waec agric essay and objective 2021

Agricultural Science

The resources below on Aricultural Science have been provided by WAEC to assist you understand the required standards expected in Agricultural Science final Examination. Students performance assessment in examination under review was done by the Chief examiner, this you will see while exploring links like General Comment, Performance, Weaknesses, Strength and Observation to respective Questions.

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WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2024 Objective and Essay

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WAEC Agric Questions | For those seeking the WAEC Agric 2024 exam answers, your search ends here. Our team has meticulously compiled the questions and accurate answers for both the objective and theory sections of the exam.

WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2024: Have you been all over the internet for the WASSCE Agric questions and answers for 2024? Look no further.

We’re ready with the 2024 WAEC Agric questions, and our expert team will soon upload the questions along with their precise answers to aid you in acing the 2024 WAEC Agric examination.

Stay tuned as we’ll be uploading the 2024 WAEC Agric theory questions and objectives shortly. Whether you’re seeking the WAEC Agric answers for 2024’s objective or theory sections, you’re in the right place. Find the WAEC Agric objective and essay questions and answers below.

WAEC Agric Answers 2024 Objective and Theory

The West Africa Examinations Council (WAEC) administers the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination and the General Certificate in Education in Nigeria during May/June and November/December respectively.

The 2024 WAEC Agric questions are sourced from the SS1 to SS3 Agric syllabus. Thus, all questions in this year’s examination are syllabus-based, with nearly 90% being repetitions.

No need to fret over obtaining the 2024 WAEC Agric questions and answers PDF (essay and objective). The WAEC Agric answers for 2024 will be available shortly. Simply refresh this page to stay updated and avoid missing out.

Refresh this page periodically as we’ll soon upload the authentic WAEC Agric questions and answers for this year’s exams. Additionally, you can access past questions and answers by clicking this link: WAEC Agric Past Questions

Should you have any inquiries regarding the 2024 WAEC Agric questions and answers, feel free to utilize the comment box below or click the Chat With Us button, and we’ll promptly respond.

Stay tuned as we’re gearing up to post the 2024 WAEC Agric answers here. Keep checking back and refreshing this page for the correct answers. The WAEC 2024 Agric answers are on their way.

Beware : There’s no such thing as WAEC Agric expo 2024 online. All students are advised to steer clear of online fraudsters/vendors claiming to offer such services.

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WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2024 Objective and Essay

  • Post author: Study Admin
  • Post published: November 18, 2023
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WAEC agricultural science 2024 answers are now available. WAEC agric questions and answers 2024/2025 objective and essay and other exam details for WASSCE 2024 are on this page. See the 2024 WAEC agric answers for both objective and theory below. Get the WAEC agric objective and essay answers here.

The 2024 agric WAEC OBJ and theory questions and answers are provided here for free. All you have to do is to go through the questions and take note of the WAEC agricultural science answers 2024. Read on to find out.

Have you been searching on Google in order to get the WASSCE agricultural science questions and answers 2024? If so, we have got you covered!

We have the 2024 WAEC agric questions and our team of experts will soon upload the WAEC agric questions and their accurate answers to help you pass the 2024 WAEC agric examination.

The 2024 WAEC agric theory questions and OBJ will be uploaded any moment from now. So if you are searching for the WAEC agric answers 2024 for objective and theory, then you are on the right page. See WAEC agricultural science objective and essay questions and answers below.

WAEC Agric Answers 2024 Objective and Theory

The West Africa Examinations Council (WAEC) is an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination and the General Certificate in Education in May/June and November/December respectively.

The 2024 WAEC agric questions are set from the SS1 to SS3 agric syllabus. So all the questions you will encounter in this year’s examination are in the syllabus, and nearly 90% of the questions are repeated.

You don’t have to worry about the 2024 WAEC agric questions and answers PDF (essay and objective). The WAEC agric answers 2024 will be uploaded any moment from now. All you need to do is to keep refreshing this page so as not to miss out.

Once again, keep refreshing this page because we will upload the original WAEC agric questions and answers for this year’s exams on this page at any moment from now. Also, to download the past questions and answers, click on this link WAEC agric past questions .

If you have any questions about the WAEC agric questions 2024 and answers, feel free to use the comment box below or use the Chat With Us button and we will respond immediately.

The 2024 WAEC agric answers will be posted here. Be patient. Keep checking and reloading this page for the correct answers. WAEC 2024 agric answers loading…….

There is nothing like WAEC agric expo 2024 online. All students are advised to avoid all patronizing online fraudsters/vendors who claim to provide such services.

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HOME » Past Questions » WAEC Agric Science Past Questions | FREE DOWNLOAD

WAEC Agric Science Past Questions | FREE DOWNLOAD

WAEC Agric Questions – Free WASSCE past questions for Agricultural Science.

WAEC Agric Past Question

Here is collection of Agricultural Science past examination questions to assist you with your studies for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) for both School and GCE candidates.

If you are in your last stage of Secondary School Education (May/June) or not in the School system (GCE), the importance of using old exam papers in preparing for your West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), cannot be over emphasised. By using past exam papers as part of your preparation, you can find out what you already know. By the same token you also find out what you do not know well enough or don’t know at all.

See: WAEC Timetable for May/June Candidates and WAEC Timetable for GCE Candidates .

What is more, the WAEC past questions for Agric Science can also be used as an organisational tool to manage your time better, as you can plan according to each section of the paper.

As a matter of fact, revision is more better than memorising facts and going over notes. You can practise for your Agricultural Science WAEC Exam by answering real questions from past papers. This will give you a better chance of passing.

WAEC Past Questions for Agric

Click on the year you want to start your revision.

  • Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2000
  • Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 2001
  • Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2002
  • Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 2004
  • Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2006
  • Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 2008
  • Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2011
Do you have any other past question(s) other than the ones listed here? If yes, don’t hesitate to share them with others by sending it to  [email protected] .

You have to keep trying more than one exam to increase your success in the forthcoming WAEC Exam.

Recommended:

  • WAEC Syllabus For Agricultural Science .
  • WAEC Sample Questions and Scheme For Agricultural Science .
  • WAEC Past Questions and Answers For Other Subjects .

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WASSCE / WAEC Agricultural Science Past Questions

Welcome to our WASSCE / WAEC Agricultural Science past questions page.

Larnedu has the largest WASSCE past questions collection on the web and this is not an exaggeration.

We’re not perfect but we have been working towards improving every day and achieving our  mission , which includes helping every student that accesses our learning resources and is ready to work hard, excel academically.

All the WAEC Agric Science past questions on this page have been 100% free since day one and would likely remain so in the foreseeable future.

We actually spend our financial resources to have some of our WASSCE past questions sent to us, so please:

  • DO NOT download any of our WASSCE Agric Science past papers to post on other forums or websites without giving us credit.
  • DO NOT sell any WAEC Agric Science past paper you downloaded from Larnedu.
  • DO NOT post any WASSCE Agric Science past question paper you downloaded from Larnedu on websites that ask for membership payment or request users to complete tasks (surveys, etc) before they download the paper.

Remember, we started this page to help students who don’t have the budget for hardcopy WASSCE Agricultural Science past question papers or who want easy access to the past question papers on their mobile devices or computers.

Go directly to the WASSCE / WAEC Agricultural Science past question section on this page (skip the introductory text).

We also recommend other resources such as the following:

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The West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) is a type of standardized test taken in  West Africa, mostly by students who wish to proceed to the higher institution. It is administered by the West African Examination Council (WAEC).

It is only offered to candidates residing in Anglophone West African countries namely: Ghana, Gambia, Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone, and is written 2 times a year ( May/June and Nov/Dec) .

The WASSCE tests candidates according to the topics on the WAEC syllabus.

The contents in each WASSCE Agricultural Science question paper (for a specific year) is usually similar from one country to another. Questions on the WASSCE Agricultural Science theory section may be specified to be answered by candidates from a particular country and this happens mostly in the theory section.

A WASSCE question paper on a particular subject may be entirely cancelled and changed in a region when the West African Examination Council (WAEC) heading that region suspects a leakage of examination papers before the start of the exam.

Benefits of regular WAEC past questions practice

Speed: Regular practice of our WASSCE Agricultural Science past questions makes you faster on the exam day. It’s no secret that questions on the WASSCE for each particular subject are usually similar to questions in previous years since they’re from the same WAEC syllabus . WAEC also sometimes repeats questions word-for-word.

Exposure: Regular practice exposes you to your weaknesses and gives you a chance to better yourself before the exam.

Decreases chances of anxiety: Regular and efficient practice improves your confidence before the exam.

These and many more are some of the beautiful benefits of practising WASSCE Agricultural Science past questions.

So it’s important you make it a habit to regularly practice with the past question papers. There’s no doubt that this would help you achieve the grades you desire on the WASSCE on the long run.

Don’t just focus only on the WAEC past questions we provide on this page. We also have other WASSCE related resources that will be of great help to you.

Below this section are the Agric Science WASSCE / WAEC past questions we have for now. Feel free to use them in accordance to the rules stated on this page and our Terms of Service .

Download (pdf) or view WASSCE / WAEC Agricultural Science past questions online

  2011 NG
2008 NG
2006 NG
2004 NG

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  • Send a digital copy of any WASSCE Agricultural Science past question paper in your collection that is absent from our collection (rewards available). If you don’t have access to a scanner, you can take clear pictures of the pages on a particular paper with your mobile phone/tablet, and send it to us with the appropriate title-we’ll do the rest.
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WAEC Agricultural Science Questions 2020 Objective and Theory Updates.

