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Company Filings and Annual Reports

Baker Library has one of the largest collections of corporate reports in the world. The collection includes annual reports, 10-Ks, 10-Qs, proxy statements, prospectuses, etc. for U.S. and international companies dating from 1820 to the present in paper held by Special Collections and Archives, in microform available through the Stamps Reading Room and electronically through databases. 

In the U.S., the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates the nation's securities markets to ensure that investors have adequate information on which to base their investment decisions. Public companies of certain asset size listed in the United States (including foreign firms) are required to file registration statements, periodic reports, and other forms electronically.

Features market quotes, earnings estimates, financial fundamentals, press releases, transaction data, corporate filings, ownership profiles and sell-side equity research. 

LSEG Workspace

Go To Database

Company annual reports available through searchable PDF images covering 800+ US companies (1844-present).

ProQuest Historical Annual Reports

• Reports can be browsed by company name, industry or date. Cross-searchable to other historical periodical databases, such as the Historical Wall Street Journal .

Nexis Uni features more than 15,000 news, business and legal sources from LexisNexis. 

• Useful for locating corporate reports. Under Guided Search select  Company Info, type in Company Name  then select  SEC Filings from the drop down menu.

Access to annual reports issued by companies listed in the United States and internationally and select business annuals archives (late 1800s-present). 

Mergent Archives

• Annual reports can be searched by company name, dates, country, state or city.  Find corporate reports by clicking on Search Mergent Archives on the upper right hand side, then click on the Annual Reports or SEC filings tabs.   

2.2 million corporate reports (various SEC filings, proxy statements, prospectuses and annual reports to shareholders) for US and global companies. 

Historic Corporate Reports, 1985-2003

Detailed listing of corporate reports available at Baker Library by type of filing and format (microfilm, microfiche, CD-ROM, Bloomberg).

Detailed Chart of Baker Library Corporate Reports

Special Collections and Archives holds an extensive collection of corporate reports representing over 27,000 companies.  This is one of the largest collections of corporate reports in the world, and includes annual reports, prospectuses, proxies, registration statements, and miscellaneous items such as brokerage-house reports, charts, and unpublished corporate histories.

Historic Corporate Reports

Includes company annual reports, prospectuses, proxies, registration statements, and miscellaneous items such as brokerage-house reports, charts, and unpublished corporate histories for 27,000+ companies in paper for U.S. and international companies dating from 1820 to the present.  

Additional Resources

Columbia's digitized Historical Corporate Reports are available through Internet Archive.

Columbia Historical Corporate Reports

Company Web sites often have a section called "company information," "investor relations," or "financial information." Also try a site search on "annual report."

Order the document from the SEC (scroll down to "How to Access or Request Records Not Accessible via SEC Website), or a commercial fulfillment service such as Walter Kluwer SEC Research Services or LSEG On Demand .

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How to Prepare an Annual Report

• 16 Dec 2021

Investors must carefully analyze the financial health and performance of any business they consider funding. To do this, they turn to several financial statements that offer glimpses into the organization's inner workings.

Few financial statements are more highly anticipated each year than a company’s annual report, which not only summarizes its performance for the preceding year but charts a course for the one ahead.

With this in mind, knowing how to prepare an annual report is essential for anyone interested in a leadership position. Whether you’re an aspiring entrepreneur, functional lead, or member of your organization’s C-suite, learning how to prepare an annual report can help advance your career.

Here’s a look at what an annual report is, its key components, and steps you should follow to create one.

Access your free e-book today.

What Is An Annual Report?

An annual report is a document that describes a company’s financial condition and business operations for the previous year.

Any publicly traded business is required by law to prepare and publish an annual report, which helps current and potential investors decide whether to provide funding.

Businesses not publicly traded can still prepare an annual report if they have private investors who must be apprised of their performance or are in the process of securing private funding.

Components of an Annual Report

An annual report typically consists of the following documents or sections:

• Letters to shareholders
• Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A)
• General corporate information or business profile
• Operating and financing highlights
• Financial statements

Usually, an annual report is split into two halves. The first half contains the company’s narrative in the form of the letters to shareholders, management’s discussion and analysis, general corporate information, and operating highlights—all of which tell a story about how the company performed and worked toward its goals. The second half of the report strips out narrative components and presents data, which investors are encouraged to analyze to draw conclusions about the company.

1. Compile the Business Profile

The business profile is the section of the annual report where you summarize key information about your business. It typically includes information about:

• Your company’s key products or services
• Your company’s mission and vision
• The board of directors and other business officers
• Your investor profile
• Your competition
• Opportunities and risks

This section is also sometimes referred to as the general business information section of the annual report.

When writing this section, remember your goals: to quickly provide new, current, or potential investors the information needed to understand your business and industry.

2. Generate Key Financial Statements

The purpose of the annual report is to provide data and analysis regarding your company’s operations and financial performance. As such, the financial statements it contains are essential.

Important financial statements include your company’s:

• Income statement
• Cash flow statement
• Balance sheet
• Statement to shareholders

While you can compile the report’s other sections before generating financial statements, it’s best to avoid doing so because your letters to shareholders, management’s discussion and analysis, and other narrative elements should be backed by financial data. Not creating financial statements first makes it possible to tell an inaccurate or incomplete story you’ll later need to correct.

3. Select Operational and Financial Highlights

After generating financial statements, select highlights for your report’s narrative elements. Incorporate a mix of operational and financial highlights. Some examples include:

• The launch of new products or services
• The opening of new facilities
• Major contracts or partnerships
• News about mergers and acquisitions
• Rate of revenue growth
• Whether the company turned a profit or loss for the year

4. Write the Management Discussion and Analysis

While the financial statements included in the annual report allow investors and analysts to analyze your business, the management discussion and analysis section offers you and your team the opportunity to present an internal analysis of financial performance and statements.

The MD&A section also typically contains information regarding key issues your company faces, such as compliance with laws or regulations, systems and controls recently put in place, and new or emerging risks.

While the MD&A section is more subjective than financial statements, it must meet the standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). This includes ensuring the MD&A is balanced, based on fact, and has both positive and negative information.

5. Write the Letter to Shareholders

The final step is to write the letter to shareholders. This letter is drafted by the CEO, chairperson, or company owner and offers a high-level overview of the business’s operating activities and finances for the previous year.

The letter to shareholders ultimately acts as the introduction to the entire annual report and is the first piece of information investors review. While each component of the annual report is essential, the letter to shareholders is one of the most important to get right.

One of the Most Important Financial Documents

The annual report is one of the most crucial financial documents your company produces.

While doing so is typically a team effort spanning multiple departments, knowing what goes into preparing one is a vital skill for aspiring business leaders and entrepreneurs.

Do you want to take your career to the next level? Consider enrolling in Financial Accounting —one of three courses that comprise our Credential of Readiness (CORe) program —and discover how you can learn key financial topics that enable you to understand business performance and potential.

About the Author

2023 Annual Report

• From The Dean
• Key Metrics
• PDF Downloads

The Year in Review

Notable progress was made during FY23 in advancing the School’s priorities. Accelerating research on how digital and data are transforming management and society. Delving more deeply into the role that business plays in addressing the world’s most complex challenges and opportunities. Reimagining management education for the 21st century across all of the School’s educational programs.

Students Arrive

Approximately 8,200 applicants sought a place in the MBA Program and nearly 900 applicants in the Doctoral Programs; the acceptance rate for both was highly competitive, at 15% and 4%, respectively.

Fellowships in fiscal year 2023 were awarded to 947 MBA students, with an average fellowship of $43,992.

MBA CLASS OF 2024

• Students 1,015
• Applications 8,264
• Acceptance Rate 15%

INCOMING DOCTORAL STUDENTS

• Students 18
• Applications 896
• Acceptance Rate 4%

Full-Tuition Scholarships Offered

In an effort to make the Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree more affordable and accessible to a wider array of students, HBS began providing scholarships to cover the total cost of tuition and course fees for the approximately 10 percent of students with the greatest financial need. The School also began offering scholarship support to more students from middle-income backgrounds, building on the approximately 50 percent of students who already receive scholarships. These are the latest in a series of steps over the past decade to reduce financial barriers to enrolling in the two-year, full-time MBA Program. In the official announcement in August 2022, Dean Datar said, “We know that talent is much more evenly distributed than opportunity.” He went on to note, “Harvard Business School should be a place where the most talented future leaders can come to realize their potential. We want to remove the financial barriers that stand in their way and alleviate the burden of debt so they can focus on becoming leaders who make a difference in the world.”

