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER ; AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ; SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP ; SOCIAL SCIENCES ; PMS ; PMDD ; rats ; progesterone ; estradiol ; behavior ; individual response ; stress interaction ; tolerance ; withdrawal ; learning and memory ; anxiety. ; Biological research on drug dependence ; Biologisk beroendeforskning ; Endocrinology ; Endokrinologi ; Obstetrics and gynaecology ; Obstetrik och gynekologi ; Pharmacological research ; Farmakologisk forskning ; Obstetrics and gynaecology ; Obstetrik och gynekologi ; Psychology ; Psykologi ; obstetrik och gynekologi ; Obstetrics and Gynaecology ;

Abstract : Background Animal models can be used to mimic human conditions of psychopathology, and also as pre-clinical models to evaluate candidate drugs. With hormonal treatment it is possible to produce behavior in the rat which corresponds to the mental symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS), and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). READ MORE

2. Releasing and relieving encounters : Experiences of pregnancy and childbirth

Author : Ingela Lundgren ; Margareta Grafström ; Uppsala universitet ; [] Keywords : MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; Obstetrics and gynaecology ; pregnancy ; childbirth ; women s experiences ; encounter ; pain ; birth plan ; hermeneutic ; phenomenological ; intervention study ; Obstetrik och kvinnosjukdomar ; Obstetrics and women s diseases ; Obstetrik och kvinnosjukdomar ; Obstetrics and Gynaecology ; obstetrik och gynekologi ;

Abstract : The experience of childbirth is an important life event for women, which may follow them throughout life. The overall aim of this thesis has been to describe and analyse these experiences from the women's perspective as well as the encounter between the woman and the midwife, and the possibility that a birth plan might improve women's experience of childbirth. READ MORE

3. Genuine Caring in Caring for the Genuine : Childbearing and high risk as experienced by women and midwives

Author : Marie Berg ; Kyllike Christensson ; Uppsala universitet ; [] Keywords : MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; Obstetrics and gynaecology ; High risk ; childbearing ; pregnancy ; childbirth experience ; midwifery ; lifeworld research ; phenomenology ; hermeneutics ; motherhood ; birth plan ; caring relationsship ; Obstetrik och kvinnosjukdomar ; Obstetrics and women s diseases ; Obstetrik och kvinnosjukdomar ; Obstetrik och gynekologi ; Obstetrics and Gynaecology ; High risk ; childbearing ; pregnancy ; childbirth experience ; midwifery ; lifeworld research ; phenomenology ; hermeneutics ; motherhood ; birth plan ; caring relationship. ;

Abstract : The experience of pregnancy and childbirth is a central life event with special implications for women at high risk. This thesis describes the meaning of pregnancy, childbirth and midwifery care in four qualitative interview studies based on the lifeworld theory. Women were interviewed during pregnancy and within one week after childbirth. READ MORE

4. Vaginal prolapse – clinical outcomes and patients’ perspectives : a study using quantitative and qualitative methods

Author : Mojgan Pakbaz ; Mats Löfgren ; Ingrid Mogren ; Ewa Rolfsman ; Martin Stjerquist ; Umeå universitet ; [] Keywords : MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; Vaginal prolapse ; national register ; pelvic organ prolapse surgery ; anaesthesia ; knowledge about prolapse ; experience ; qualitative content analysis ; questionnaire ; Obstetrics and gynaecology ; Obstetrik och gynekologi ; obstetrik och gynekologi ; Obstetrics and Gynaecology ;

Abstract : Background: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a relatively common condition. In Sweden, the overall estimated prevalence of POP in the female population is 31% and the prevalence of symptomatic prolapse is 8–15%. The prevalence of POP increases with age. The lifetime risk of undergoing pelvic floor surgery is estimated to 11%. READ MORE

5. Human-Human and Human-Animal Interaction : Some Common Physiological and Psychological Effects

Author : Linda Handlin ; Kerstin Uvnäs-Moberg ; Mikael Ejdebäck ; Maria Petersson ; Eva Nissen ; Bo Algers ; Rebecca Johnson ; Högskolan i Skövde ; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet ; [] Keywords : LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER ; AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ; NATURVETENSKAP ; NATURAL SCIENCES ; LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER ; AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ; LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER ; AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ; MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER ; AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ; oxytocin ; cortisol ; prolactin ; ACTH ; blood pressure ; medical interventions ; sensory stimulation ; interaction ; Natural sciences ; Naturvetenskap ;

