what is crime prevention essay

Essay on Crime Prevention

Crime is a global problem affecting each and every country. Every country suffers from increased crime rates which result to insecurities and a negative impact on the economy. This increased crime rate is fueled by poverty, parental negligence, low self-esteem, alcohol, and drug abuse, resulting from the lack of proper moral values (Topalli & Wright, 2014). Moral values are responsible for determining what is right and wrong and also establish what is socially acceptable. They are ideas considered by society as important and contribute to one’s general personality, and thus, without them, an individual is lost. It is significant to prevent crimes to raise the quality of life of all citizens. Preventing crimes also results to long-term benefits as it reduces social cost resulting from crimes and the costs involved with the formal criminal justice system. In order to prevent these crimes, there is the need to develop evidence-based and comprehensive approaches addressing several factors impacting crimes, including moral values on growing children.

Crimes result from negative moral values, and thus there is a need to promote positive youth development and wellbeing. Horace Mann believes that this prevalence of crime in society could be reduced by moral instruction in schools (Spring, 2019). He argues that for the crime rate to reduce, the moral value of the general public needs to be shaped accordingly. According to him, the most accurate method of doing this is by incorporating moral instruction in the education system. He referred to this method as putting a police officer in every child’s heart. This would enable the child to be conscious of the evil in society and be aware of good and bad. This would guide them as they grow up and prevent them from engaging or committing any crime.

The American Education book portrays crime as a global nuisance, and the more accurate and effective method to prevent it is through education. Mann suggests in this book that the number of police required by society would significantly be reduced by schooling. Thus, education is portrayed as a source of knowledge and a significant tool that would help reduce crime rates remarkably. It is supposed to do this by allowing students to acquire more educational attainment that leads to high paying jobs and thus higher earnings, which increases the opportunity cost of crime and consequently reducing crime. Mann also believes that education would reduce the crime rate by affecting individuals’ personality traits associated with crime. This is done by making students become patient, disciplined and moral. Despite this being a more suitable method of preventing crimes in society, it is not as effective as Mann and other researchers rate it.

Mann theory of preventing crime through schooling is a considerate method, but it is not enough to do so. There is no causal relationship between crime rates and school attendance (Lochner, 2020). It is assumed that schooling and crime rates are related, and thus if school attendance is increased, a consequent crime reduction would be noticed. However, this is wrong, and Mann theory has not proved a reality. According to Joel et al. (2021), the percentage of 5-to 17-years-old students increased from 82.2 in 1959-1960 to 91.9 percent in 2004-2005. The average days of attendance also increased from 160.2 in 1959-1960 to 169.2 in 1999-2000. There was also a rapid increase in violent crimes in 1960-2000 from 160.9 to 506.5 per 100,000 residence (Spring, 2019). As the number of students attending school and the attendance days increased from 1960 to 2004, so did the crime rate. This is proof that the crime rate is irrespective of the number of students going to school and the average days of attendance, and thus Mann theory is ineffective.

Moral value instruction is a vital tool to prevent crimes but implementing it only through schooling, such as Mann suggested, is not only a failing strategy but a waste of time and resources. Moral values in children need to be implemented in many different ways to ensure that they stick as they develop into adults (Damon, 2008). Implementing these moral values would ensure that they grow into morally upright adults, thus reducing crime rates. Implementing moral value through schooling is advised, but it would work with a combination of many other methods including through religion and good parenting. Religion helps in the spiritual growth of a person and emphasizes moral codes aimed to develop values such as social competence and self-control, which are major virtues in crime hating people. According to the study done by Brown and Taylor (2007) on how religion impacts child development, it was found that social competence and the psychological adjustment of third-graders were positive influenced with several religious factors. This shows that religion helps in developing children to become adults with a positive and better judgement that would keep them from engaging in any crime and thus would contribute to crime rate reduction.