New Faculty Welcomed

Thirteen faculty members, including new tenure-track professors, visitors, and practitioners, participated in START, a deep-dive orientation to the School, that took place in person on campus over three days in July 2022. The program provides an overview of Harvard Business School and a window into research and research support at the School, the case method, and the classroom experience. Teaching faculty join study groups and practice preparing and opening a case, and then receive feedback and advice from experienced colleagues.

Tenure-Track Faculty

Accounting & Management

Entrepreneurial Management

Technology & Operations Management

Faculty Promotions

Two faculty members were promoted.

Full Professor

Associate Professor

Faculty & Staff Demographics

HBS has been publicly tracking and reporting on the composition of faculty and staff with an eye toward identifying and responding to trends.

• Minority 31%
• Total 1,454
• Minority 27%

Commencement Celebrated

Harvard Business School celebrated its 113th Commencement on May 26, 2023, with 984 students receiving their MBA degrees. Fifty students earned their diplomas with high distinction and were named Baker Scholars. Eighty-two students earned their diplomas with distinction and 198 earned second-year honors. In addition, 25 doctoral students earned PhD degrees in the fields of business administration, business economics, organizational behavior, and health policy management. During the Class Day ceremony the day prior, graduates, their guests, families, and friends honored five faculty with teaching awards and heard speeches from classmates and Raymond J. McGuire, one of the School’s 2023 Alumni Achievement Award winners.

Dean’s Award Bestowed

The Dean’s Award, recognizing service to the School and society, was given to Cassidy Wald (MBA 2023). This award celebrates the extraordinary achievements of graduating students who made a positive impact on Harvard, Harvard Business School, and/or broader communities through exceptional acts of leadership. Nominations come from across the HBS community, and recipients are recognized during graduation week.

MBA Faculty Teaching Awards

Five faculty were recognized by MBA students for their excellence and dedication with Faculty Teaching Award honors. Tony Mayo, Sophus Reinert, and Charlotte Robertson were acknowledged for their profound impact within and outside of the required curriculum (RC) classroom, while Tom Nicholas and Meg Rithmire were recognized for their lasting contributions to the second-year experience. Charlotte received the award in her first year of teaching, and Tony, Sophus, Tom and Meg have received the Teaching Award multiple times

• Tony Mayo, Required Curriculum
• Tom Nicholas, Elective Curriculum
• Sophus Reinert, Required Curriculum
• Meg Rithmire, Elective Curriculum
• Charlotte Robertson, Required Curriculum

Wyss Awards For Excellence in Mentoring

Professor Michael Norton and Associate Professor Alison Wood Brooks received Wyss Awards for Excellence in Mentoring. Now in its 15th year, the Wyss Awards winners are chosen by Doctoral students for their collaboration, mentorship, and support to developing future scholars. In addition, Assistant Professor Alexandra Feldberg and Professor Feng Zhu were named runners-up.

• Alison Wood Brooks, Winner
• Michael Norton, Winner
• Alexandra Feldberg, Runner-Up
• Feng Zhu, Runner-Up

Alumni Achievement Honored

Five graduates received the School's highest honor, the Alumni Achievement Award, given annually to recognize alumni who have distinguished themselves as leaders in their fields and who exemplify the mission, high standards, and values of the School. The recipients were honored during the Class Day ceremony. The 2023 Award recipients were

Reshma Kewalramani

MD, FASN (GMP 18, 2015) CEO and President, Vertex Pharmaceuticals

Depelsha Thomas McGruder

MBA 1998 COO and Treasurer, Ford Foundation; Founder, Moms of Black Boys United

Raymond J. McGuire

JD/MBA 1984 President, Lazard

Antonis C. Samaras

MBA 1976 Member, Hellenic Parliament, Greek Prime Minister, 2012–2015

Stephen A. Schwarzman

MBA 1972 chairman, CEO, and cofounder, Blackstone

CLIMB Launched

HBS Online announced the Credential in Leadership, Impact, and Management in Business (CLIMB), a yearlong, self-paced, asynchronous program comprising seven courses designed to help both new and experienced leaders accelerate their careers. The offering includes required courses in topics such as business strategy and leading in the digital world, as well as elective courses, so that participants can tailor their learning to their professional needs. It concludes with a capstone project where participants can apply their learning.

MBA Global Immersions Reinstated

FY23 marked the return of international travel for the MBA Program’s FIELD Global Immersion (FGI) course, an intensive, immersive experience that gives first-year students in the Required Curriculum the ability to integrate their learning in the RC through hands-on exposure to how business is conducted in markets around the world. The pandemic necessitated a complete pause in 2020 and 2021. In 2022, FGI resumed in 15 locations in the United States, and in 2023, more than 1,000 students traveled to 15 global locations to work with project partners on new product and service offerings based on a thorough study of business context and local cultures

First Chief Digital Officer Appointed

Katia Walsh joined HBS as the School’s inaugural Chief Digital Officer. In this role, she oversees the growth of a newly established Digital Transformation group. As the School looks to build and scale capabilities in the realm of digital products, data strategy and architecture, analytics, machine learning and AI, the group will work to build platforms and deliver applications that enable innovation in research, teaching, learning, community engagement, and publishing—extending the School’s reach and leveraging its digital assets.

One Ten Community of Practice Summit Hosted

The inaugural OneTen Community of Practice Summit convened in March, bringing together OneTen founders, executives from partner organizations, and scholars of diversity and organizational change. The day’s agenda built on the coalition’s quarterly virtual forums and included in-depth discussions on advancing skills-based hiring that focuses on competencies and closing opportunity gaps. Harvard Business School is the first academic partner to OneTen, and the summit provided faculty with an opportunity to hear firsthand the challenges companies face in their implementation, and share best practices and learnings from their initial efforts.

Exhibition at Baker Library Focused on Bubbles & Crashes

Baker Library’s 2022 exhibit was titled “South Sea Bubble, 1720: Narratives of the First International Crash” and focused on the history of one of the most infamous financial crashes. More than three centuries later, it continues to survive as a cautionary tale. The exhibit was based upon HBS’s extensive 18th century collection, and the accompanying online research portal allows users to search in depth.

Institute for the Study of Business in Global Society Expanded Reach & Impact

In January 2023 RC students completed a new short course on the Social Purpose of the Firm, organized by the Institute for the Study of Business in Global Society (BiGS). The course, which took place over two days and was taught by 12 senior faculty members from across the School, was designed to encourage students to examine the foundations and purpose of the firm, and to explore the ways in which for-profit companies can—and perhaps cannot—address societal challenges ranging from financial inclusion to climate change.

The inaugural cohort of BiGS Visiting Fellows joined the School in fall 2022 to work with HBS faculty members on specific research projects—in FY23, related to racial equity.

Global Research Centers Convened

The Global Centers, in partnership with External Relations and under the leadership of Professor Debora Spar, brought together close to 100 global leaders from the Global Advisory Boards and Global Leaders Circle in October 2022 for the 8th International Research Symposium. This was the first in-person convening of this group since 2018; participants heard from MBA/MS students during a tour of School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), learned about the research of three junior faculty members, engaged with Dean Datar on the School’s global strategy, and gathered with more than 200 MBA students from their regions in a pilot networking event.

Dining Services Partner Affirmed

As part of the broader effort to ensure excellence in its service partnerships, the School reviewed its Dining Services supplier in fall 2020. Following a thorough evaluation of prospective dining services suppliers, the long-standing contract with Restaurant Associates (RA) was extended. Restaurant Associates’ approach to service and hospitality, including the culture of hospitality, commitment to continuous improvement in culinary, innovation, and sustainability efforts, as well as positive labor relations management, was deemed best to support the School’s brand and its educational mission. Its collaboration with Thompson Hospitality, the largest minority-owned food service management company in the country, further strengthened the unique value proposition of the RA partnership.