– WAEC Agricultural Science Questions –

WAEC Agricultural Science Questions expo are out now on our website. In this article, I will show you past WAEC Agricultural Science random repeated questions for free. All you need to do is to stay focus and follow this guide.

WAEC Agricultural Science Questions 2020

The West African Examinations Council ( WAEC ) is an examination board that conducts the West African Senior School Certificate Examination, for University and Jamb entry examination in West African countries.

In a year, over three million candidates registered for the exams coordinated by WAEC.  

WAEC GCE Agricultural Science Question and Answers  

Keep accessing this page as update will be made in a jiffy  

(1ai) (i) Granting farmers loan (ii) Establishment of agencies like Nigeria Agriculture and Co-operative Bank(N.A.C.B)

(1aii) (i) Establishment of adult education for farmers (ii) Sensitizing farmers on importance of being educated

(1aiii) (i)Employment of extension officer to sensitize farmers (ii) Funding of extension programmes

(1aiv) (i)Government should make policies that will favour farmers and discourage foreign counterparts (ii) Government should create a good marketing channels for distribution of farm produce.

(1b) TABULATE

= Disc plough (i) does not have numerous small disc (ii) has no scrappers (iii) no drawbar

= Disc Harrow (i) consist of numerous small disc (ii) has scrappers (iii) has drawbar

(1c) (i) It destroy soil structure (ii) It may results in erosion (iii) It causes compaction because of its heavy weight (iv) It affect the fertility of the soil

2ai) TIME: (i) It determines whether the soil is well developed (ii) It takes shorter time in the formation of immature soil (iii) It also takes a long time for plant to decay and become part of the soil

(2aii) RAINFALL: (i) It provides water for hydrolysis (ii) It helps to break down some parent rocks to form soil (iii) It enhances vegetative growth of plants whose roots cause further breakdown

(2aiii) PARENT MATERIAL: (i) They constitute major materials from which soil is formed (ii) It determines the chemical composition of the soil formed (iii) It’s hardness affects the rate of soil formation

(2b) (i) Non-uniform of crops (ii) Most exhaustive crops should be followed by less exhaustive e (iii) Deep rooted crops should be succeeded by shallow rooted crops (iv) Leguminous crops should be grown after non-leguminous crops

(2c) (i) It serves as cover crops (ii) It serves as food for livestock (iii) It is used as green manure (iv) It helps to prevent erosion (v) It is used for roofing farmstead

(3a) Selective exploration is cutting or harvesting only matured trees in a forest. It is a way of concentrating certain selected species of timber in a forest reserve.

The system allows for the harvesting of older trees while the younger ones remain as cover to the surface of the forest. It is the legal felling of trees based on certain criteria such as maturity and species.

(i) It ensures the concentration of selected species of timber in a forest.

(ii) It protects the soil from erosion.

(iii) It ensures the continuous supply of timber.

(4ai) PRUNING OF COCOA TREES: (i) It optimizes the balance of vegetative and reproductive growth (ii) It increases the efficacy of fertilization and pest control (iii) It helps in prevention and treatment of disease. (iv) It reduces risk of failure from dead or weak branches

(4aii) PARBOILING OF PADDY RICE: (i) To increase the total and head yield of the paddy (ii) To prevent the loss of nutrients during milling (iii) To salvage wet or damaged paddy (iv) To prepare the rice according to the requirements of consumers

(4b) (i) By use of chemicals such as herbicides (ii) By weeding (iii) By cultural practices (iv) By use of good tillage operation (vi) Use of resistance varieties

(4c) (i) They are used to enhance the beauty of a garden or home. (ii) They are grown for food. Some chillies are grown as ornamental plants. An example is capsicums. (iii) Some ornamentals can be used for medicinal purposes.Example of ornamental herbs are rosemary, mexican marigold and lemongrass. (iv) They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and output oxygen thereby creating cleaner air. (v) Fallen leaves of ornamental plants makes good mulch and compost.

(5a) TABULATE

=FEED A= -Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)- (i) 6

=FEED B= -Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)- (ii) 5

= FEED C= -Feed Intake(g)- (iii) 223.2

=FEED D= -Weight Gain- (iv) 51.2

=FEED E= -Weight Gain- (v) 26.3

WAEC Agric Science Essay Answers 2021

Paper 2 (Essay)

(1)(a) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal production: (i) Dipping; (ii) Dry cow; (iii) Culling; (iv) Quarantine (b) Describe the life cycle of roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) (c) Explain the term farm mechanization. (d) Name four tractor coupled implements

(2)(a) State six limitations of farm mechanization in West Africa . (b) Suggest six ways of encouraging farm mechanization in West Africa. (c) List four methods of identification in cattle management. (d) What is debeaking in poultry management?

(3)(a) Mention two processes that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (b) Name four storage pests of crops (c) State two functions of Potassium in crops. (d) List three ways by which each of the following biotic factors affects agricultural production: (i) parasites; (ii) Soil organisms. (e) State four advantages of zero tillage.

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From the list of words lettered A to D, choose the one that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the underlined word and that wil, at the same time, correctly fill the gap in the sentence.

 While Mr.Ade is his son is a novice .

  • A. enlightened
  • B. competent
  • D. experienced

It is better to use persuasion rather than .... to get witnesses to court.

  • B. coercion
  • C. influence
  • D. pressure

The animosity between Fatou and Sheku is shocking, considering the ...... they once shared.

  • B. friendship
  • D. understanding

From the list of words lettered A to D, choose the one that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the underlined word and that wil, at the same time, correctly fill the gap in the sentence

. The reckless driver was admonished to be ______

  • A. cautious
  • B. responsible
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The old man rebuked the thug and his children  .... him for doing so.

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WAEC Agric Science Questions and Answers 2024/2025 (Objectives/Essay) Now Released

It’s time to bring you good news on WAEC Agric Science Questions and Answers. If your target is to have A1 in Agric Science , this page is for you. The latest Agricultural Science Objectives and theory Questions and Answers for WAEC this year has been taken care of here.

WAEC Agric Science Questions and Answers

It’s obvious many might be searching for 2024 free WAEC Agric Science expo or runs on the Essay and objective sections. Such candidates are equally covered, as I have taken it upon myself to provide all the necessary updates on the Agric Science exams and PDF download.

In addition to the above mentioned opportunities, there is sampled WAEC Agric Science Past Questions and Answers for practice before the main exams. Do well to make good use of the likely WAEC expo/runz Agriculture Objectives and Essay updates provided hereunder.

  • WAEC Literature in English Questions and Answers
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Table of Contents

Free WAEC Agricultural Science Objectives Questions and Answers 2024

The following are Sample WAEC Agriculture Objectives Past Questions and Answers:

1. A beneficial effect of bush burning is that it

  • A. increases the population of soil microorganisms
  • B. increases the organic matter of soil
  • C. encourages the regeneration of grasses
  • D.  replenishes oxygen in the atmosphere

Answer: C ( encourages the regeneration of grasses)

2. Ornamental plants are primarily cultivated to

  • A. provide fodder for livestock
  • B. beautify the environment
  • C. serve as mulching materials
  • D. serve as raw materials

Answer: B (beautify the environment)

3. Grading of farm produce is important because it

  • A. facilitates transportation
  • B. prolongs storability
  • C. facilitates pricing
  • D.  maintains produce quality

Answer: C (facilitates pricing)

4. Which of the following pairs of livestock diseases could be contracted through inhalation?

  • A. Gumboro and brucellosis
  • B. Newcastle disease and aspergillosis
  • C. Anthrax and tuberculosis
  • D. Coccidiosis and rinderpest

Answer: B (Newcastle disease and aspergillosis)

5. Maceration is carried out in the processing of

  • A. paddy rice
  • B. oil palm

Answer: B (oil palm)

6. If the seed rate for the cultivation of cowpea is 25 kg per hectare, determine the quantity of cowpea seeds required to cultivate a farmland measuring 100 m by 500 m.

  • D. 1,250 kg

Answer: A (125kg)

More will be updated

Theory Questions

Below are WAEC Agric Science Theory Past Questions and Answers:

1a. Discuss the root knot disease of tomato plants under the following headings: i. causal organism

ii. mode of transmission

iii. two symptoms

iv. two prevention and control measures

b. Describe three effects each of the following farming practices on the soil: i. fertilizer application

ii. clean clearing

iii. overgrazing

c. Mention three agricultural uses of land

2a. Outline four steps involved in the planting of cassava stem cuttings

b. State three uses of cassava tubers

c. If yam is cultivated at a spacing of 100 cm by 100 cm on 1.5 hectares of farmland and each yam tuber weighs an average of 3.5 kg after harvesting, calculate the: i. expected number of yam plants on the farmland

ii. total weight of yam tubers harvested in kilogramme

d. Distinguish between diet and ration in animal nutrition

How to Answer WAEC Agric Science Questions

The following steps are very important for candidates that wish to make good grades:

1 . Read all the Instructions provided in the Question paper: This is a very important thing to do as soon as the Question paper is given to you. The essence of this is to help you know what you are required to do. Try as much as possible to adhere to the exams instructions.

2. Fill in Your details where required on the Answer booklets . One of the greatest mistakes candidates make is failure to write their details on the Answers booklet. Filling Your exams details before attempting questions is important because you may forget or may cut off with time.

