physical therapist education

How to Become a Physical Therapist

Genevieve Carlton

Contributing Writer

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Updated September 18, 2023

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Physical therapists help athletes recover from injuries, treat patients with chronic back pain, and specialize in rehabilitation. A key part of the healthcare system, physical therapists benefit from high demand. The field reports median salaries more than double the median for all occupations and much-faster-than-average job growth.

In every state, physical therapists must meet education and training requirements to practice. Our guide covers how to become a physical therapist, including education requirements, common specializations, and licensure requirements. Prospective physical therapists can use these resources to learn more about the career path.

Questions About Physical Therapy

How long does it take to become a physical therapist.

Physical therapists must complete a three-year doctoral program to qualify for a license. Some schools offer a 3+3 accelerated program. In them, students spend three years earning an undergraduate degree before directly entering the doctoral program.

Is a physical therapist a doctor?

Yes, physical therapists are doctors. They complete a doctorate as part of their training. However, physical therapists do not attend medical school. Instead, they train in doctor of physical therapy (DPT) programs.

What is the difference between a chiropractor and a physical therapist?

Chiropractors focus on the nervous system and correct related pain. Physical therapists specialize in many body systems, including the musculoskeletal system. They emphasize stretching and exercises to build strength.

Do physical therapists make a lot of money?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual physical therapist salary is $91,010. That exceeds the median salary for healthcare practitioners of $69,870.

What Do Physical Therapists Do?

Physical therapists count themselves among many different types of therapists in the healthcare field. They treat patients recovering from an injury or surgery. Physical therapists provide preventative treatments and help patients with chronic illnesses.

When meeting with a new patient, physical therapists review their medical history and diagnose their needs. Then, physical therapists design a treatment plan. They work closely with patients to demonstrate therapeutic techniques and equipment that increase mobility and decrease pain.

Physical therapists educate patients on their recovery and modify care plans based on progress. They often specialize in areas like orthopedics, geriatrics, or sports physical therapy. Physical therapists work in physical therapy offices, hospitals, home healthcare services, and residential care facilities.

Physical therapist jobs require strong communication skills, compassion, and patience. Physical therapists lift and adjust patients, so they need physical stamina and fitness as well. The career often means long hours standing and working closely with patients.

What Are the Education Requirements for Physical Therapy?

Students who want to become a physical therapist need to understand the education requirements for physical therapist jobs. Recently, the field increased those requirements. Physical therapists once only needed a bachelor's or master's, but now the field requires a doctorate. This section walks through the degrees you'll need to become a physical therapist.

Associate Degree

An associate degree prepares graduates for careers as a physical therapist assistant . During an associate program, students learn about human anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology. They take classes in biology and math. Programs incorporate clinical training to strengthen career-ready skills.

Learners who complete an accredited physical therapist assistant program can apply for a physical therapist assistant license or certification. A two-year associate degree in any subject prepares students to transfer into a bachelor's program. Associate degree-holders can transfer to a four-year institution and earn a bachelor's in about two years.

Bachelor's Degree

A bachelor's degree prepares prospective physical therapists for graduate-level training. What majors should prospective physical therapists consider? Common physical therapist majors include biology, kinesiology, psychology, and exercise science.

These majors often meet the prerequisite course requirements for graduate programs. Most DPT programs require courses in anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, physics, psychology, and statistics. Future physical therapists major in all fields, including humanities, healthcare, or social service. However, they will need to meet the prerequisites to gain admission to a graduate program.

Earning a bachelor's degree generally takes four years for full-time students. The cost varies depending on the school. Undergraduates spend $9,350-$32,770 in tuition and fees , according to 2019-20 National Center for Education Statistics data.

Master's Degree

In the past, physical therapists qualified for licensure with a master's degree. Today, they need a doctorate. Does it make sense to earn a master's degree to become a physical therapist?

Some students benefit from a master's degree. A master's program may help undergraduates with a low GPA or those who need to meet prerequisites. Since most physical therapy programs no longer offer a master's, a degree in kinesiology or occupational therapy can help DPT applicants stand out.

Most master's programs take two years. The cost of a master's degree varies, with most programs costing $30,000-$120,000.

Doctorate Degree

Physical therapists need a doctorate to get their license and practice. Most physical therapy doctoral programs take three years. During that time, doctoral students complete coursework in anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and kinesiology. Programs incorporate training in the behavioral sciences, evidence-based practice, and multiple body systems.

Besides classroom training, doctoral students complete a clinical education component. The 25-30 weeks of clinical training prepare physical therapy graduates for residencies and physical therapist jobs.

DPT program costs vary. In general, public universities with in-state tuition discounts cost less than private institutions. Some programs offer accelerated or part-time enrollment options.

Physical Therapy Specializations

During a physical therapy doctoral program, graduate students choose a specialization to focus their training. After completing a doctorate, physical therapists can pursue board certification as a clinical specialist in 10 specialty areas.

The American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties (ABPTS) offers board certification in geriatrics, orthopedics, and pediatrics. They also certify physical therapists specializing in cardiovascular and pulmonary issues, oncology, sports physical therapy, and women's health.

This section introduces the requirements for three popular physical therapy specializations. Degree-seekers wanting to become a physical therapist can research programs offering concentrations in their desired area. Then, with a doctorate, they can earn board certification as a clinical specialist.

Orthopedic Clinical Specialist

Orthopedic physical therapists treat injuries to patients' bones, muscles, and joints. The specialty requires coursework in orthopedic injuries and musculoskeletal disorders. Enrollees learn about conditions like arthritis that affect the skeletal system, as well as injuries and surgical procedures that require physical therapy.

Board certification requires 2,000 hours of direct patient care in orthopedics. Candidates must complete an orthopedic residency with an accredited institution.

Geriatric Clinical Specialist

A geriatrics specialization focuses on aging patients who require physical therapy. To prepare for physical therapist jobs in this specialty, students learn about age-related musculoskeletal disorders, including arthritis and osteoporosis. They also learn about neurological disorders that affect physical health. Doctoral candidates gain hands-on experience through clinical practicums.

After completing a doctorate with training in geriatrics, physical therapists must meet two requirements for board certification. Candidates need 2,000 hours of patient care in geriatrics and an accredited geriatrics residency.

Pediatric Clinical Specialist

Physical therapists specializing in pediatrics work with children and adolescents. They focus on physical injuries and disorders that affect young people from birth through their teenage years. During a doctoral program, a pediatric concentration covers conditions that pediatric physical therapists treat, like cerebral palsy. Doctoral candidates complete clinical hours in pediatric care settings.

Professionals qualify for pediatric clinical specialist board certification with a doctorate, accredited pediatrics residency, and 2,000 pediatric patient care hours.

Career and Salary Outlook for Physical Therapy

Physical therapists benefit from a strong career and salary outlook. Salaries vary depending on location, experience, and industry. The top-paid physical therapists earn a median salary over $126,500 per year.

Some industries report a higher physical therapist salary than others. Nursing and residential care facilities report the highest median pay, followed by home healthcare services, hospitals, and physical therapist offices.

Location also affects earning potential. The five states with the highest mean physical therapist salary are Nevada, California, Alaska, New Jersey, and Connecticut. In these states, physical therapists report mean salaries over $100,000 per year.

In addition to high earnings, the field reports a strong job outlook. The BLS projects 49,100 added physical therapist jobs from 2020-2030, representing 21% projected job growth. This qualifies as much-faster-than-average growth.

Certifications and Licensure for Physical Therapists

In every state, physical therapists need a license to practice. Requirements vary by state, but include a doctorate from an accredited program. Candidates must pass the National Physical Therapy Examination , which tests their knowledge in many areas of physical therapy.

Physical therapists pursuing licensure in some states must pass a jurisprudence exam.Other requirements may include a criminal background check. The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy provides contact information for each state's licensing body. It also offers information on the exam requirements for licensure.

With a state-issued license, professionals qualify to apply for physical therapist jobs. They can also pursue board certification in a specialty area through ABPTS. Board certification requires a residency and clinical patient care hours.

Ask an Expert

Lea Klein graduated from St. Louis University with a bachelor's in exercise science in 2000 and received her master of science in physical therapy in 2001. She began by working in outpatient care, treating orthopedic impairments. During her almost 20-year career, Klein became passionate about treating pregnant and postpartum patients and decided to go through training to treat pelvic floor disorders in 2007.

She now specializes in pelvic floor physical therapy. In 2017, after having her third child, she decided to take the leap and start her own private business, Klein Physical Therapy . Klein always wanted to deliver the highest quality care and felt that one-hour sessions allowed for quicker progress. Her practice continues to grow steadily.

Q. What Are Some Challenges and High Points in This Role?

I feel like the highest points of being a physical therapist (PT) are the times when you have made tremendous progress with a patient and truly changed their current life. There is nothing better than hearing that they are no longer experiencing the debilitating pain they had been experiencing or that they could resume their exercise routine without pain.

The challenges in this role are the limits that insurance companies place on quality care. Another challenge is breaking the stereotype of what a PT does. Our profession has grown tremendously, and many still don't know about all the benefits of seeing a PT. My specialty of pelvic floor physical therapy is still not well known.

Q. What Type of Person Does Well in This Role?

There are many different settings for a physical therapist to explore. Being a neurophysical therapist treating patients with traumatic brain injury, for instance, is very different than being an outpatient orthopedic therapist. The common characteristic in all specialties is being a caregiver. You have to like working closely with people, and it's a plus if you're an analytical thinker who likes to problem solve.

Q. Who Does This Role Help? How Does This Role Affect Others?

This role helps a tremendous amount of people. It really helps anyone struggling with physical impairments. In the neuro world, you are helping stroke patients, Parkinson's patients, patients with closed head or spinal cord injuries, and many others. In the ortho world, you are helping post-surgical patients, such as those recovering from a total knee replacement or rotator cuff repair. The patient with debilitating low back pain and the postpartum mom struggling with urinary incontinence and sciatica are all examples of those helped by physical therapy.

Q. Why Do We Need More Physical Therapists?

Physical therapy is a crucial profession. As baby boomers get older and the weekend warriors continue to injure themselves, we continue to need more physical therapists.

Q. How Long Does It Usually Take Graduates With a Degree to Get Hired?

Most graduates who have prepared themselves can get hired immediately after graduation. My first job was with the company that I had one of my clinicals with. I secured the job before I even passed the boards (barring that I passed, of course).

Q. How Much Does a Certification Specialty Affect Your Hireability?

As a new grad, it is not necessary to have a certification specialty to be hired. My personal advice is to stay focused during your schooling on which area of PT you'd like to practice in. Make sure you sign up for a variety of clinical settings and then go for your favorite setting when you graduate.

As you begin to work in that setting, then strive to specialize in something more specific. A specialty is likely going to make you a more desirable candidate when applying for positions.

Q. What Skills Do Employers Look For?

I believe employers are looking for therapists who are good communicators and those who are teachable. One must show the ability to perform critical thinking. If you have an openness to learn and you are confident without being arrogant, you will shine in an employer's eyes.

Q. What Can Students Do to Make Themselves Look Better to Employers?

Students will always look better if they demonstrate that they are truly invested in their profession. Taking the time to volunteer within the profession and having strong personal and professional goals for growth are ways to stand out.

Resources for Physical Therapy

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Physical Therapist

What does a physical therapist do.

Physical therapists diagnose and treat patients who have medical problems or injuries that limit their abilities to move or function in their daily lives. Patients will typically come to a physical therapist after being referred by their primary physician. Physical therapists work with people who have experienced an injury or disease that has affected their movement and range of motion.

A physical therapist will examine a patient then create a recovery plan. They often focus on treatments that reduce the need for surgery and prescriptive drugs. A physical therapist uses a combination of exercise, stretches, hands-on techniques, and equipment to restore function or relieve pain.

Scope of practice

Physical therapists work with physical therapy assistants, educators, social workers , nurses , doctors, and surgeons to treat patients of all ages, from infants to the elderly. Common tasks and duties include:

• Diagnosing patients to determine a level of function by observing them stand, walk, and perform tasks, as well as listening to their concerns
• Designing an individualized care plan based on their observations of the patient, the patient’s goals and expected outcomes, available research on the condition, and their medical expertise
• Evaluating the progress of the patient and adjusting care plans when necessary
• Developing and implementing plans to successfully discharge

Specializations

With certification, physical therapists can specialize in a particular area, including:

• Cardiovascular and pulmonary
• Clinical electrophysiology
• Orthopedics

Work environment

Physical therapists work in hospitals, private practices, home health agencies, outpatient rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, schools, and medical clinics. They are on their feet for the majority of their working day, and often need to use their bodies to work with patients – including needing to lift or move them. A typical day shift, weekday work schedule can be expected, but some work settings may require evening or weekend hours.