Digital Data Design Institute at Harvard Advanced

The structure of the Digital Data Design Institute at Harvard (D^3) encompasses research programs and embedded labs driving foundational and applied research on topics critical to business; engagement platforms that catalyze connections among faculty members, companies, practitioners, and ideas outside of HBS; and a core that provides key data and administrative services.

The Institute’s 14 research labs, which include 30 faculty across nine units, are dedicating themselves to pioneering research on how businesses function in the digital age.

Accomplishments in its first year included:

• 100 new research projects underway
• 50 new cases and research papers in development
• 23 company engagements underway
• 6 new large datasets acquired

Campus Art Installed

A new sculpture was installed on campus as part of the School’s ongoing outdoor contemporary art program. The bronze work Sentinel (Mami Wata) by artist Simone Leigh takes inspiration from an animistic deity celebrated throughout Africa and the African diaspora and invites reflection on the way African cultural symbols shift and undergo change as they intersect with local traditions. The installation celebrates the generosity of the newly established Bridgitt and Bruce Evans Contemporary Art Fund at the School.

26th New Venture Competition Launched

The 26th annual HBS New Venture Competition, held in Klarman Hall in March 2023, featured 12 finalist teams competing for cash and in-kind funding for their startups. The finalists were selected from 318 teams by judges, including many HBS graduates, from fields such as venture capital, private equity, law, accounting, philanthropy, impact investing, and social entrepreneurship. The winners received awards of $75,000 each in the Student Business Track and Student Social Enterprise Track, with runner-up prizes of $25,000; two audience prizes of $5,000; and $15,000 in Tough Technology prizes. The Alumni New Venture Competition engaged 139 teams, competing for $100,000 in cash and in-kind support.

Student Business Track The Dubilier $75,000 Grand Prize: Halo Braid Satchu-Burgstone $25,000 Runner-Up Prize: DoriVac

Student Social Enterprise Track Peter M. Sacerdote $75,000 Grand Prize: The MV3 Foundation Peter M. Sacerdote $25,000 Runner-Up Prize: Pando

Tough Technology Prize Most Promising Climate Tech Venture $5,000 Prize: Gresnol Most Promising Deep Tech Venture $5,000 Prize: Phenegra Most Promising Pharmaceutical Venture $5,000 Prize: Believer Pharmaceuticals

Alumni Track $75,000 Grand Prize: M7 Health $25,000 Runner-Up Prize: Hue Crowd Favorite $5,000: Tilden

Alumni Conferences Held

In May 2023, External Relations (ER) and the Business & Environment Initiative (BEI) hosted Accelerating Climate Solutions, a conference focused on the role of business in driving solutions to the climate challenge. This two-day conference was part of Harvard Climate Action Week , which included 14 events across Harvard University. In November, ER and the Arthur Rock Center for Entrepreneurship hosted the Entrepreneurship Summit, the first-ever convening of founders, builders, and investors at HBS. Two days of programming brought together alumni and faculty for interactive sessions that focused on the power of the HBS ecosystem.

Student Clubs Hit Milestones

November 2022 marked the inaugural Brazilian-Portuguese Cultural Club conference, hosted jointly with eight other MBA programs across the United States. In February 2023, The African American Student Union (AASU) hosted the 50th H. Naylor Fitzhugh Conference. The two-day event included the Black Tech Summit and the Black New Venture Competition. In March 2023, the Africa Business Club hosted its 25th Annual Conference, with attendance exceeding 1,000 guests—making it the largest conference on business in Africa outside the African continent. In April 2023, the HBS Show staged its 50th annual performance in Klarman Auditorium. The high-quality student-led production showcased the enormous talents of HBS students and partners, as well as a cameo singing performance by MBA Program Chair, Professor Matt Weinzierl.

Harvard Climate Entrepreneurs Circle Selected

The Harvard Innovation Labs have selected 23 ventures to join the third annual Harvard Climate Entrepreneurs Circle, an incubation program for high-potential ventures working to address climate change. Members of this year’s circle include HBS students Chidalu Onyenso (MBA 2023), Xavi Laguarta (MBA 2023), Makari Krause (MBA 2023), John Maslin (MBA 2024), and alumni. FY23 was a record-setting year for participation at the Innovation Labs with more than 1,300 student innovators and entrepreneurs from across all 13 Harvard schools in its programming. Approximately half of these students are working on 674 ventures, while the other half are at the idea stage of their innovation journeys.

Executive Education In-Person Learning Resumed

More than 12,700 participants completed Comprehensive Leadership, Focused, Global, and Custom programs. Many came to campus for in-person learning; at the same time, the School Executive Education continues to experiment with online sessions—whether synchronous, using the Live Online Classroom, or asynchronous. Executive Education continued to introduce new, innovative programs – most notably, the new Digital Transformation Certificate, awarded to those who complete three qualifying programs.

Race, Gender & Equity Initiative Announced

HBS announced the Race, Gender & Equity Initiative , renaming the Gender Initiative to reflect the work it has done and will do to understand and advance equality, including racial equality, in organizations and business. In May 2023, the Initiative hosted its 10th annual research symposium, this year focused on “Tools for Humanity,” with panel discussions, workshops, remarks, and flash talks

PRIMO Welcomed Cohort

The Program for Research in Markets and Organizations (PRIMO), a three-month summer program that introduces undergraduates to research and an academic career in management, welcomed its 2022 cohort of 28 fellows from 16 different colleges across the US. Managed by the Doctoral Programs office, the program pairs undergraduate students with HBS faculty to work closely on research projects for a wide range of subjects such as entrepreneurship, corporate social responsibility, globalization, leadership, and technology and innovation. Beyond engaging in research, students attend faculty lectures and professional development workshops to build a strong community of scholars.

Leadership Fellows

The Leadership Fellows program provides graduating HBS MBA students a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to experience high-impact management positions in nonprofit and public sector organizations for one year after graduation. The program, which provides financial support so that Fellows receive competitive salaries, is based on University Professor Michael Porter’s vision of developing a network of HBS graduates with cross-sector experience who are committed to addressing societal issues throughout their careers. Over the last 20 years, the program has placed 267 fellows at organizations. The 2023 cohort of fellows includes:

• Deep Biswas, Boston Planning & Development Agency
• Riya Chandaria, MBTA
• Tim Cho, Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation
• Ed Cordell, The Juilliard School
• Afroza Damji, MassChallenge
• Kyler Evitt, Year Up
• Liza Gaylord, Boston Ballet
• Nina Harstad, Equal Justice Initiative
• Vi Mai, MBTA
• Alejandro Molina, White House National Economic Council
• Rachel Orol, Lincoln Center for the Performing Art
• Sami Pal, Coney Island Prep
• Brittany Peck, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
• Nathan Rosin, City of Boston, Office of the Mayor
• Taryn Stamper, The Nature Conservancy
• Mimi Verdonk, OneTen Coalition, Inc.
• Ryan Warren, Harlem Children’s Zone
• Caroline Zheng, City of Cambridge
• Connie Zuo, Whitney Museum of American Art

Blavatnik Fellows

The Blavatnik Fellowship in Life Science Entrepreneurship offers HBS alumni and Harvard-affiliated postdoctoral researchers the opportunity to advance new ventures around promising life science technologies fellows work closely with leading biotech industry and biomedical authorities, receive programmatic guidance and mentorship, and join a community of entrepreneurs shaping the future of science. To date, the Blavatnik Fellows have created 35 companies and collectively raised more than $500 million in funding and an additional $244 million from an IPO in 2020. The Blavatnik Fellows are:

• Ilana Springer Borkenstein, RN
• Hunter Goble
• Shardule Shah, PhD
• Alexey Youssef, MD, MSc

RISE Career Fellowship

HBS created the RISE (Recognizing Individuals Seeking Equity) Career Fellowship to supplement a graduating MBA student’s income for one year so that they can work with, learn from, and make a difference in a growing business that is creating economic opportunity for marginalized communities in the U.S. Malcolm McCain (MBA/MPP 2023) was named the first recipient and will serve as chief of staff of BrightUp, a seed-stage Boston-based fintech company focused on democratizing wealth building and well-being.

Dean’s Regional Events Resumed

Dean Srikant Datar traveled around the world to meet with the School’s alumni. In partnership with local clubs, the School hosted events in Chicago, London, Los Angeles, New York, Palm Beach, the Bay Area, Tokyo, and Singapore. More than 1,000 alumni gathered at these events to meet the Dean, hear from him about the School’s priorities, and connect with each other.

