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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology is a carefully curated, peer-reviewed collection of articles that will appear both online in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics and as a thematic set in print. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology will cover all areas of morphology, as well as the interfaces between morphology and other subfields of linguistics. Along with theoretical frameworks and debates and interface issues, the encyclopedia will provide brief illustrative sketches of the morphological systems of a wide range of languages and language families. It is being developed by an editorial board of internationally renowned scholars, led by Editor in Chief Rochelle Lieber and Associate Editors Sabine Arndt-Lappe, Antonio Fábregas, Christina Gagné, and Francesca Masini. All of the articles appear online as part of the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics .

Volume Editor

Rochelle Lieber (Editor in Chief) , University of New Hampshire

Associate Editors

Sabine Arndt-Lappe , Universität Trier

Antonio F á bregas , The Arctic University of Norway

Christina Gagné , University of Alberta

Francesca Masini , Università di Bologna

Morphological units: overview and general issues

Verbalization

Compounding: classification and general overview

Formal morphological means

Morphological frameworks: historical overview of the study of morphology

Theoretical debates: general

Psycholinguistic debates, findings, and theoretical issues

Methodology and resources in morphology

Acquisition of morphology

The morphology-syntax interface

The morphology-phonetics/phonology interface

The morphology-semantics interface

Diachronic aspects of morphology

Morphology in the languages of the world

Morphology and language contact (borrowing, contact-induced processes, pidgin and creole morphology)

Language families

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date: 29 August 2024

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Topics in English Morphology

Author: D. C. Siegel , Year: 1974

This thesis concerns aspects of English inflectional and derivational morphology.

In Chapter 1, a theory of English case is developed.  The morphology of genitive pronouns is investigated.  It is shown that the genitive feature originates in the determiner.  A phrase structure rule which expands N'''' as N'''CASE is motivated.  The structure-dependent rules which realize CASE are formulated and their ordering is investigated.  The empirical consequences of enriching the structure of noun phrases is discussed.  A condition on N''', the CASE Condition, is proposed and its consequences are discussed.  The surface rules which incorporate the genitive feature into nouns and pronouns are formulated.

In Chapter 2, some fundamental issues in derivational morphology are investigated.  The nature and distribution of the boundaries are investigated.  The nature and distribution of the boundaries which play a role in lexical word derivation are discussed.  It is demonstrated that English affixes fall into two classes: those which are introduced with the + boundary (Class I affixes) and those which are introduced with the # boundary (Class II affixes).  The application of the rules of primary stress assignment and stress subordination to lexically derived words is considered.  The ways in which Class I and Class II affix-derived words differ are discussed.  A schema of lexical organization which accounts for these differences is proposed.  This schema obviates the need for global affixation conditions and constrains the generative capacity of the lexicon.

Thesis supervisor:         Morris Halle

Title:                             Professor of Modern Languages and Linguistics

Table of Contents

Chapter 1         A Theory of English Case                                                                     28

            1          The morphology of English genitive pronouns                             28

                        1.1       The strong and weak forms of English genitive pronouns            28

                        1.2       The distribution of the strong and weak forms                29

                        1.3       Genitive spell-out on pronouns                                      34

                        1.4       Justification of the determiner source for the genitive

                                    feature                                                                                      35

                                    1.4.1    Evidence that genitive pronouns are not subjects

                                                or objects                                                                     36

                                    1.4.2    One as the missing subject or object                              45

                        1.5       Justification for not using syntactic dependency to predict

                                    the distribution of the strong and weak forms                 49

                        1.6       Reformulation of the genitive pronoun spell-out rule                   54

            2          The representation of CASE in phrase structure                         55

                        2.1       Evidence that the distribution of the genitive feature

                                    cannot be stated at the surface                                      57

                        2.2       N""""                                                                                        60

                        2.3       Revision of the phrase structure rules to incorporate N""""          62

            3          CASE-realization                                                                                  63

                        3.1       Genitive CASE-realization                                                        63

                                    3.1.1    The rule"s application in noun phrases and

                                                derived nominals                                                           64

                                    3.1.2    The rule"s application in verbal gerunds             64

                        3.2       Nominative and oblique CASE-realization                                 71

            4          Formulations of genitive movement, NP-preposing, and agent-

                        postposing                                                                                            73

            5          Empirical consequences of the theory of CASE                         78

                        5.1       Two types of movement rules                                                    78

                        5.2       The CASE condition                                                                 79

                        5.3       Further remarks                                                                        80

            6          Surface rules                                                                                         85

                        6.1       Genitive incorporation                                                   86

                        6.2       Genitive distribution                                                                  90

                        6.3       Genitive spell-out on nouns                                                       94

            7          Epilogue                                                                                               98

Footnotes                                                                                                                     100

Chapter 2         Basic Issues in Derivational Morphology                                               101