Abstract : The aim of the present thesis was to investigate hormonal and physiological effects in mothers during a breastfeeding session and in dogs and their owners in response to short-term interaction. In study one, sixty-six mothers receiving either exogenous oxytocin infusion and/or epidural analgesia (EDA) during labor or intramuscular oxytocin injection post partum were studied. READ MORE

Searchphrases right now

• carbonization
• cell microarray
• numismatics
• civil society in sweden
• informating
• cell research
• human intestinal fluid
• energy reconstruction
• enterovirus
• Supervised Learning

Popular searches

• health index
• environmental problems
• aktiviteter
• experiences
• Analytical model
• book review
• financial policy
• accounting major
• distribution

Popular dissertations yesterday (2024-04-10)

• Essays in financial economics
• Quasi-instantaneous and Long-term Deformations of High-Performance Concrete with Some Related Properties
• On loading protocols and abutment use in implant dentistry. Clinical studies
• Novel Syntheses, Structures and Functions of Mesoporous Silica Materials
• Deactivation of emission control catalysts for heavy-duty vehicles : Impact of biofuel and lube oil-derived contaminants
• Learning from Buildings; A Strategy for Environmental Design
• Regeneration and neural circuits in the spinal cord : an imaging study on zebrafish
• The Mussel Adhesive Protein (Mefp-1) : A GREEN Corrosion Inhibitor
• Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Vehicles
• To do or not to do? Physical activity in relation to socioeconomic status and health – a salutogenic perspective in the context of targeted health dialogues
• Popular complementary terms: essays, phd thesis, master thesis, papers, importance, trend, impact, advantages, disadvantages, role of, example, case study.

See yesterday's most popular searches here . Dissertations.se is the english language version of Avhandlingar.se .

Obstetrics & Gynaecology

• Articles & Pre-Appraised Evidence
• Drug Information

Open Education Resources

Find obstetrics and gynaecology books, keywords and subject headings, ebook collections, aap neonatal resuscitation collection, searching the ubc library catalogue.

• Videos & Images
• EDI and Anti-Racism
• Open Access
• Research Data Management
• Mobile Apps
• Citing Sources
• Research Help
• Gynecological Assessment

Most obstetrics and gyneacology books are classed in WP and WQ and are located on Level 3 of the Woodward Science Library . You can also find obstetric and gynaecology collections at the Biomedical Branch Library at Vancouver General Hospital and the Study and Learning Commons at BC Children's and Women's Hospitals.  Ebooks are accessible through the UBC Library Catalogue . 

Listed below is a selection of obstetrics and gynaecology subject headings that can be used to search the UBC Library Catalogue . Click on the links to find all UBC Library books on that specific subject.

• Genital Diseases, Female
• Pregnancy Complications
• Pregnancy in Adolescence
• Ultrasonics in obstetrics
• AccessMedicine This link opens in a new window
• Books@OVID This link opens in a new window
• CPS This link opens in a new window
• ClinicalKey This link opens in a new window more... less... Additional features, including a presentation maker, the ability to download PDF versions of ebook chapters, customize patient handouts or save content in a personal profile, are available to users who create a free account.  Click 'Register' at the top right of the ClinicalKey landing page to create a free account.  

Please find links below to both online and print copies of the NRP (Neonatal Resuscitation Program) texts from the American Academy of Pediatrics.

• Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
• EThOS UK e-theses online service (UK's national thesis service)
• NDLTD: Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations A collaborative effort of the NDLTD, OCLC, VTLS, and Scirus, the NDLTD Union Catalog contains more than one million records of electronic theses and dissertations.
• Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD)
• OpenAire Explore

• SciELO Scientific Electronic Library Online
• UBC Library Guide: Theses and Dissertations A research guide for locating theses and dissertations from UBC, British Columbia, Canada, and International databases and repositories.
• UBC Theses and Dissertations UBC graduate theses and dissertations are available through the Open Collections portal dating back to 1919.

Enter general keywords.

Advanced Search

• << Previous: Drug Information
• Next: Videos & Images >>
• Last Updated: Jan 15, 2024 4:52 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.ubc.ca/obstetrics

•   TARA
• School of Medicine
• Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Obstetrics & Gynaecology (Theses and Dissertations)

All of tara, this collection, date issued.

• Date of Publication

Search within this collection:

Recent Submissions

Uteroplacental fibrinolysis in normal pregnancy, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation , methadone use in pregnancy : prevalence and pregnancy outcomes in an irish obstetric cohort , ultrasound to enhance assessment of the fetal head position prior to instrumental delivery , prediction of pre-eclampsia , control of blood loss at caesarean section .