3. Start with the Questions you know best: This is a smart approach. When you start answering the questions you know very well, you will not only have the confidence to answer the difficult ones but give the marker/examiner a good impression about your knowledge of the subject.

4. Read the Questions at least Thrice before providing solutions: Don not be in a haste to answer questions. Try and read them over and over again to gain full understanding of the questions.

5. Make your handwriting are readable: Take your time to write very well, a good handwriting will make your answers clear understandable.

6. Cross Check your work before submission: I’m all your doing, don’t fail go through your work before submitting your answer booklet. This will enable you to correct mistakes made.

Essay/Objectives WAEC Expo/Runs

It’s important to know that there’s nothing like WAEC Expo or Runs. Many platforms may be promising you Expo on WAEC Agric Science , you have to be wise in order not to be scammed.

All we do is to ensure that we provide you with all the necessary steps and updates on how to pass your exams without Stress. Stay tuned for more Related Updates.

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Agricultural Science Waec Syllabus

Below is this years Waec Syllabus for Agricultural Science. Note that this syllabus is for both internal and external candidates.

Aims and Objectives

  • stimulate and sustain students’ interest in agriculture
  • enable students acquire functional knowledge and practical skills to prepare them for further studies and occupation in agriculture

Scheme of Examination

There will be three papers: Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.

It will consist of fifty multiple-choice questions to be answered within 50 minutes for 50 marks.

It will consist of six essay questions, with each drawn from at least two themes in the syllabus. Candidates will be required to answer five of the questions within 2 hours and 10 minutes for 90 marks.

This will be a practical paper for school candidates and an alternative to practical paper for private candidates. It will consist of four questions, all of which should be answered within 1½ hours for 60 marks.

Instructions to Schools

Every school offering Agricultural Science must:

  • Establish a farm where crops are grown.
  • Keep at least one species of ruminant  and one nonruminant.
  • Establish a fish pond where feasible.

Candidates should have practical notebooks which should contain records of individual activities based on laboratory and individual observations carried out on the school farms, field trips and also records of specimens collected.

In order to enhance the effective teaching/learning process and better performance of candidates, continuous assessment of candidates is recommended.

The main objectives of the Senior Secondary School Agricultural Science Curriculum are to:

  • Stimulate and sustain students’ interest in agriculture;
  • Enable students to acquire functional knowledge and practical skills to prepare them for further studies and occupations in agriculture.

It is recommended that the study of Agricultural Science in the Senior Secondary School be supplemented by visits to well-established government and private experimental and commercial farms, agricultural research institutes and other institutions related to agriculture.

Detailed Agricultural Science Syllabus

Basic concepts.

  • Definition and branches of agricultural science.
  • Importance of agriculture to the individual, community and nation
  • land tenure;
  • basic amenities;
  • transportation;
  • storage and processing facilities;
  • agricultural education and extension;
  • tools and machinery;
  • farm inputs;
  • marketing system;
  • environmental degradation.
  • Possible solutions to identified problems
  • Meaning of subsistence and commercial agriculture
  • Differences between subsistence and commercial agriculture based on their characteristics.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of subsistence and commercial agriculture.
  • Problems of subsistence and commercial agriculture.
  • Agricultural education
  • Agricultural extension services.
  • Agricultural policies and programmes
  • Meaning of non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
  • Roles of NGOs in agricultural development.
  • Land tenure systems in West Africa.
  • Government laws on land use in West Africa.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of the land use Act (Decree) and reforms in West Africa

AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGY

  • Meaning of agricultural ecology and ecosystem.
  • Components of farm ecosystem, e.g., biotic and abiotic
  • Interactions of the components in the terrestrial and aquatic agro-ecosystem.
  • Meaning of land.
  • Characteristics of land – free gift of nature, immobile, limited in supply etc.
  • crop production;
  • wild life conservation/game reserve;
  • livestock production, etc.
  • transport, etc.
  • topography;
  • land degradation;
  • soil pollution.
  • population pressure
  •  expansion of industries
  • mining/mineral exploitation
  • recreation/tourism
  • land tenure system
  • religious purpose (church, mosque and shrine) etc.
  • paper industry: pulp wood;
  • beverage industry (cocoa, tea, etc.);
  • textile industry: cotton;
  • soap industry: oil,  seeds, etc
  • Agriculture provides a market for industrial products, e.g., farm machinery and chemicals;
  • Agriculture provides food for industrial workers.
  • Climatic factors, e.g., rainfall, temperature, light, wind, relative humidity.
  • Biotic factors, e.g., predators, parasites, soil micro-organisms, pests, pathogens and weeds; interrelationships such as competition, parasitism, and mutualism (symbiosis).
  • Edaphic factors: soil pH, soil texture, soil structure, soil type etc.
  • sedimentary
  • metamorphic
  • Processes of rock formation.
  • Factors of soil formation: the parent rock, organisms, climate, topography and time
  • physical weathering;
  • chemical weathering
  • Soil profile development
  • Types of soil
  • soil macro and micronutrients;
  • soil water;
  • soil macro-organisms;
  • soil microbes;
  • soil texture
  • soil structure
  • Macro and micronutrients;  their functions and deficiency symptoms in crops
  • Factors affecting the availability of nutrients in soil such as pH, excess of other nutrients, leaching, crop removal, oxidation and burning
  • Methods of replenishing lost nutrients, e.g., crop rotation, organic manuring, fertilizer application, fallowing, liming, and cover-cropping
  • Nitrogen, carbon, water and phosphorus cycles
  • Organic agriculture – meaning and importance
  • Meaning of irrigation system
  • overhead, e.g., sprinkler;
  • surface, e.g., flooding, furrow/channel, basin, border;
  • underground, e.g., perforated pipes and drips.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation systems
  • Importance of irrigation
  • Problems associated with irrigation
  • Meaning of drainage.
  • Importance of drainage.
  • surface drainage, e.g., channel, furrow;
  • subsurface/underground drainage.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of drainage systems
  • Meaning of agricultural pollution
  • excessive application of agricultural chemicals;
  • marine and oil spillage;
  • livestock waste and dung disposal etc.
  • Effects of land/pond pollution on farmers and agricultural productivity

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING/MECHANIZATION

  • Meaning of simple farm tools.
  • cutlass, hoe, spade, shovel etc.
  • General maintenance of simple farm tools
  • incubators;
  • milking machines;
  • combine harvester etc.
  • harvesters;
  • sprayers etc.
  • Reasons for maintaining farm machines
  • check water and oil levels regularly
  • carry out routine service
  • keep machines clean etc
  • Meaning of agricultural mechanization.
  • Mechanized agricultural operations.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of agricultural mechanization.
  • Limitations of agricultural mechanization.
  • Sources of farm power.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of different sources of farm power.
  • Meaning of farm surveying.
  • Common survey equipment.
  • Uses of farm survey equipment.
  • Maintenance of farm survey equipment.
  • Importance of farm surveying.
  • Meaning of farm planning.
  • Factors to be considered in farm planning.
  • Importance of farm planning.
  • Meaning of farmstead.
  • Importance of farmstead planning.
  • Factors to be considered in the design of a farmstead.
  • Farmstead layout.

CROP PRODUCTION

  • Classification of crops based on their uses, e.g., cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, and vegetables.
  • Classification based on their life cycle, e.g., annual, biennial, perennial, ephemeral.
  • Classification based on their morphology, e.g., monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops.

botanical names and common names of the crop, varieties/types, climatic and soil requirements, land preparation, methods of propagation, planting date, seed rate, spacing, sowing depth and nursery requirements, cultural practices: supplying, thinning,

manuring and fertilizer requirement and application, weeding, pests and disease control, harvesting, processing and storage of at least one representative crop from each of the following crop groupings:

  • Cereals, e.g., maize, rice, guinea corn, millet;
  • Pulses (grain legumes), e.g., cowpea, soya bean, pigeon pea.
  • Roots and tubers, e.g., cassava, yam, potatoes;
  • Vegetables, e.g., tomatoes, onion, amaranthus, okra, cauliflower, spinach;
  • Fruits, e.g., citrus, banana, pineapple;
  • Beverages, e.g., cocoa, tea, coffee;
  • Spices, e.g., pepper, ginger;
  • Oils, e.g., groundnut, shea butter, sunflower, oil palm;
  • Fibres e.g., cotton, jute, sisal hemp;
  • Latex e.g. rubber;
  • Others – sugar cane etc.
  • Meaning of pasture and forage crops.
  • Uses of forage crops.
  • Types of pasture.
  • Common grasses and legumes used for grazing livestock.
  • Factors affecting the distribution and productivity of pasture.
  • Establishment of pasture.
  • Management practices of pasture.
  • Aims of crop improvement.
  • Methods/processes of crop improvement, e.g., introduction, selection, breeding.
  • Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of crop improvement.
  • Meaning of forest and forestry.
  • Importance of forestry.
  • Forest regulations.
  • Forest management practices.
  • Implications of deforestation.
  • Meaning of agro-forestry.
  • taungya system;
  • alley cropping;
  • ley farming etc.

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

  • Meaning of ornamental plants.
  • Importance of ornamental plants.
  • bedding plants (mostly   flowering plants);
  • hedging plants;
  • lawn grasses etc.
  • Examples of ornamental plants.
  • vegetative propagation.