Parents are responsible for their children, and they are required to guard and guide them as they contribute to their personality. According to Penn (2015), how a child turns out as an adult depends on how their parents brought them up. As a result of this, it is crucial for parents to be careful of how they handle their children. It is the responsibility of every citizen of a county to help fight and prevent crimes, and thus it is the responsibility of parents to reduce the crime rate by training their children to be better people in future. They should be consistent with rules and monitor their children behaviour to ensure that they instil good moral value in them, equipping them with the knowledge of good and evil. If a child is raised in a way that makes them hate crime, then they would not engage in any, and this would contribute to the general reduction of crime in the society.

In conclusion, the main way of preventing crime is by instilling positive moral values on growing children to ensure that they develop into morally upright adults who would not engage in criminal activities. It is assumed that to instil this moral values in children and prevent crimes in future, the best way is through schooling. But this is not the case as there is no causal relationship between crime rates and schooling, and thus schooling will not necessarily result to a reduced crime rate. In order to ensure that moral values are successfully instilled in children, schooling would have to be combined with other methods, some of which include religion and good parenting, resulting in adults who are conscious of good and evil. Increased crime rate is a problem experienced by all countries globally, and the only way to fight it is by shaping the personality of the future generation by instilling positive moral values as their driving force.

Topalli, V., & Wright, R. (2014). Affect and the dynamic foreground of predatory street crime (1st ed.).

Spring, J. (2019). American Education. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429274138

Lochner, L. (2020). Education and crime. The Economics Of Education , 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815391-8.00009-4

Joel, M., Bill, H., Jijun, Z., Xiaolei, W., Ke, W., & Sarah, H. et al. (2021). National Center for Education Statistics: The Condition of Education 2019. NCES 2019-144 . ERIC. Retrieved 5 July 2021, from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED594978.

Damon, W. (2008). Moral child: Nurturing children’s natural moral growth (3rd ed.). FREE Press.

Brown, S., & Taylor, K. (2007). Religion and education: Evidence from the National Child Development Study. Journal Of Economic Behavior & Organization , 63 (3), 439-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2005.08.003

Penn, H. (2015). Understanding early childhood (3rd ed.). Open University Press.

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Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Law Enforcement — Crime Prevention: A Multifaceted Approach to a Complex Issue

Crime Prevention: a Multifaceted Approach to a Complex Issue

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The role of community engagement, economic and educational interventions, the importance of mental health support, technological innovations and law enforcement.

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Crime Prevention Essays

Crime Prevention Essays (Examples)

989+ documents containing “crime prevention” .

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Crime prevention anything that defies the laws.

Crime Prevention Anything that defies the laws and is accountable for punishment forms into a criminal activity with the nature of crime. Crime features harm and violence, to people, to laws, to properties overall showing denial to the existence of these entities. Crime as stated by the judiciary laws must be contrary to the limitations set by the laws and must pose harmful situation to present of future occurring events. Crime or criminal both show varying relationships between each other with respect to the intention of doing the crime and failing to pursue the intention. There are many ways in which the definition of crime is defined and which fall into different categories explaining situational crimes as well as non-situational. Crimes fall into the categories of violent crimes, property crime, white-collar crimes and public order crimes. Crime can be prevented through crime prevention programs however often these programs do not play….

Lab, S.P. (2010). Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations. [Albany, N.Y.]: LexisNexis/Anderson Pub.

Worall, & J.L. (2008). Crime Control in America. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Crime Prevention and Control -

ut an open system of prevention could be the alternative. It would subject the court or legislature to closer and public scrutiny (Robinson). President Lyndon Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice was viewed as the single and most influential postwar American criminal justice policy (Coles and Kelling 1999). Its wisdom, contained the policy's main report, "The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, published in 1967, swiftly transformed into conventional wisdom. It became the foundation for criminal justice policy in the 70s to the 90s. It recommended that the police firmly adhere to lawful procedures in handling offenders and the nation's criminal justice agencies, especially the police department, should improve their relations with minority communities. The Commission had important contributions, but its findings and conclusions were later challenged and even abandoned. It pointed to the police, prosecutors, jails, prisons, probation, parole, and the courts as comprising the….

Bibliography

Coles, C.M. And Kellling, G.L. (1999). Prevention through community prevention - new approaches to fighting crimes. 10 pages. Public Interest: The National Affairs, Inc.