Theses and Dissertations (Obstetrics and Gynaecology)

• UPSpace Home
• Health Sciences
• Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• UP Postgraduate

Search within this collection:

Recent Submissions

• Investigating Molecular Biomarkers During Gestational Diabetes Mellitus  Dias, Stephanie Charmaine ( University of Pretoria , 2019 ) Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a significant public health concern, due to its association with short- and long-term complications in both mothers and offspring. DNA methylation and single nucleotide ...
• Optimization of techniques required for somatic cell nuclear transfer using a mouse model  Gouveia, Chantel ( University of Pretoria , 2018 ) Introduction: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the removal (enucleation) of chromosomes from a metaphase II oocyte, followed by the transfer and fusion of a donor somatic cell to the enucleated oocyte (cytoplast). ...
• Maternal health after having survived a potentially life-threatening complication in pregnancy  Soma-Pillay, Priya ( University of Pretoria , 2017 ) OBJECTIVES Maternal near-miss audits were initially introduced to evaluate the quality of obstetric care at the time of the event. One of the principle advantages of studying near-misses is that these women are able to ...
• Efficacy of the sentinel lymph node biopsy algorithm and PET/CT scan in assessing regional lymph node status in women with early stage endometrial and cervical cancer in a South African population  Snyman, Leon Cornelius ( University of Pretoria , 2017 ) Abstract Introduction Knowledge about the oncologic status of pelvic lymph nodes forms an essential and integral part in the management of women with uterine cancer. Lymph node status is part of endometrial cancer ...
• Comparing Screening Strategies for Gestational Diabetes in a South African Population  Adam, Sumaiya ( University of Pretoria , 2017 ) Globally, there is an alarming increase in the incidence of Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is well recognized that women who develop gestational diabetes (GDM) in their pregnancies are at increased risk of T2DM in ...
• Evaluation of pelvic floor morphology in South African females  Abdool, Zeelha ( University of Pretoria , 2017 ) Pelvic floor dysfunction in the form of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common gynaecological condition, especially in the elderly. Although the aetiology is poorly understood, several risk factors such as vaginal childbirth, ...
• Investigating a novel in vitro embryo culture system – The Walking Egg Affordable Assisted Reproductive Technology  Boshoff, Gerhardus Marthinus ( University of Pretoria , 2017 ) Introduction: The desire to have a biological child transcends race, religion and socio-economic status. However for those faced with infertility, the financial resources needed to conceive are often not available. Current ...
• Cervical neoplasia in women with and without HIV-related immune depletion : epidemiology and pathogenesis related to HPV types  Van Aardt, Cornelis ( University of Pretoria , 2016 ) Objectives: Despite current comprehension of HPV epidemiology, the question of how HPV type distribution in the South African population differs from that in the rest of the world remains largely unanswered for both ...
• Evaluating the feasibility of low cost sperm preparation methods within a prospective intrauterine insemination program in Gabon  Moungala, Lionel Wildy ( University of Pretoria , 2015 ) Introduction: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is frequently used as the first-line treatment for infertility, due to the relative simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the procedure. Even though, several sperm processing ...
• Investigating alternative sperm preservation methods for assisted reproductive technologies  Slabbert, Marisa ( University of Pretoria , 2013 ) Introduction: Cryopreservation of human sperm is considered a routine practice in assisted reproduction laboratories. Semen samples are mainly cryopreserved as a back-up for procedures, donor sperm, and validation of samples ...
• Assisted reproduction services : accessible screening and semen profiling of HIV-positive males  Stander, Melissa ( University of Pretoria , 2013 ) Introduction International guidelines endorse the screening of patients for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Chlamydia trachomatis before assisted reproductive ...
• Semen decontamination for the elimination of seminal pathogens  Fourie, Jozef Markus ( University of Pretoria , 2013 ) The presence of pathogens in semen can compromise the outcome of assisted reproductive treatment, together with the possibility of the female partner or offspring becoming infected. This is cause for concern, especially ...
• An investigation cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and steroid contraception  Moodley, Manivasan ( University of Pretoria , 2011-10-25 ) PROJECT ONE Introduction HPV is detected in about 99.7% of cervical cancers. However, the HPV type distribution in South African women is unknown. Objectives To determine HPV-type distribution among women with cervical ...
• The role of the tumour suppressor gene PTEN in the etiology of cancers of the female genital tract  Dreyer, Greta ( University of Pretoria , 2011-10-24 ) The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the tyrosine amino-acids in proteins play an important role in the regulation of many cellular processes in all eukariotic organisms, including the regulation of cell cycle ...
• The effect of non thermal 900 MHZ mobile phone radiation on human spermatozoa  Falzone, Nadia ( University of Pretoria , 2008-06-02 ) Several studies have highlighted the possibility that radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) used in mobile phone technology could influence DNA integrity of male germ cells as well as sperm motility. Current ...