Becoming a physical therapist

If you’re looking for a rewarding career and don’t mind six to seven years of higher education, becoming a physical therapist might be a great career choice for you; physical therapists report having a lot of personal fulfillment from their job.

Higher education requirements

To become a physical therapist, you’ll need to complete a physical therapy program. Specifically, you’ll need to either complete a bachelor's degree and then a doctoral program in physical therapy, or you might choose a 3+3 physical therapy program that combines the degrees into a total of six years of higher education.

Once a degree is achieved, some physical therapists choose to enroll in a residency or fellowship program after graduating from their doctoral program. This will provide the physical therapist with advanced training and mentorship; it will also allow them to specialize and develop expertise in a specific area.

Certification process

Certification is not required, but may provide additional opportunities for physical therapists. In order to become board certified, you must have a doctoral degree in physical therapy, must have completed at least 2,000 hours of clinical experience, and must pass a certification exam.

Career opportunities and outlook

Physical therapists can expect a median annual salary of $ 95,620 .

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , employment of physical therapists in the U.S. is expected to grow much faster than average. This is due to the aging baby-boomer population who are staying active later in life and are more likely to deal with health conditions that can benefit from physical therapy. Secondly, there has been an increase in chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity so physical therapists are needed to help these patients manage the effects of these conditions.

With additional training and experience, some physical therapists move into management roles with more responsibilities or start their own practices. Some therapists become professors while others earn specializations in areas such as pediatrics or sports medicine to increase career opportunities.

By the numbers

median annual salary

years of higher education

job growth projected from 2020-2030

Physical therapist programs at Mayo Clinic

Mayo Clinic offers several physical therapy programs to train students for a career as a physical therapist.

• Physical or Occupational Therapy Internship (Florida)
• Physical Therapy Doctoral Program (Minnesota)
• Physical Therapy Acute Care Residency (Arizona)
• Physical Therapy Geriatric Residency (Arizona)
• Physical Therapy Internship (Arizona)
• Physical Therapy Internship (Minnesota)
• Physical Therapy Neurologic Residency (Minnesota)
• Physical Therapy Orthopedic Residency (Minnesota)
• Physical Therapy Sports Residency (Minnesota)

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How to Get Into Physical Therapy Schools

Applicants to PT programs need to demonstrate empathy and an interest in physical therapy, experts say.

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The federal Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts the number of employed physical therapists in the U.S. will be 22% higher in 2028 than 10 years prior.

People who suffer traumatic injuries often face a difficult journey to recovery. They might struggle to walk or have other mobility challenges, and they could feel significant pain. These are situations where a physical therapist , or PT, can provide critical assistance.

This kind of health care professional is an expert on diagnosing and counteracting mobility problems. He or she can offer hands-on therapies and prescribe exercise regimens.

Though graduate education wasn't always required to become a physical therapist, a doctorate degree is now necessary to join the profession in the U.S. An aspiring U.S. physical therapist will need to complete a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, or DPT, which typically requires about three years of full-time study.

He or she will also need to pass the national physical therapy exam, or NPTE, and obtain a license to practice in the state where he or she intends to work.

Physical therapists sometimes choose to pursue further education after they complete a DPT program by obtaining a residency, fellowship or board certification within a particular physical therapy specialty, such as women's health, neurology or clinical electrophysiology.

The number of job opportunities in this field is growing, according to the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, which predicts that the number of employed physical therapists in the U.S. will be 22% higher in 2028 than 10 years prior. In 2018, the median annual salary among physical therapists was $87,930, the bureau reports.

The average debt burden among newly minted DPT graduates is often significant. For example, the average debt-to-income ratio among Florida early-career physical therapists surveyed in 2016 was 197% – equal to almost two years of the average salary, according to student debt research published by the American Physical Therapy Association, or APTA.

Nevertheless, some young physical therapists say that they are glad they invested in their education, despite the cost.

"I have student loans that I pay on every month, and I probably will for forever or for the foreseeable future, but I love what I do, so it kind of just is what it is," says Lauren Lobert, who received her DPT degree from the University of Michigan—Flint in 2012 and owns APEX Physical Therapy Practice in Brighton, Michigan.

Lobert says her PT job allows her to assist people in need in a tangible way, and she finds physical therapy a fulfilling and meaningful profession. "You get to work with people through injuries or through some of the hardest times in their lives," she says, adding that she enjoys building relationships with patients.

The physical therapy field is ideal for highly active people who like to move around, she adds, because PTs don't spend a lot of time "sitting behind a desk."

What It Takes to Become a Physical Therapist

The abilities to empathize and communicate well are essential for success as a physical therapist, according to individuals working in the field.

"Physical therapy is a personal profession," Morgan Nolte, a board-certified clinical specialist in geriatric physical therapy, wrote in an email. "You have to be able to connect with people, talk to people, and exhibit a true interest in helping others. Community service and leadership experience can help you further stand out from the crowd," adds Nolte, who has a DPT degree.

It is also imperative to commit to lifelong learning, says Chalee Engelhard, director of the DPT program at the University of Cincinnati , where she is also an associate professor.

Another important quality for an aspiring physical therapist to have is resilience, Engelhard says. When patients are unable to meet their mobility goals, physical therapists need to calmly assess the situation and figure out a solution, she adds.

Craig Stiemsma, a professor at Dordt University in Iowa and director of its pre-physical therapy club, says anyone who is considering a physical therapy career needs to assess whether he or she enjoys working with people and solving problems, since both of those activities are central components of physical therapy jobs.

They should then observe physical therapists in action to gauge whether the profession is a good fit, Stiemsma says.

Field experience can help prospective students determine whether physical therapy is the right calling before they enroll in the prerequisite courses that are mandatory for admission to a particular PT school, Stiemsma adds.

According to the APTA, completing college classes in the following academic disciplines is often necessary in order to qualify for acceptance into a PT program:

"You are not required to select a particular major in order to be eligible for admission to a PT program," the association states in its online guide to the PT school admissions process. "The most common undergraduate majors among PT students include exercise science, biology, kinesiology, and psychology."

The association adds that PT school hopefuls may need to complete a certain number of hours of PT-related fieldwork to be competitive candidates; meet GPA and GRE requirements; get references and participate in interviews; disclose if they have any criminal convictions; and undergo criminal background checks and drug screenings.

Additionally, some PT schools prefer in-state students and may require that candidates demonstrate certain physical, behavioral or cognitive abilities that they deem necessary to complete a DPT degree and excel as a physical therapist, according to the association.

Stiemsma advises aspiring physical therapists to look up the typical grades and test scores among admitted students at their target program and attempt to exceed the average. Having exceptional credentials will boost the odds of acceptance, he emphasizes.

There are significant nonacademic considerations in the PT school admissions process, notes Nolte, who owns a Nebraska-based physical therapy practice – Reshape Physical Therapy and Wellness LLC – and serves as an academic coordinator for the geriatric physical therapy residency at Creighton University in Nebraska. "Going out of your way to get observational experience, or better yet work experience, in settings where physical therapy takes place will set you apart."

Eric J. Hegedus, a professor and founding chair with the DPT department at High Point University in North Carolina, says his school uses a holistic admissions process that accounts for more than numbers, adding that they use interviews to screen applicants.

"We want to see how the applicant interacts and communicates, see their passion for physical therapy, and hear their story," Hegedus wrote in an email.

Jasmine Marcus, a physical therapist in Ithaca, New York, who received her DPT degree from Columbia University , says a solid application essay helped her stand out in the PT school admissions process. "The best thing that you can do is just try to stand out a little bit," she says.

Marcus notes that many PT admissions essays discuss the incident that precipitated the candidate's interest in the PT profession. However, that approach will often be dull and "generic" if it recounts an everyday physical therapy treatment session, she says.

"You're describing something that the person reading it isn't going to be very interested in and that hundreds of other people could have described as well, so I usually recommend that you write about something that's just going to show off who you are as a person," she says.

The essay should highlight traits about a PT school applicant that would make him or her a good physical therapist, she adds, suggesting that the essay topic doesn't need to be physical therapy. She says her own application essay focused on how her communication skills as a former journalist and writer would translate well into the PT field, where questioning and understanding patients is vital.

"So I kind of took my strengths and how I was unique but also spun it in a way that showed why I would make a good future physical therapist," Marcus explains.

What's Taught In Physical Therapy School

Hegedus, who has a DPT degree, suggests that PT school is similar to other types of health care professional programs in its rigor, but he notes that it differs in important ways.

In contrast to other health care grad programs , during PT programs "you must learn and apply (rather than memorize and regurgitate)," and you gain expertise in how the way someone moves can contribute to their pain and aggravate their disabilities, he says.

Alice Holland, who received her DPT degree from the University of Southern California , wrote in an email that PT school is exceptionally demanding and often involves back-to-back classes.

"The first year of DPT school is very anatomy-heavy with cadaver work, the second year is focused on neurobiology and the third year is bringing all knowledge together to form treatment plans," says Holland, who started an outpatient orthopedic physical therapy clinic, Stride Strong Physical Therapy LLC, and has hired PT school grads.

She adds that DPT students typically participate in internships at PT clinics, which allows them to gain relevant work experience and begin to interact with patients.

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The Future PT’s Guide to Becoming a Physical Therapist

Whether looking at potential career paths or a career change, becoming a physical therapist can be deeply rewarding.

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Becoming a physical therapist requires a passion for—and quite a bit of schooling in—subjects like anatomy, biology, kinesiology, biomechanics, neuroscience, and exercise physiology (as well as a love of working with people). Though the cost of PT education continues to rise, the rewards of helping people improve function, mobility, and overall well-being are vast. If you’ve got questions about this career path, then we’ve got answers. Read this future physical therapist guide to learn everything you need to know about becoming a physical therapist.

What do physical therapists do?

A physical therapist is an expert in treating patients with neuromusculoskeletal conditions—anything from low back pain and joint injuries to post-stroke symptoms and cerebral palsy. As a physical therapist, you could work with patients of any age to help them:

• Recover from an injury or surgery;
• Improve strength, flexibility, and balance; 
• Learn and grow through developmental milestones; and/or
• Maintain mobility and function as they age.

To accomplish this for a patient, you would:

• Establish good rapport.
• Review the patient’s medical history.
• Perform an initial evaluation to assess the issue or condition and determine if PT would be appropriate.
• If PT is appropriate, create a plan of care detailing the evidence-based treatment type (e.g., exercises, stretches, hands-on therapy, equipment use, and/or a home exercise program), frequency, and duration necessary to help the patient achieve his or her therapeutic goals.
• Follow the treatment protocol detailed in your plan of care (POC) while adhering to all insurance and state rules and regulations.
• Teach the patient —and family members, if appropriate—how to safely perform daily activities and improve their progress with an at-home exercise program.
• Monitor the patient’s progress using outcome measurement tools, adjusting the POC as necessary until the patient reaches his or her goal.

Where do physical therapists work?

Physical therapists may see patients in private clinics, patient homes, hospitals, nursing facilities, schools, or sports arenas. They can work one-on-one with patients or serve as members of a larger care team. Some physical therapists oversee physical therapist assistants or physical therapist technicians (techs) . Physical therapists may work for one clinic in one location—or they may travel to different clinics around the country (travel PTs) or different clinics in a particular region (registry PTs). To learn more about travel PT, check out our travel PT checklist —or you could learn more about registry PT and per diem opportunities .

Physical therapists may also work in non-clinical roles (e.g., as executives in healthcare companies , researchers, directors, teachers, writers, or consultants).

Want to own a physical therapy private practice one day?

Download the PT’s guide to starting a private practice , and you’ll learn everything you need to know about starting a successful clinic—including picking a location with the right amount of curb appeal and crossing your legal t’s and dotting your credentialing i’s.

How do physical therapists find patients?

Traditionally, physical therapists have largely relied on physician referrals to keep their treatment schedules full. In other words, physicians determine which patients are good candidates for physical therapy—and send those patients to a specific physical therapist.

Today, however, some form of direct access exists in all 50 states, making it possible for most therapists to—at the very least—perform an initial evaluation without needing a physician referral first. Thus, many providers are expanding their marketing initiatives to reach patients directly . Given that patients are now responsible for a greater portion of their healthcare costs, many are conducting their own research—specifically, online research—about providers and treatment options instead of relying on a referral from their primary care provider (PCP). That’s why it’s important for physical therapists to have an optimized online presence that includes a professional website , positive online reviews , and an active social media presence . That said, most physical therapists still maintain good relationships with physicians and surgeons and obtain many of their patients through the traditional referral process.

How much money do physical therapists make?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , the median pay for physical therapists in May of 2022 was $97,720 per year and $46.98 per hour—with the lowest 10% earning less than $67,900 and the highest earning more than $128,830. 

The industries that hire the most physical therapists are:

*According to the Department of Labor, this category includes offices of chiropractors; optometrists; mental health practitioners (except physicians); physical, occupational, and speech therapists as well as audiologists; and all other health practitioners.