Doherty, B. (1998). Blame society first - responsibility for heinous acts. 2 pages. Reason:

Reason Foundation.

O'Bryant, J. (2003). Crime control: the federal response. Domestic Social Policy Division: 10 pages. Congressional Research Service: The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 28, 2007 at http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/society/crime/crimegun1.pdf

Crime Prevention and Community Safety Key Issues

Crime Prevention and Community afety Key issues in crime prevention and community safety The recent focus on crime prevention is a very delightful movement within the law enforcement arena. Traditionally crime prevention has been viewed as an unnecessary appendage to its more robust siblings within the system of law enforcement and justice (Community-based 2010). While the importance of crime prevention has been recognized, the implementation of successful strategies has been beset by the problem of proving something that has not taken place (Gerard, 1944). However, it is necessary to have a holistic grasp of the interlaced dynamics that operate within society to produce criminal behavior (Rogers & Prosser, 2006 p.56). Therefore, to deal effectively with crime an understanding of the causality relating to criminal behavior is necessary. The aforementioned causality is not an easy component to get a hold of since crimes by their very nature are diverse and, as a consequence will….

Smith, Susan J. (1984), Crime and the Structure of Social Relations Transactions of the Institute

of British Geographers, New Series, 9 (4):427-442.

Walklate, Sandra (1998) Crime and Community: Fear or Trust? The British Journal of Sociology, 49, (4): 550-569.

Crime Prevention Design Most of

Also, other intervening variales, such as the expansion of the American economy, reduced crime in other parts of the city, and age cohort factors related to crime decrease, most likely also play a role in the positive oserved. However, other things have to e taken into consideration when considering the value of such community environmental changes. The first is a much improved mindset y the residents, who are no longer surrounded y ovious street crime and empty uildings. Second, is the mindset of those who live or work outside of this area who are less fearful of settling or putting a usiness here. Third is the overall positive effect this has on the environment, itself, and the etterment of the community and society as a whole. It may e difficult to determine which is the most important factor, ut it is not impossile to say that the design change had an….

bibliography. Property Management 23(5): 328-356

Eck, J., Wartell, J. (1996), Reducing Crime and Drug Dealing by Improving Place Management: A Randomized Experiment. Report to the San Diego Police Department, Crime Control Institute, Washington, DC.

Feins et. al.(1997)Solving Crime in Residential Neighborhoods: Comprehensive Changes in Design, Management and Use. Washington, D.C.: NIJ

Jeffery, C. Ray. (1971). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Beverly Hills:

Sage Publications

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

Project Timeline Finalize all preliminary building design element and prepare for submission to the City Planning Division, Aviation Division, and Mayor's Office Schedule an informational meeting for all stakeholders to unveil the plans Due date to submit commentary on the new designs and to provide any suggestions or concerns Meet with key stakeholders to discuss results of public hearing and submissions. Discuss these changes and decide what to do with them. Submit designs for approval to licensing and permits entities Complete any necessary changes and re-submit until final approval is achieved Complete revision and draft final version of plans January 15, 2010 Final design approval by all stakeholders. January 30, 2010 Complete scheduling of phases of project February 15, 2010 Send out call for bids and proposals to needed contractors April 15, 2010 Choose contractors from proposals submitted April 30, 2010 Notify selected contractors of their status and award March 15, 2010 Schedule contractor meeting to begin work on project April 1, 2010 Begin work on first phases of project January 1,….

City of Atlanta (2008). Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Department of Aviation. Retrieved April 21, 2008 at http://www.atlantaga.gov/government/aviation.aspx?section=Aviation

Crowe, Tim. (2000). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. 2nd edition. Boston: Butterworth - Heinman.

Economist.com. Cities Guide, Atlanta. (2008). Atlanta's Airport. Retrieved April 21, 2008 at http://www.economist.com/cities/Displayobject.cfm?obj_id=2280457

Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport. (2007). Terminal Layout. Retrieved April 21, 2008 at http://www.atlanta-airport.com/Default.asp?url=sublevels/terminal/termmap.htm.