CROP PROTECTION

  • Meaning of disease
  • General effects of diseases on crop production.
  • cereals – smut, rice blast, leaf rust etc.;
  • legumes – cercospora leaf spot, rosette etc;
  • beverages – cocoa black pod, swollen shoot, coffee leaf rust etc.;
  • tubers – cassava mosaic, bacterial leaf blight etc.;
  • fruits- citrus gummosis, dieback etc
  • fibre – black arm/bacterial blight of cotton etc.;
  • vegetables – root-knot of tomato or okro, damping off, onion twister etc.;
  • tored produce – mould etc.
  • Meaning of pests.
  • insect pests;
  • non-insect pests.
  • biting and chewing;
  • piercing and sucking;
  • cereals – stem borer, armyworm, earworm etc.
  • legumes – pod borer, aphids, sucking bugs and leaf beetle;
  • beverages – cocoa myrids (capsids);
  • tubers – yam beetle, cassava mealybugs, green spidermites, variegated grasshopper;
  • fibre – cotton stainer, bollworms;
  • fruits and vegetables – thrips, grasshoppers, leaf roller, leaf beetle, scale insect;
  • stored produce – grain weevils, bean beetle.
  • Non-insect pests, e.g., birds, rodents etc
  • chemical – pollution, poisoning;
  • biological ­- disruption of the ecosystem etc;
  • cultural – harmful effects of burning etc.
  • General effects/economic importance of pests.
  • Meaning of weeds.
  • Types of weeds.
  • Effects of weeds on crops and economy.
  • Characteristic features of weeds.
  • Methods of controlling weeds:  cultural, biological, chemical, physical and mechanical methods.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION

  • Types of farm animals: cattle, sheep, goat, poultry, pig, rabbit, fish etc.
  • (i) habitat: terrestrial and aquatic.
  • (ii) uses: food, protection, pets, etc.
  • Parts of farm animals.
  • Organs of farm animals, e.g., heart, liver, lungs.
  • Systems of farm animals, e.g., digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system.
  • Meaning of reproduction.
  • Roles of hormones in the reproduction of farm animals.
  • Reproductive systems of farm animals.
  • Processes of reproduction in farm animals.
  • Egg formation in poultry.
  • Meaning of environmental physiology.
  • temperature;
  • relative humidity; and
  • Growth, reproduction, milk production, egg production, etc.
  • Meaning of livestock management
  • Requirements for livestock management: housing, feeding, hygiene and finishing of at least one ruminant and one non-ruminant from birth to market weight.
  • Importance of management practices.
  • Meaning of animal nutrition.
  • Classification of feeds.
  • Sources and functions of feed nutrients.
  • Types of ration/diet and their uses; components of a balanced diet; production and maintenance rations.
  • Causes and symptoms of malnutrition and their correction in farm animals.
  • Meaning and importance of rangeland/pasture to livestock and the characteristics of range land.
  • Common grasses and legumes  in rangeland.
  • Factors affecting the level of production of herbage; rainfall, grass/legume composition, grazing etc.
  • Controlled stocking, rotational grazing, use of fertilizers, introduction of legumes, reseeding, weed control, burning,  pest and disease control.
  • Meaning of animal improvement.
  • Aims of animal improvement.
  • Introduction;
  • meaning of artificial insemination.
  • methods of collecting semen.
  • advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination.
  • Causal organisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
  • Factors that could predispose animals to diseases: health status of animals, nutrition, management etc.
  • Reaction of animals to diseases: susceptibility and resistance to diseases.
  • viral-foot and mouth, rinderpest, newcastle;
  • bacterial – anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis;
  • fungal – aspergillosis, ringworm, scabies;
  • protozoa – trypanosomiasis, coccidiosis.
  • meaning of parasite.
  • types of parasites.
  • endoparasites – tapeworm, liverfluke and roundworm;
  • ectoparasites – ticks, lice.
  • Quarantine, inoculation/immunization, hygiene, breeding for resistance etc.
  • Meaning of aquaculture.
  • (i)   fish farming;
  • (ii)  shrimp farming;
  • (iii)  crab farming.
  • Meaning and importance of fish farming.
  • Conditions necessary for siting a fish pond.
  • Establishment and maintenance of fish ponds.
  • Fishery regulations – meaning and regulations.
  • Fishing methods and tools.
  • Meaning of apiculture or bee keeping.
  • indigenous bees;
  • exotic bees.
  • Importance of bee keeping.
  • traditional method;
  • modern bee-keeping.
  • Bee-keeping equipment: beehives, hive tools like suits,smokers, jungle boots, brushes, etc.
  • locate apiaries far from human dwellings;
  • put warning symbols near the apiary etc.

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND EXTENSION

  • Scale of preference;
  • law of diminishing returns.
  • labour – characteristics and classification;
  • management or entrepreneur
  • Definition of demand.
  • Law of demand.
  • Factors affecting demand for agricultural produce.
  • Movements along the demand curve.
  • Shifts in the demand curve.
  • Definition of supply.
  • Law of supply.
  • Movements along the supply curve.
  • Shifts in the supply curve.
  • Factors affecting the supply of agricultural produce.
  • Price support.
  • Price control.
  • Meaning of a farm manager.
  • Functions of a farm manager.
  • Meaning of agricultural finance.
  • Importance of agricultural finance.
  • Sources of farm finance.
  • short-term credit;
  • medium-term credit;
  • long-term credit.
  • institutional credit;
  • non-institutional credit.
  • loan in cash;
  • loan in-kind.
  • high-interest rate;
  • lack or inadequate collateral, etc.
  • lack of records and accounts etc.
  • meaning of capital market, institutions that deal with medium and long-term loans for agricultural business.
  • institutions involved in the capital market
  • insurance companies;
  • merchant banks;
  • the stock exchange (sales and purchases of shares).
  • mobilization of long-term funds for on-lending;
  • reduce over-reliance on the money market, etc.
  • Importance of farm records.
  • inventory records;
  • production records;
  • income and expenditure    records;
  • supplementary or special records.
  • Designing farm records
  • expenditure/ purchases   account;
  • income/sales account;
  • profit and loss account;
  • balance sheet.
  • Meaning and importance of marketing of agricultural produce.
  • Marketing agents and their functions.
  • assembling;
  • processing etc.
  • Marketing of export crops.
  • Export crops in West Africa.
  • Guidelines for exporting crops in West Africa.
  • Corporate bodies, cooperative societies, and individuals engaged in exporting agricultural produce, e.g., ANCE (Association of Nigerian Cooperative Exporters),.
  • Importance of exporting agricultural produce.
  • Problems of marketing agricultural produce.
  • Meaning of agricultural insurance.
  • Importance of agricultural insurance.
  • specific enterprise insurance, e.g., crop insurance, livestock  insurance;
  • farm vehicle insurance;
  • fire disaster insurance or  machines and buildings insurance;
  • life assurance (farmers, farm workers, and farmers’ households).
  • Insurance premium
  • uncertainties of weather;
  • losses due to natural disasters etc.
  • Meaning and importance of agricultural extension
  • individual contact methods;
  • group contact methods etc.
  • Agricultural extension programmes in West Africa, e.g., ADP, NDE, Agro-service centres, state ministries of agriculture and natural resources
  • Problems of agricultural extension in West Africa. e.g. illiteracy among farmers, inadequate transport facilities etc.

PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

  • Soil profile
  • Mechanical analysis by sedimentation and also by the use of hydrometer method or sieves
  • Determination of bulk density and total pore space.
  • Determination of moisture content of a moist soil sample.
  • Determination of maximum water holding capacity.
  • Determination of wilting point.
  • Determination of capillary action.
  • Determination of soil acidity using a pH meter and/or any other gadget or simple equipment.
  • Common types of chemical fertilizers.
  • green manure;
  • Irrigation and drainage
  •  Farm tools and equipment
  • Tractor and animal-drawn implement
  • Harvesting, processing, and storage equipment.
  • Farm tractor
  • Use and maintenance of horticultural tools and implements.
  • Livestock and fishing equipment
  • Farm surveying equipment
  • Seeds, seedlings, fruits and storage organs of crops.
  • Main pests and diseases of crops
  • Planting dates, seed rates, plant population and seed quality tests of the more common local crop plants.
  • Preparation of seedbeds, fertilizer application, mulching, use of pesticides, watering, vegetative propagation, germination tests etc.
  • Forest products and by-products.
  • Methods of propagation of horticultural plants.
  • Common weeds
  • Common breeds of animals and types of animals available in the locality.
  • Major internal organs of farm animals, e.g., organs of the digestive system, reproductive and excretory systems.
  • Animal by-products.
  • Animal feeds and feedstuffs and their local sources.
  • Main pests and parasites of farm animals.
  • Diseases of farm animals.
  • Routine management practices in farm animals, e.g., selection of livestock and poultry for breeding, culling, ear-notching, tattooing, horn or skin branding, debeaking, dehorning, castration.
  • Fish harvesting and preservation.

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WAEC GCE Agric Questions and Answers 2023/2024 (Essay and Objectives)

WAEC GCE Agric Questions and Answers 2023.   I will be showing you the WAEC GCE Agricultural Science objective and theory questions for free. You will also understand how WAEC GCE Agric questions are set and many more examination details.

The West African Examination Council is an examination body that sets questions annually from areas student should, after their studies in the senior secondary school, be able to write and pass without stress.

WAEC GCE Agric Science answers and questions Objectives and Essay will be provided here and the authenticity of this WAEC GCE 2023 Agric solutions to questions has been tested and confirmed to be sure.

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WAEC GCE Agric Essay And Objective Questions and Answers 2023 (EXPO)

The WAEC GCE Agric Science answers will be posted here during the WAEC GCE Agriculture exam.