The top-paying industries for physical therapists are:

Location Matters

Keep in mind that the above-noted numbers are national averages. These stats will differ depending on where you live. The states with the highest number of employed physical therapists are:

The top-paying states for physical therapists are:

Download your free copy of the PT Salary Guide.

To find out what physical therapists make in your neck of the woods—including a complete state-by-state and metropolitan area breakdown— download our free salary guide here.

Experience Matters

According to Payscale.com , experienced physical therapists receive a salary 13% higher than the national average, whereas entry-level PTs receive a salary 9% lower. The average entry-level salary for a physical therapist is $69,073.

What kind of job outlook do physical therapists have?

The demand for physical therapy is growing—and will continue to grow —as more people recognize the need for safe, cost-effective, conservative, and long-term treatment options to address neuromusculoskeletal and chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. With the opioid crisis falling under the national spotlight, payers and legislators are feeling the pressure to find and deliver alternative treatment options—like physical therapy—to their patients. If that’s not enough, according to BLS , many baby boomers are staying active later in life and thus, require the regular attention of a physical therapist. To that end, physical therapist employment is expected to grow 17% from 2021 to 2031, which is “much faster than the average for all occupations.”

So, what does that mean for you? If you pursue a career in physical therapy, you’ll likely land a job right out of school given that “job opportunities are expected to be good for licensed physical therapists in all settings,” and are “particularly good in acute-care hospitals, skilled-nursing facilities, and orthopedic settings, where the elderly are most often treated.” The outlook is even better if you want to work in a rural area, because most practicing physical therapists already work in “highly populated urban and suburban areas.”

What kind of software do physical therapists use?

Whether working as an individual provider or within a large practice group with other healthcare professionals, an electronic medical record (EMR) to record and store patient health information is the start of simplifying clinical workflows. Ideally, physical therapists will choose an always-up-to-date, cloud-based EMR and practice management platform that’s designed for physical therapists and provides not only defensible documentation, compliance alerts, and a streamlined workflow but also:

• intuitive scheduling functionality and automated appointment reminders that reduce patient cancellations and no-shows by as much as 30%, and patient self-scheduling software that patients are actively seeking to use; 
• fully integrated clinical outcomes tracking with a library of standardized, risk-adjusted tests;
• enhanced multimedia home exercise programs ;
• robust practice intelligence analytics ; 
• comprehensive billing solutions that increase payments per visit by up to 10%; and 

advanced patient engagement and marketing tools.

What does it take to become a physical therapist, personality traits.

A provider’s personality greatly affects a patient’s willingness to complete his or her course of care—and thus, his or her therapeutic outcome. It’s safe to say that a provider’s personality matters. Do you have the personality necessary to be a successful PT? Here are some important traits for a future PT to possess: 

• Compassionate
• People-Oriented
• Conversational
• A Critical Thinker
• A Puzzle-Lover
• Accountable
• A Good Decision-Maker
• Cooperative
• Passionate About Functional Movement and Well-being

Students who are interested in becoming physical therapists must first earn a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university. Then, they’ll go on to earn a doctorate of physical therapy (DPT) from the graduate school of their choice. A growing number of schools accept students directly out of high school for three years of undergraduate coursework plus three years of graduate-level education.

While you don’t have to select a pre-physical therapy or pre-med major, most graduate schools require students to have a significant amount of applicable prerequisite courses in subjects such as chemistry, physics, biology, anatomy, psychology, statistics, mathematics, and English writing. (The Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service has a detailed chart of what each DPT program requires.) Thus, selecting a major with a heavy emphasis on science would be a wise choice (though certainly not mandatory). If you complete, say, a fine arts degree, you may still be able to attend PT school; you might just have to take additional courses to meet the prerequisite course requirements before matriculation. (To learn what your school-of-choice requires, check out its admissions page; for the top-ranked PT programs in the country, scroll to the next section of this page and click the link in the prereqs section of each school.)

Prerequisites

Other prerequisites often include: 

• A solid GPA ( the University of Pittsburgh , for example, only accepts students with a GPA of 3.0 or higher);
• Good Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) test scores taken within the last five years; and
• Adequate exposure to the profession through volunteer or paid experience in a clinic or hospital.

So, if you plan to pursue a career as a physical therapist, you’ll want to keep your grades up in college and practice for the GRE—and you may want to begin applying for physical therapy internships early in your undergraduate career to ensure you can demonstrate a wealth of experience once it comes time to apply to grad school. 

Traditional Residential Programs vs. Alternative Hybrid Models

Most physical therapy programs are full-time, three-year programs—which means you must attend classes at the university campus. There are, however, some alternative DPT programs with a hybrid learning model that enables students flexibility in how they finish their DPT program. These models typically take the shape of:

• a mostly online format , 
• a part-time attendance format, or 
• an accelerated program .

With the growing need for PTs in practice and the industry’s recognition that student debt is a problem, hybrid models have become commonplace in almost every state. Choosing the right type of program for you can take some deliberation, so try Mike Reinold's podcast episode to help steer you in the right direction. 

Each school has its own requirements regarding the coursework you must complete to graduate. For instance, here is a list of courses at the University of Southern California . Overall, the direction of coursework is determined by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) who is responsible for overseeing the maintenance of current programs in physical therapy and accrediting new programs.

Once you receive your DPT, you’ll be ready to sit for your multiple-choice licensing exam: the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) . According to the NPTE website, “the NPTE is only one part of the evaluation process used by licensing authorities to assess your competence. Contact your jurisdiction to find out what additional requirements there are, such as taking the jurisprudence exam .”

In other words, be sure to review the requirements for licensure in your state, so you know what to expect before it comes time to graduate as a DPT.

Credentialing

If you’re opting to go in-network with insurance companies , then you’ll need to receive credentials from those payers. As explained in our free billing guide, “Some payers— like Medicare —do not allow non-credentialed providers to treat or collect payment from patients for any covered services.” To apply for credentials, you’ll need:

• malpractice insurance,
• a physical clinic location, and
• a license to practice in your state.

If you join an in-network practice, that company may already have an established credentialing process that will help you get credentialed with the right insurance companies.

Post-Graduate Study

If you choose to further your education beyond your doctorate through clinical fellowships or residency programs, you may do so. According to the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) , these are great ways for “licensed physical therapists to enhance their knowledge and practice.” 

Per the APTA, a clinical residency program is “designed to significantly advance a physical therapist resident's preparation as a provider of patient care services in a defined area of clinical practice. It combines opportunities for ongoing clinical supervision and mentoring with a theoretical basis for advanced practice and scientific inquiry.”

On the other hand, clinical fellowships are offered to physical therapists “who demonstrate clinical expertise in an area of clinical practice related to the practice focus of the fellowship. (Fellows are frequently post-residency prepared or board-certified specialists.)”

Board Certification

If you wish to “build on a broad base of professional education and practice to develop a greater depth of knowledge and skills related to a particular area of practice,” then you may want to consider becoming a board-certified specialist through the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties (ABPTS) in one of the following areas:

• Cardiovascular and Pulmonary
• Clinical Electrophysiology
• Orthopaedics
• Sports Physical Therapy
• Women's Health

Where should I go to school to become a physical therapist?

While the PT school you choose to attend is ultimately up to you, the APTA urges anyone considering a career as a physical therapist to choose a Doctorate of Physical Therapy program that is accredited by CAPTE —otherwise, you may not be eligible to sit for your licensure exam, and only licensed PTs may practice. With that in mind, below are the US News and World Report’s top-ranked PT schools (all of which are accredited by CAPTE). That said, rankings aren’t everything , so be sure to do your own research on all schools you’re considering, including visiting each one and talking to students about their experience.

According to the Report, “each school's score reflects its average rating on a scale from 1 (marginal) to 5 (outstanding), based on a survey of academics at peer institutions.” (Additional details below were collected from each university, the CAPTE website , Peterson’s , and the PTCAS by the APTA . We make no guarantees as to the accuracy or currentness of this information.)

University of Delaware in Newark, DE

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (302) 831-4576 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Gregory Hicks, PT, PhD | Associate Professor and Chair
• Cohort Size: ~60 students
• Tuition: $1,051/credit hour 
• Acceptance Rate: 26%
• Program: In-person full-time DPT 
• School Type: Public
• Prereqs: Bachelor’s degree +

University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, PA

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (412) 383-6630 | [email protected]
• Program Director: James J Irrgang, PT, PhD, ATC, FAPTA | Professor and Chair
• Cohort Size: ~198 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $41,796 per year
• Acceptance Rate: 27%
• Program: In-person full-time DPT

Washington University in St. Louis, MO

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (314) 286-1400 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Gammon Earhart, PT, PhD 
• Cohort Size: ~81 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $20,362 per academic semester | $3,328 to $4,992 per clinical education segment
• Acceptance Rate: 40%
• School Type: Private not-for-profit

Northwestern University in Chicago, IL

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (312) 908-8160 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Julius P. Dewald, PT, PhD  | Chair and Program Administrator
• Cohort Size: ~95 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $121,688 per year
• Acceptance Rate: 17%

University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (319) 335-9791 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Richard K Shields, PT, PhD, FAPTA  | Professor and Director
• Cohort Size: ~42 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $7,858 for Iowa residents / $16,608 for non-residents per semester
• Acceptance Rate: unavailable

University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (323) 442-2900 | [email protected]
• Program Director: James Gordon, PT, EdD, FAPTA | Associate Dean and Chair
• Cohort Size: ~95 in the residential DPT program | ~48 in the hybrid program
• Tuition: $67,389 each for years 1 and 2; $40,715 for the third year
• Acceptance Rate: 16% in 2017 (for the in-person program)
• Program: In-person full-time DPT and full-time hybrid
• School Type: private not-for-profit

Duke University in Durham, NC

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (919) 681-4380 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Chad E. Cook, PT, PhD, MBA, FAAOMPT
• Cohort Size: ~82 students accepted each year
• Tuition: $38,000 per year
• Acceptance Rate: 84% (of early-decision applicants who are interviewed)

Emory University in Atlanta, GA

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (404) 712-5660 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Marie A. Johanson, PT, PhD, OCS | Interim Program Director and Professor
• Cohort Size: ~155 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $11,100 per semester (as of 2016)
• Acceptance Rate: 25%

MGH Institute of Health Professions in Boston, MA 

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (617) 726-8009 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Julie J. Keysor, PT, PhD 
• Cohort Size: ~118 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $27,780 for the fall semester of 2023, tuition rates fluctuate by semester
• Acceptance Rate: 19%

The Ohio State University in Columbus, OH

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (614) 292-5922 | [email protected]
• Program Director: John A. Buford, PT, PhD
• Cohort Size: 47-50 students accepted each year
• Tuition: $6,932.40 per semester for Ohio residents / $16,016.40 per semester for non-residents
• Acceptance Rate: 20%

Creighton University in Omaha, NE and Phoenix, AZ

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (402) 280-2662 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Kirk Peck, PT, PhD, CSCS, CCRT, CERP
• Cohort Size: ~61 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $38,040 for the first year; $56,550 for the second and third years
• School Type: Private

University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill

• Contact Phone Number and Email: (919) 966-4708 | [email protected]
• Program Director: Deborah Givens, PT, DPT, PhD, FAPTA
• Cohort Size: 30-32 students in the graduate program
• Tuition: $9,201 max, per semester for NC residents; $18,347 max, per semester for non-residents
• Acceptance Rate: 33%

What other options are available to me in the PT field?

If you decide not to become a physical therapist—but you enjoy the rehab therapy field—you can also become: 

• an occupational therapist;
• a speech-language pathologist;
• a therapist assistant (PTA, OTA, or SLPA); or
• a therapist technician. 

Or, if you’d rather forego clinical work altogether, you can choose to work in the front or back office of a clinic, performing administrative or billing tasks. Finally, you can apply to work for a leading technology company in the physical therapy space—like WebPT. So while you're here, check out our careers page .

PT vs. PTA vs. Tech

While there is certainly overlap between physical therapists, physical therapist assistants (PTAs), and technicians (a.k.a. aides), there are some important distinctions. For example, in a clinical setting, all three roles work with patients; however, physical therapists are responsible for creating—and overseeing—patient plans of care. Thus, they are the ones who must :

• Interpret patient referrals, 
• Complete all evaluations, 
• Diagnose patient conditions,
• Supervise PTAs and techs,  
• Cosign all PTA-completed notes, and
• Establish discharge plans.

Physical Therapist Assistants

According to the APTA , PTAs “implement selected components of patient/client interventions (treatment), obtain data related to the interventions provided, and make modifications in selected interventions either to progress the patient/client as directed by the physical therapist or to ensure patient/client safety and comfort.” In most cases, payers—including Medicare—will pay for PTA-provided services as long as they adhere to the established supervision and billing requirements ; however, starting January 1, 2022, Medicare will only reimburse 85% of the usual rate for services provided in-part or in-full by a PTA or OTA.