Search UPSpace

All of upspace.

• Communities & Collections

This Collection

Upspace workspace.

• DNA fragmentation (2)
• Human spermatozoa (2)
• Accessible ART (1)
• Affordable assisted reproduction (1)
• Apoptosis (1)
• Assisted reproductive treatment (1)
• Blood-borne virus (1)
• Cancers of the female genital tract (1)
• Cervical cancer (1)
• ... View More

Date Issued

• 2010 - 2019 (14)
• 2008 - 2009 (1)

Has File(s)

Hon’ble Chancellor Vice Chancellor Registrar Principal Vice Principal Medical Superintendent

Anaesthesiology Anatomy Biochemistry Cardiac Anaesthesia Cardiology Cardio vascular & Thoracic Surgery Community Medicine Dermatology (Skin & VD) Emergency Medicine Endocrinology ENT, Head & Neck Surgery Forensic Medicine Gastroenterology

General Medicine General Surgery Interventional Radiology Medical Oncology Microbiology Nephrology Neonatology Neurology Neurosurgery Nuclear Medicine Obstetrics & Gynecology Ophthalmology Orthopedics Pathology

Public Health Research Unit Medical Education MCI Nodal Center Hospital Administration

Pediatrics Pediatric Neurology Pediatric Surgery Pharmacology Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Physiology Plastic & Reconstructive surgery Psychiatry Radiation Oncology Radiology/Radio-diagnosis Respiratory/Pulmonary Medicine Surgical Oncology Urology

Under Graduate

Post graduate.

Post Doctoral Diploma Courses Public Health Ph.D Hospital Administration Fellowship Courses Allied Courses

Feedback Analysis 2015-20 Feedback Analysis 2021

Syllabus of Courses offered

Under Graduate Post Graduate Post Doctoral Fellowship Courses Ph.D Allied Courses

• KLE Advanced Simulation Centre & Clinical Skills Lab
• Cadaveric Skill Lab
• NIRF Prescribed Format
• JNMC NIRF 2018
• JNMC NIRF 2019
• JNMC NIRF 2020
• JNMC NIRF 2021
• JNMC NIRF 2022
• JNMC NIRF 2023
• JNMC NIRF 2024
• KLE Dr. PBK Hospital & MRC
• KLE Dr.PBK Hospital
• JNMC Women’s & Children’s Health Research Unit
• KLE Society
• Sports Complex
• Convention Center
• Musical Garden
• Shivalaya Temple
• Ganesh Temple
• Attendance Dashboard
• Scientific Society
• Student Association
• Kannada Balaga
• Institutional Ethics Committee
• Internal Complaint Committee
• Anti-Ragging
• Para Medical Course
• Capability Enhancement
• Faculty Login
• Student/Parent Login
• Dissertations
• M.B.B.S Phase III – Part-II
• OBST & GYNECOLOGY

ONGOING MS DISSERTATION

COMPLETED MS DISSERTATION

Obst Gynecology

Request a quote.

• Hon’ble Chancellor
• Vice Chancellor
• Vice Principal
• Medical Superintendent
• Biochemistry
• Forensic Medicine
• Microbiology
• Pharmacology
• Community Medicine
• Ophthalmology
• Obst & Gynecology
• Orthopaedics
• Skin & VD
• Pulmnonary Medicine
• Anaesthesiology
• Post Doctoral
• Endocrinology
• Department Public Health
• Research Unit
• Medical Education
• MCI Nodal Center
• Diploma Courses
• Department of Public Health
• Hospital Administration
• Govt-Approval
• KLE Dr. PBK Hospital & MRC
• KLE Dr.PBK Charitable Hospital
• PHC & UHC

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• v.15(2); 2023 Feb
• PMC10008779

Surgical Site Infection in Obstetric and Gynecological Surgeries: A Prospective Observational Study

Sayali p kulkarni.

1 Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, IND

Oas Kothari

Introduction.

An infection at an incisional site that develops within 30 days after surgery, or within a year if a prosthetic is implanted, is referred to as a surgical site infection (SSI). They are mainly caused by exogenous and/or endogenous microbes that penetrate the surgical site during surgery (primary infection) or after the procedure (secondary infection). The prevention of SSI should be the ultimate goal of the surgery team and hospital administration.