Reunion Attendance

• Spring MBA 3,825
• Fall MBA 1,916
• Executive Education 275
• TOTAL 6,016

Service Milestone Event Celebrated

On May 4, HBS continued its 10-year tradition of celebrating and honoring recent retirees and employees marking more than 15 years of service. The service milestone program recognized 125 staff members, with a special focus on those whose tenure began 25 years ago. Collectively, this group of retirees and colleagues represents 2,463 years of work for the University.

IN MEMORIAM

• William (Bill) J. Bruns Jr., Henry R. Byers Professor of Business Administration, Emeritus
• David Frieze, Division of Research and Faculty Development, retired
• John (Jack) J. Gabarro, UPS Foundation Professor of Human Resource Management, Emeritus
• Patty Haviland, Human Resources, retired
• Alice Kirchner, Restaurant Associates, retired
• Jay O. Light, Dean of the Faculty and George F. Baker Professor of Administration, Emeritus
• Allan Ryan, Harvard Business Publishing
• Carol Sweet, Harvard Business Publishing, retired
• Carla Tishler, Executive Education, retired

“MBA Global Immersions Reinstated” photograph © AP images for Harvard Business School.

To read this content please select one of the options below:

Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, corporate annual reports: research perspectives used.

Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal

ISSN : 0951-3574

Article publication date: 1 October 2002

Corporate annual reports are viewed through the lens of researchers of these documents. The aims are to obtain insight into how researchers view annual reports; to ascertain how the different ways of seeing the annual report relate to each other; and to draw out the gaps in this diverse research in a continuing attempt to understand its role and purpose. Selective examination of a decade of corporate annual report research (1990‐2000) reveals how researchers have sought to find visibility and meaning. Few studies address the document as a whole, in terms of the integration of the messages between the various parts of the report. Explanation of the changing structure and content of annual reports remains divided, largely because of the differing perspectives of researchers. They have revealed diversity in the ways of seeing the annual report and a tension in understanding its overall purpose and role.

• Company reports
• Corporate image
• Accountability

Stanton, P. and Stanton, J. (2002), "Corporate annual reports: research perspectives used", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 478-500. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570210440568

Copyright © 2002, MCB UP Limited

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How to Cite an Annual Report in APA Style

Last Updated: March 15, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Cara Barker, MA and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Cara Barker is an Assistant Professor and Research and Instruction Librarian at Hunter Library at Western Carolina University. She received her Masters in Library and Information Sciences from the University of Washington in 2014. She has over 16 years of experience working with libraries across the United States. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 187,279 times.

The American Psychological Association (APA) citation method is used in behavioral and social sciences, as well as by nonprofit organizations and businesses in the medical and social sectors. When writing a research paper or report, you may want to reference the annual report of a business or organization. When using APA style, you cite an annual report the same way you would cite a book you retrieved online, following the APA's who-when-what-where format. [1] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source

Sample Citations

Creating In-Text Citations

• If you have a whole paragraph of text that you are paraphrasing from the annual report, a parenthetical citation at the end of each sentence would be awkward and difficult to read. You can remedy this by mentioning the report in your text using signal phrases, such as "According to XYZ Corp.'s annual report...."

• For example: "(XYZ Corp., 2001)."
• Your parenthetical citation goes inside the end punctuation of your sentence.

• Use a parenthetical for any information that you didn't include in the text, such as the year of publication. Place the year immediately after you mention the company or report. For example: "According to XYZ Corp.'s annual report (2001), the company failed to meet profit expectations during the first quarter of the year 2000."

• For example: "The 2000 annual report noted that following the poor performance in the first quarter, profit expectations were 'adjusted to better reflect the changing market conditions and other facts on the ground' (Johnson, p. 32)."
• Or, "According to Johnson (2000), the poor performance in the first quarter, profit expectations were 'adjusted to better reflect the changing market conditions and other facts on the ground' (p. 32)."
• Or, "The annual report shows that profit expectations were 'adjusted to better reflect the changing market conditions and other facts on the ground' (Johnson, 2000, p. 32)"

Formatting an Entry in Your References

• For example: "XYZ Corp." Add a period after the company's name unless the company's name already ends with a period.
• You can usually find the company or organization's full legal name on its website, or on the title page of the report itself.

• For example: "XYZ Corp. (2001)."

• For example: "XYZ Corp. (2001). 2000 XYZ Corp. annual report ."

• For annual reports, the publisher typically is the company itself. Since the publisher is the same as the author, follow the location with the word "Author."
• For example: "XYZ Corp. (2001). 2000 XYZ Corp. annual report . Smith, WI: Author."

• For example: "XYZ Corp. (2001). 2000 XYZ Corp. annual report . Retrieved from http://www.xyzcorp.com/reports/annualreport2000.pdf"
• If you retrieved the report from a database, provide the name of the database in the same format. For example "XYZ Corp. (2001) 2000 XYZ Corp. annual report . Retrieved from Mergent Online database."

Expert Q&A

• If any of the information you need to build your full citation is missing, simply leave it out and go to the next item. The only exception is if there is no publication date, in which case you would include the abbreviation "n.d" for "no date" in parentheses. [11] X Research source Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_print_sources.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
• ↑ https://guides.library.unr.edu/apacitation/in-textcite
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/quoting_paraphrasing_and_summarizing/signal_and_lead_in_phrases.html
• ↑ https://library.owu.edu/apa-citation-business
• ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information

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Table of Contents

Research Report

Definition:

Research Report is a written document that presents the results of a research project or study, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions, in a clear and objective manner.

The purpose of a research report is to communicate the findings of the research to the intended audience, which could be other researchers, stakeholders, or the general public.

Components of Research Report

Components of Research Report are as follows:

Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for the research report and provides a brief overview of the research question or problem being investigated. It should include a clear statement of the purpose of the study and its significance or relevance to the field of research. It may also provide background information or a literature review to help contextualize the research.

Literature Review

The literature review provides a critical analysis and synthesis of the existing research and scholarship relevant to the research question or problem. It should identify the gaps, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the literature and show how the current study addresses these issues. The literature review also establishes the theoretical framework or conceptual model that guides the research.

Methodology

The methodology section describes the research design, methods, and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should include information on the sample or participants, data collection instruments, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques. The methodology should be clear and detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the study in a clear and objective manner. It should provide a detailed description of the data and statistics used to answer the research question or test the hypothesis. Tables, graphs, and figures may be included to help visualize the data and illustrate the key findings.

The discussion section interprets the results of the study and explains their significance or relevance to the research question or problem. It should also compare the current findings with those of previous studies and identify the implications for future research or practice. The discussion should be based on the results presented in the previous section and should avoid speculation or unfounded conclusions.

The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study and restates the main argument or thesis presented in the introduction. It should also provide a brief overview of the contributions of the study to the field of research and the implications for practice or policy.

The references section lists all the sources cited in the research report, following a specific citation style, such as APA or MLA.

The appendices section includes any additional material, such as data tables, figures, or instruments used in the study, that could not be included in the main text due to space limitations.

Types of Research Report

Types of Research Report are as follows:

Thesis is a type of research report. A thesis is a long-form research document that presents the findings and conclusions of an original research study conducted by a student as part of a graduate or postgraduate program. It is typically written by a student pursuing a higher degree, such as a Master’s or Doctoral degree, although it can also be written by researchers or scholars in other fields.

Research Paper

Research paper is a type of research report. A research paper is a document that presents the results of a research study or investigation. Research papers can be written in a variety of fields, including science, social science, humanities, and business. They typically follow a standard format that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.

Technical Report

A technical report is a detailed report that provides information about a specific technical or scientific problem or project. Technical reports are often used in engineering, science, and other technical fields to document research and development work.

Progress Report

A progress report provides an update on the progress of a research project or program over a specific period of time. Progress reports are typically used to communicate the status of a project to stakeholders, funders, or project managers.

Feasibility Report

A feasibility report assesses the feasibility of a proposed project or plan, providing an analysis of the potential risks, benefits, and costs associated with the project. Feasibility reports are often used in business, engineering, and other fields to determine the viability of a project before it is undertaken.