Technicians

Finally, as we explained earlier, “techs help keep the clinic running like a well-oiled machine by cleaning equipment, preparing treatment areas, and assisting patients in moving from room to room—as well as “assist[ing] with clerical duties and paperwork.” According to the APTA , technicians may not perform duties that “require the clinical decision-making of the physical therapist or the clinical problem solving of the physical therapist assistant.” That said, they’re still integral members of the physical therapy team and can have a huge impact on the patient experience—and thus, the practice’s reputation.

Becoming a physical therapist is not necessarily an easy task—some equate it to the rigors of medical school—but the rewards are there in more ways than one. Joining the ranks of physical therapy professionals places you in esteemed standing as an authority in the musculoskeletal system and an expert in movement. Sure there are trials and tribulations just as with any career path, but to quote the NCAA football national champion coach, Jim Harbaugh, “Who’s got it better than us? Nobody!”

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• Physical Therapist

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The demand for physical therapists (PTs) has risen significantly in recent years, as America’s Baby Boomer generation ages and greater medical advances are made in the study of body movement and pain. The United States Bureau of Employment and Labor Statistics (BLS 2022) estimates that job openings in this field will swell 17 percent nationally between 2021 and 2031—more than three times the national average for all occupations during the same period (5 percent).

Physical therapists typically work in an office, clinic, care facility, or home visit setting, where patients can receive one-on-one care. They provide treatment, rehabilitation, or preventative care to people of all ages, including those with neck or back injuries; neurological disorders that may impact movement (e.g., stroke); arthritis; or injuries incurred on the job or while playing sports.

Physical therapists are on their feet for most of their day and use exercises, hands-on therapy, and assistive equipment to provide care. They also work with patients to develop recovery plans, which may be short- or long-term depending on the required care. Those interested in physical therapy should have excellent interpersonal skills, as they commonly work one-on-one with patients, monitoring and adjusting recovery plans as care progresses.

All physical therapists are required to obtain a doctor of physical therapy (DPT) degree. These three-year programs typically require a bachelor’s degree and past coursework in anatomy, physiology, biology, or chemistry. There is a growing number of combined degrees, where individuals may obtain both a bachelor’s degree and a DPT degree after completion of a six- or seven-year program. Coursework typically includes biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, neuroscience, pharmacology, and at least 30 weeks of clinical work.

Those interested in choosing a specialty can focus on certain patient populations, such as geriatric care or neurologic dysfunction. Physical therapists looking to choose a specialty will need to pursue additional certification in addition to licensure requirements.

Read on to discover how to become a PT, including information about education and credentialing.

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Physical therapy specializations & degree types.

All physical therapists must obtain a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree and be licensed to practice physical therapy. States have varying licensure requirements but universally require passing the National Physical Therapy Examination. This exam is administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy ( FSBPT ), which also provides a continuing competency program for physical therapists seeking to continue their education as they progress in their careers.

Physical therapists interested in specializing may choose to complete a clinical residency program after they receive licensure. These typically year-long programs provide the opportunity to gain experience and specialized training. Additional fellowships are also available for those who wish to understand specific specialty areas better.

Licensed physical therapists may become certified specialists through the American Board of Physical Therapist Specialties (ABPTS). Ten specialties are available through the ABPTS, including women’s health, oncology, geriatrics, and sports.

Certified specialists must pass an exam and either complete 2,000 hours of clinical work in the specialist area they are interested in or successfully complete a clinical residency program in that specialty area. Physical therapists may choose one or more areas to specialize in, so long as they meet the certification requirements.

Admissions Requirements for Physical Therapy Programs

The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) maintains a checklist of admissions requirements for those interested in a DPT degree. Most programs require a bachelor’s degree, although longer programs may offer a combined degree where individuals graduate with both a bachelor’s degree and a DPT degree.

Prerequisite course requirements vary by program, but applicants should typically demonstrate previous biology, physics, social and behavioral sciences, and anatomy and physiology coursework. Some programs may also require or strongly recommend proof of clinical observation or work experience with a licensed physical therapist.

Note that most programs require a GRE score and may have a minimum score threshold. Last, admissions requirements may include a competitive GPA; the average undergraduate GPA for incoming physical therapy students is normally between 3.0 and 3.5, according to the Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service (PTCAS).

It is essential to specify that the curriculum for physical therapist assistant (PTA) programs differs from the DPT coursework and clinical requirements. Accordingly, prior experience as a PTA is not considered an advantage or necessary prior to pursuing a DPT.

Physical Therapy Program Accreditation

Physical therapist programs are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE), recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) is the professional board for physical therapists and sponsors CAPTE and provides staff support. Note that obtaining a degree from a CAPTE-accredited program before taking the National Physical Therapy Exam is required for licensure.

Accreditation is the process of using peer review to evaluate the educational quality of an institution or program of study at a specific institution. This system does not rank programs against one another; rather it is intended to demonstrate that a program has met the necessary requirements and demonstrates competent instruction and curriculum. Physical therapy programs with CAPTE accreditation have demonstrated that they meet professional standards and adequately prepare students to enter the field.

On-Campus Physical Therapist Degree Programs

With over 200 accredited programs to choose from, potential students have many options for on-campus DPT programs. Most programs require the completion of a bachelor’s degree and prerequisite coursework. Those interested in a DPT program should check licensure requirements for the state in which they want to practice prior to applying to ensure they will meet all residency requirements.

University of Pittsburgh – School of Health and Rehabilitation Services

With several weeks of rigorous clinical internships, the School of Health and Rehabilitation Services at the University of Pittsburgh offers the top-ranked DPT program in the country ( U.S. News & World Report 2020).

This full-time, 106-credit program is 2.3 years of intensive on-campus curriculum and clinical education through the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and UPMC Centers for Rehab Services (CRS). The program culminates in a year-long clinical internship in the student’s third year.

Coursework is based on four key areas: basic science; clinical science; leadership and professional development; and critical inquiry. Classes include musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, integumentary, cardiopulmonary, geriatric, and pediatric physical therapy, as well as a clinical and evidence-based practice. Students also receive more than 42 weeks of clinical experience, beginning clinical work in the second semester of their first year. 

Admission requirements include completion of a bachelor’s degree with a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.0, GRE scores that are less than five years old (optional), and demonstrated paid or volunteer work in a physical therapy setting.

• Location: Pittsburgh, PA
• Accreditation: Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE); Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE)
• Expected Time to Completion: Seven terms
• Estimated Tuition: In-state ($98,147); out-of-state ($115,500)

Washington University in St. Louis – School of Medicine

Tied with three universities as the top physical therapy program in the country, the DPT offered by the School of Medicine at Washington University in St. Louis is one of the oldest physical therapy programs in the country. The two-year, eight-month, full-time program accepts applications on a rolling basis and is known for pioneering work in movement impairment classification and treatment of orthopedic and neuromuscular conditions.

Coursework is centered on building a comprehensive understanding of physical therapy and human movement through innovative curriculum and clinical experiences. Available classes include prevention, diagnosis, and management of movement problems; movement system practitioner and population health; movement science; focused movement system practice; movement and population health; and movement and precision health. Each year includes at least one term dedicated to clinical experiences.

Students applying to this program should note that completion of a bachelor’s degree with a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.0 in science, combined math and science, and prerequisite coursework is required. Students who have only completed half of the required prerequisite coursework may apply, although they are expected to submit a plan that details how they will complete the required prerequisite coursework by enrollment. Demonstration of paid or volunteer experience in a physical therapy setting is also required.

• Location: St.Louis, MO
• Accreditation: Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE); Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
• Expected Time to Completion: Two years and eight months
• Estimated Tuition: $22,918 per academic semester

University of Delaware – College of Health Sciences

The doctor of physical therapy program at the University of Delaware College of Health Sciences is ranked number one in the country by U.S. News & World Report. This school is not just a two and half year DPT program but also has post-graduate education programs and six fellowships, allowing students to complete additional physical therapy education. Graduates of this program are prepared to start careers in physical therapy or to continue working in research or education.

The goal of this program is to apply new scientific findings to everyday physical therapy practice in order to provide the most innovative and comprehensive care to patients. In addition to classroom lectures and hands-on labs, students participate in clinical rotations. These rotations can happen at nearby clinics or at the University of Delaware’s in-house PT clinic. Students can also complete an optional master’s of science in anatomy and clinical health science as part of this program.

The program is made up of 103 credits. These credits represent experiential laboratories, didactic instruction, clinical internships, research, and other equivalent academic experiences. Full-time clinical internships comprising 12 credits, and part-time clinical experiences comprising an additional seven credits are part of this curriculum.

Classes include musculoskeletal evaluation and treatment; functional anatomy and biomechanics; clinical neurosciences; clinical gross anatomy; physical therapy in the acute care environment; neurophysiologic evaluation and treatment; rehabilitation; and psychosocial aspects of health and disease, among others.

• Location: Newark, DE
• Expected Time to Completion: 2.5 years
• Estimated Tuition: $1,051 per credit

Duke University – School of Medicine

The unique team-based learning in the Duke University School of Medicine doctor of physical therapy program trains students to work collaboratively from their first class. This innovative approach trains students in teamwork, conflict resolution, and communication to provide the highest level of patient care. Since 2018, 100 percent of students have graduated from this program, passed their national certification exam, and been employed within six months of completing their degree.

The clinical component of the DPT program is called Student Team Experience in Practice (STEPs) and provides students with a collaborative learning environment in various clinical settings. The curriculum of this 129-credit program includes courses such as structure and function of the human body; movement science; introduction to the patient examination; foundational pediatrics practice; management of the complex patient; foundational integumentary practice; physical therapy for the older adult; structure and function of the human brain; and foundational musculoskeletal practice.

• Location: Durham, NC 
• Accreditation: Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE); Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
• Expected Time to Completion: Three years
• Estimated Tuition: $38,000 annually

Emory University – School of Medicine

In addition to a standard doctor of physical therapy degree, Emory University School of Medicine offers several dual degree options. Students in this program can choose to complete a PhD in applied physiology, a master’s of public health, a master’s of business administration, or a master of arts in bioethics alongside their DPT degree. While these programs do require additional education and training, they allow students to further specialize in their education.

Emory also offers three residency options: orthopedics, neurology, and acute care. This additional training can qualify students for additional certifications such as the Orthopaedic Clinical Specialist (OCS) or Neurologic Clinical Specialists (NCS) certifications through the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). Admission to this program is very competitive and students are evaluated not only on their undergraduate education but also on completed clinical observations and their understanding of the various roles of physical therapists.

The curriculum includes courses such as kinesiology and biomechanics; ethics and professionalism; systems physiology; neuroscience; introduction to interventions; growth process through the lifespan; teaching and learning process in physical therapy; medical genetics in physical therapy; musculoskeletal rehabilitation; adult neurorehabilitation; pediatric rehabilitation; and current practices in physical therapy care.

• Location: Atlanta, GA
• Estimated Tuition: $13,133 per semester

Hybrid Physical Therapist Degree Programs

The majority of DPT programs require fully in-person participation, as physical therapy is a highly hands-on profession and there are significant clinical observation and work requirements. There are no fully online DPT programs accredited by CAPTE. Those applying to hybrid education programs should check their state’s requirements for licensure, as certain states may have residency requirements.

University of Southern California (Expansion Program) – Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy

The University of Southern California offers a top-ranked, fully accredited degree in physical therapy from the Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy. This hybrid degree combines online classes with a 12:1 student-to-faculty ratio with twelve on-campus immersion experiences over the course of the program. Students are also able to gain experience through 44 weeks of hands-on clinical work in their own communities or at designated sites across the country.

This program is a full-time program that is on a three-year track (six fall and winter semesters, and three summer terms). Coursework includes classes in musculoskeletal anatomy; the fundamentals of neuroscience; differential diagnosis in physical therapy; clinical exercise physiology; life span motor control; clinical management of musculoskeletal dysfunction; and mechanics of the human gait. Students must also complete a clinical education practicum each year of the program. Program staff works with students to find placements in their community.

Admission requires a minimum 3.0 GPA, although a 3.4 GPA is considered competitive. A bachelor’s degree and completion of all undergraduate prerequisite coursework are required prior to applying. GRE scores are not required for admission.

• Location: Los Angeles, CA
• Accreditation: Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE); Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)
• Estimated Tuition: First year ($77,315); second year ($77,315); third year ($46,711)

Nova Southeastern University – Dr. Pallavi Patel College of Health Care Sciences

The Dr. Pallavi Patel College of Health Care Sciences at Nova Southeastern University offers a full-time, blended DPT degree that combines online courses’ flexibility with hands-on experiences and face-to-face instruction. Specifically, this program requires twelve semesters of courses over four years.