WAEC GCE Nov/December Agric Answers Loading… Keep checking and reloading this page for the answers

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1-10: BCBADCDDCB 11-20: DBCAACACAD 21-30: CDCCAADCAA 31-40: ACDADDABBD 41-50: BBACCAADCB

(1ai) Finance: (i) The lack of credit facilities or the high interest rates on available loans can hinder farmers from purchasing essential inputs (ii) Inssuficient allocation of funds by the governments and private sectors to support agricultural development (iii) Unequal Distribution of Financial Resources can hinder the development of agriculture (iv) Unpredictable weather conditions or pest infestations may make financial institutions hesitant to provide loans to farmers (1aii) Storage Facilities: (i) Insufficient storage infrastructure, such as warehouses and cold storage facilities. (ii) Lack of modern storage technologies, such as climate-controlled storage and efficient packaging methods (iii) Inefficient transportation systems make it challenging to transport agricultural produce from farms to storage facilities and markets quickly. (iv) Limited access to markets may discourage investments in quality storage facilities that could enhance the value and marketability of their goods. (1bi) Farm planning is the process of systematically organizing and managing various aspects of agricultural activities to achieve specific goals. It involves making informed decisions about resource allocation, production methods, and overall farm management. (1bii) PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Topography (ii) Soil type (iii) Climate condition (iv) Nearness to market (v) Financial resources (vi) Labor and Skill Availability (1c) (i) Farm planning optimizes resource allocation and enhances efficiency in agricultural activities. (ii) It helps farmers make informed decisions on crop selection and land use based on land suitability assessments. (iii) By considering financial requirements and budgeting, farm planning ensures proper financing for various farming needs. (iv) Understanding climatic conditions through farm planning allows for timely and strategic decisions on planting, irrigation, and harvesting. (v) Market research and access considerations in farm planning enable farmers to align production with market demands, increasing profitability. (vi) Incorporating sustainability practices in farm planning promotes long-term environmental balance and enhances the overall resilience of the farm ecosystem. (2ai) Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation: (i) Through the association of leguminous plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. (ii) Through the association of non-leguminous plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in specialized structures. (2aii) Electrical Discharge: (i) Through lightning strikes, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate or nitrite. (ii) Through electrochemical reactions in the soil, converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium ions. (2aiii) Ammonification: (i) Through the decomposition of organic matter by soil microorganisms, releasing ammonium ions. (ii) Through the breakdown of proteins and urea present in animal waste, releasing ammonium ions. (2bi) Monocotyledonous crops have a single seed leaf while dicotyledonous crops have two seed leaves. (2bii) (I) Monocotyledonous crops: (i) Rice (ii) Corn (iii) Wheat (II) Dicotyledonous crops: (i) Soybean (ii) Cotton (iii) Tomato (2c) (PICK FOUR ONLY) (i) Excessive use of synthetic fertilizers. (ii) Overgrazing by livestock. (iii) Deforestation and land clearing. (iv) Poor irrigation and water management practices. (v) Improper crop rotation and monoculture planting. (vi) Soil erosion due to improper tilling and land management. (vii) Heavy pesticide and herbicide use. (viii) Inadequate waste management and disposal of agricultural by-products. (3a) (i) Green Manure: Green manure refers to crops or plants, such as legumes or cover crops, grown and plowed into the soil while still green, adding organic matter, improving soil structure, and enhancing nutrient content. (ii) Farmyard Manure: Farmyard manure consists of organic materials like animal dung, bedding, and other farm residues that undergo decomposition, providing essential nutrients and improving soil fertility when applied to farmland. (iii) Compost: Compost is a type of organic manure produced through the decomposition of organic waste materials, including kitchen scraps and plant residues, resulting in a nutrient-rich, humus-like material that improves soil structure and fertility. (3bi) Advantages of Mixed Farming: (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Diversification of Income Sources. (ii) Enhanced Nutrient Cycling and Soil Fertility. (iii) Risk Reduction through Crop-Livestock Integration. (iv) Efficient Utilization of Resources. (v) Increased Resilience to Market Fluctuations. (3bii) Disadvantages of Mixed Farming: (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Complexity in Management and Planning. (ii) Potential for Disease Transmission Between Crops and Livestock. (iii) Competition for Limited Resources. (iv) Skill Intensiveness in Managing Different Enterprises. (v) Market Risks Associated with Varied Agricultural Products. (3ci) Fishery regulations are rules and guidelines established by government authorities to manage and control fishing activities, ensuring sustainable exploitation of fishery resources and conservation of aquatic ecosystems. (3cii) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Ban on the use of toxic chemicals/poisons (ii) Landing tax is paid based on the total catch and sizes of fish at landing sites (iii) Fishing areas are allocated to individual fishermen so as to curb indiscriminate interference within the large fishing areas (iv) No vessels (except canoes) shall fish within the first two nautical miles of the territorial waters a country’s continental shelf (v) No person shall operate or navigate any motorised fishing boat within the territorial water of other country unless a license in respect of that vessel has been issued (vi) Identified breeding section of water is normally restricted from fishing (vii) Fishing activities is restricted during rainy season (viii) The use of prescribed mesh size in fishing to protect young fish (ix) Ban on the discharge of pollutants or toxic materials into a country’s terririal water (x) Ban on the use of explosives in fishing except for the purpose of research (xi) Ban on the use of electric fishing except for the purpose of research (xii) Coastal areas to be constantly under surveillance to restrict foreign vessels from exploitation

waec agric essay and objective 2021

(5ai) (PICK ONE) (i)Artificial insemination is a reproductive technique that involves the deliberate introduction of semen from a male animal into the reproductive tract of a female animal using techniques other than natural mating. (ii)Artificial insemination is a reproductive technique that involves introducing sperm into a female’s reproductive tract to achieve pregnancy. (5aii) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i)Potential introduction of infections during the process. (ii)Requires trained personnel for proper handling and execution. (iii)Initial setup costs for equipment and facilities can be high. (iv)Emotional stress due to repeated attempts (v)Overuse of certain high-performing donors can reduce genetic diversity. (vi)may not always guarantee conception. (5b) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i)Smallholder Farmers (ii)Large-scale Farmers (iii)Cooperatives and Farmer Groups (iv)Rural Communities (v)Women in Agriculture (vi)Youth in Agriculture (5ci) (PICK ANY TWO) (i)Ponds and Lakes (ii)Rivers and Streams (iii)Wells and Boreholes (iv)Watering Troughs or Tanks (5cii) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i)It aids in the breakdown of food, facilitating digestion and nutrient absorption. (ii)Water helps regulate body temperature in livestock (iii)It plays a role in various metabolic processes within the animal’s body. (iv)It essential for lactating animals to produce sufficient milk for their young. (v)Water is vital for proper hydration.(6ai) Agricultural insurance is a risk management tool that provides financial protection to farmers against losses arising from natural disasters, pests, diseases, or other unforeseen events affecting crop or livestock production.

(6aii) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Limited Awareness and Understanding. (ii) Inadequate Data for Risk Assessment. (iii) High Premium Costs. (iv) Insufficient Insurance Products Tailored to Smallholder Farmers. (v) Lack of Trust in Insurance Institutions. (vi) Government Involvement and Policy Support. (vii) Climate change and unpredictable weather patterns

(6bi) Increase in Income of Consumers: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Demand is Likely to increase as consumers have higher purchasing power. (ii) Supply may increase due to higher profitability, encouraging more sweet potato cultivation.

(6bii) High Cost of Farm Inputs: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Demand may decrease as production costs rise, reducing consumer affordability. (ii) Supply may decrease as farmers face challenges in sustaining production with expensive inputs.

(6c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Inadequate Crop Rotation. (ii) Monoculture Farming Practices. (iii) Poor Soil Health and Nutrient Imbalance. (iv) Lack of Resistant Crop Varieties. (v) Climatic Conditions Favorable to Pests. (vi) Improper Storage and Handling Practices.

(6d) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Bacteria. (ii) Antibiotics. (iii) Chemical Residues (iv) Mycotoxins

———————————————————————————————

Note: The answers below are the 2020 Nov/Dec answers.

Choose the corresponding option from your question.

1— stimulation of infrastructural growth 2— outright purchase 3—Purpose of selling in order to make profit 4— cutting of bold wood 5— Clean and store in cool and dry 6— encouraging cooperative farming 7— human power 8- drainage 9- inadequate capital 10- can only be used where it is found 11- Jute 12- acidity increases from PH8 to 13- basalt 14- 50% 15-dissolution of plant nutrient 16- increase in soil acidity resulting 17-mulching 18- increase vegetative growth in plant 19- reduce salt content 20- cocoa and oil palm

(i)they carry out research to improve or develop breeds of Animals.