Methodology

The prospective observational study of SSI consisted of 920 patients who were admitted and underwent surgery between April 2021 and September 2022. After a complete examination, a detailed proforma for the collection of data pertaining to patients in this study was prepared, and patients were included as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The study demonstrated significant results in terms of the association of body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, and blood sugar level with the SSI status (p<0.05) and nonsignificant results in terms of emergency/elective surgery, type of surgery, and type of incision (p>0.05).

The overall rate of SSI was 9.2% in the present study. The major reasons involved are inadequate infrastructure facilities, different antibiotics policies, and non-uniform pre-, intra-, and post-operative measures that add woes and result in an increased incidence of SSI. In the present study that was undertaken at a teaching and tertiary care center, the SSI incidence is comparatively lower, but with the implementation of correct knowledge and technique, the rate can further be reduced to a large extent.

The second most frequent cause of maternal mortality in obstetrics and gynecology, after postpartum hemorrhage, is infection [ 1 ]. Surgical site infections (SSIs), which account for 38% of hospital-acquired infections among surgical patients in the obstetrics and gynecology department, are the most prevalent nosocomial infections. The percentage of SSI varies between 2.5% and 41.9%, according to various reports in the Indian literature [ 2 , 3 ].

An infection at an incisional site that develops within 30 days after surgery, or within a year if a prosthetic is implanted, is referred to as an SSI. Even though this complication is common but nearly rarely fatal, it prolongs the healing of the incision and raises morbidity [ 4 ]. Despite recent advances in pathophysiology knowledge and prophylactic measures, SSIs continue to be a major contributor to post-operative morbidity, higher treatment costs, and extended hospital stays [ 5 ]. These infections almost never pose a life-threatening hazard, and they have no effect on the overall success of the surgery. However, the patient, her family, and the hospital are troubled by the extended morbidity and extra costs [ 2 , 6 ].

Exogenous and/or endogenous microbes penetrate the surgical site during surgery (primary infection) or after the procedure (secondary infection) [ 7 , 8 ]. Primary infections typically appear five to seven days after surgery and are more dangerous [ 9 ]. The majority of SSIs are straightforward infections that just affect the subcutaneous tissue and the skin, although they can occasionally develop into necrotizing infections [ 10 ]. Surgical wounds that are infected typically appear with pain, warmth, swelling, pus development, and erythema [ 11 ].

The prevention of SSI is the primary responsibility of the surgical team and hospital administration [ 12 ]. We have planned to undertake this topic as there is very scanty literature pertaining to surgical site infections in obstetrics and gynecology. Also, within institutions, different units follow their own customized protocols for pre-operative workup, intra-operative techniques, and post-operative care measures to tackle SSI.

This study aimed to ascertain the various factors responsible for the causation of SSI and the proportion of SSI. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the modes and methods to reduce SSI, thereby reducing the cost of treatment, patient dissatisfaction, possible litigation, and prolonged morbidity related to this complication.

Materials and methods

This prospective observational study of SSI was carried out at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Postgraduate Institute, Indore, in the obstetrics and gynecology department. Nine hundred twenty patients who were admitted and underwent surgery between April 2021 and September 2022, a span of one-and-a-half years, were included in the study.

The study was initiated after approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) and Scientific Research Committee of Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, with IEC number SAIMS/RC/IEC/2021/54. After admitting the patients and taking proper history related to past, medical and surgical, clinical examination including systemic examination, along with vital parameters, a provisional diagnosis was made.

After conducting all required pathological and radiological interventions, a confirmatory diagnosis of the patient was made, and the required intervention was decided. After confirming the required surgical intervention and mode of surgery, pre-operative investigations were sent, and a pre-anesthetic checkup was done.

A detailed proforma for the collection of data pertaining to patients in this study was prepared, and patients were included as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients undergoing elective or emergency obstetric or gynecological abdominal surgery and patients with SSI occurring within 30 days after the operation were involved in the study. Patients not willing to participate, patients below 18 years and above 60 years, patients who underwent re-exploration surgery, and patients who were operated on elsewhere and were referred for SSI or any other reason were not involved in the study.