Students receive three weeks of intensive online instruction each month with the fourth week dedicated to on-campus components and face-to-face learning. This in-person experience includes practicing skills learned online, working with faculty to gain direct feedback, applying online lessons to real scenarios and case studies through classroom and clinical experiences, working with patients, and taking exams. Students are also required to collaborate with faculty and other students through real-time online collaboration sessions and video chat or phone sessions.

The curriculum includes communication and cultural competence; clinical applications of anatomy for physical therapists; essentials of biomechanics and kinesiology; health promotion, disease prevention, and wellness; evidence-based practice; clinical skills; neuroanatomy & neurophysiology; and gender-specific health issues in PT.

Admission requires completing a bachelor’s degree and completing prerequisite coursework with a C or better. Applicants must provide GRE scores less than five years old, but a minimum GRE score is not required. GPA requirements include a minimum 3.0 cumulative GPA, a 3.0 GPA for all prerequisite courses, and a 3.0 GPA for all math and science courses. Applicants should also demonstrate exposure to or understanding of physical therapy settings, including clinics and home care.

• Location: Tampa, FL
• Expected Time to Completion: Four years
• Estimated Tuition: $23,185 annually

Arcadia University – College of Health Science

The fully accredited doctor of physical therapy program at Arcadia University College of Health Sciences can be completed in a hybrid format in just 25 months. This program features a combination of live online classes, asynchronous coursework, and immersive experiences. The immersive experiences are at both inpatient and outpatient centers, giving students a broad client experience. The program culminates in a 32-week clinical rotation where students work under the supervision of a physical therapist.

Graduates of this program are well prepared to take the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE). In the past four years, 100 percent of students have successfully passed this exam, with over 95 percent of them passing on the first try. Admission requirements include a bachelor’s degree with a 3.0 GPA, prerequisite coursework, a GRE score (optional), and observation hours as a physical therapist in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

Comprising 112 credits, this Hybrid DPT program offers courses such as introduction to physical therapy theory & practice; movement system foundations; exposure to physical therapy in a health care system; differential diagnosis & intervention; acute musculoskeletal injury; acute medical conditions; and progressive neurologic conditions.

• Location: Glenside, PA
• Expected Time to Completion: 25 months
• Estimated Tuition: $19,785 per semester

Baylor University – Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences

Utilization of best practices of distance education set apart the hybrid doctor of physical therapy program at Baylor University Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences. The online classes are combined with immersive experiences, on-campus labs, and clinical rotations to provide students with the necessary technical knowledge and hands-on skills. All students complete eight immersive, hands-on labs and 31 weeks of full-time clinical education performed in various clinical settings.

One advantage of this program is the strong partnerships with postgraduate residency training programs. Graduates can expand on their degrees with training in several specializations, including neurorehabilitation, orthopedics, geriatrics, sports, and pediatrics. Admission to this program is highly competitive, and applicants must complete a rigorous application process, including references, an interview, and a writing sample test.

The curriculum includes courses such as physical therapy fundamentals; movement sciences; human physiology; musculoskeletal practice; therapeutic interventions; bracing, orthotics, & prosthetics; neuromuscular practice; management of the aging adult; cardiopulmonary practice; management of complex patients; and primary care physical therapy.

• Location: Waco, TX
• Expected Time to Completion: Two years
• Estimated Tuition: $18,334 per trimester

Tufts University – School of Medicine

Aspiring doctors of physical therapy students anywhere in the country can complete the hybrid program at Tufts University School of Medicine. There is a mandatory eight-week on-campus intensive, but the rest of the coursework and clinical experiences can be completed from a student’s hometown. Courses are often taught live, allowing students to have immediate feedback and peer interactions. The faculty-to-student ratio is at a low 1:10, ensuring students get individual attention from their professors.

Tufts School of Medicine utilizes the Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service (PTCAS). Prospective students are evaluated on prerequisite coursework, GRE test scores, undergraduate GPA, letters of recommendation, and an online interview. All applicants must complete 40 hours of clinical observations in order to be considered for admission.

The curriculum explores topics such as physical therapy fundamentals; physical therapy fundamentals; movement science; therapeutic exercise; physical agents and therapeutics; musculoskeletal practice management; clinical neuroscience; neuromuscular practice management; and cardiopulmonary practice management.

• Location: Boston, MA; Phoenix AZ
• Accreditation: Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE); New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE)
• Estimated Tuition: $18,884 to $19,450 per semester

How Long Does it Take to Become a Physical Therapist?

For those with a bachelor’s degree, it takes an average of three years and a successful passage of the National Physical Therapy Exam to become a physical therapist. Licensed physical therapists choosing to complete a residency program to develop an understanding and gain experience in a specialty area may take four or five years before becoming a physical therapist with a board-certified specialty.

Those pursuing a combined degree program may take an average of six to seven years to complete their programs, pass their exams, and become licensed physical therapists. However, these programs also permit individuals to simultaneously obtain a bachelor’s degree and a DPT degree and accordingly, may take more time.

How to Become a Physical Therapist – Step-by-Step Guide

Those interested in becoming a physical therapist will need to obtain a DPT degree and pass an exam. State licensure boards may include additional requirements for licensure. Generally, those pursuing a career in physical therapy will need to do the following:

Step 1: Complete a Bachelor’s Degree and Apply to a CAPTE-Accredited Physical Therapy Program (Four Years)

Admission requirements typically include meeting minimum GPA requirements, taking the GRE, obtaining references, and successfully completing prerequisite undergraduate coursework. Some programs may also require a certain number of hours either working with or observing a physical therapist.

Most programs require the completion of a bachelor’s degree prior to applying. However, there are combined programs that permit students to pursue a bachelor’s degree and DPT simultaneously.

Step 2: Complete a CAPTE-Accredited Physical Therapy Program (Three Years or More)

Once admitted, students will likely take coursework in biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, neuroscience, and pharmacology. Students must also complete 30 weeks of clinical work with a physical therapist, gaining understanding and experience in different areas of physical therapy.

Physical therapy programs typically take three years to complete, although those working on a combined degree may take six or seven years to complete coursework and clinical work.

Step 3: Take the National Physical Therapy Examination (Less Than One Year)

Licensure requirements vary state by state. However, all states require passage of the National Physical Therapy Examination. This exam is administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT).

Step 4: Apply for Licensure (Less Than One Year)

Those ready to apply for licensure should check the individual requirements for the state they want to practice physical therapy in. Additional requirements, such as passing a jurisprudence exam that tests knowledge of state laws and regulations, may be necessary prior to applying.

Step 5: Celebrate and Maintain Licensure Requirements

Congratulations! Those who passed their exam and successfully applied for licensure may now work as licensed physical therapists. Many states require licensed physical therapists to stay up-to-date on new trends, care techniques, and state laws and regulations by taking a certain number of continuing education credits each year. Maintain licensure by meeting all continuing education requirements and additional requirements that may be imposed on a state-by-state basis.

What Do Physical Therapists Do?

There’s a lot of variation in what physical therapists can expect to see in their day-to-day work. Some physical therapists may see a lot of different patients in one day, working with everyone from a patient with cerebral palsy to a patient recovering from a sports injury. Others may focus on a specific area of practice, such as pediatric or orthopedic care. However, all physical therapists can generally expect the following job duties:

• Go over referrals, notes, and medical history provided by patients’ care teams. This could include information provided by surgeons, primary care physicians, and more.
• Meet with patients to understand their health needs, including having them perform exercises and movements to diagnose areas in need of care.
• Compile individualized care or recovery plans for each patient, bringing together information provided by their care team and the patient themselves.
• Work one-on-one with patients to meet their care plan goals. This could include demonstrating exercises or stretching maneuvers, using hands-on therapy, or equipment such as wheelchairs or exercise machines.
• Monitor patient progress and update care plans as needed.
• Provide education and health and wellness information to patients around the care process.

Physical Therapist Certifications & Licensure

As previously discussed, physical therapists are required to get licensed to practice. Licensing requirements vary by state, but each state requires the National Physical Therapy Exam passage. The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy administers this exam.

Additional certification in one of ten specialty areas is available through the American Board of Physical Therapist Specialties . Certification requires passing an exam and obtaining experience through either completing 2,000 hours of clinical work in the specialty area within the last ten years or completing an American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)-accredited residency program in that specialty area.

There are ten specialties available through the ABPTS:

• Cardiovascular & Pulmonary
• Clinical Electrophysiology
• Women’s Health
• Orthopedics
• Wound Management

Physical therapists may choose one or more specialties.

How much do Physical Therapists Make?

Physical therapists made a mean annual wage of $97,960, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS May 2022). However, pay varies greatly by state and may be higher or lower depending on the location of the job. The BLS estimated 229,740 physical therapists were employed.

• 10th percentile: $67,910
• 25th percentile: $80,700
• 50th percentile (median): $97,720
• 75th percentile: $107,430
• 90th percentile: $128,830

Physical Therapist Career Alternatives

Here are a few alternatives to a career as a physical therapist.

Become an Occupational Therapist

Occupational therapists help patients with mobility issues, developmental delays, illnesses, or injuries. Occupational therapy focuses on the entire person and how they can perform daily tasks, whereas physical therapy typically addresses just one issue.

• Typical Education: Master’s degree
• Licensing or Certifying Organization: National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc. (NBCOT)

Become a Chiropractor

Chiropractors use neuromusculoskeletal therapy to apply manipulations and adjustments to a patient’s body. While most adjustments are to the spine, they can also include other parts of the body. Chiropractors must also be able to assess a patient’s mobility, reflexes, and posture.

• Typical Education: Doctor of Chiropractic (DC)
• Licensing or Certifying Organization: American Board of Chiropractic Specialities (ABCS)

Become a Registered Nurse

Much of the medical care provided in clinics, physician’s offices, hospitals, and long-term care centers is done by registered nurses . They can administer medications, assess patients’ conditions, assist with procedures or surgery, perform diagnostic tests, educate patients, and maintain medical records.

• Typical Education: Associate or Bachelor’s degree
• Licensing or Certifying Organization: National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)

Bree Nicolello

Bree is an urban planner and freelance writer based in Seattle, WA. She has worked on land use and housing policy issues throughout the Pacific Northwest. She previously led Run Oregon Run , a nonprofit dedicated to helping Oregonians run for office and apply to boards and commissions. When not writing, she is lovingly tending to her cast iron pans.

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How To Become A Physical Therapist: 7 Steps

• Bouvé Communications

If you or your loved ones have ever recovered from a serious injury or illness, you’ve likely consulted with a physical therapist (PT) for healing and guidance. Physical therapists help people regain strength and reach their rehabilitation goals, providing much-needed support at often a difficult time in patients’ lives. In fact, observing the great work they do may have sparked your personal interest in how to become a physical therapist.

Physical therapy is a broad field that overlaps with nearly every type of healthcare practice. Whether you enjoy helping people recuperate or teaching them how to manage pain, therapeutic careers offer countless ways to make a difference in the lives of others.

Here’s an overview of what physical therapists do, how to become one, and the essential steps to becoming a physical therapist.

What Does a Physical Therapist Do?

“A physical therapist is someone who assists with the pathology of human movement,” says Dr. Christopher Cesario, Associate Clinical Professor and Director of Student Affairs for the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program at Northeastern University’s Bouvé College of Health Sciences. Patients treated by PTs are typically coping with impaired mobility or a loss of muscular strength with diverse medical needs ranging from children with developmental disorders to seniors rebuilding motor functions after a stroke. Injuries from accidents, work, and sports are also common issues.

Physical therapists know how to “look at orthopedic, neurological, and cardiovascular issues and help navigate those problems,” says Cesario. Working alongside other healthcare providers, they diagnose physical impairments and create treatment plans around therapeutic exercise to help patients either recover from trauma or adapt to mobility challenges. In addition to having strong clinical experience, PTs must be compassionate and supportive of patients while using their observation and judgment skills to evaluate their needs.

How To Become a Physical Therapist

If you’re a current student or planning to go back to school, you may wonder how long it takes to become a physical therapist. Although physical therapy has a clearly outlined path to licensure, the timeline depends on your professional background, where you are in your education, and whether you can commit to full-time enrollment.

Here’s what to expect when working toward becoming a physical therapist if you have no prior background in this field.

1. Obtain a Relevant Undergraduate Degree

Physical therapist education occurs at the doctoral level, so you must earn an undergraduate degree before you can pursue this career path. While many physical therapy schools require a degree in a related field, having relevant education also increases your competitiveness in programs that don’t require it. Luckily, physical therapy encompasses many topics across the science, health, and fitness disciplines, offering various flexible options.

Acceptable majors vary by program, but some examples include:

• Kinesiology
• Health Sciences
• Exercise Science

Many of the foundational education courses provided in these degree programs can often help accelerate the process of becoming a physical therapist. This is largely because these prerequisite courses are needed in order to advance your education.