            1          Introduction                                                                                          101

            2          The lexical representation of formatives                                     104

                        2.1       Stems                                                                                       104

                        2.2       Prefixes                                                                                    105

                        2.3       Suffixes                                                                                    107

                        2.4       Underived words                                                                      109

                        2.5       Derived words                                                                          110

            3          Two classes of affixes                                                                           111

                        3.1       Two classes of suffixes                                                  111

                                    3.1.1    Class I suffixes                                                  111

                                    3.1.2    Class II suffixes                                                            112

                        3.2       Two classes of prefixes                                                 114

                                    3.2.1    Class I prefixes                                                 115

                                    3.2.2    Class II prefixes                                                            130

            4          The structure of the lexicon                                                                   148

                        4.1       Consequences of (36)                                                               154

                        4.2       Sample derivations                                                                    155

                                    4.2.1    Class I affixes                                                               156

                                    4.2.2    Class II affixes                                                  160

            5          Further empirical consequences of the proposed structure of the

                        lexicon                                                                                                  162

                        5.1       Elimination of global constraints on suffixation                163

                        5.2       The stacking-up of Class I and Class II affixes               182

Footnotes                                                                                                                     189

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An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure Edinburgh University Press

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29 English morphology and theories of morphology

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This last chapter takes a broader view of what the English data tell us about morphological theory in general. First a range of theoretical models are considered (Item and Arrangement, Item and Process, Word and Paradigm), and it is concluded that the facts of English morphology do not allow us to argue strongly for or against most extant frameworks. The chapter then looks at a variety of theoretical principles that are relatively independent of broader frameworks. Here it is argued that the corpus data provide strong arguments against many of the specific claims or principles that have been proposedin the literature such as the righthandhead rule, the unitary base, hypothesis, theunitary output hypotheses, blocking, lexical phonology and morphology, the monosuffixconstraint, the first sister principle, and the lexical integrity hypothesis. Finally, the chapter turns to what we do know, and how that knowledge should help us to frame new theoretical models.

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Research in Morphology

Find out more about how linguists research Morphology through looking at some example research.

Gries (2004)

Shouldn’t it be breakfunch.

A really interesting example of research on morphology is a journal article which looks into  blending  and  blend structure . But before looking at this research, you need to know what these things mean!

What is Blending and Blend Structure?

Blending is a process where a new word is created by combing  non-morphemic parts  (see column on the right for explanation) of two or more already existing words. These are either shortened and put together or are already overlapping. As you can see in the examples below blends are usually made up by the first part of one word and the last part of another. Some well-known examples in English are:

smog (smoke+fog) brunch (breakfast + lunch)

Most speakers don’t realise that blends are actually fusions of words as they are often very well integrated in the language. Did you know that the computer term bit is actually a blend of binary and digit, and modem it put together by modulator and demodulator?[1]

Therefore, the  Blend Structure  is the way in which the two source words have been put together (blended) to form the new word.

Examples of blending in English

While blending may not be considered one of the most productive forms of new word formation, it nonetheless gives us some valuable new words – some of which can be very entertaining!

We’ve all heard of words such as brunch (breakfast + lunch) and smog (smoke + fog), and probably are very aware that these are the result of blending- but some words become so much a part of our language that we forget their origins!

Glimmer = gleam + shimmer Moped= motor + pedal

Sitcom= situation + comedy

And then there are the blends that make obscure words, words that wouldn’t come about if it weren’t for the development of new technology and a developing social culture:

Chexting= cheating + texting Textpectation = texting + expectation Flirtationship = Flirting + relationship

Most of these kinds of constructions are made for slang use, whereas ones such as glimmer and moped have earned their places in dictionaries and are now considered words within their own right!

Shouldn’t it be Breakfunch? – The journal article

So now you’re all clued up on the process of blending and the concept of blend structure and how Blendiferous it all is we can now give you a real example of linguistic research into this morphological phenomenon. The research is presented in a  Journal Article  entitled:

Shouldn’t it be Breakfunch?  A quantitative analysis  of blend structure in English by Stefan Th. Gries.[2]

As you will find out if you go to university, journal articles can be really wordy and really long and rather difficult to get your head around! This is because they are written by researchers for other researchers to read so the writing style is very different to what you would find in textbooks. However, in this case we have just summarised the main points of the research to enable you to understand it.

• The research investigates the  word-formation process  of blending in English and its main aim is to find out what factors determine why certain words are blended together in such a way.
• The paper analyses the  orthographic  and  phonemic  structure of blends on a quantitative basis. The table below, taken from the journal article, shows the blend structure of the word Brunch which has been formed from the  source words  Breakfast and Lunch. It indicates the percentages of each word that appear in the blend.
• the amount of information each source word contributes.
• the similarity of the source words to the blend.
• The method that was used by Gries (the researcher) to produce the results included statistical tests using quantitative data. Mathematical equations and statistics are often important aspects of Linguistic Research when analysing data.
• The results show that the amount of material contributed by the words is determined by the degree of recognisability of the source words and that the similarity of source words to the blend plays a vital role in blend formation.

Here  you can download and read the whole journal article.

[1] O’Grady, W., (1997). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Longman. [2] Gries, S. T., (2004). Shouldn’t it be Breakfunch? A Quantitative Analysis of Blend Structure in English. New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co.