(ii) extension project are founded and funded by them 

(iii) provide basic amenities e;g water, feeder roads

(iv)they provide chemicals for the control of weeds and insect 

(i) expensive to practice

(ii)land problem

(iii)poor storage facilities

(iv)pests and disease attack

(v)it causes pollution

(vi)it leads to unemployment because machines are used 

This is the removal of tree

(i)cause erosion

(ii)leads to loss of nutrients

(iii)exposure the soil to sunlight 

(iv)reduce water percolation rate 

(v)reduce the amount of rainfall

(vi)reduce wild life population

 i) *Disc plough* 

1) it is design to work in all types of soil functions such as soil breaking

2)it is used to open, the new fields 

3) it can be used easily at rocky and rooted areas 

ii) *Disc Horrow*

1)it is used for cutting edges 

2) it is used to till the soil where crops to be planted 

3 it is also used to chop unwanted weeds or crop remainders 

iii) Rider 

1) it’s used for cultivating small ginger 

2)it is used for gathering and heaping the loose soil 

3) it is an implement which cuts and turn the soil into opposite direction

I) it influences the availability of many nutrients 

ii) photosynthesis 

iii) maintain temperature

iv) soil air is important because it is needed by many of the micro-organism that release plants nutrients to the soil 

i) mechanical tiling or plowing 

ii) control burning a weed infested to clear it for seeding  of desirable plants 

iv) it involves natural pest population control method.

i. Staking is the practice of driving a stake or rod into the ground close to a plant to provide support for its stems.

ii. Hardening off is a term used to refer to the processes necessary for a plant to become acclimated to its environment. In the spring, it’s common practice to gradually accustom greenhouse vegetable seedlings to full sunlight and drying winds before planting them.

iii. earthing up or ridging is the technique in agriculture and horticulture of piling soil up around the base of a plant. It can be done by hand (usually using a hoe), or with powered machinery, typically a tractor attachment.

No 4

———————————————————————————————-

WAEC GCE Agriculture Practice Questions and Answers

The questions below are not exactly 2023 WAECE Agric science questions and answers but likely WAEC GCE Agric repeated questions and answers. These questions are strictly for practice.

 1. Oestrogen in female animals is not responsible for

A. development of secondary sexual characteristics

B. on set of heat period

C. milk let – down after parturition

D. development of udder

2. A beef cow gained 75 kg over a period of two months and two days. What is its average weight gain?

A. 0.83 kg

B. 1.21 kg

C. 1.28 kg

D. 2. 25kg

3. A disadvantage of natural incubation is that

A. the eggs cannot be candled

B. the chicks are less healthy

C. the brooding hens sometimes abandon the eggs

D. it takes a longer time for eggs to hatch

4. Ruminants fed on dried grasses are given feed supplements to

A. increase in water intake

B. provide bulk to feed

C. reduce microbial activity

D. provide deficient nutrients

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5. Which of the following animal disease is not associated with malnutrition?

A. Aspergillosis

B. Acidosis

C. Milk fever

D. Rickets

6. The type of energy obtained from the sun for agricultural uses is known as

A. potential energy

B. mechanical energy

C. nuclear energy

D. solar energy

E. kinetic energy

7. Which of the following implements will be used for the next farm operation after clearing a new farmland?

A. harrow

B. ridger

C. cultivator

D. planter

E. plough

8. Which of the following cannot be used to rub the metal parts of farm tools before storage?

A. grease

B. palm oil

C. water

D. petroleum jelly

E. spent engine oil

9. The common surveying equipment for farmland includes the following except

A. ranging pole

B. prismatic compass

C. measuring tape

D. gunter’s chain

E. spade

10. An example of fungal disease of stored grains is

A. rosette

B. wilt

C. soft rot

D. damping off

E. mould

If you have any questions about the 2023 WAEC GCE Agric Science questions and answers, do well to let us know in the comment box.

Last Updated on December 1, 2023 by Admin

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Here is  WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay

Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay

Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay – WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2022. Therefore, I will be showing you WAEC Agric Science objective and theory repeated questions for free. And, in fact, you will also understand how WAEC Agriculture questions are set and many more examination details.

Table of Contents

The West Africa Examination Council (WAEC)

This is an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. It also conducts the General Certificate in Education in May/June and November/December respectively.

WAEC Agricultural Science Objectives and Essay Answers

The questions below are the WAEC Agriculture Questions. Go through them and be ready to score high in your WAEC 2021 Agric Examination.

Paper 1 (Objective)

  • Which of the following statements about crop production is Not correct? A. Onions are commonly grown in the rainforest zones. B. Yam, cocoyam and cassava are grown in both the rainforest and the savanna regions. C. Some foreign vegetable crops are grown in and around urban centres. D. Carrots are commonly grown in the savanna and moist vegetation belts.
  • Which of the following is a disadvantage of surface irrigation? A. The quantity of water lost is high. B. Water is evenly distributed over the farmland C. It is very cheap to operate. D. The system is suitable for paddy rice cultivation.
  • Fine soil tilth is produced by the use of A. Harrow. B. Plough. C. Ridger. D. Mower.
  • The problems of farm mechanization in West Africa include the following except A. reduction of farm drudgery. B. small farm holdings. C. poverty of farmers. D. poor topography.
  • The device which helps to regulate heat in an incubator is the A. thermometer. B. hygrometer. C. insulator. D. thermostat.

Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers

  • The problems associated with land tenure through inheritance include the following except

A. small land holdings for family members B. hatred among family members arising from land sharing C. right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land D. individuals being restricted to their plots E. difficulty to sell part of the inherited land

  • Soil texture is described as the A. distribution of the different sizes of soil particles B. arrangement of soil particles in a soil sample C. rate at which water moves through the soil D. degree to which air spaces aerate the soil E. distribution of soil particles in a sample
  • The alternate heating and cooling of rocks result in A. sublimation B. volatilization C. fragmentation D. solidification E. sedimentation
  • Which of the following factors influence agricultural production is biotic factor? A. parasite B. soil PH C. topography D. soil texture E. temperature
  • Granite is A. a sedimentary rock B. a weathered rock C. metamorphic rock D. an igneous rock E. a plutonic rock
  • Which of the following farm practices can prevent excessive evaporation from soil surfaces? A. liming B. mulching C. weeding D. harrowing E. ploughing
  • The type of rocks formed from the molten magma is known as A. sedimentary B. igneous C. metamorphic D. schist E. sandstone
  • The relationship between the microorganisms and plant in the nitrogen cycle is best described as A. parasitism B. commensalism C. competition D. symbiosis E. saprophytism
  • The type of energy obtained from the sun for agricultural uses is known as A. potential energy B. mechanical energy C. nuclear energy D. solar energy E. kinetic energy
  • A situation where only specified trees in a forest reserve are cut down is known as A. selection B. afforestation C. reforestation D. selective exploitation E. deforestation
  • The causative organism of maize rust is A. a fungus B. a virus C. a bacterium D. an insect E. a nematode
  • The reproductive cells of crops are called A. gametes B. genes C. chromosomes D. anthers E. zygotes
  • The agent of controlled pollination in plants is A. wind B. insect C. man D. bird E. water
  • The head of the tapeworm is known as the A. sucker B. rostellum C. scolex D. hook E. segment
  • A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is A. inherited from the father B. given to him as a gift C. given as compensation D. purchased on credit E. given for a specified period on rental basis

Here is  WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay

PAPER 2 [Essay] Answer any four questions. Write your answers on the answer booklet provided.

  • (a) Explain the term farm mechanization. (b) List six limitations of farm mechanization in West Africa. (c) Suggest eight possible ways of encouraging the use of farm mechanization to improve agricultural production in West Africa.
  • (a) Explain the term soil. (b) List four characteristics of loamy soil. (c) (i) Draw an annotated diagram of the water cycle. (ii) List the three types of soil water.
  • (a) (i) Explain the term agriculture. (ii) List three industries that utilize cereals as their raw materials. (b) Outline six problems that hinder the attainment of self-sufficiency in food production in West Africa. (c) Enumerate five benefits of commercial farming.
  • (a) Explain each of the following terms as used in crop production: (i) grafting; (ii) thinning; (iii) staking. (b) State two reasons for adopting each of the crop production activities listed in 4(a). (c) Mention the botanical names of two species of yam. (d) State two uses of ginger.
  • (a) (i) Explain the terms line breeding and inbreeding as used in animal improvement. (ii) State three advantages and three disadvantages of inbreeding. (b) State four factors that determine the amount of water required by farm animals. (c) Give four sources of calcium in the diet of livestock.
  • (a) What is fish farming? (b) Define the following terms as used in fish farming: (i) stocking rate; (ii) fingerlings; (iii) polyculture; (iv) fishing gears. (c) List four factors that influence the water requirements of farm animals. (d) Discuss foot-and-mouth disease under the following headings: (i) causal agent; (ii) symptoms; (iii) control.

7 . (a) Differentiate between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold. (b) Mention five ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa. (c) State four ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa. (d) Mention three socio-economic uses of land. (e) Explain two ways by which each of the following environmental factors affect agricultural production: i. soil organisms; ii. soil texture.

ANS: (a) Leasehold involves the payment of fees for land used over a stated period of time under agreed specified conditions WHILE freehold is the outright purchase of land (permanent ownership) (c) Ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa – Shortage/ scarcity of farm labour – Causes high cost of farm labour – Poor quality of labour in rural areas resulting in low productivity – Decrease in food production/food insecurity – Decrease in export – Inadequate supply of raw materials to agro industries – Poor adoption of agricultural innovation due to ageing farming population.

  • (a) (i) List the four factors of agricultural production. (ii) State the reward for each factor you have listed in 8(a)(i). (b) Outline three functions of the wholesaler in agricultural marketing. (c) State two objective of agricultural extension. (d) Mention five examples of group extension teaching methods
  • (a) List four factors that affect the efficiency of agricultural labour. (b) Outline four ways in which capital is important in agricultural production. (c) List five agencies that are involved in agricultural extension programmes in West Africa. (d) Give three reasons why governments in West Africa should encourage agricultural extension services.
  • (a) Draw and label the digestive system of a ruminant animal. (b) Describe the process of digestion in the ruminant animal.
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Home » WAEC Agric Science Answers 2024 Essay-Obj Questions is Out

Waec Agric Questions Answers 2024 – Objectives and Essay Released.