Field Report

A field report documents observations and findings from fieldwork, which is research conducted in the natural environment or setting. Field reports are often used in anthropology, ecology, and other social and natural sciences.

Experimental Report

An experimental report documents the results of a scientific experiment, including the hypothesis, methods, results, and conclusions. Experimental reports are often used in biology, chemistry, and other sciences to communicate the results of laboratory experiments.

Case Study Report

A case study report provides an in-depth analysis of a specific case or situation, often used in psychology, social work, and other fields to document and understand complex cases or phenomena.

Literature Review Report

A literature review report synthesizes and summarizes existing research on a specific topic, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject. Literature review reports are often used in social sciences, education, and other fields to identify gaps in the literature and guide future research.

Research Report Example

Following is a Research Report Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance among High School Students

This study aims to investigate the relationship between social media use and academic performance among high school students. The study utilized a quantitative research design, which involved a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 high school students. The findings indicate that there is a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance, suggesting that excessive social media use can lead to poor academic performance among high school students. The results of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers, as they highlight the need for strategies that can help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities.

Introduction:

Social media has become an integral part of the lives of high school students. With the widespread use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat, students can connect with friends, share photos and videos, and engage in discussions on a range of topics. While social media offers many benefits, concerns have been raised about its impact on academic performance. Many studies have found a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance among high school students (Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010; Paul, Baker, & Cochran, 2012).

Given the growing importance of social media in the lives of high school students, it is important to investigate its impact on academic performance. This study aims to address this gap by examining the relationship between social media use and academic performance among high school students.

Methodology:

The study utilized a quantitative research design, which involved a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 high school students. The questionnaire was developed based on previous studies and was designed to measure the frequency and duration of social media use, as well as academic performance.

The participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique, and the survey questionnaire was distributed in the classroom during regular school hours. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.

The findings indicate that the majority of high school students use social media platforms on a daily basis, with Facebook being the most popular platform. The results also show a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance, suggesting that excessive social media use can lead to poor academic performance among high school students.

Discussion:

The results of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers. The negative correlation between social media use and academic performance suggests that strategies should be put in place to help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities. For example, educators could incorporate social media into their teaching strategies to engage students and enhance learning. Parents could limit their children’s social media use and encourage them to prioritize their academic responsibilities. Policymakers could develop guidelines and policies to regulate social media use among high school students.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the negative impact of social media on academic performance among high school students. The findings highlight the need for strategies that can help students balance their social media use and academic responsibilities. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which social media use affects academic performance and to develop effective strategies for addressing this issue.

Limitations:

One limitation of this study is the use of convenience sampling, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Future studies should use random sampling techniques to increase the representativeness of the sample. Another limitation is the use of self-reported measures, which may be subject to social desirability bias. Future studies could use objective measures of social media use and academic performance, such as tracking software and school records.

Implications:

The findings of this study have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers. Educators could incorporate social media into their teaching strategies to engage students and enhance learning. For example, teachers could use social media platforms to share relevant educational resources and facilitate online discussions. Parents could limit their children’s social media use and encourage them to prioritize their academic responsibilities. They could also engage in open communication with their children to understand their social media use and its impact on their academic performance. Policymakers could develop guidelines and policies to regulate social media use among high school students. For example, schools could implement social media policies that restrict access during class time and encourage responsible use.

References:

• Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1237-1245.
• Paul, J. A., Baker, H. M., & Cochran, J. D. (2012). Effect of online social networking on student academic performance. Journal of the Research Center for Educational Technology, 8(1), 1-19.
• Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652-657.
• Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 948-958.

Note*: Above mention, Example is just a sample for the students’ guide. Do not directly copy and paste as your College or University assignment. Kindly do some research and Write your own.

Applications of Research Report

Research reports have many applications, including:

• Communicating research findings: The primary application of a research report is to communicate the results of a study to other researchers, stakeholders, or the general public. The report serves as a way to share new knowledge, insights, and discoveries with others in the field.
• Informing policy and practice : Research reports can inform policy and practice by providing evidence-based recommendations for decision-makers. For example, a research report on the effectiveness of a new drug could inform regulatory agencies in their decision-making process.
• Supporting further research: Research reports can provide a foundation for further research in a particular area. Other researchers may use the findings and methodology of a report to develop new research questions or to build on existing research.
• Evaluating programs and interventions : Research reports can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and interventions in achieving their intended outcomes. For example, a research report on a new educational program could provide evidence of its impact on student performance.
• Demonstrating impact : Research reports can be used to demonstrate the impact of research funding or to evaluate the success of research projects. By presenting the findings and outcomes of a study, research reports can show the value of research to funders and stakeholders.
• Enhancing professional development : Research reports can be used to enhance professional development by providing a source of information and learning for researchers and practitioners in a particular field. For example, a research report on a new teaching methodology could provide insights and ideas for educators to incorporate into their own practice.

How to write Research Report

Here are some steps you can follow to write a research report:

• Identify the research question: The first step in writing a research report is to identify your research question. This will help you focus your research and organize your findings.
• Conduct research : Once you have identified your research question, you will need to conduct research to gather relevant data and information. This can involve conducting experiments, reviewing literature, or analyzing data.
• Organize your findings: Once you have gathered all of your data, you will need to organize your findings in a way that is clear and understandable. This can involve creating tables, graphs, or charts to illustrate your results.
• Write the report: Once you have organized your findings, you can begin writing the report. Start with an introduction that provides background information and explains the purpose of your research. Next, provide a detailed description of your research methods and findings. Finally, summarize your results and draw conclusions based on your findings.
• Proofread and edit: After you have written your report, be sure to proofread and edit it carefully. Check for grammar and spelling errors, and make sure that your report is well-organized and easy to read.
• Include a reference list: Be sure to include a list of references that you used in your research. This will give credit to your sources and allow readers to further explore the topic if they choose.
• Format your report: Finally, format your report according to the guidelines provided by your instructor or organization. This may include formatting requirements for headings, margins, fonts, and spacing.

Purpose of Research Report

The purpose of a research report is to communicate the results of a research study to a specific audience, such as peers in the same field, stakeholders, or the general public. The report provides a detailed description of the research methods, findings, and conclusions.

Some common purposes of a research report include:

• Sharing knowledge: A research report allows researchers to share their findings and knowledge with others in their field. This helps to advance the field and improve the understanding of a particular topic.
• Identifying trends: A research report can identify trends and patterns in data, which can help guide future research and inform decision-making.
• Addressing problems: A research report can provide insights into problems or issues and suggest solutions or recommendations for addressing them.
• Evaluating programs or interventions : A research report can evaluate the effectiveness of programs or interventions, which can inform decision-making about whether to continue, modify, or discontinue them.
• Meeting regulatory requirements: In some fields, research reports are required to meet regulatory requirements, such as in the case of drug trials or environmental impact studies.

When to Write Research Report

A research report should be written after completing the research study. This includes collecting data, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. Once the research is complete, the report should be written in a timely manner while the information is still fresh in the researcher’s mind.

In academic settings, research reports are often required as part of coursework or as part of a thesis or dissertation. In this case, the report should be written according to the guidelines provided by the instructor or institution.

In other settings, such as in industry or government, research reports may be required to inform decision-making or to comply with regulatory requirements. In these cases, the report should be written as soon as possible after the research is completed in order to inform decision-making in a timely manner.

Overall, the timing of when to write a research report depends on the purpose of the research, the expectations of the audience, and any regulatory requirements that need to be met. However, it is important to complete the report in a timely manner while the information is still fresh in the researcher’s mind.

Characteristics of Research Report

There are several characteristics of a research report that distinguish it from other types of writing. These characteristics include:

• Objective: A research report should be written in an objective and unbiased manner. It should present the facts and findings of the research study without any personal opinions or biases.
• Systematic: A research report should be written in a systematic manner. It should follow a clear and logical structure, and the information should be presented in a way that is easy to understand and follow.
• Detailed: A research report should be detailed and comprehensive. It should provide a thorough description of the research methods, results, and conclusions.
• Accurate : A research report should be accurate and based on sound research methods. The findings and conclusions should be supported by data and evidence.
• Organized: A research report should be well-organized. It should include headings and subheadings to help the reader navigate the report and understand the main points.
• Clear and concise: A research report should be written in clear and concise language. The information should be presented in a way that is easy to understand, and unnecessary jargon should be avoided.
• Citations and references: A research report should include citations and references to support the findings and conclusions. This helps to give credit to other researchers and to provide readers with the opportunity to further explore the topic.