Broad measures that were followed in all the patients involved the following: skin preparation was done by removing the hairs by shaving with a razor immediately before the operation in emergency cases. In elective cases, skin preparation was done the night before by shaving, and all patients were given pre-operative intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis one hour to four hours before the surgery in the recovery room. A third-generation cephalosporin was usually employed, followed by pre-operative skin preparation done with Savlon, alcohol, and povidone-iodine; care was taken to achieve complete hemostasis at the site of operation with electrocautery. In all cases, povidone-iodine was applied before applying skin sutures; in obese patients, either the subcutaneous fat was approximated with interrupted absorbable sutures or a subcutaneous drain was kept, and abdominal drains were used whenever needed.

Post-operatively, the patient's wound was examined in all the cases by an assigned resident surgeon, and the findings were recorded on the case sheet. The initial post-operative inspection of the wound was performed after 72 hours or even sooner if there was soakage, there was discomfort at the wound site, or there is high body temperature. Thereafter, it was performed on the 10th day or as and when necessary. Patients were followed up for 10 days in case of subcuticular sutures and until suture removal in mattress suture. In case of the presence of signs of surgical site infection, swab was sent for culture and sensitivity.

Patients were informed of the symptoms of SSI and advised to notify the observer right away after seeing the first SSI symptom for a month. The discharged patients were advised for ongoing follow-up care for a month in the outpatient department. Every time a patient was seen during the visit, a thorough examination was performed, and any infections were quickly identified and reported.

The distribution of a total of 920 patients on the basis of age group demonstrated a higher proportion of 65.1% for 18-40 years and a lower proportion of 34.9% for age group 41-60 years. Table ​ Table1 1 demonstrated patient classification on the basis of SSI status. The higher proportion of 90.8% was absent, and the lower proportion of 9.2% was present.

SSI: surgical site infection

According to the distribution on the basis of BMI, the higher proportion of 82.7% was for 25-30 kg/m 2 , and the lower proportion of 17.3% was for 18-24.9 kg/m 2 . Table ​ Table2 2 demonstrates the association between body mass index (BMI) range and SSI status.

BMI, body mass index; SSI, surgical site infection; df, degrees of freedom

According to the distribution of patients on the basis of emergency/elective, the higher proportion of 55.3% was for emergency, and the lower proportion of 44.7% was for elective. Table ​ Table3 3 demonstrates the association between emergency/elective and SSI status.

SSI, surgical site infection; df, degrees of freedom

According to the type of surgery performed, a higher proportion of 55.7% was for obstetric surgery, and the proportion of 44.3% was for gynecological surgery. Table ​ Table4 4 demonstrates the association between the type of surgery and SSI status.

According to the type of incision, a higher proportion of 55.7% was for Pfannenstiel, and the lower proportion of 8.9% was for midline vertical. Table ​ Table5 5 demonstrates the association between the type of incision and SSI status.

According to the basis of hemoglobin, a higher proportion of 58.0% was for 7-11, and the lower proportion of 1.5% was for <7. Table ​ Table6 6 demonstrates the association between the basis of hemoglobin and SSI status.

Table ​ Table7 7 demonstrates the association between the basis of random blood sugar level and SSI status.

SSI, surgical site infections; RBS, random blood sugar; df, degrees of freedom

In maximum cases, no growth was detected second; the higher proportion of 30.59% was for E. coli organism, and the lower proportion of 7.06% was for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Table ​ Table8 8 describes the distribution of patients according to the organisms detected.

MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

From April 2021 to September 2022, 920 patients who underwent abdominal surgery at the obstetrics and gynecology department of Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Postgraduate Institute, Indore, participated in this prospective observational study.

Out of 920 patients, a higher proportion of 65.1% for 18-40 years and a lower proportion of 34.9% for the age group 41-60 years were seen. Additionally, out of 920 patients, SSI was absent in 835 (90.8%) patients and was present in 85 (9.2%) patients. These figures indicate that the chances of SSIs with age have no correlation; this is contradictory to many studies that have shown that the chances of SSI increase with advancing age, which may be attributed due to various factors in the present study, i.e., patients beyond the age of 60 not included.

Age greater than 45 years was revealed to be a risk factor for getting SSI by Suchitra and Lakshmidevi [ 13 ] In a related study, Mawalla et al. found that the incidence of SSI varied by age group and was as follows: out of 61 patients, 12 (19.6%) got SSI. Twenty-one (30.8%) out of 68 patients in the age group of 41-60 years had SSI, while 14 had SSI out of 44 (31.8%) patients beyond the age of 60. Out of 77 patients in the age group 21-40 years, 23.3% had SSI [ 14 ]. Similar findings of an increase in SSI incidence with advancing age were found in research conducted in India by Kamat et al. [ 15 ].