The Waec Agric Science answer 2024 questions have been released. The West African Examination Council (WAEC) SSCE Agricultural Science objective and theory paper will be written on Thursday, 16th May 2024.

The WAEC Agric exam will start at 9:30 am and end at 12:00 pm. In this post, we will be posting samples of the Waec Agric questions from official Waec Agricultural Science past questions for candidates who will participate in the examination to study and practice.

waec agric answers

WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2024.

PAPER 2 [Essay] Answer any four questions. Write your answers on the answer booklet provided.

1. (a) (i) Explain the term agriculture. (ii) List three industries that utilize cereals as their raw materials. (b) Outline six problems that hinder the attainment of self-sufficiency in food production in  West Africa. (c) Enumerate five benefits of commercial farming.

2. (a) Differentiate between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold . (b) Mention five ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa. (c) State four ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa. (d) Mention three socio-economic uses of land. (e) Explain two ways by which each of the following environmental factors affects agricultural production: i. soil organisms; ii. soil texture.

ANS: (a) Leasehold involves the payment of fees for land used over a stated period of time under agreed specified conditions WHILE freehold is the outright purchase of the land (permanent ownership) (c) Ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa – Shortage/ scarcity of farm labour – Causes high cost of farm labour – Poor quality of labour in rural areas resulting in low productivity – Decrease in food production/food insecurity – Decrease in export – Inadequate supply of raw materials to agro-industries – Poor adoption of agricultural innovation due to aging farming population.

3. (a) Explain the term farm mechanization. (b) List six limitations of farm mechanization in West Africa. (c) Suggest eight possible ways of encouraging the use of farm mechanization to improve agricultural production in West Africa.

4. (a) Explain the term soil. (b) List four characteristics of loamy soil. (c) (i) Draw an annotated diagram of the water cycle. (ii)  List the three types of soil water.

5. (a) Explain each of the following terms as used in crop production: (i) grafting; (ii) thinning; (iii) staking. (b) State two reasons for adopting each of the crop production activities listed in 4(a). (c) Mention the botanical names of two species of yam. (d) State two uses of ginger.

6. (a) (i)  Explain the terms line breeding and inbreeding as used in animal improvement. (ii) State three advantages and three disadvantages of inbreeding. (b) State four factors that determine the amount of water required by farm animals. (c) Give four sources of calcium in the diet of livestock.

7. (a) What is fish farming? (b) Define the following terms as used in fish farming: (i) stocking rate; (ii) fingerlings; (iii) polyculture; (iv) fishing gears. (c) List four factors that influence the water requirements of farm animals. (d) Discuss foot-and-mouth disease under the following headings: (i) causal agent; (ii) symptoms; (iii) control.

8. (a) (i) List the four factors of agricultural production. (ii) State the reward for each factor you have listed in 8(a)(i). (b) Outline three functions of the wholesaler in agricultural marketing. (c) State two objectives of agricultural extension. (d) Mention five examples of group extension teaching methods.

9. (a) Draw and label the digestive system of a ruminant animal. (b) Describe the process of digestion in the ruminant animal.

10. (a) List four factors that affect the efficiency of agricultural labour. (b) Outline four ways in which capital is important in agricultural production. (c) List five agencies that are involved in agricultural extension programmes in West Africa. (d) Give three reasons why governments in West Africa should encourage agricultural extension services.

WAEC Agric Objective Answer to WAEC Agricultural Science Objectives Questions 2024.

1. A farmer has a large piece of land on which he grows wheat year after year. What is the name for this type of farming? A. crop rotation B. mixed farming C. monoculture D. organic farming.

waec agric practical

2. Which of the following statements about crop production is Not correct? A. Onions are commonly grown in the rainforest zones. B. Yam, cocoyam, and cassava are grown in both the rainforest and the savanna regions. C. Some foreign vegetable crops are grown in and around urban centres. D. Carrots are commonly grown in the savanna and moist vegetation belts.

3. The device which helps to regulate heat in an incubator is the A. thermometer. B. hygrometer. C. insulator. D. thermostat.

4. Which of the following is a disadvantage of surface irrigation? A. The quantity of water lost is high. B. Water is evenly distributed over the farmland C. It is very cheap to operate. D. The system is suitable for paddy rice cultivation.

5. Fine soil tilth is produced by the use of A. Harrow. B. Plough. C. Ridger. D. Mower.

6. The problems of farm mechanization in West Africa include the following except A. reduction of farm drudgery. B. small farm holdings. C. poverty of farmers. D. poor topography.

Keep following, more questions and answers will be added soon.

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Waec 2021/2022 waec Agricultural Science Essay And Obj(Objectives) Questions and Answers Expo Runz (Runs)/Dubs/Chokes,Waec 2021/2022 waec Agricultural Science Essay And Obj(Objectives) Questions and Answers Expo Runz (Runs)/Dubs/Chokes

Waec 2021/2022 waec Agricultural Science Essay/Theory And Obj(Objectives) Questions and Answers Expo Runz (Runs)/Dubs/Chokes

Waec 2021/2022 waec Agricultural Science Essay And Obj(Objectives) Questions and Answers Expo Runz (Runs)/Dubs/Chokes,2021/2022 Waec Agricultural Science Questions and Answers Essay and Objectives (obj) expo/Runs/Runz/dubs/Chokes

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waec agric essay and objective 2021

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Your lesson contents in a blink, 2024 waec commerce essay and objectives questions with solution.

waec agric essay and objective 2021

(1a) https://i.ibb.co/vwq5395/IMG-20240611-WA0025.jpg

(1b) -Finance Department: (i) Preparing financial budgets, forecasts, and plans to ensure the company operates within its means and achieves its financial goals. (ii) Managing financial records, producing financial statements, and ensuring compliance with financial regulations and standards.

-Marketing Department: (i) Conducting market research to understand customer needs, market trends, and the competitive landscape to inform marketing strategies. (ii) Developing and implementing sales strategies and promotional campaigns to drive sales and increase market share.

-Production Department: (i) Planning and organizing production schedules to ensure timely and efficient manufacturing of products. (ii) Implementing quality control measures to maintain high standards in the production process and ensure the final product meets quality specifications.

-Administration Department: (i) Managing recruitment, training, employee relations, and performance evaluations to ensure a competent and motivated workforce. (ii) Overseeing the maintenance and operations of company facilities, ensuring a safe and productive work environment.

WAEC COMMERCE

(2a) -CONTENTS OF MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION- (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Name of the company (ii) Registered office (iii) Objects of the company (iv) Liability of members (v) Authorized share capital (vi) Capital clause

-CONTENTS OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION- (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Management of the company (ii) Appointment of directors (iii) Meetings and voting (iv) Distribution of profits (v) Borrowing powers (vi) Amendment of articles

(2b) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Political Interference: Government influence in decision-making, which may compromise independence. (ii) Bureaucracy and Red Tape: Slow and inefficient administrative processes, leading to delays and inefficiencies. (iii) Lack of Profit Motive: Public corporations do not operate for profit, which can lead to lack of motivation and complacency. (iv);Funding Challenges: Limited access to capital compared to private companies, affecting growth and competitiveness. (v) Labor Relations: Potential for strained relationships with unions due to government regulations and accountability. (v) Public Scrutiny and Criticism: Constant media and public attention can create pressure and limit flexibility in decision-making.

NUMBER THREE

(3a) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Age and Education: Verify the applicant’s age and educational qualifications to assess their maturity and financial literacy. (ii) Employment and Income: Determine the applicant’s employment status, income level, and employment history to evaluate their ability to repay the loan. (iii) Collateral or Guarantees: Assess if the applicant has any collateral or guarantees to offer as security for the loan. (iv) Purpose of the Loan: Determine the specific purpose of the loan to ensure it aligns with the bank’s lending policies and the applicant’s financial needs. (v) Credit History: Check the applicant’s credit history to evaluate their previous borrowing and repayment behaviors. (vi) Business Plan (if applicable): If the loan is for a business venture, the bank manager will review the applicant’s business plan to assess its viability and potential for success.

(3b) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Insufficient Funds: The bank account does not have enough funds to cover the amount of the check. (ii);Stale Check: The check is older than six months and considered expired. (iii) Unauthorized Signatory: The check is not signed by an authorized party in accordance with the bank’s records. (iv) Forged Signature: The signature on the check does not match the customer’s signature on file with the bank. (v) Stopped Payment: The customer has requested the bank to stop payment on the check before it is presented. (vi) Account Closed: The customer’s bank account has been closed before the check is presented.

NUMBER FOUR

(4a) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Traveling Merchants: Itinerate traders are merchants who travel from place to place, selling their goods or services. (ii) Temporary Locations: Itinerate traders set up their stalls or shops in temporary locations, such as markets, fairs, or roadside stops. (iii) Diverse Products: Itinerate traders often sell a variety of products, including food, clothing, tools, and crafts. (iv) Limited Inventory: Itinerate traders typically have a limited inventory due to the challenges of transportation. (v) Seasonal Nature: Itinerate trade is often seasonal, occurring during specific times of the year or at special events. (vi) Face-to-Face Interaction: Itinerate traders have direct face-to-face interactions with their customers, allowing for personalized service.