Advantages of Research Report

Research reports have several advantages, including:

• Communicating research findings: Research reports allow researchers to communicate their findings to a wider audience, including other researchers, stakeholders, and the general public. This helps to disseminate knowledge and advance the understanding of a particular topic.
• Providing evidence for decision-making : Research reports can provide evidence to inform decision-making, such as in the case of policy-making, program planning, or product development. The findings and conclusions can help guide decisions and improve outcomes.
• Supporting further research: Research reports can provide a foundation for further research on a particular topic. Other researchers can build on the findings and conclusions of the report, which can lead to further discoveries and advancements in the field.
• Demonstrating expertise: Research reports can demonstrate the expertise of the researchers and their ability to conduct rigorous and high-quality research. This can be important for securing funding, promotions, and other professional opportunities.
• Meeting regulatory requirements: In some fields, research reports are required to meet regulatory requirements, such as in the case of drug trials or environmental impact studies. Producing a high-quality research report can help ensure compliance with these requirements.

Limitations of Research Report

Despite their advantages, research reports also have some limitations, including:

• Time-consuming: Conducting research and writing a report can be a time-consuming process, particularly for large-scale studies. This can limit the frequency and speed of producing research reports.
• Expensive: Conducting research and producing a report can be expensive, particularly for studies that require specialized equipment, personnel, or data. This can limit the scope and feasibility of some research studies.
• Limited generalizability: Research studies often focus on a specific population or context, which can limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or contexts.
• Potential bias : Researchers may have biases or conflicts of interest that can influence the findings and conclusions of the research study. Additionally, participants may also have biases or may not be representative of the larger population, which can limit the validity and reliability of the findings.
• Accessibility: Research reports may be written in technical or academic language, which can limit their accessibility to a wider audience. Additionally, some research may be behind paywalls or require specialized access, which can limit the ability of others to read and use the findings.

About the author

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How to Cite a Report in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 1, 2023.

Reports may be published by governments , task groups, or other organizations. To reference a report with an individual author, include the author’s name and initials, the report title (italicized), the report number, the organization that published it, and the URL (if accessed online, e.g. as a PDF ).

Note that brochures are cited in a similar format. You can easily create accurate APA citations using our free Citation Generator.

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Report with multiple authors, report with organization as author, where to find the report number, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

When a report has multiple authors, up to 20 should be listed in the reference.

If the report has 21 or more authors, list the first 19, then an ellipsis, then the last listed author:

With in-text citations, list up to two authors. For three or more, list the first followed by “ et al. ”

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Sometimes, reports do not list individual authors, only the organization responsible. In these cases, list the organization in the author position.

This sometimes results in the name of the author and publisher being identical. Omit the second mention of the organization in this case.

Many reports are associated with a specific number. If a report has a number, it will typically be listed in the database where you found the report.

It will also generally appear on the cover or title page of the report itself.

A report number should always be included when available, but if a report doesn’t have one, you can just leave this part out.

When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:

Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).

You may include up to 20 authors in a reference list entry .

When an article has more than 20 authors, replace the names prior to the final listed author with an ellipsis, but do not omit the final author:

Davis, Y., Smith, J., Caulfield, F., Pullman, H., Carlisle, J., Donahue, S. D., James, F., O’Donnell, K., Singh, J., Johnson, L., Streefkerk, R., McCombes, S., Corrieri, L., Valck, X., Baldwin, F. M., Lorde, J., Wardell, K., Lao, W., Yang, P., . . . O’Brien, T. (2012).

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THE AI INDEX REPORT

Measuring trends in AI

ai iNDEX anNUAL rEPORT

Welcome to the 2024 AI Index Report

Welcome to the seventh edition of the AI Index report. The 2024 Index is our most comprehensive to date and arrives at an important moment when AI’s influence on society has never been more pronounced. This year, we have broadened our scope to more extensively cover essential trends such as technical advancements in AI, public perceptions of the technology, and the geopolitical dynamics surrounding its development. Featuring more original data than ever before, this edition introduces new estimates on AI training costs, detailed analyses of the responsible AI landscape, and an entirely new chapter dedicated to AI’s impact on science and medicine. The AI Index report tracks, collates, distills, and visualizes data related to artificial intelligence (AI). Our mission is to provide unbiased, rigorously vetted, broadly sourced data in order for policymakers, researchers, executives, journalists, and the general public to develop a more thorough and nuanced understanding of the complex field of AI.

TOP TAKEAWAYS

1. a i beats humans on some tasks, but not on all..

AI has surpassed human performance on several benchmarks, including some in image classification, visual reasoning, and English understanding. Yet it trails behind on more complex tasks like competition-level mathematics, visual commonsense reasoning and planning.

2. Industry continues to dominate frontier AI research .

 In 2023, industry produced 51 notable machine learning models, while academia contributed only 15. There were also 21 notable models resulting from industry-academia collaborations in 2023, a new high.

3. Frontier models get way more expensive .

According to AI Index estimates, the training costs of state-of-the-art AI models have reached unprecedented levels. For example, OpenAI’s GPT-4 used an estimated $78 million worth of compute to train, while Google’s Gemini Ultra cost $191 million for compute.

• 4. The United States leads China, the EU, and the U.K. as the leading source of top AI models.

 In 2023, 61 notable AI models originated from U.S.-based institutions, far outpacing the European Union’s 21 and China’s 15.

5. Robust and standardized evaluations for LLM responsibility are seriously lacking.

New research from the AI Index reveals a significant lack of standardization in responsible AI reporting. Leading developers, including OpenAI, Google, and Anthropic, primarily test their models against different responsible AI benchmarks. This practice complicates efforts to systematically compare the risks and limitations of top AI models.

6. Generative AI investment skyrockets.

Despite a decline in overall AI private investment last year, funding for generative AI surged, nearly octupling from 2022 to reach $25.2 billion. Major players in the generative AI space, including OpenAI, Anthropic, Hugging Face, and Inflection, reported substantial fundraising rounds.

7. The data is in: AI makes workers more productive and leads to higher quality work.

In 2023, several studies assessed AI’s impact on labor, suggesting that AI enables workers to complete tasks more quickly and to improve the quality of their output. These studies also demonstrated AI’s potential to bridge the skill gap between low- and high-skilled workers. Still other studies caution that using AI without proper oversight can lead to diminished performance.

8. Scientific progress accelerates even further, thanks to AI.

In 2022, AI began to advance scientific discovery. 2023, however, saw the launch of even more significant science-related AI applications—from AlphaDev, which makes algorithmic sorting more efficient, to GNoME, which facilitates the process of materials discovery.

9. The number of AI regulations in the United States sharply increases.

The number of AI-related regulations in the U.S. has risen significantly in the past year and over the last five years. In 2023, there were 25 AI-related regulations, up from just one in 2016. Last year alone, the total number of AI-related regulations grew by 56.3%.

10. People across the globe are more cognizant of AI’s potential impact—and more nervous.

A survey from Ipsos shows that, over the last year, the proportion of those who think AI will dramatically affect their lives in the next three to five years has increased from 60% to 66%. Moreover, 52% express nervousness toward AI products and services, marking a 13 percentage point rise from 2022. In America, Pew data suggests that 52% of Americans report feeling more concerned than excited about AI, rising from 38% in 2022.

Chapter 1: Research and Development

This chapter studies trends in AI research and development. It begins by examining trends in AI publications and patents, and then examines trends in notable AI systems and foundation models. It concludes by analyzing AI conference attendance and open-source AI software projects.

• 1. Industry continues to dominate frontier AI research.
• 2. More foundation models and more open foundation models.
• 3. Frontier models get way more expensive.
• 5. The number of AI patents skyrockets.
• 6. China dominates AI patents.
• 7. Open-source AI research explodes.
• 8. The number of AI publications continues to rise.