2. Determine What Type of Job You Want

By determining the type of job you want in advance, you can make better choices about your educational path and get more value out of a physical therapy program. Physical therapists work with people of all ages who have diverse health goals. As a result, prospective PTs have the opportunity to explore a range of specialties and healthcare environments before graduating.

“I think it’s worth the time to do some observation,” says Cesario. “The general public’s perception of physical therapy is that it’s all orthopedics. And when students find out that there’s physical therapy in a hospital or other settings, it’s kind of enlightening to know that there’s other options.”

With this in mind, try to consider the type of patients you want to work with, conditions you want to treat, and workplace settings you prefer. Some of the healthcare facilities that employ physical therapists are:

• Neurological
• Cardiovascular

3. Obtain a Doctor of Physical Therapy Degree

Earning a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree is required to become a physical therapist. While any accredited DPT programs provide the knowledge and clinical experience needed to succeed in this field, it’s important to consider each program’s prerequisite courses. For example, many programs are tailored to students who already have substantial undergraduate credits in the health sciences. In addition, some schools require GRE exam scores, while others do not. As you compare your options, make sure the curriculum is in line with your personal and professional goals, and you can satisfy the admission criteria.

At the same time, keep an open mind throughout your education. Look for physical therapy programs that offer in-depth insight into different disciplines through research labs, simulated clinics, or mentorships. A diversified education, like Bouvé’s  Post Baccalaureate Doctor of Physical Therapy degree program , will give you the comprehensive knowledge to evaluate complex medical histories and provide high-quality patient care in a variety of settings.

“We’ve had a trend in recent years where students come in and they’ve already self-identified that they want to be a pediatric, orthopedic, etc. therapist,” says Cesario. “Even if you’re coming into your education with the mentality that you want to do this kind of physical therapy, you still need to understand how the whole body works.”

4. Develop Relevant Skills

Focus on skill-building throughout your education since these competencies are essential for long-term career mobility. According to our analysis of job postings data, the top specialized skills for this career include:

• Rehabilitation
• Treatment planning
• Home health care
• Patient treatment
• Orthopedics
• Discharge planning
• Patient screening/evaluation

Cesario also believes patient education is another essential skill prospective PTs should develop during their education. “Patient education is something that physical therapists do well and often on a regular basis.”

In addition to technical skills, Cesario urges prospective PTs to work on their soft skills since this is inherently a “service profession.” Being able to effectively communicate, schedule, and educate patients are essential to becoming a better care provider. According to our analysis of job postings data, the top common skills required in this field include:

• Communications
• Coordinating
• Interpersonal communications
• Customer service
• Computer literacy

5. Obtain Additional Relevant Qualifications

It’s important to note that completing the required physical therapy education alone doesn’t allow you to immediately start practicing. So, how do you become a physical therapist after earning a DPT degree?

First, it’s essential to understand your state’s licensing requirements for physical therapists. If you plan on moving post-graduation, ensure you check these requirements in the state you hope to work in. Gaining licensure is achieved by passing the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE). Many institutions offer assistance throughout this process, but the level of support offered to students to prepare for the NPTE is another factor you should consider when choosing a DPT program.

In addition to these requirements, there are a number of valuable credentials you can pursue to increase your marketability in today’s job market. Here are the top qualifications physical therapists obtain, according to our analysis of job postings data.

Foundational Healthcare Certifications

Having the ability to stabilize someone experiencing a life-threatening emergency is critical for anyone who provides patient care. While these certifications aren’t specific to the field of physical therapy, it’s recommended prospective PTs obtain certification in:

• Basic Life Support (BLS)
• Basic Cardiac Life Support
• Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS)

Board Certified/Board Eligible

Getting certified in a clinical specialty advances your knowledge and verifies your expertise. “Board certification is an important qualification to seek out,” says Cesario. “There are a number of opportunities for students to prepare for their boards, including self-preparation and residency programs.” Check out the  American Physical Therapy Association  (APTA) website to explore the ten specialty certifications they nationally recognize.

6. Build Your Professional Network

Networking before and after you become a PT can make a significant difference in your professional success. As a doctoral student, mentors and peers will be your best resources for developing your skills, researching clinical specialties, finding job opportunities, and understanding the various challenges physical therapists face on a daily basis.

Building relationships with fellow students is also helpful for sharing knowledge and evaluating healthcare from many different perspectives. As you move further into your career, your peers often continue to be a sounding board. Physical therapy involves a lot of observation and adjustment, and other PTs can offer advice and creative solutions based on their diverse experiences on the job. In addition, networking with physicians and other healthcare providers is a time-tested way to get ongoing referrals, especially if you decide to start your own private practice.

7. Gain Professional Experience

Differentiating yourself is challenging when you first start your career, so drawing on past professional experience from reputable sources is essential. Seek out opportunities that show your commitment to learning and growth, whether it’s from internships, mentorships, shadowing, research, or simulation labs.

Choosing the right school is also important because the best DPT programs provide access to critical resources for clinical experience. Physical therapy degree programs that incorporate more experiential learning opportunities in clinical practice will help you feel prepared for real-world environments and demonstrate your proficiency to prospective employers.

Start Your Career in Physical Therapy

If you’re ready to become a physical therapist, enrolling in  Northeastern’s Bouvé College of Health Sciences’ Post Baccalaureate Doctor of Physical Therapy degree program  is a great way to jumpstart your new career. The faculty consists of board-certified experts with years of experience in clinical specialties—most of them currently practicing therapists with a pulse on today’s industry trends.

Physical therapy students have ongoing opportunities to network and put their skills into action through internships and co-ops. Northeastern University employs an experiential learning model that centers the curriculum in real-world applications, continually encouraging students to think strategically about patient care. To learn more about what the DPT program has to offer, you can contact an admissions counselor and even connect with current students to find out if this degree is right for you.

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Everything You Need To Know About Becoming a Physical Therapist

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How to Become a Physical Therapist

By Oluwadamilola Osisanya

Published: March 26, 2024

Do you have a passion for helping others regain their strength and mobility? Are you intrigued by the wonders of human anatomy and the art of healing? If so, embarking on the path of becoming a physical therapist might just be your calling!

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll embark on a journey together to unravel the secrets of how to become a physical therapist. From the educational prerequisites that will serve as the foundation of your expertise to the diverse skillset you’ll need to master, and the invaluable advice to flourish in this rewarding profession – we’ll explore every avenue.

Career Summary

Physical therapist salary.

When considering a career path, one of the critical factors that often comes to mind is the potential salary.

Here are the key salary figures according to data from Glassdoor :

• Entry Salary (US$66k)
• Median Salary (US$88k)
• Executive Salary (US$104k)

The median salary for a physical therapist is significantly above the general average salary across the United States, which was reported to be $61,900 in 2022 .

Physical Therapist Job Description

A physical therapist is a licensed healthcare professional who helps patients reduce pain, restore mobility, and maintain overall physical function often affected by injuries, disabilities, illnesses, or age-related conditions. They utilize various therapeutic interventions, such as manual therapy, exercise prescription, and patient education, to develop individualized treatment plans.

These professionals not only focus on treating existing issues but also work preventively to avoid the occurrence of injuries or disabilities. They play a critical role in rehabilitation, working with patients in diverse settings, including hospitals, outpatient clinics, private practices, and home health agencies.

Physical Therapist Career Progression

Physical therapy is a field that offers multiple avenues for career progression.

Here’s a generalized progression path:

• Entry-Level Physical Therapist: Upon graduation and successful licensure, you can start working as a licensed physical therapist. You will assess patient conditions, develop treatment plans, and guide patients through exercises and treatments.
• Specialized Physical Therapist: With experience, physical therapists often specialize in specific areas, such as sports therapy, pediatric therapy, geriatric therapy, or neurological rehabilitation. This may require additional certifications or continuing education.
• Senior Physical Therapist: Once you’ve gained several years of experience, you may advance to a senior position. As a senior physical therapist, you typically take on more complex cases, mentor junior staff, and assist in administrative tasks or research projects.
• Physical Therapy Consultant: With your wealth of experience and knowledge, You may advance into a consulting role. Your role will be to advise healthcare organizations on best practices, policy development, and implementation of physical therapy services. You may also work with educational institutions to develop curricula or with corporations to establish workplace ergonomics programs.

• Opportunity to make a real difference in people’s lives.
• Flexible work environment.
• High job security and demand.
• Provides room for continuous learning and improvement.
• Great deal of autonomy.
• High level of emotional stress.
• Working long hours.
• Dealing with difficult patients.
• May involve lots of time-consuming paperwork.
• Potential for burnout due to high physical demands.

Useful Skills to Have as a Physical Therapist

• Anatomy and Physiology Knowledge
• Mastery of Physiotherapy Techniques
• Good Communication Skills
• Knowledge of Safety and Emergency Procedures
• Excellent Interpersonal Skills

Popular Physical Therapist Specialties

• Orthopedic Physical Therapy
• Geriatric Physical Therapy
• Pediatric Physical Therapy
• Neurological Physical Therapy
• Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy
• Sports Physical Therapy

How to become a Physical Therapist

When it comes to shaping a successful career as a Physical Therapist, a combination of determination, passion, and a commitment to learning is essential. Education and practical experience form the backbone of this transformative profession, equipping aspiring physical therapists with the knowledge and skills to make a meaningful impact in the lives of their patients.

At the heart of the journey to becoming a physical therapist lies the pursuit of education. Acquiring the right educational background is not just a prerequisite but a crucial stepping stone toward your dream career in physical therapy .

Do I need a degree to become a Physical Therapist?

Yes, you do need a degree to become a physical therapist. In the United States, all physical therapists must earn a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree from a Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) accredited program.

Before you can enter a DPT program, you’ll need to complete a bachelor’s degree. While you can choose your major, certain prerequisite courses, such as anatomy, physiology, and biology, are typically required.

After earning the DPT degree, you must also pass a state licensing exam to practice as a physical therapist.

Why is it important to get a degree in Physical Therapy?

Getting a degree in Physical Therapy is crucial for several reasons:

• Professional Licensure: To become a practicing physical therapist, it’s required in most countries, including the United States and Canada, to obtain a professional license. This license shows that you have met certain standards of professional competence. To get this license, you typically must graduate from an accredited physical therapy program, which will provide you with the necessary theoretical and practical knowledge.
• Comprehensive Knowledge: Physical therapy involves the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of a wide variety of conditions that affect the musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. A degree in physical therapy provides a comprehensive understanding of these systems and how to treat conditions that affect them.
• Clinical Experience: Most physical therapy programs include a significant amount of clinical education, during which you will gain hands-on experience treating patients under the supervision of licensed professionals. This practical experience is crucial for developing the skills you’ll need in your future career.
• Job Opportunities: A degree in physical therapy can open up a wide range of job opportunities in hospitals, outpatient clinics, rehabilitation centers, schools, sports, and fitness facilities, research institutions, and more. Some physical therapists even choose to open their private practices.
• Specialization: A degree in physical therapy also allows you to further specialize in areas like sports medicine, orthopedics, neurology, pediatrics, geriatrics, cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation, and more. Advanced education and certification in these areas can lead to even more job opportunities.

How long does it take to get a degree in Physical Therapy?

The time it takes to obtain a degree in Physical Therapy can vary depending on the specific program. Still, generally, it’s a multi-year commitment involving undergraduate and graduate study.

In the United States, it typically involves:

• Bachelor’s Degree: This usually takes about four years to complete . While this degree doesn’t need to be in a specific field, many prospective physical therapists major in biology, kinesiology, or exercise science, as these can provide helpful foundations for physical therapy.
• Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT): After completing an undergraduate degree, students must complete a DPT program, which typically takes three years. Some programs may offer a “3+3” accelerated option where students spend three years on undergraduate coursework and three years on the DPT , shaving a year off the traditional path.

So, in total, in the US, you’re generally looking at a commitment of at least seven years (four years for a bachelor’s degree + three years for a DPT) to become a physical therapist . Some people may take longer if they work part-time, take a gap year, or choose to complete a residency or other additional training.

How much does it cost to study Physical Therapy at university?

The cost of studying Physical Therapy at university can significantly vary depending on various factors.

In the United States, the average undergraduate tuition is $9,653 for state residents and $31,971 for out-of-state students, while the average graduate tuition & fees are $11,518 for state residents and $24,451 for out-of-state students.

These are rough averages, and the actual costs can be higher or lower. Additionally, these numbers don’t consider other costs like housing, books, insurance, and other living expenses.

Various financial aid options are available to help offset these costs, including scholarships , grants , work-study programs, and student loans.

Can I become a Physical Therapist through online education?

You can complete portions of the education required to become a physical therapist online but not the entire program .

Here’s why:

• Undergraduate Degree: Many schools offer online bachelor’s degree programs, which can serve as your prerequisite for a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program. Online programs allow you to complete coursework remotely. Still, you’ll need to ensure you meet all prerequisite courses required for physical therapy school.
• Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Program: DPT programs are generally unavailable entirely online due to the hands-on clinical nature of physical therapy education. These programs often involve significant lab work, hands-on practice, and clinical rotations, which are not conducive to an online format.