The overall SSI incidence in the present study was 9.2%, which is comparable to various reports in the Indian literature, that is, 2.5%-41.9% [ 6 , 16 , 17 ]. Compared to rates in the United States of America and other European nations, the incidence rate is significantly greater [ 5 ]. Hospitals in Asia have a greater prevalence of SSI, which is a reflection of the region's subpar awareness of related infections and infection control procedures.

Eighty-five patients had SSI, and of those, 62 (72.94%) had a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 kg/m 2 , whereas 23 (27.06%) had a BMI between 18 and 25 kg/m 2 . These data demonstrate that individuals with a BMI of more than 25 kg/m 2 had a higher infection rate. BMI>35 kg/m 2 has been identified by Awan et al. [ 18 ] as a risk factor for SSI. A BMI of more than 27 kg/m 2 was listed as a risk factor for SSI in the study by Kurmann et al. [ 19 ]. In line with earlier studies on SSI, it was found in the current study that having a higher BMI increases the risk of developing SSI.

Thirty-one individuals (9.25%) with SSI were among the 411 patients who underwent elective surgery. Forty-seven (9.23%) of the 599 emergency surgery patients had SSI. This contradicts numerous studies that indicate increased risks of SSI in emergency procedures by revealing no variation in the likelihood of SSI in emergency versus elective surgeries. In emergency procedures, the incidence of SSI was 39.3%, while in routine surgeries, it was 22.4% [ 17 ]. According to Mawalla et al., the incidence of SSI is 20% in normal cases and 27% in emergency cases [ 14 ].

Out of 920 total patients, 408 underwent gynecological surgery, and 512 underwent obstetric surgery, of which 45 (11.03%) and 40 (7.8%) had SSI, respectively. Out of 408 gynecological surgeries, 240 was total abdominal hysterectomy, of which 30 had SSI; 62 was laparoscopic hysterectomy, of which four had SSI; 30 was exploratory laparotomy, of which seven had SSI; 42 was staging laparotomy, of which only one had SSI; 26 was another laparoscopic surgery, of which three had SSI; two was laparoscopic tubal ligation, of which none had SSI; and six was conventional tubal ligation, of which none had SSI.

Fourteen patients in our study had levels of hemoglobin of <7 g/dL, and notably, all had SSI. Five hundred thirty-four patients had hemoglobin between 7 and 11 g/dL, out of which 57 (10.7%) had SSI. Three hundred seventy-two patients had hemoglobin of >11 g/dL, out of which 14 (3.8%) had SSI. Wound infections were higher in patients operated on with hemoglobin of less than 11 g/dL. Statistical analysis shows chi-square of 152, and p-value is less than 0.0001, which was significant; this shows that there was a correlation between hemoglobin and SSI.

Without certainty, patients who have low hemoglobin have a harder time fighting infection. In their study from 2001, Malone et al. demonstrated that anemia, both pre-operative and post-operative, was linked to an increased risk of wound infection. Our observations are consistent with other research on the topic because post-operative anemia was present in 91% of the patients with SSI in their series [ 20 ].

Since many years ago, it has been understood that diabetic surgery patients are more likely to experience severe side effects such as poor wound healing, wound infections, cardiac compromise, and mortality. In our study, 696 patients had blood sugar levels less than or equal to 140 mg/dL, out of which 34 (4.8%) had SSI. Two hundred twenty-four patients had blood sugar levels of more than 140 mg/dL, out of which 51 (22.77%) had SSI. Statistical analysis shows chi-square of 64.627 and a p-value of <0.002, which was significant; this shows that there was a correlation between RBS and SSI, and this shows that patients with more sugar levels had an increased chance of getting an infection. A retrospective analysis of 995 patients who underwent general and vascular surgery found that for every 40% rise in blood glucose above 110 mg/dL, the prevalence of post-operative infection rose by 30% [ 21 ]. Pre-operative fasting blood glucose level (FBGL) was discovered by Kamat et al. to be a statistically significant variable linked with SSI at a tertiary hospital in Goa. According to Kamat et al., the mean FBGL was 153 mg/dL in SSI patients and 115 mg/dL in non-SSI patients [ 15 ]. Thus, the current study is comparable [ 11 , 22 ]. Close observation is necessary, and the patients are advised to keep the maximal glucose aim below 180 mg/dL [ 21 ].