Chapter 2: Technical Performance

The technical performance section of this year’s AI Index offers a comprehensive overview of AI advancements in 2023. It starts with a high-level overview of AI technical performance, tracing its broad evolution over time. The chapter then examines the current state of a wide range of AI capabilities, including language processing, coding, computer vision (image and video analysis), reasoning, audio processing, autonomous agents, robotics, and reinforcement learning. It also shines a spotlight on notable AI research breakthroughs from the past year, exploring methods for improving LLMs through prompting, optimization, and fine-tuning, and wraps up with an exploration of AI systems’ environmental footprint.

• 1. AI beats humans on some tasks, but not on all.
• 2. Here comes multimodal AI.
• 3. Harder benchmarks emerge.
• 4. Better AI means better data which means … even better AI.
• 5. Human evaluation is in.
• 6. Thanks to LLMs, robots have become more flexible.
• 7. More technical research in agentic AI.
• 8. Closed LLMs significantly outperform open ones.

Chapter 3: Responsible AI

AI is increasingly woven into nearly every facet of our lives. This integration is occurring in sectors such as education, finance, and healthcare, where critical decisions are often based on algorithmic insights. This trend promises to bring many advantages; however, it also introduces potential risks. Consequently, in the past year, there has been a significant focus on the responsible development and deployment of AI systems. The AI community has also become more concerned with assessing the impact of AI systems and mitigating risks for those affected. This chapter explores key trends in responsible AI by examining metrics, research, and benchmarks in four key responsible AI areas: privacy and data governance, transparency and explainability, security and safety, and fairness. Given that 4 billion people are expected to vote globally in 2024, this chapter also features a special section on AI and elections and more broadly explores the potential impact of AI on political processes.

• 1. Robust and standardized evaluations for LLM responsibility are seriously lacking.
• 2. Political deepfakes are easy to generate and difficult to detect.
• 3. Researchers discover more complex vulnerabilities in LLMs.
• 4. Risks from AI are a concern for businesses across the globe.
• 5. LLMs can output copyrighted material.
• 6. AI developers score low on transparency, with consequences for research.
• 7. Extreme AI risks are difficult to analyze.
• 8. The number of AI incidents continues to rise.
• 9. ChatGPT is politically biased.

Chapter 4: Economy

The integration of AI into the economy raises many compelling questions. Some predict that AI will drive productivity improvements, but the extent of its impact remains uncertain. A major concern is the potential for massive labor displacement—to what degree will jobs be automated versus augmented by AI? Companies are already utilizing AI in various ways across industries, but some regions of the world are witnessing greater investment inflows into this transformative technology. Moreover, investor interest appears to be gravitating toward specific AI subfields like natural language processing and data management. This chapter examines AI-related economic trends using data from Lightcast, LinkedIn, Quid, McKinsey, Stack Overflow, and the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). It begins by analyzing AI-related occupations, covering labor demand, hiring trends, skill penetration, and talent availability. The chapter then explores corporate investment in AI, introducing a new section focused specifically on generative AI. It further examines corporate adoption of AI, assessing current usage and how developers adopt these technologies. Finally, it assesses AI’s current and projected economic impact and robot installations across various sectors.

• 1. Generative AI investment skyrockets.
• 2. Already a leader, the United States pulls even further ahead in AI private investment.
• 3. Fewer AI jobs, in the United States and across the globe.
• 4. AI decreases costs and increases revenues.
• 5. Total AI private investment declines again, while the number of newly funded AI companies increases.
• 6. AI organizational adoption ticks up.
• 7. China dominates industrial robotics.
• 8. Greater diversity in robot installations.
• 9. The data is in: AI makes workers more productive and leads to higher quality work.
• 10. Fortune 500 companies start talking a lot about AI, especially generative AI.

Chapter 5: Science and Medicine

This year’s AI Index introduces a new chapter on AI in science and medicine in recognition of AI’s growing role in scientific and medical discovery. It explores 2023’s standout AI-facilitated scientific achievements, including advanced weather forecasting systems like GraphCast and improved material discovery algorithms like GNoME. The chapter also examines medical AI system performance, important 2023 AI-driven medical innovations like SynthSR and ImmunoSEIRA, and trends in the approval of FDA AI-related medical devices.

• 1. Scientific progress accelerates even further, thanks to AI.
• 2. AI helps medicine take significant strides forward.
• 3. Highly knowledgeable medical AI has arrived.
• 4. The FDA approves more and more AI-related medical devices.

Chapter 6: Education

This chapter examines trends in AI and computer science (CS) education, focusing on who is learning, where they are learning, and how these trends have evolved over time. Amid growing concerns about AI’s impact on education, it also investigates the use of new AI tools like ChatGPT by teachers and students. The analysis begins with an overview of the state of postsecondary CS and AI education in the United States and Canada, based on the Computing Research Association’s annual Taulbee Survey. It then reviews data from Informatics Europe regarding CS education in Europe. This year introduces a new section with data from Studyportals on the global count of AI-related English-language study programs.  The chapter wraps up with insights into K–12 CS education in the United States from Code.org and findings from the Walton Foundation survey on ChatGPT’s use in schools.

• 1. The number of American and Canadian CS bachelor’s graduates continues to rise, new CS master’s graduates stay relatively flat, and PhD graduates modestly grow.
• 2. The migration of AI PhDs to industry continues at an accelerating pace.
• 3. Less transition of academic talent from industry to academia.
• 4. CS education in the United States and Canada becomes less international.
• 5. More American high school students take CS courses, but access problems remain.
• 6. AI-related degree programs are on the rise internationally.
• 7. The United Kingdom and Germany lead in European informatics, CS, CE, and IT graduate production.

Chapter 7: Policy and Governance

AI’s increasing capabilities have captured policymakers’ attention. Over the past year, several nations and political bodies, such as the United States and the European Union, have enacted significant AI-related policies. The proliferation of these policies reflect policymakers’ growing awareness of the need to regulate AI and improve their respective countries’ ability to capitalize on its transformative potential. This chapter begins examining global AI governance starting with a timeline of significant AI policymaking events in 2023. It then analyzes global and U.S. AI legislative efforts, studies AI legislative mentions, and explores how lawmakers across the globe perceive and discuss AI. Next, the chapter profiles national AI strategies and regulatory efforts in the United States and the European Union. Finally, it concludes with a study of public investment in AI within the United States.

• 1. The number of AI regulations in the United States sharply increases.
• 2. The United States and the European Union advance landmark AI policy action.
• 3. AI captures U.S. policymaker attention.
• 4. Policymakers across the globe cannot stop talking about AI.
• 5. More regulatory agencies turn their attention toward AI.

Chapter 8: Diversity

The demographics of AI developers often differ from those of users. For instance, a considerable number of prominent AI companies and the datasets utilized for model training originate from Western nations, thereby reflecting Western perspectives. The lack of diversity can perpetuate or even exacerbate societal inequalities and biases. This chapter delves into diversity trends in AI. The chapter begins by drawing on data from the Computing Research Association (CRA) to provide insights into the state of diversity in American and Canadian computer science (CS) departments. A notable addition to this year’s analysis is data sourced from Informatics Europe, which sheds light on diversity trends within European CS education. Next, the chapter examines participation rates at the Women in Machine Learning (WiML) workshop held annually at NeurIPS. Finally, the chapter analyzes data from Code.org, offering insights into the current state of diversity in secondary CS education across the United States.  The AI Index is dedicated to enhancing the coverage of data shared in this chapter. Demographic data regarding AI trends, particularly in areas such as sexual orientation, remains scarce. The AI Index urges other stakeholders in the AI domain to intensify their endeavors to track diversity trends associated with AI and hopes to comprehensively cover such trends in future reports.

• 1. U.S. and Canadian bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD CS students continue to grow more ethnically diverse.
• 2. Substantial gender gaps persist in European informatics, CS, CE, and IT graduates at all educational levels.
• 3. U.S. K–12 CS education is growing more diverse, reflecting changes in both gender and ethnic representation.

Chapter 9: Public Opinion

As AI becomes increasingly ubiquitous, it is important to understand how public perceptions regarding the technology evolve. Understanding this public opinion is vital in better anticipating AI’s societal impacts and how the integration of the technology may differ across countries and demographic groups. This chapter examines public opinion on AI through global, national, demographic, and ethnic perspectives. It draws upon several data sources: longitudinal survey data from Ipsos profiling global AI attitudes over time, survey data from the University of Toronto exploring public perception of ChatGPT, and data from Pew examining American attitudes regarding AI. The chapter concludes by analyzing mentions of significant AI models on Twitter, using data from Quid.