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Bauer (2004)

The Journal article (Bauer, 2004)[1] summarises the morphological process of word-formation as well as distinguishing Inflectional and Derivational morphology. This short article firstly examines  the question of the function of word formation  and gives an explanation in relation to:

• Lexical enrichment function e.g., new words are coined to denote new concepts.
• Transpositional function: words with fixed word class are able to appear in a new word class and thus the same meaning can be transferred to a new function in the sentence.

This then leads to a question of the difference between Inflectional and Derivational morphology.

Bauer (2004) defines word-formation as a process with the result of a new lexeme. A lexeme is the form of the word which is considered to be the ‘standard form’, it is the form of the word which it is categorized as within dictionary. There are two types of word-formation: *Compounding *Derivation

Compounding is the formation of a new word by combining tow or more existing words. E.g. Green + House = Greenhouse

Derivational morphology is ‘the formation of a word from another word or base’ ( http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/derivation ). There a are a number of different types of derivation including:

*Conversion E.g., network (noun) – to network (verb)

*Back-formation E.g., editor (noun) – edit (verb)

*Blending E.g., smoke (noun) + fog (noun) = smog (noun)

Embedded below is a brief video which outlines the process of word-formation and gives a description of the difference between inflectional and derivational morphology:

https://youtu.be/pHGtn563DQI

Inflectional Morphology Vs. Derivational Morphology

Plank:  “categories of inflection and derivation are prototypical categories, from which the categories of individual languages may differ”

Anderson : “inflectional morphology is what is relevant to the syntax”

Inflection=  Grammatical  changes e.g., Pluralisation Dog – Dogs

Derivation=  Lexical  changes e.g., Respect – Respect ful Function is to expand the lexicon by modifying the meaning of existing lexemes. EG:

• Gender marking- Prince ss  from Prince
• Morphology which marks agents, patients, instruments, location- Kill to kill er , interview to interview ee , blend-blend er , dine to din er

Below is a list of possible affixes categorised as either derivational or inflectional:

The table below shows the differences between inflectional and derivational morphology:

Adverbalisation

Haspelmath (1996) argues that it's possible to have word class changing inflection e.g., adverbs -ly. * quick – quick ly * free – free ly * swift – swift ly

Nominalisation

Chomsky (1970) argues that nominalisation isn’t inflectional and that it changes a verb to a noun. * believe – belie f *laugh – laugh ter * marry – marr iage

These two processes are very different.

Adverbialisation

• Follows a regular and conventional pattern by adding – ly
• General and productive
• More irregular and unpredictable e.g., believe – belie f
• Semantics of English nominalisations are neither regular nor constrained by the affix or morphological process used

What can be concluded from this?

• Bauer (2004) concludes that by approaching the initial question of the ‘function of word formation’, through the analysis of both lexical enrichment and transpositional function, one is able to provide a solution to the problem of what word formation’s purpose is (forming new words and allowing words to appear in different contexts within a sentence).
• This is because the two allow you to differentiate between inflectional and derivational morphology due to the fact that lexical enrichment relates to derivational morphology whilst the transpositional function focuses on inflectional morphology (relevant to the syntax).

[1] Bauer, L. (2004). The function of word-formation and the inflection-derivation distinction. In: H. Aertsen et al.(eds.). (2004). Words in their Places. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit. pp: 283-292.

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Word Morphology and Written Language Acquisition: Insights from Typical and Atypical Development in Different Orthographies

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Morphemes are the smallest units of language that bear meaning and are combined to form more complex words. Several studies, carried out in different languages, show a role for morphology in language acquisition and, in particular, in reading and spelling complex words and pseudowords. For example, the ...

Keywords : word morphology, reading acquisition, spelling acquisition, dyslexia, dysgraphia

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211 Research Topics in Linguistics To Get Top Grades

Many people find it hard to decide on their linguistics research topics because of the assumed complexities involved. They struggle to choose easy research paper topics for English language too because they think it could be too simple for a university or college level certificate.

All that you need to learn about Linguistics and English is sprawled across syntax, phonetics, morphology, phonology, semantics, grammar, vocabulary, and a few others. To easily create a top-notch essay or conduct a research study, you can consider this list of research topics in English language below for your university or college use. Note that you can fine-tune these to suit your interests.

Linguistics Research Paper Topics

If you want to study how language is applied and its importance in the world, you can consider these Linguistics topics for your research paper. They are:

• An analysis of romantic ideas and their expression amongst French people
• An overview of the hate language in the course against religion
• Identify the determinants of hate language and the means of propagation
• Evaluate a literature and examine how Linguistics is applied to the understanding of minor languages
• Consider the impact of social media in the development of slangs
• An overview of political slang and its use amongst New York teenagers
• Examine the relevance of Linguistics in a digitalized world
• Analyze foul language and how it’s used to oppress minors
• Identify the role of language in the national identity of a socially dynamic society
• Attempt an explanation to how the language barrier could affect the social life of an individual in a new society
• Discuss the means through which language can enrich cultural identities
• Examine the concept of bilingualism and how it applies in the real world
• Analyze the possible strategies for teaching a foreign language
• Discuss the priority of teachers in the teaching of grammar to non-native speakers
• Choose a school of your choice and observe the slang used by its students: analyze how it affects their social lives
• Attempt a critical overview of racist languages
• What does endangered language means and how does it apply in the real world?
• A critical overview of your second language and why it is a second language
• What are the motivators of speech and why are they relevant?
• Analyze the difference between the different types of communications and their significance to specially-abled persons
• Give a critical overview of five literature on sign language
• Evaluate the distinction between the means of language comprehension between an adult and a teenager
• Consider a native American group and evaluate how cultural diversity has influenced their language
• Analyze the complexities involved in code-switching and code-mixing
• Give a critical overview of the importance of language to a teenager
• Attempt a forensic overview of language accessibility and what it means
• What do you believe are the means of communications and what are their uniqueness?
• Attempt a study of Islamic poetry and its role in language development
• Attempt a study on the role of Literature in language development
• Evaluate the Influence of metaphors and other literary devices in the depth of each sentence
• Identify the role of literary devices in the development of proverbs in any African country
• Cognitive Linguistics: analyze two pieces of Literature that offers a critical view of perception
• Identify and analyze the complexities in unspoken words
• Expression is another kind of language: discuss
• Identify the significance of symbols in the evolution of language
• Discuss how learning more than a single language promote cross-cultural developments
• Analyze how the loss of a mother tongue affect the language Efficiency of a community
• Critically examine how sign language works
• Using literature from the medieval era, attempt a study of the evolution of language
• Identify how wars have led to the reduction in the popularity of a language of your choice across any country of the world
• Critically examine five Literature on why accent changes based on environment
• What are the forces that compel the comprehension of language in a child
• Identify and explain the difference between the listening and speaking skills and their significance in the understanding of language
• Give a critical overview of how natural language is processed
• Examine the influence of language on culture and vice versa
• It is possible to understand a language even without living in that society: discuss
• Identify the arguments regarding speech defects
• Discuss how the familiarity of language informs the creation of slangs
• Explain the significance of religious phrases and sacred languages
• Explore the roots and evolution of incantations in Africa

Sociolinguistic Research Topics

You may as well need interesting Linguistics topics based on sociolinguistic purposes for your research. Sociolinguistics is the study and recording of natural speech. It’s primarily the casual status of most informal conversations. You can consider the following Sociolinguistic research topics for your research:

• What makes language exceptional to a particular person?
• How does language form a unique means of expression to writers?
• Examine the kind of speech used in health and emergencies
• Analyze the language theory explored by family members during dinner
• Evaluate the possible variation of language based on class
• Evaluate the language of racism, social tension, and sexism
• Discuss how Language promotes social and cultural familiarities
• Give an overview of identity and language
• Examine why some language speakers enjoy listening to foreigners who speak their native language
• Give a forensic analysis of his the language of entertainment is different to the language in professional settings
• Give an understanding of how Language changes
• Examine the Sociolinguistics of the Caribbeans
• Consider an overview of metaphor in France
• Explain why the direct translation of written words is incomprehensible in Linguistics
• Discuss the use of language in marginalizing a community
• Analyze the history of Arabic and the culture that enhanced it
• Discuss the growth of French and the influences of other languages
• Examine how the English language developed and its interdependence on other languages
• Give an overview of cultural diversity and Linguistics in teaching
• Challenge the attachment of speech defect with disability of language listening and speaking abilities
• Explore the uniqueness of language between siblings
• Explore the means of making requests between a teenager and his parents
• Observe and comment on how students relate with their teachers through language
• Observe and comment on the communication of strategy of parents and teachers
• Examine the connection of understanding first language with academic excellence

Language Research Topics

Numerous languages exist in different societies. This is why you may seek to understand the motivations behind language through these Linguistics project ideas. You can consider the following interesting Linguistics topics and their application to language:

• What does language shift mean?
• Discuss the stages of English language development?
• Examine the position of ambiguity in a romantic Language of your choice
• Why are some languages called romantic languages?
• Observe the strategies of persuasion through Language
• Discuss the connection between symbols and words
• Identify the language of political speeches
• Discuss the effectiveness of language in an indigenous cultural revolution
• Trace the motivators for spoken language
• What does language acquisition mean to you?
• Examine three pieces of literature on language translation and its role in multilingual accessibility
• Identify the science involved in language reception
• Interrogate with the context of language disorders
• Examine how psychotherapy applies to victims of language disorders
• Study the growth of Hindi despite colonialism
• Critically appraise the term, language erasure
• Examine how colonialism and war is responsible for the loss of language
• Give an overview of the difference between sounds and letters and how they apply to the German language
• Explain why the placement of verb and preposition is different in German and English languages
• Choose two languages of your choice and examine their historical relationship
• Discuss the strategies employed by people while learning new languages
• Discuss the role of all the figures of speech in the advancement of language
• Analyze the complexities of autism and its victims
• Offer a linguist approach to language uniqueness between a Down Syndrome child and an autist
• Express dance as a language
• Express music as a language
• Express language as a form of language
• Evaluate the role of cultural diversity in the decline of languages in South Africa
• Discuss the development of the Greek language
• Critically review two literary texts, one from the medieval era and another published a decade ago, and examine the language shifts