In the current investigation, E. coli was identified more frequently (30.5%), and the majority of cases showed no growth (32.94%); this incidence was followed by  Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.59%). Staphylococcus aureus was identified in numerous research as the most often isolated organism, but the observation was in contrast to various studies [ 6 , 18 ]. Similar research was conducted by Sahu et al. in 2008 on 200 patients, in which E. coli  was the most frequently recovered bacterium [ 23 ]. In the research by Giri et al. on 230 patients, the infection rate was 23%, with E. coli accounting for the majority of the organisms (43.4%) [ 24 ].

As the important purpose was to study the rate of SSI in this institution, other parameters representing all the abdominal surgical procedures including the severity of SSI, resulting economical losses, and disfigurement could not be studied probably because of the lack of time and resources. The second objective involves the type of surgery, for example, gynecological surgery or obstetric surgery, that has a deleterious effect on the healing of the wound, which leads to SSI. Furthermore, underlying diseases such as diabetes, anemia, and obesity affect or impair immune function, which raises the risk of SSI. They are significant contributors to rising pre-operative hospital stays, which in turn raise the rate of SSI.

Inadequate infrastructure facilities, different antibiotics policies, and non-uniform pre-, intra-, and post-operative measures add woes and result in an increased incidence of SSI. In the present study that was undertaken at a teaching and tertiary care center, the SSI incidence is comparatively lower, but with the implementation of correct knowledge and technique, the rate can further be reduced to a large extent. More identical studies are needed by healthcare providers to recognize the local factor so that they can be rectified and the morbidity associated with SSI can be decreased.

Conclusions

In the present study, the overall rate of SSI was 9.2%. In the present institute where the current study was undertaken, E. coli was the most commonly isolated organism with SSI. Very few studies are available on this topic in Indian literature, and the available studies show very high incidences of SSI in our country. This may be attributed to lower socioeconomic and nutritional status and the presence of numerous comorbidities. In the present study that was undertaken at a teaching and tertiary care center, the SSI incidence is comparatively lower, but with the implementation of correct knowledge and technique, the rate can further be reduced to a large extent.

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Human Ethics

Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. The Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) and Scientific Research Committee of Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences issued approval SAIMS/RC/IEC/2021/54

Animal Ethics

Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum

Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum is written by specialists in the field. It aims, primarily, to present articles on the practice of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in South Africa and is distributed to G.Ps and to specialists concerned with the rendering of healthcare to women.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum is an international, open access, peer-reviewed journal, publishes original contributions describing basic research and clinical investigation of gynecology and obstetrics, on the cellular, molecular, prevention, diagnosis, translational gynecology and obstetrics, therapy and prognosis aspects. The submissions can be basic research or clinical investigation oriented.  This journal  welcomes those submissions focused on the clinical trials of new treatment modalities in gynecology and obstetrics.

• ISSN: 1029-1962
• Publisher: Great Rift Publishing (Previously Netherland Press)
• Frequency:  Quarterly
• Coverage:  Volume 12, Issue 1 - Current
• Language:  English
• Journal Status:  Active
• Collection(s):  Medicine and Public Health

Current Issue

Vol. 34 No. 01 (2024)

Published: 2024-02-04

Impact of Perfusion on Growth and Drug Delivery in Vascularized Tumor Spheroid-On-A-Chip Models

Molecular mechanisms for the potential therapeutic effects of fdy003 in the treatment of cervical cancer, utilizing a network pharmacology approach, a pre-treatment ct-based radiomic model using sulf1 polymorphisms to predict platinum resistance in advanced high-grade ovarian severe cancer patients, navigating stress and subjective well-being: exploring the impact on quality of life among gynic patients after covid-19 pandemic, uncovering stress inducers in maternity care doctors during the covid-19 pandemic: a social and environmental approach.

[Research and medicine in obstetrics and gynecology]

• PMID: 19848332

The current issue of "Harefuah" is dedicated to original and descriptive research as well as to reviews of obstetric and gynecological topics. Original research includes the study on the progesterone receptor's profile in endometrial carcinoma cell lines, as well as the correlation of maternal serum and amniotic fluid Leptin Levels with neonatal birth weight. There are three descriptive articles and one review that are related to pain in gynecology and post partum, and two articles describing one complication and the second presenting a simulation of gynecological surgery. ULtrasound is represented in one descriptive case and two reviews describe sonographic signs for chromosomal abnormalities and fetal viral infection.

Publication types

• English Abstract
• Amniotic Fluid / chemistry
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Gynecology / trends*
• Leptin / analysis
• Obstetrics / trends*
• Pain / physiopathology
• Puerperal Disorders / physiopathology
• Receptors, Progesterone / analysis
• Research / trends*
• Receptors, Progesterone