Crime Prevention Robinson States Rational Choice Deterrence

Crime Prevention, obinson states "ational choice deterrence theories related theories understand criminal justice -- including crime control crime prevention activities police, courts, corrections -- reduce crime society" (2012). ational choice and deterrence theories The rational choice theory of crime is intimately related to the concept of the deterrence theory of crime. ational choice models suggest that all human beings are inherently rational creatures, capable of making reasonable, utilitarian decisions based upon a weighing of pros and cons. A rational actor, in other words, will decide not to commit a crime if the potential costs outweigh the potential benefits. Swiftness and certainty of the punishment for the crime will deter persons from offending. The theory also presumes that "people will engage in criminal and deviant activities if they do not fear apprehension and punishment. Norms, laws, and enforcement are to be designed and implemented to produce and maintain the image that 'negative'….

Keel, R. (2005). Rational choice and deterrence theory. Sociology 200. Retrieved:

http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/200/ratchoc.html

The problem analysis triangle. (2013). Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. Retrieved:

http://www.popcenter.org/about/?p=triangle

Crime Prevention -- Digital Gaming What Role

Crime Prevention -- Digital Gaming What role does digital video gaming play in crime, delinquency or other forms of antisocial behavior? American Psychological Association (2011, August 29). Playing highly competitive video games may lead to aggressive behavior. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com- / releases/2011/08/110829114714.htm. In a unique twist of methodologies, the American Psychological Association added credibility to an interesting study done by several advanced degree students where were looking at the highly debated contemporary issue: is there a relationship between video games and violence? Past studies suggested that the issue of importance was not the violence but the level of competition. Through two versions of their approach, the researchers looked at how subjects reacted to highly or lesser competitive video games and their tendencies as a result to retaliate against another -- by fixing that person a more or less aggressively spiced taste of food in a flavor competition. The….

"Video gaming is so widespread among American teenagers that to paint a portrait of a typical teen gamer is to hold a mirror to the population of teens as whole. Nearly every teen plays games in some way, regardless of gender, age, or socioeconomic status." The Pew Internet & American Life Project jumped into the gaming sector headfirst and gave many people a lot to consider. A massive collective of data, it took aim at assumptions about young people who play such games as being isolated or engaged in an environment that let violence go by unchallenged. This study should be reviewed by anyone and everyone who has an opinion on the subject of games and criminal, delinquency or anti-social behavior. It's a rich collection of game-changing knowledge.

Inderscience Publishers (2008, May 14). Could Violent Video Games Reduce Rather Than Increase Violence?. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com - / releases/2008/05/080514213432.htm.

The International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry recently featured this piece Patrick Kierkegaard of the University of Essex, England. Kieregaard takes an apparently emotional dive into the question of whether video games really do cause violence by systematically looking back at the full field of study and their biases. Noting that this subject has been of importance since the 1990s, the case can be made that we should currently be experiencing an epidemic of violence given the growth in video game playing. Yet that is not happening. Crime and delinquency among these young people has actually decreased. This review is highly critical of biases about games and aggressiveness, noting that no reliable conclusions of this affect that be found in studies on topics as diverse as fighting at school to criminal assaults. The commentary seems to present a good representation of some of the frustrations that happen when scientists confront public perceptions that may have little grounding in fact. The average reader would likely find this kind of articles easy to read and emotionally appealing if he or she were truly interested in gaming -- which, coincidently, he or she most likely is.

Crime Analysis Cpted -- Crime Prevention Through

Crime Analysis: CPTED CPTED -- Crime Prevention through Environmental Design Before committing a criminal act, offenders often make several decisions with regard to the effort expended and chances of being apprehended. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) seeks to influence the decisions an offender makes, prior to committing a criminal act, via the alteration of the constructed environment. In addition to explaining the function of CPTED, this text will, amongst other things, also highlight how it is used and who exactly uses it. CPTED, in the words of Sennewald and Christman (2011, p. 69), "is based on the theory that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the incidence and fear of crime, and to an improvement in the quality of life." As the authors further point out, CPTED is further reinforced by concepts derived from such diverse fields as criminology, psychology, and….