Linguistics Essay Topics

You may also need Linguistics research topics for your Linguistics essays. As a linguist in the making, these can help you consider controversies in Linguistics as a discipline and address them through your study. You can consider:

• The connection of sociolinguistics in comprehending interests in multilingualism
• Write on your belief of how language encourages sexism
• What do you understand about the differences between British and American English?
• Discuss how slangs grew and how they started
• Consider how age leads to loss of language
• Review how language is used in formal and informal conversation
• Discuss what you understand by polite language
• Discuss what you know by hate language
• Evaluate how language has remained flexible throughout history
• Mimicking a teacher is a form of exercising hate Language: discuss
• Body Language and verbal speech are different things: discuss
• Language can be exploitative: discuss
• Do you think language is responsible for inciting aggression against the state?
• Can you justify the structural representation of any symbol of your choice?
• Religious symbols are not ordinary Language: what are your perspective on day-to-day languages and sacred ones?
• Consider the usage of language by an English man and someone of another culture
• Discuss the essence of code-mixing and code-switching
• Attempt a psychological assessment on the role of language in academic development
• How does language pose a challenge to studying?
• Choose a multicultural society of your choice and explain the problem they face
• What forms does Language use in expression?
• Identify the reasons behind unspoken words and actions
• Why do universal languages exist as a means of easy communication?
• Examine the role of the English language in the world
• Examine the role of Arabic in the world
• Examine the role of romantic languages in the world
• Evaluate the significance of each teaching Resources in a language classroom
• Consider an assessment of language analysis
• Why do people comprehend beyond what is written or expressed?
• What is the impact of hate speech on a woman?
• Do you believe that grammatical errors are how everyone’s comprehension of language is determined?
• Observe the Influence of technology in language learning and development
• Which parts of the body are responsible for understanding new languages
• How has language informed development?
• Would you say language has improved human relations or worsened it considering it as a tool for violence?
• Would you say language in a black populous state is different from its social culture in white populous states?
• Give an overview of the English language in Nigeria
• Give an overview of the English language in Uganda
• Give an overview of the English language in India
• Give an overview of Russian in Europe
• Give a conceptual analysis on stress and how it works
• Consider the means of vocabulary development and its role in cultural relationships
• Examine the effects of Linguistics in language
• Present your understanding of sign language
• What do you understand about descriptive language and prescriptive Language?

List of Research Topics in English Language

You may need English research topics for your next research. These are topics that are socially crafted for you as a student of language in any institution. You can consider the following for in-depth analysis:

• Examine the travail of women in any feminist text of your choice
• Examine the movement of feminist literature in the Industrial period
• Give an overview of five Gothic literature and what you understand from them
• Examine rock music and how it emerged as a genre
• Evaluate the cultural association with Nina Simone’s music
• What is the relevance of Shakespeare in English literature?
• How has literature promoted the English language?
• Identify the effect of spelling errors in the academic performance of students in an institution of your choice
• Critically survey a university and give rationalize the literary texts offered as Significant
• Examine the use of feminist literature in advancing the course against patriarchy
• Give an overview of the themes in William Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar”
• Express the significance of Ernest Hemingway’s diction in contemporary literature
• Examine the predominant devices in the works of William Shakespeare
• Explain the predominant devices in the works of Christopher Marlowe
• Charles Dickens and his works: express the dominating themes in his Literature
• Why is Literature described as the mirror of society?
• Examine the issues of feminism in Sefi Atta’s “Everything Good Will Come” and Bernadine Evaristos’s “Girl, Woman, Other”
• Give an overview of the stylistics employed in the writing of “Girl, Woman, Other” by Bernadine Evaristo
• Describe the language of advertisement in social media and newspapers
• Describe what poetic Language means
• Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing on Mexican Americans
• Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing in Indian Americans
• Discuss the influence of George Orwell’s “Animal Farm” on satirical literature
• Examine the Linguistics features of “Native Son” by Richard Wright
• What is the role of indigenous literature in promoting cultural identities
• How has literature informed cultural consciousness?
• Analyze five literature on semantics and their Influence on the study
• Assess the role of grammar in day to day communications
• Observe the role of multidisciplinary approaches in understanding the English language
• What does stylistics mean while analyzing medieval literary texts?
• Analyze the views of philosophers on language, society, and culture

English Research Paper Topics for College Students

For your college work, you may need to undergo a study of any phenomenon in the world. Note that they could be Linguistics essay topics or mainly a research study of an idea of your choice. Thus, you can choose your research ideas from any of the following:

• The concept of fairness in a democratic Government
• The capacity of a leader isn’t in his or her academic degrees
• The concept of discrimination in education
• The theory of discrimination in Islamic states
• The idea of school policing
• A study on grade inflation and its consequences
• A study of taxation and Its importance to the economy from a citizen’s perspectives
• A study on how eloquence lead to discrimination amongst high school students
• A study of the influence of the music industry in teens
• An Evaluation of pornography and its impacts on College students
• A descriptive study of how the FBI works according to Hollywood
• A critical consideration of the cons and pros of vaccination
• The health effect of sleep disorders
• An overview of three literary texts across three genres of Literature and how they connect to you
• A critical overview of “King Oedipus”: the role of the supernatural in day to day life
• Examine the novel “12 Years a Slave” as a reflection of servitude and brutality exerted by white slave owners
• Rationalize the emergence of racist Literature with concrete examples
• A study of the limits of literature in accessing rural readers
• Analyze the perspectives of modern authors on the Influence of medieval Literature on their craft
• What do you understand by the mortality of a literary text?
• A study of controversial Literature and its role in shaping the discussion
• A critical overview of three literary texts that dealt with domestic abuse and their role in changing the narratives about domestic violence
• Choose three contemporary poets and analyze the themes of their works
• Do you believe that contemporary American literature is the repetition of unnecessary themes already treated in the past?
• A study of the evolution of Literature and its styles
• The use of sexual innuendos in literature
• The use of sexist languages in literature and its effect on the public
• The disaster associated with media reports of fake news
• Conduct a study on how language is used as a tool for manipulation
• Attempt a criticism of a controversial Literary text and why it shouldn’t be studied or sold in the first place

Finding Linguistics Hard To Write About?

With these topics, you can commence your research with ease. However, if you need professional writing help for any part of the research, you can scout here online for the best research paper writing service.

There are several expert writers on ENL hosted on our website that you can consider for a fast response on your research study at a cheap price.

As students, you may be unable to cover every part of your research on your own. This inability is the reason you should consider expert writers for custom research topics in Linguistics approved by your professor for high grades.

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Early Modern English: Morphology

• School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter (peer-reviewed)

Abstract / Description of output

Publication series

Access to Document

• 10.1515/9783110251593.604

© Cowie, C. (2012). Early Modern English: Morphology. In A. Bergs, & L. J. Brinton (Eds.), English Historical Linguistics. (Vol. 1, pp. 604-620). (Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; Vol. 34, No. 1). Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110251593.604

• http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110251593/9783110251593.604/9783110251593.604.xml

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• Early Modern English Arts and Humanities 100%
• Morphology Earth and Planetary Sciences 100%
• Survey Arts and Humanities 50%
• Shapes Arts and Humanities 25%
• Formation process Arts and Humanities 25%
• Inflectional morphology Arts and Humanities 25%
• Middle English Arts and Humanities 25%
• Inflection Arts and Humanities 25%

T1 - Early Modern English

T2 - Morphology

AU - Cowie, Claire

PY - 2012/5

Y1 - 2012/5

N2 - By the end of the Middle English period there is already considerable loss of inflectional morphology, and in Early Modern English we see the last reflexes of a shift from synthetic Old English to analytic Modern English (Lass 1999: 139). In fact, the inflectional system of Early Modern English is not very different from what we have today (Go¨rlach 1991: 79). The changes in inflection which do take place between 1500 and 1700 show marked sociolinguistic differentiation and are the subject of well-known case studies in sociohistorical linguistics. The derivational morphology of Early Modern English, on the other hand, is considered to demonstrate much more wholesale and radical change in the form of new Latin prefixes and suffixes reanalyzed from borrowed lexis. The rate of integration of these word-formation processes is not, however, very uniform, and capturing this diversity is a major aim of this survey.

AB - By the end of the Middle English period there is already considerable loss of inflectional morphology, and in Early Modern English we see the last reflexes of a shift from synthetic Old English to analytic Modern English (Lass 1999: 139). In fact, the inflectional system of Early Modern English is not very different from what we have today (Go¨rlach 1991: 79). The changes in inflection which do take place between 1500 and 1700 show marked sociolinguistic differentiation and are the subject of well-known case studies in sociohistorical linguistics. The derivational morphology of Early Modern English, on the other hand, is considered to demonstrate much more wholesale and radical change in the form of new Latin prefixes and suffixes reanalyzed from borrowed lexis. The rate of integration of these word-formation processes is not, however, very uniform, and capturing this diversity is a major aim of this survey.

U2 - 10.1515/9783110251593.604

DO - 10.1515/9783110251593.604

M3 - Chapter (peer-reviewed)

T3 - Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science

BT - English Historical Linguistics

A2 - Bergs, Alexander

A2 - Brinton, Laurel J.

PB - Mouton de Gruyter

An article based course providing an in-depth exploration of current issues in the linguistic subfields of Morphology and Syntax. The types of topics addressed include: wordhood, clitics, grammatical relations, voice, valence, transitivity, noun incorporation, control constructions, raising, reflexivity & reciprocalization, complementation, evidentiality, secondary predication, and iconicity & economy. Students apply the acquired knowledge in producing a major paper.

Prerequisites:

LING-LIN 560 Morphosyntax II

Note: Online

Australians are living longer than most people in English-speaking OECD countries, new research says

By Ahmed Yussuf

Topic: Health

The study found Australia had the lowest inequality for both men and women when compared to other English-speaking OECD nations. ( Pixabay: Mircea Iancu )

An international study has found Australia has a better life expectancy compared to other English-speaking OECD nations.

The worst performer was the United States, despite spending the most on healthcare compared to any other OECD nation.

What's next?

Some experts have said Australia should not become complacent highlighting large disparities in health outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people.