(4b) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Large Assortment of Products: Supermarkets offer a wide variety of food, household items, and other products. (ii) Self-Service Shopping: Customers browse and select products from the shelves without assistance. (iii) Centralized Location: Supermarkets are typically located in convenient areas, such as shopping centers or busy urban areas. (iv) Large Floor Space: Supermarkets have large floor spaces to accommodate the extensive product offerings and customer traffic. (v) Modern Infrastructure: Supermarkets are equipped with modern refrigeration, lighting, and checkout systems. (vi) Competitive Pricing: Supermarkets often offer competitive prices due to their economies of scale and bulk purchasing.

NUMBER FIVE

(5ai) A Factor: is a financial intermediary that provides financing and other services to businesses by purchasing their accounts receivable. WHILE Broker, Is an individual or firm that acts as an intermediary between buyers and sellers in financial markets, facilitating the purchase and sale of securities, commodities, or other assets.

(5aii) Stock Exchang, is an organized marketplace where shares of public companies are traded among investors. WHILE Commodity Exchange, is an organized marketplace where commodities, such as agricultural products, metals, and energy, are traded among producers, consumers, and investors.

(5b) (i) Open Outcry: A trading method where traders gather on a trading floor and verbally shout bids and offers to execute transactions. (ii) Futures Contract: A standardized contract that obligates the buyer to buy or the seller to sell a specified quantity of a commodity at a set price on a future date. (iii) Clearing System: A central organization that facilitates the settlement of futures contracts by matching buyers and sellers, ensuring the fulfillment of obligations and mitigating risk. (iv) Pit Outcry: A specific area on the trading floor where open outcry trading takes place. Traders stand in designated pits and communicate through hand signals and verbal exclamations to execute trades.

(6a) (PICK ANY FOUR)

(i)Non-Delivery or Delay: If Digital Trading Limited fails to deliver the 200 computers within the stipulated 30 days, Mr. Konteh may choose to cancel the agreement due to breach of delivery terms.

(ii)Quality Issues: If the computers delivered do not meet the specified quality standards or are found to be defective, Mr. Konteh can cancel the agreement based on non-conformity to the agreed specifications.

(iii)Payment Issues: If Mr. Konteh fails to make the payment as agreed upon, Digital Trading Limited may cancel the agreement due to non-fulfillment of financial obligations.

(iv)Mutual Agreement: Both parties can mutually agree to cancel the contract if circumstances change, making the completion of the contract undesirable or impractical for either party.

(v)Force Majeure: Unforeseen events such as natural disasters, political instability, or other significant disruptions that prevent the fulfillment of the contract can lead to its cancellation.

(6b) (PICK ANY FOUR)

(i)Offer and Acceptance: The agreement must include a clear offer from Digital Trading Limited to supply 200 computers at D10,000 each, and an explicit acceptance of this offer by Mr. Konteh.

(ii)Consideration: This refers to something of value that is exchanged between the parties. In this case, the consideration is the payment of D10,000 per computer by Mr. Konteh to Digital Trading Limited

(iii)Intention to Create Legal Relations: Both parties must have the intention to enter into a legally binding agreement. This intention is typically evidenced by the formal nature of the agreement and the serious nature of the transaction.

(iv)Capacity: Both Digital Trading Limited and Mr. Konteh must have the legal capacity to enter into the contract. This means they must be of sound mind, not minors, and not disqualified by law

(v)Legal Purpose: The purpose of the agreement must be legal. Supplying and purchasing computers is a lawful activity, thus fulfilling this requirement.

(vi)Certainty and Completeness: The terms of the agreement must be clear and complete, with no ambiguity. This includes the number of computers (200), the price per computer (D10,000), and the delivery timeline (within 30 days).

NUMBER SEVEN

(7a) Deregulation is the reduction or elimination of government regulations and restrictions on an industry or sector WHILE Commercialization is the process of converting a government-owned or controlled enterprise into a privately owned and operated business.

(7bi) Privatization

(7bii) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Improve Efficiency and Competitiveness: Private ownership often leads to increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness due to market competition and profit motives. (ii) Reduce Government Deficit: Privatization can generate revenue for the government, reducing its fiscal burden and freeing up funds for other essential services. (iii) Limit Government Involvement: Privatization allows the government to focus on its core responsibilities and reduce its role in areas that can be better managed by the private sector. (iv) Promote Economic Growth: Private investment and innovation can stimulate economic growth and create new jobs. (v) Enhance Consumer Choice: Privatization can lead to increased competition and a wider range of choices and services for consumers. (vi) Reduce Corruption: Government-owned enterprises can be prone to corruption and mismanagement. Privatization can introduce greater transparency and accountability.

waec agric essay and objective 2021

COMMERCE OBJ 01-10: CBBADBCCCA 11-20: CCBABDABAD 21-30: DCCCBACCAD 31-40: BCBDDABBBB 41-50: DACBCBDABA

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Federal judge halts disaster aid program for minority farmers

The program is the latest to be blocked in the wake of the Supreme Court overturning affirmative action in college admissions.

A federal judge in Texas has blocked an Agriculture Department disaster relief program from giving preferences to minority and female farmers, siding with a group of plaintiffs who allege that the program illegally discriminates against White male farmers.

In an order filed Friday in the Northern District of Texas, Judge Matthew J. Kacsmaryk found that the program probably violated the plaintiffs’ equal-protection rights under the Constitution. Kacsmaryk, appointed by President Donald Trump , wrote that the Department of Agriculture is enjoined from providing relief to farmers based on its “socially disadvantaged farmer or rancher” designation, which he said funneled a greater share of aid to farmers identifying as Black, American Indian, Latino, Asian or Pacific Islander, as well as women.

The injunction comes after a pair of judges in June 2021 blocked a Biden administration program that provided debt relief to farmers of color. Congress altered the program after those court orders, granting relief based on economic need instead of race.

“America’s farmers have been mistreated by this Administration for years now with one discriminatory scheme after another,” said Braden Boucek, vice president of litigation at the Southeastern Legal Foundation, which is representing the plaintiffs. “This ruling is a win for equality across the country, and we are proud to stand beside these farmers in holding the government accountable.”

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The Agriculture Department declined to comment, citing department policy not to comment on pending litigation.

The injunction is the latest legal blow against government programs that give preferences to women and minorities amid a wave of legal challenges to diversity programs spanning the private and public sectors. In March, a Texas judge ordered a 55-year-old federal agency tasked with helping minority-owned businesses access capital and government contracts to open its doors to all races . And last summer, a federal judge ordered that a Small Business Administration program created to help minority-owned businesses access government contracts serve all races, prompting the agency to require applicants to justify their social disadvantage through essays .

Many of the lawsuits and court orders have come after the Supreme Court overturned race-conscious college admissions last June. Last week, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit temporarily enjoined a venture capital fund from awarding grants solely to Black women, in a highly watched case concerning diversity, equity and inclusion in the private sector.

In the Agriculture Department case, plaintiffs Rusty Strickland, Alan West and Bryan Baker — all of whom are White male farmers — allege in a lawsuit filed in March that they got less money than minority and female farmers did after Congress appropriated $13.7 billion in crop and livestock disaster assistance in its multiyear farm bill, as well as $11.2 billion in disaster and coronavirus pandemic-related relief.

Strickland alleges that after he and his wife applied for disaster relief, his wife received $71,900 under the program, while he received a tenth of the amount: $7,272. Moreover, the plaintiffs allege that they did not receive insurance refunds because they were not minorities or women.

In court filings, the Justice Department countered that the Agriculture Department’s preferences are justified because “remedial action is firmly rooted in the evidence showing lingering effects of historical discrimination against minority and women farmers in USDA programs.” It cited past instances when government relief failed to reach farmers because of “structural biases in federal farm programs.”

Race-neutral means to remedy past and ongoing discrimination against minority and female farmers in relief efforts have largely failed, the government added, necessitating the preferences for farmers of color and women.

In his opinion, Kacsmaryk shot down those arguments, writing that the government lacked the proper justification to conduct a race-conscious program and that the program was not properly tailored to meet its goals of remediating past and ongoing discrimination.

Kacsmaryk drew attention in April 2023 when he blocked the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of mifepristone, a widely used abortion medication. In March, the Supreme Court heard arguments regarding access to the drug and appeared skeptical of arguments in favor of limiting access.

John Boyd Jr., a Virginia farmer whose organization, the National Black Farmers Association, has sued to protect minority-preference debt relief programs, called the Monday court decision “more of the same as we’re going backwards in this country.”

“You’re going to exclude people by race, but you don’t want to fix it by race,” Boyd said.

Farm subsidies overwhelmingly go to White farmers, which makes it hard for Black-owned farms to compete, he said, adding that setting aside resources to help Black farmers is necessary to correct the disparity.

“No matter how good a farmer I am, I can’t compete with those resources,” Boyd said. “The Black farmer is facing extinction and we’ve got to put laws in place to protect them like you would any other endangered species, so we can pass on generational wealth to the next generation of Black farmers.”

An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated that Judge Matthew J. Kacsmaryk ruled that racial and gender preferences at the Agriculture Department lacked congressional authorization. It also incorrectly described John Boyd Jr. as a Texas farmer; he is a farmer from Virginia. The article has been corrected.

waec agric essay and objective 2021

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  25. Federal judge halts disaster aid program for minority farmers

    The Department of Agriculture building in Washington, D.C., on Aug. 11, 2022. ... of judges in June 2021 blocked a Biden administration ... the program was not properly tailored to meet its goals ...