However, hybrid DPT programs combine online coursework, in-person lab work, and clinical rotations. In these programs, you might complete some of your coursework online but also have to attend in-person sessions for certain program components.

After completing your DPT, you’ll also need to pass the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) to become licensed to practice as a physical therapist. This examination cannot be taken online .

What are some web resources to learn skills to become a Physical Therapist?

Below are some resources specifically geared toward physical therapy. However, remember that these resources are meant to supplement, not replace, formal education and training from an accredited institution.

• APTA Learning Center : The American Physical Therapy Association offers an online learning center with various courses and webinars, many of which are geared towards practicing physical therapists but can also provide valuable knowledge for students.
• MedBridge : This subscription-based platform offers online continuing education courses for physical therapists. While many of the courses are designed for existing practitioners, they can also provide valuable knowledge for those studying to become physical therapists.
• PTCourses.com : This website offers online continuing education for physical therapists and physical therapist assistants. The courses may provide useful supplemental learning while you’re pursuing your degree.
• PhysicalTherapy.com : This site offers online continuing education specifically for physical therapists. Again, while these courses are primarily intended for those already in practice, they may provide useful learning opportunities for students.
• Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT) : This professional journal includes much research and knowledge on orthopedic and sports physical therapy. Accessing such journals can help you stay updated with the latest research and advancements in the field.
• Physiopedia : This is like a Wikipedia for physical therapists. It’s a great free resource for information about conditions, treatment techniques, and more.

Practical Experience

Practical experience forms an integral part of the learning journey for aspiring physical therapists. Clinical experience imparts real-world skills and offers an invaluable opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in real-life settings.

What are internship opportunities for a Physical Therapist?

Internship opportunities for aspiring physical therapists are typically incorporated into the curriculum of the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program as clinical rotations or clinical practicums. These internships are a crucial part of your education, providing you with hands-on experience under the supervision of licensed physical therapists.

During these clinical rotations, you may have the opportunity to gain experience in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, outpatient clinics, rehabilitation centers, schools, home health care, and sports and fitness centers.

Your DPT program usually arranges these internships or clinical rotations as a graduation requirement. After completing your DPT program and passing your licensing exam, you may also look for residencies or fellowships, which are post-graduate opportunities that allow you to specialize further in specific areas of physical therapy.

What Skills will I learn as a Physical Therapist?

As a physical therapist, you’ll acquire many skills related to human movement, injury prevention, and recovery. These skills can be both technical and interpersonal in nature.

Here are some of the key skills you can expect to learn:

• Patient Assessment: You’ll learn how to comprehensively evaluate a patient’s physical condition and capabilities. This includes taking a patient’s medical history, conducting physical examinations, and interpreting diagnostic tests.
• Treatment Planning: Based on your assessment, you’ll learn how to develop individualized treatment plans to help patients meet their specific rehabilitation goals.
• Therapeutic Techniques: You’ll acquire hands-on skills in various therapeutic techniques, such as manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, electrotherapy, and hydrotherapy.
• Knowledge of Human Anatomy and Physiology: You’ll gain a deep understanding of the human body’s structure and functions, which is crucial for understanding injuries and designing effective treatment plans.
• Education and Advising: You’ll learn how to educate patients about their conditions and advise them on strategies to manage their health, such as exercise at home or lifestyle modifications.
• Interpersonal and Communication Skills: As a physical therapist, you’ll work closely with patients, often during challenging periods of their lives. You must communicate effectively, provide emotional support, and build trusting relationships.
• Coordination and Balance: You’ll learn exercises and techniques to help patients improve their coordination and balance, which are critical for everyday tasks and preventing falls.
• Knowledge of Pathology and Disease Processes: Understanding how diseases and injuries affect the body will help you create effective rehabilitation strategies.
• Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Each patient is unique, and their treatment plan must be tailored to their specific needs. You’ll need critical thinking to adapt and adjust treatments as needed.

What is the Work-Life Balance of a Physical Therapist?

Physical therapists often enjoy a relatively balanced work-life situation, but like any profession, it can vary depending on individual circumstances, work setting, and personal preferences.

Physical therapists typically work standard business hours, which allows for a reasonable work-life balance. Some may work evenings or weekends to accommodate their patients’ schedules, but these hours are often planned and predictable.

Physical therapists working in hospitals or nursing homes may have more irregular hours. The physical nature of the work can be demanding, but it can also be rewarding and fulfilling, which can contribute to a positive work-life balance .

What’s the Career Outlook for Physical Therapists?

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the employment of physical therapists is projected to grow 17% from 2021 to 2031 , which is much faster than the average for all occupations.

Demand for physical therapy is expected to come from aging baby boomers, who stay active later in life and are susceptible to health conditions, such as strokes and mobility-related injuries, that may require physical therapy. In addition, physical therapists will be needed to treat people with mobility issues stemming from chronic conditions, such as diabetes or obesity.

What are the Job Opportunities of a Physical Therapist?

Physical therapists have a wide range of job opportunities available to them. This is mainly because physical therapy can be beneficial in many settings for various age groups and health conditions.

Here are some of the job opportunities for physical therapists:

• Hospitals: Many hospitals employ physical therapists to help patients recover from surgeries, accidents, or conditions that affect their physical abilities. Physical therapists work alongside doctors and other healthcare professionals to devise and execute treatment plans.
• Private Practice: Many physical therapists operate their private practices. They might see patients who require assistance with pain management, mobility issues, and injury recovery, among other things.
• Sports Physical Therapy: In sports and fitness centers, physical therapists help athletes recover from injuries and help individuals maintain fitness, and prevent injuries.
• Pediatric Physical Therapy: Physical therapists may work in pediatric centers or schools to help children who have developmental disorders, physical disabilities, or injuries.
• Geriatric Physical Therapy : As the population ages, there is an increasing need for physical therapists specializing in helping seniors maintain their independence and quality of life.
• Research: Some physical therapists are involved in research, helping to develop new techniques and equipment to improve patient care.
• Teaching: A physical therapist with enough experience and qualifications might choose a teaching career or instruct new generations of physical therapists at universities and colleges.
• Corporate Settings: Some corporations hire physical therapists to provide care to their employees, for injury prevention and treatment and to improve overall health and wellness.
• Occupational Health: Working in factories or large businesses to help implement safety programs, treat work-related injuries, and assist in return-to-work programs.

What Type of Companies Hire a Physical Therapist?

A variety of organizations across multiple sectors employ physical therapists.

The following types of companies and organizations typically hire physical therapists:

• Healthcare Institutions: This includes hospitals, clinics, and specialized medical centers (e.g., cancer centers, orthopedic centers, etc.). They employ physical therapists to work in inpatient and outpatient settings.
• Rehabilitation Centers: These include general rehab centers for patients recovering from various illnesses and surgeries, as well as specialized centers for conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury.
• Sports Clubs: Many sports clubs, teams, and organizations hire physical therapists to work with their athletes. Physical therapists who specialize in sports therapy play a crucial role in the overall health and performance of athletes.
• Nursing Homes/Assisted Living Facilities: In these settings, physical therapists help elderly residents maintain or improve their mobility and manage chronic conditions.
• Home Health Agencies: These agencies send physical therapists to patients’ homes to provide therapy services.
• Insurance Companies: Some insurance companies hire physical therapists as consultants or case managers to review treatment plans and ensure appropriate care is being provided.
• Government and Military: The Department of Veterans Affairs, military hospitals and bases, and other government agencies often employ physical therapists to care for service members, veterans, and other government employees.

Should I become a Physical Therapist?

Deciding to become a physical therapist is undoubtedly a significant choice that demands careful thought and consideration. Rushing into this decision is unnecessary; take the time to make the best choice for your future.

Assessing your interests, strengths, and skills is crucial before embarking on the journey to becoming a physical therapist. This profession requires a genuine passion for helping others regain mobility and independence and understanding the human body and its mechanics.

Take a step back and reflect on whether these qualities align with your attributes and if you feel a true calling to make a positive impact through healing and rehabilitation.

Additionally, consider your long-term goals and aspirations. The field of physical therapy offers a diverse range of opportunities, including research and teaching. Take the time to determine the path that aligns with your ambitions.

Becoming a physical therapist is a commitment that requires dedication and perseverance. It is a profession that can improve your life and the lives of others around you. Make the right decision, and enthusiastically embrace the next chapter in your life story.

Careers Related to Physical Therapist

• Chiropractor
• Massage Therapist
• Occupational Therapist
• Physical Therapist Assistant

About the Author

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Physical Therapy

A page within physical therapy, earn your doctor of physical therapy (dpt) degree at uw-la crosse.

Program distinction

DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY DEGREE 34 month program

EXEMPLARY PASS RATE Recent Two-Year Average: 100% (Class of 2022 & 2023)

SMALL CLASS SIZES Low student-faculty ratios for personalized feedback & relationships

HANDS-ON LEARNING Throughout curriculum in coursework, labs, fieldwork, and clinic experiences

HEALTH SCIENCE CONSORTIUM Inter-professional collaboration & research with health programs from local universities

Graduate preparation and employment

NATIONALLY ACCREDITED PROGRAM The Doctor of Physical Therapy Program at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) . Review our program profile for more information!  

IMPRESSIVE EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of Physical Therapists is expected to grow 15% from 2022-2032, considerably faster than the national average for all occupations.  To learn more about the current employment outlook please visit – Bureau of Labor Statistics

What is a physical therapist?

When individuals are recovering from injury or disease, the physical therapist evaluates and directs the recovery process to relieve pain, make them stronger, and help them to regain use of an affected limb. Physical therapists also teach patients and their families what to do so that healing continues through self-care at home.

Physical therapy attempts to meet an individual's health goals, whether a patient's goal is walking without assistance or running a marathon. A physical therapist is an integral part of the health care team that makes these goals a reality.

Watch the video below to see how our UWL PT students make a difference in their patients' lives. 

Contact our program

PROGRAM INQUIRIES & APPLICATION QUESTIONS 

Application Review Specialist 4033 Health Science Center [email protected]

MEET OUR GRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTOR

Associate Professor 4066 Health Science Center [email protected]

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Latest news

Dr. Kernozek named to governor's healthcare task force.

Interview with third year student Callie Pohlman, author of the article "Effects of Body Weight Support in Running on Achilles Tendon Loading" published in the International Journal of Sports Medicine .

Want less impact on joints?  UWL PT research shows a simple cue can make a big difference.

Alum provides care for theater productions in the United Kingdom.  Read more in the Campus Connection

Virtual rehab: UWL Physical Therapy Program embraces shift to telehealth.  Read more in the Campus Connection

Leaving a legacy: Family scholarship supports students overcoming adversity.  Thorman Family Pay It Forward Scholarship

UWL PT students create programming for people with progressive neurological diseases in unique community program.  To learn more please visit EXPAND Program Video

Led by Tom Kernozek, UW-La Crosse's physical therapy program a hotbed for scientific studies.  Read more at the La Crosse Tribune

The UW-La Crosse PT Program has been granted the maximum 10 years of accreditation.  Read more in Campus News

To learn about current continuing education opportunities offered through the PT program please visit Continuing Education

PT students motivate elementary school staff, help fill a health need 

Faculty member joins Parkinson’s Disease Foundation pilot program to help train future physical therapy leaders

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Mission | Vision | Goals | SIGS | Leadership

The APTA Academy of Education, one of the oldest sections of the American Physical Therapy Association, is committed to advancing physical therapists, physical therapist assistants and physical therapy students in their roles as educators in academic, clinical and community settings. The APTA Academy of Education supports excellence in physical therapy education and education research to better meeting the needs of patients, families and communities through strategic communication among our members and across professional communities, through continuing professional development and enhanced education research, and through collaborative action within our Association.

The APTA Academy of Education is dedicated to the development of each new generation of physical therapy practitioners, a dynamic cadre of academic educators, and a store of knowledge useful to consumers for enhancing their own musculoskeletal health.

Advance physical therapists and physical therapist assistants as educators

The premier resource for physical therapist and physical therapist assistant educators

Academy Goals: 2022-2024

ADVANCE: Inspiring physical therapists and physical therapist assistants in their roles as educators.

• Pathways – Creating pathways to inspire emerging educators.
• Advancing – Developing professionals through contemporary educational opportunities using innovative and accessible methods.
• Sharing - Disseminate best practices and resources to physical therapy educators.

CONNECT: Leading physical therapy education through organizational collaboration and member engagement.

• Partnerships - Create and strengthen interactive partnerships among education stakeholders.
• Members - Increase member involvement in the Academy to promote a diverse and inclusive environment.
• Representation - Ensure strategic representation of the Academy in every relevant forum

ELEVATE: Elevating the profession by furthering physical therapy educational research.