People living in Australia have better health outcomes and face less inequality compared to other high-income countries in the Anglosphere.

That is according to research published in the open access medical journal BMJ Open.

International researchers analysed several English-speaking countries such as New Zealand, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom to review life expectancy between 1990 and 2018.

They found Australia was the best performer in life expectancy at birth since the 1990s.

"Australia performs well, but still has room for improvement, particularly in the area of reducing inequalities among its indigenous populations," researchers said.

"Overall, Australia offers a potential model for lower-performing Anglophone countries, such as the USA and UK, to follow to reduce both premature mortality and inequalities in life expectancy."

What does Australia's age and gender distribution look like?

The Australian Bureau of Statistics issued new data looking at the age and gender distribution across the country for 2023.

Darwin had the youngest median age out of all other capital cities in Australia.

Beidar Cho, the ABS' head of demography, said that Darwin was a year younger than the next youngest capital, Canberra.

"[Darwin] was also the only capital where males outnumbered females, with 104.7 males for every 100 females," Ms Cho said.

Australian National University demographer Liz Allen said the data showed a clear geographical picture of where Australia was aging.

"Aging is quite pronounced in some geographic areas across Australia, particularly in more regional areas outside of capital cities. With that, we see enormous age disparities, particularly in regional and remote areas," she said.

"When it comes to Darwin and the Northern Territory generally, we can see there that, as a result of differences in population composition.

"We see a much younger population, and that would be driven by a higher birth rate, and of course, the makeup of Indigenous people in communities there."

Dr Allen said governments across all levels should not be too fixated on aggregate figures because there was a danger of missing more complicated issues happening underneath.

"That is that there are areas of highly concentrated age disparities, and that presents enormous challenges," she said.

"Because there's no one size fits all here, there needs to be tailored service provision in local areas to accommodate and support communities to avoid any adverse social outcomes."

Why Australia is leading in life expectancy

The study in BMJ open has suggested that Australia's high number of people born overseas was a possible explanation for its performance compared to other English-speaking OECD nations.

Health economist Martin Henscher said that it was an established phenomenon that countries with high levels of immigration tend to have better levels of life expectancy.

"So basically, young immigrants arrive and they tend to be healthier than the locals, so they drive up life expectancy," he said.

The study also highlighted lower smoking rates, public health campaigns regarding gun ownership and mental health, as well as the country's healthcare system as reasons for Australia doing better than other countries.

Australia had about a four to five-year life expectancy advantage over the US and a one to 2.5-year advantage over Canada, New Zealand and the UK.

The worst performer in life expectancy every year since 2001 has been the US, despite its healthcare spending, both per person and as a share of GDP, being higher than any other OECD nation.

Dr Henscher highlighted despite the study looking into the years between 1990 and 2018, Australia still has better life expectancy rates than the other countries included in the research.

"Our COVID response was massively superior to most of these other countries. So we didn't have the big dip in life expectancy that particularly America and the United Kingdom had," he said.

Australia also had the lowest within-country inequality for both men and women, particularly for ages over 40.

New Zealand and the US had the highest inequality among women, while the UK, New Zealand and the US had the highest among men.

Experts warn Australia should not be complacent 

Dr Henscher said Australia's growing economic inequalities could see life expectancy fall if governments do not act to effectively combat it.

"We also need to keep pushing on these public health measures that improve health. So the very obvious example is the watering down of the restrictions on gambling advertising that's a step in the wrong direction," he said.

He said for Australia to continue to see better health outcomes, and prevent further inequalities, there needed to be more action on critical determinants of health such as housing and air quality.

"If we do let increasing numbers of people become homeless, that absolutely will lead to reduced life expectancy and poorer health down the track.

"We need to get on top of making sure that every Australian has access to decent housing, we need to be working hard on air pollution, which particularly in urban areas is quite a driver of preventable diseases."

One of the key areas of improvement for Australia highlighted in the study was the disparity in health outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities.

"We need to not rest on our laurels here because what you can see in this [journal] article is that they show that the outlier in Australia is the Northern Territory," he said.

"That reflects the terrible inequalities in poor health status that the Indigenous population, particularly in the Northern Territory, suffer."

UH Hilo Stories

ʻAʻohe pau ka ʻike i ka hālau hoʻokahi │ One learns from many sources │ A web publication from the Office of the Chancellor, University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo

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UH Hilo student and alumna win awards at statewide Hawaiʻi Conservation Conference

A group of students, faculty, and alumni from UH Hilo presented their research projects at the statewide Hawaiʻi Conservation Conference; two brought home awards.

By Susan Enright .

Research topics ranged from ocean and fish to forests and birds, and so much more, adding invaluable knowledge to the field of conservation in tropical ecosystems, including Hawaiʻi.

Award winners

Two presenters from the UH Hilo group brought home awards from the conference: Graduate student Annie Larson and alumna Emma Stierhoff .

Larson won Honorable Mention for Student Speed Talk Presentation about her research, titled, “Pākuʻikuʻi Puzzle: Untangling Environmental and Biological Drivers of Juvenile Distribution of an Imperiled Reef Fish” ( Lillian Tuttle Raz of the Hawaiʻi Cooperative Fishery Research Unit or HCFRU is a co-author of the study). Larson is researching pākuʻikuʻi (Achilles Tang, Acanthurus achilles ), an herbivorous reef fish that has recently and mysteriously declined in west Hawaiʻi Island.