• 1. People across the globe are more cognizant of AI’s potential impact—and more nervous.
• 2. AI sentiment in Western nations continues to be low, but is slowly improving.
• 3. The public is pessimistic about AI’s economic impact.
• 4. Demographic differences emerge regarding AI optimism.
• 5. ChatGPT is widely known and widely used.

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The OFR annual report fulfills the requirement of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 for the OFR to report annually to Congress. Each report includes: (1) analysis of threats to U.S. financial stability, (2) the status of our efforts in meeting the OFR mission, and (3) key findings from our research and analysis of the financial system.

December 6, 2023

2023 Annual Report to Congress

The OFR’s 2023 Annual Report to Congress found financial stability risks have increased since last year’s report and remain elevated in 2023. Multiple indicators signal an upcoming economic slowdown—potentially magnified by persistent inflation, ongoing geopolitical risks, and global conflicts.

January 12, 2023

2022 Annual Report to Congress

The OFR’s 2022 Annual Report to Congress found overall threats to U.S. financial stability were elevated compared to last year. The 2022 report discussed how the systemic risk landscape was elevated as financial institutions faced more uncertainty from rising inflation, tight credit conditions, and the geopolitical landscape. The report also looked at the emerging threats posed by non-traditional risks, such as cybersecurity, digital assets, and climate-related financial risks.

November 17, 2021

2021 Annual Report to Congress

The Office of Financial Research's 2021 Annual Report found that while the economy rebounded, and volatility caused by the pandemic subsided, monetary policy, inflation, and cyber-attacks could heighten systemic risk.

November 18, 2020

2020 Annual Report to Congress

The Office of Financial Research’s 2020 Annual Report found that unexpected turbulence from the COVID-19 pandemic elevated risks across financial markets and revealed limitations in conventional market monitoring.

December 11, 2019

2019 Annual Report to Congress

This 2019 Annual Report to Congress states that risks to U.S. financial stability remain in the medium range, reflecting a mix of high, moderate, and low risks in the financial system. Solvency and leverage risk continues to be low. Most other types of risk to financial stability are moderate. Of those moderate risks, macroeconomic risk is higher than a year ago. Credit risk is still moderate. Market risk remains elevated. Asset prices have appreciated with the strong U.S. economy. High asset prices can be a plus, but as past crises have shown, can also be vulnerable to declines.

November 15, 2018

2018 Annual Report to Congress

This 2018 Annual Report to Congress states that risks to U.S. financial stability remain in the medium range, reflecting a mix of high, moderate, and low risks in the financial system. Market risk is highest, reflected in historically high stock prices and the sensitivity of bond prices to changes in interest rates. Credit risk is moderate, with risk rising from leveraged lending (lending to companies with lower credit ratings), tempered somewhat by risks from consumer credit.

December 5, 2017

2017 Annual Report to Congress

The 2017 Annual Report to Congress fulfills our statutory requirement to assess the state of the United States financial system, including analyzing potential threats to financial stability, documenting progress in meeting our mission, and describing our key findings. We assess threats to financial stability by weighing vulnerabilities against resilience in the financial system. Our overall risk assessment is unchanged from last year: Threats to financial stability are moderate. But underneath that assessment are changes in the balance between vulnerabilities and resilience.

December 13, 2016

2016 Annual Report to Congress

This 2016 Annual Report to Congress fulfills our statutory reporting requirements to assess potential threats to the stability of the U.S. financial system, describe key OFR findings and insights, and document our progress in meeting our mission. Our overall assessment — threats to financial stability are in a medium range — has not changed since our report last year, but global events and the evolution of the financial system have shifted the underlying factors. The report also outlines our priorities for fiscal year 2017 and beyond.

January 27, 2016

2015 Annual Report

The OFR’s fourth Annual Report to Congress analyzes potential threats to U.S. financial stability, reports on key research findings, documents progress in meeting the OFR mission, and lays out the 2016 agenda of the Office. The report said threats to U.S. financial stability edged higher since last year's report, but remain in the medium, or moderate, range. That assessment has not changed since the Federal Reserve incrementally increased short-term interest rates last month. A central part of the OFR’s 2016 agenda is implementing a programmatic approach to its work, focusing initially on eight programs in core areas.

December 2, 2014

2014 Annual Report

The OFR’s third annual report highlights three specific areas of concern: (1) excessive risk-taking during an extended period of low interest rates and low volatility; (2) an increase in market fragility resulting in declining market liquidity and persistent risks of asset fire sales and runs, and (3) the migration of financial activity away from banks toward less regulated parts of the financial system. The OFR’s Financial Stability Monitor shows heightened risks to nonfinancial corporations in the United States due to relaxed lending standards, declining credit quality, and higher debt levels. The report identifies activities, such as leveraged lending and mortgage servicing, that have migrated from banks to less resilient parts of the financial system. The report also evaluates policy initiatives for promoting financial stability and described the OFR’s work to improve the quality and scope of financial data and analysis.

December 17, 2013

2013 Annual Report

The OFR 2013 Annual Report, the second by the Office, assesses the state of the United States financial system, analyzes threats to U.S. financial stability, and identifies tools to monitor those threats. The report describes a prototype Financial Stability Monitor, a comprehensive new tool developed by the OFR for tracking threats and the interplay among them. The report also assesses gaps in data about short-term funding markets and other parts of the financial system, and documents progress on implementing the Legal Entity Identifier, or LEI, a global standard for identifying parties to financial transactions.

July 20, 2012

2012 Annual Report

This inaugural OFR 2012 Annual Report details the progress of the Office in meeting its mission and statutory requirements. The report assesses the state of the U.S. financial system, including an analysis of any threats to the financial stability of the United States, the status of the efforts by the OFR to meet its mission, and key findings of the OFR’s research and analysis of the financial system. The report describes how the OFR is working to satisfy its statutory mandates and mission in four complementary areas: (1) analyzing threats to financial stability, (2) conducting research, (3) addressing data gaps, and (4) promoting data standards. In conducting this work, the OFR will follow two key principles: containing the costs of reporting and collecting data, and maintaining a resolute commitment to information security.

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• DOI: 10.61656/sbamr.v6i2.213
• Corpus ID: 270843051

A Literature Review of Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation in the Manufacturing Industry: Impact on Financial and Environmental Performance

• Bella Monica , Putri Rima Nirwana , +1 author Hwihanus Hwihanus
• Published in Sustainable Business… 30 June 2024
• Business, Environmental Science

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19 References

Corporate social responsibility, corporate financial performance and the confounding effects of economic fluctuations, understanding corporate green competitive advantage through green technology adoption and green dynamic capabilities: does green product innovation matter, corporate social responsibility (csr): the role of government in promoting csr, mergers and acquisitions: does performance depend on managerial ability, the impact of corporate social responsibility and environmental performance to improve return on asset in manufacturing company, corporate social responsibility decoupling in developing countries: current research and a future agenda, implementation of corporate social responsibility on financial performance of manufacturing companies in indonesia, analysis of the influence of fundamental macro and fundamental micro to discolure of corporate social responsibility, ownership structure, financial performance, going concern audit opinion and value of the firm at state-owned enterprises in indonesia, the effect of csr on financial performance: a study of plantation companies in indonesia and malaysia, making sustainability work : best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental and economic impacts, related papers.

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Year in Review: arXiv annual report posted

• Author By Kat Boboris
• Publication date July 1, 2024
• Categories: about arXiv
• No Comments on Year in Review: arXiv annual report posted

arXiv’s 2023 Annual Report is now available online! arXiv began publishing annual reports in 2020 to give our community a summary of arXiv’s initiatives, accomplishments, and financial activities each year. We also use our annual report as an opportunity to thank our members, sponsors, affiliates, individual donors, and arXiv enthusiasts – AKA, you!

You can read our most recent 2023 annual report, as well as all previous reports, on the reporting page of our website.

Thank you to all our supporters that make it possible for arXiv to provide a free, open platform where researchers can share and discover emerging science and establish their contribution to advancing research, no matter their location or affiliation.

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