• Research Agenda – Prioritize research based on the gaps in evidence to support best practices in teaching and learning in physical therapy education.
• Collaboration – Support the development and collaboration of education researchers.
• Strengthen – Strengthen education research initiatives.

LEAD: Exhibiting strong leadership to advance the Academy.

• Members - Engage members to contribute to achieving the vision of the Academy.
• Communications – Maintain a strong Academy presence through branding, clear messaging, publications, and visibility.
• Leadership and Management – Maintain excellence in governance and management with a dedicated team and pipeline of future leaders.
• Resources – Supplement revenue streams to advance the mission and serve the membership.

Special Interest Groups (SIGS)

Members of the Academy participate in six areas of focused interest. Each special interest group (SIG) has its own governance, activities, and annual programming. The SIGs are each supported in part by funds from the APTA Academy of Education.  SIG membership is included in Academy annual dues.  Please visit the SIGS page for more information.

• Academic Faculty
• Anatomy Educators
• Clinical Education
• Interprofessional Education and Practice
• Physical Therapist Assistant Educators
• Residency/Fellowship Education
• Scholarship of Education

Executive Committee

The APTA Academy of Education is governed by an elected board of directors, all of whom are available to discuss issues affecting the Association and the physical therapy profession. The Academy President is responsible for governing and directing all section activities. The Academy Delegate participates in the House of Delegates, which is the highest decision-making body of the Association, and makes decisions on issues that frequently have far-reaching implications for the Association and the profession.

Membership & Account Access

Recently Joined Members

Welcome!  Please allow up to 15 business days for your membership information to transfer from APTA National to APTA Academy of Education.  You will receive a confirmation e-mail once your account is activated.  If you need more immediate access, please contact us for assistance. 

Recently Renewed Members

If you've recently renewed your membership but no longer are able to access your account or member benefits, please contact us for assistance.  

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If you are  not an APTA Academy of Education member but would like to create a user account for event registrations, please click below to create a non-member account.

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If you are a current Academy member or have an existing non-member user account, please sign in to your Member Compass to access the website and member benefits.

Sign In to Your Academy Member Compass

Interested in Membership?

We welcome you to join us!  With more than 3,500 current members, APTA Academy of Education is one of the largest specialty sections of APTA and is committed to meeting the needs of all persons concerned with the progress, growth and development of education in physical therapy.  Membership rates for the Academy:

• Physical Therapist - $60
• Physical Therapist Assistant - $40
• Post-professional Student - $25
• PT or PTA Student - $15
• PT Retired - $50
• PTA Retired - $35
• Interprofessional Partner (for those not eligible for APTA membership) - $55

Please click below to learn more. 

• Clinical Physics
• Translational Physics
• Proton Engineers
• Physics Residents
• Information Technology
• Past Members

Certification

Therapeutic Physics, American Board of Radiology

AAPM Jack Fowler Junior Investigators Award, 2004

Publications in Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics

Yan S, Lu HM, Flanz J, Adams J, Trofimov A, Bortfeld T. Reassessment of the necessity of the proton gantry:  analysis of beam orientations from 4332 treatments at the F.H. Burr proton center over the past 10 years. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2016

Moteabbed M, Trofimov A, Sharp GC, Wang Y, Zietman AL, Efstathiou JA, Lu HM. A prospective comparison of the effects of interfractional variations on proton therapy and IMRT for prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2016

Patel AV, Lane AM, Morrison MA, Trofimov AV, Shih HA, Gragoudas ES, Kim IK. Visual Outcomes after Proton Beam Irradiation for Choroidal Melanomas Involving the Fovea. Ophthalmology 2015 

M oteabbed M, Sharp GC, Wang Y, Trofimov A, Efstathiou JA, Lu HM. Validation of a deformable image registration technique for cone beam CT-based dose verification. Medical Physics 2015;42:196-205

Cheney MD, Chen YL, Lim R, Winrich BK, Grosu AL, Trofimov AV, Depauw N, Shih HA, Schwab JH, Hornicek FJ, DeLaney TF. 18F-FMISO PET/CT visualization of tumor hypoxia in patients with chordoma of the mobile and sacrococcygeal spine. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2014

Safai S, Trofimov A, Adams JA, Engelsman M, Bortfeld T. The rationale for intensity-modulated proton therapy in geometrically challenging cases. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2013;58:6337-6353.

Giantsoudi D, Grassberger C, Craft D, Niemierko A, Trofimov A, Paganetti H. Linear energy transfer (LET)-Guided Optimization in intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT): feasibility study and clinical potential. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2013;87:216-222.

Wang. Y, Efstathiou JE, Lu H, Sharp GC, Trofimov A. Hypofractionated proton therapy for prostate cancer: dose delivery uncertainty due to inter-fractional motion. Medical Physics 2013;40:071714

Zeng C, Giantsoudi D, Grassberger C, Goldberg S, Niemierko A, Paganetti H, Efstathiou JA, Trofimov A.  Maximizing the biological effect of proton dose delivered with scanned beams via inhomogeneous daily dose distributions. Medical Physics 2013;40:051708.

De Amorim Bernstein K, Sethi R, Trofimov A, Zeng C, Fullerton B, Yeap BY, Ebb D, Tarbell NJ, Yock TI, Macdonald SM. Early clinical outcomes using proton radiation for children with central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2013;86:114-20.

Trofimov A, Unkelbach J, DeLaney TF, Bortfeld T. Visualization of a variety of possible dosimetric outcomes in radiation therapy using dose-volume histogram bands. Practical Radiation Oncology 2012;2:164-171. 

Chen W, Unkelbach J, Trofimov A, Madden T, Kooy H, Bortfeld T, Craft D. Including robustness in multi-criteria optimization for intensity-modulated proton therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2012;57:591-608.

Wang Y, Efstathiou J, Sharp G, Lu HM, Ciernik IF, Trofimov A. Evaluation of the dosimetric impact of inter-fractional anatomical variations on prostate proton therapy using daily in-room CT images. Medical Physics 2011

Grassberger C, Trofimov A, Lomax A, Paganetti H. Variations in linear energy transfer within clinical proton therapy fields and the potential for biological treatment planning. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2011

Trofimov A, NguyenPL, EfstathiouJA, Wang Y, LuHM, EngelsmanM, MerrickS, ChengCW, WongJR, ZietmanAL. Interfractional variations in the set-up of pelvic bony anatomy and soft tissue, and their implication on the delivery of proton therapy for localized prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2011; 80:928-937.

Ding A, Gu J, Trofimov A, Xu XG.  Monte Carlo calculation of imaging doses from diagnostic multi-detector CT and kilovoltage cone-beam CT as part of prostate cancer treatment plans. Medical Physics 2010; 37:6199-6204.

MacDonald SM, Trofimov A, Safai S, Adams J, Fullerton B, Ebb D, Tarbell NJ, Yock T. Proton Radiotherapy for Pediatric Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: Early Clinical Outcomes. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2011; 79:121-129

Nguyen PL, Chen RC, Hoffman KE, Trofimov A, Efstathiou JA, Coen JJ, Shipley WU, Zietman AL, Talcott JA. Rectal Dose-Volume Histogram Parameters Are Associated with Long-Term Patient-Reported Gastrointestinal Quality of Life After Conventional and High-Dose Radiation for Prostate Cancer: A Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2010; 78:1081-5

Suit H, Delaney T, Goldberg S, Paganetti H, Clasie B, Gerweck L, Niemierko A, Hall E, Flanz J, Hallman J, Trofimov A. Proton vs carbon ion beams in the definitive radiation treatment of cancer patients. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2010; 95:3-22.

Kooy HM, Clasie BM, Lu HM, Madden TM, Bentefour H, Depauw N, Adams JA, Trofimov AV, Demaret D, Delaney TF, Flanz JB. A case study in proton pencil-beam scanning delivery. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2010; 76:624-30.

Efstathiou JA, Trofimov AV, Zietman AL. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of protons: an evidence-based review of the role of particle therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer J. 2009; 15:312-8.

Seco J, Robinson D, Trofimov A, Paganetti H. Breathing interplay effects during proton beam scanning: simulation and statistical analysis. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2009; 54:N283-294.

Vrancic C, Trofimov A, Chan TCY, Sharp G, Bortfeld T. Experimental evaluation of a robust optimization method for IMRT of moving targets. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2009; 54: 2901-2914.

Bortfeld T, Chan TCY, Trofimov A, Tsitsiklis JN. Robust management of motion uncertainty in intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Operations Research 2008; 56:1461-1473

Nguyen PL, Trofimov A, Zietman AL. Proton beam or intensity-modulated therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer? Oncology 2008; 22:748-754.

Trofimov A, Vrancic C, Chan TCY, Sharp GC, Bortfeld T. Tumor trailing startegy for intensity-modulated radiation therapy of moving targets. Medical Physics 2008; 35:1718-1733

MacDonald SM, Safai S, Trofimov A, Wolfgang J, Fullerton B, Yeap BY, Bortfeld T, Tarbell NJ, Yock T. Proton radiotherapy for childhood ependymoma: initial clinical outcomes and dose comparisons. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2008; 71:979-987

Suit H, Kooy H,Trofimov A, Farr J, Munzenrider J, DeLaney T, Loeffler J, Clasie B, Safai S, Paganetti H. Should positive phase III clinical trial data be required before proton beam therapy is more widely adopted? No. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2008; 86:148-153.

Trofimov A, Nguyen PL, Coen JJ, Doppke KP, Schneider RJ, Adams JA, Bortfeld TR, Zietman AL, DeLaney TF, Shipley WU. Radiotherapy treatment of early stage prostate cancer with IMRT and protons: a treatment planning comparsion. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2007; 69:444-453 (follow-up: Letter to the Editor. In reply to Ms.Albertini et al. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2007; 69:1334-1335)

Sharp GC, Lu HM, Trofimov A, Tang X, Jiang SB, Turcotte J, Gierga DP, Chen GTY, Hong TS. Assessing residual motion for gated proton-beam radiotherapy.Journal of Radiation Research 2007; 48:A55-59.

Censor Y, Bortfeld T, Martin B, Trofimov A. A unified approach for inversion problems in intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2006; 51:2353-65.

Trofimov A, Rietzel E, Lu H, Martin B, Jiang S, Chen G, Bortfeld T. Temporo-spatial IMRT optimization: Concepts, implementation and initial results. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2005; 50:2779-98.

Paganetti H, Jiang H, Trofimov A. 4D Monte Carlo simulation of proton beam scanning: modeling of variations in time and space to study the interplay between scanning pattern and time-dependent patient geometry. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2005; 50:983-90.

DeLaney TF, Trofimov AV, Engelsman M, Suit HD. Advanced-technology radiation therapy in the management of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Control 2005; 12:27-35

Weber DC, Trofimov AV, Delaney TF, Bortfeld T. A treatment planning comparison of intensity modulated photon and proton therapy for paraspinal sarcomas. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2004; 58:1596-606.

Suit H, Goldberg S, Niemierko A, Trofimov A, Adams J, Paganetti H, Chen GTY, Bortfeld T, Rosenthal S, Loeffler J, DeLaney T. Protons to Replace Photon Beams in Radical Dose Treatments. Acta Oncologica 2003; 42:800-8.

Trofimov A, Bortfeld T. Optimization of beam parameters and treatment planning for intensity modulated proton therapy. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment 2003; 2:437-44.

Trofimov A, Bortfeld T. Beam delivery sequencing for intensity modulated proton therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology 2003; 48:1321-31.

Publications in High-Energy Physics (with g-2 Collaboration, Brookhaven National Laboratory)

Bennett GW, et al. Improved limit on the muon electric dipole moment. Physical Review D 2009; 80:052008.

Bennett GW et al. Search for Lorentz and CPT violation effects in muon spin precession. Physical Review Letters 2008; 100:091602.

Bennett GW et al Statistical equations and methods applied to the precision muon (g-2) experiment at BNL. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 2007; 579:1096-1116.

Bennett GW et al. Final report of the E821 muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement at BNL. Physical Review D 2006; 73:072003.

Bennett GW et al. Measurement of the negative muon anomalous moment to 0.7 ppm. Physical Review Letters 2004; 92:161802.

Bennett GW et al. Measurement of the positive muon anomalous moment to 0.7 ppm. Physical Review Letters 2002; 89:101804.

Brown HN et al. Precise measurement of the positive muon anomalous magnetic moment. Physical Review Letters 2001; 86:2227-31.

Sedykh SA et al. Electromagnetic calorimeters for the BNL muon (g-2) experiment. Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 2000; 455:346-60.

Brown HN et al. Improved measurement of the positive muon anomalous magnetic moment. Physical Review D 2000; 62:091101.

Carey RM et al. New measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the positive muon. Physical Review Letters 1999; 82:1632-35.

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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