Larson completed her bachelor’s degree in marine science at UH Hilo, worked for a year with HCFRU, which is a collaborative U.S. Geological Survey program based at UH Hilo, and then started the tropical conservation biology and environmental science program last year. She will be continuing the same line of pākuʻikuʻi research over the next year with HCFRU, under the title “Exploring the Early Life History and Habitat Connectivity of Pākuʻikuʻi ( Acanthurus achilles ) around Hawaiʻi Island.”

“For my second year of graduate school, the Division of Aquatic Resources is funding my research, as they are the ones who asked (HCRFU) to complete this specific research project,” says Larson.

She says the conference offered her an excellent chance for networking with featured researchers from across all the Hawaiian islands.

“It was inspiring to observe the diverse range of ongoing research and to envision the potential paths I could pursue in the future,” she says.

At a general session entitled “Majestic Manu of Hawaiʻi,” alumna Stierhoff won Honorable Mention for Oral Presentation about her research, “ʻAmakihi kaulana i ka hoʻōla maʻi: Assessing the long-term impacts of infection with avian malaria in Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi” (UH Hilo Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences Susan Jarvi and Professor of Biology Patrick Hart are among co-authors).

The group studied avian malaria in native forest bird populations and assessed the impact of chronic infection on the physiological condition of ʻamakihi near ʻᾹinahou Ranch in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park.

“As much as I try to claim I’m not a bird person, the goofy grin on my face every time I see an ʻamakihi gives me away,” Stierhoff writes in her dissertation. “It has been one of the greatest joys and privileges of my life to work with these goofy, gentle, sassy, resilient manu. Their strength gives me hope for the future of Hawaiian forest birds.”

Stierhoff says that although her research focuses on terrestrial work, she found inspiration at the conference chatting with presenters in the marine field.

“It was so cool to see how connected our work is mauka to makai, and how much inspiration we can draw from one another despite working in vastly different habitats,” says Stierhoff. “I also loved seeing everyone rep outfits featuring native plants, birds, fish, snails, and more.”

Stierhoffʻs research is based at the Listening Observatory for Hawaiian Ecosystems , commonly called LOHE lab, headed by Professor Hart. Several students and alumni from the lab also presented at the conference.

• UH Hilo students and alumni present their studies on native birds at statewide conservation conference (UH Hilo Stories, Aug. 20, 2024)

More presentations

Here is a sampling of more presentations given by UH Hilo students and alumni at the 2024 Hawaiʻi Conservation Conference. All are either current students in the tropical conservation biology and environmental science graduate program or TCBES alumni.

• Kūpono Aguirre: Seed Dispersal by Wild Pigs in Hawaiʻi
• Cienna-Lei Daog: Ceratocystis , Ungulates, Soils: The ʻŌhiʻa Infection and Death Connection
• Sofia Ferreira: 3D habitat complexity and coral morphology modulate the functional structure of reef fish in a protected marine National Park
• Noah Hunt (poster presentations): An Updated Status of Landbird Populations in the National Park of American Samoa and Distance Estimation Based on Maximum Power Level of Recorded Bird Vocalizations in Hawaiʻi
• Braxton Igne : Novel Bioacoustic Methods Allow Estimation of Fledging Success of an Endangered Hawaiian Bird Species
• Olivia Jarvis : Brazilian scale ( Tectococcus ovatus ) detection in strawberry guava ( Psidium cattleyanum ) tree canopy from sub-centimeter aerial imagery on Hawaiʻi Island
• Erika Kekiwi: Using Bioacoustics to Monitor the Distribution of Kiwikiu ( Pseudonestor xanthophrys ) and ʻĀkohekohe ( Palmeria dolei ) at Haleakalā National Park
• Amanda Navine: All Thresholds Barred: Direct Estimation of Call Density in Bioacoustic Data
• Amberly Pigao : ʻŌiwi Perspectives on Native Species and Ecosystems and Forest Restoration Techniques in a Sub-alpine Forest on Hawaiʻi Island, Kanakaleonui, Mauna Kea
• Corrinna Pinzari: Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wolbachia in Culex quinquefasciatus Across Hawaiʻi and Palmyra Relevant to Landscape-Level Mosquito Control
• Ben Smith : In Search of ʻakēʻakē ( Hydrobates castro cyrptoleucura )
• Lauren Smith: Using Bioacoustics to Assess the Success of Incompatible Insect Technique on Hawaiian Forest Bird Population Recovery
• Zach Taylor: Conducting Reef Fish Surveys Through A New Lens: The Transformative Potential of Innovative Technologies and Community-Based Monitoring Methods
• Josephine Tupu: “Utilizing Bioacoustics to Understand Native Bird Abundance Across the Elevational Gradient of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge”

Story by Susan Enright, a public information specialist for the Office of the Chancellor and editor of UH Hilo Stories. She received her bachelor of arts in English and certificate in women’s studies from UH Hilo.

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