Hess, K. (2008). Introduction to Private Security (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

National Crime Prevention Council. (2014). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design Training Program. Retrieved from http://www.ncpc.org/training/training-topics/crime-prevention-through-environmental-design-cpted-

Sennewald, C.A. & Christman, J.H. (2011). Retail Crime, Security, and Loss Prevention: An Encyclopedic Reference. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Crime Prevention Proposal

How Community Policing Promotes Social Justice Introduction As Howell (2010) points out, youths “join gangs for protection, enjoyment, respect, money, or because a friend is in a gang” (p. 1). In the city of Cincinnati, gang activity among young people is on the rise, and City Council has expressed concerns over how to address this issue. The city of Mesa, Arizona, recently completed the Mesa Gang Intervention Program (MGIP), which focused on crime prevention among youths. This program primarily focused on the law enforcement aspect of the juvenile criminal justice system; however, it incorporated help from case workers, community leaders, probation officers, and youth workers. The program was a major success. As Mesa and Cincinnati are relatively similar in size, it is recommended that Cincinnati get serious about juvenile crime by implementing its own Gang Intervention Program modeled on MGIP. This paper will show why this program makes sense for Cincinnati and….

Gathering of Information on Crime Prevention Initiatives

gathering of information on crime prevention initiatives is critical in the quest for a better equipped and evidence-based crime prevention programs (UNODC,2010).In this paper, we present the outcome of an interview which was conducted with Mr. ichard Aborn, the president of the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City, an independent non-profit organization which is nonpartisan and is focused on criminal justice as well as public safety policy reform. A review of their view on the Juvenile justice system is presented below. Which program have you initiated towards the larger juvenile justice system? We have started a program aimed at pressurizing the federal government to raise the age of legal responsibility from 16 to 18 years. What are the program goals and objectives? The main goal of the program is to prevent underage executions and sentencing. This is because juveniles are supposed to be punished as juveniles and not as adults. The objectives….

New York Courts (2011). Citizens Crime Commission.Available online at http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ip/sentencing/CJLippmansRemarksCitizensCrimeCommissionSeptember21201.pdf '

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2010). Handbook on the crime prevention guidelines Making them work.Available online at http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/10-52410_Guidelines_eBook.pdf

Criminal Justice - Crime Prevention

Specifically, the criminal justice system is designed more to address crimes after they have already been committed than to prevent them beforehand. The criminal justice system is well designed to investigate, prosecute, and punish criminal conduct; it is far less well designed to prevent criminal activity ahead of time, particularly in comparison to other social factors. By the time criminal violations come under the purview of the criminal justice system, they likely represent only a small fraction of criminal activity in society; for every detected crime, hundreds of others go undetected. More importantly, to the extent societal efforts relate to genuine crime prevention rather than crime control after the fact, those efforts must address social values in the larger sense. Paternalistic legislation also undermines the societal goal of instilling fundamental respect for the formal rules of law, precisely because criminalizing purely personal conduct is so much harder to justify. On a psychological….

Applying equally strict enforcement to minor or merely "technical" violations of law that hardly affect others might reduce the quality of life in society instead of improving it. For example, in many jurisdictions motor vehicle codes are classified as penal (rather than civil) infractions that are arrestable offenses under strict application of the state police power through authorized law enforcement functions. However, it is doubtful that (1) taking enforcement action against every perceptible violation of law or (2) implementing physical arrest wherever authorized is in the interest of the driving public or society. On the other hand, certain types of crimes (including some that fall within the purview of vehicular laws) require a zero-tolerance approach by virtue of their capacity to harm other individuals and society as a whole. Furthermore, practical considerations such as the availability of personnel, physical resources, and budget require prioritization wholly apart from the question….

Three Strikes Dealing Crime Prevention Support Post

Three Strikes dealing crime prevention Support post examples required reading material / scholarly sources, provide -text citation APA style. Page 2 Activity: How Much Are Americans Spending Corrections? Describe and explain three strikes when dealing with crime and crime prevention 'Three strikes and you're out' laws, as their name implies, mandate "a minimum sentence of 25 years to life for three-time repeat offenders with multiple prior serious or violent felony convictions" (A primer: Three strikes, 2005, LAO). One of the first 'three strikes' laws was passed in California in 1994, based on evidence of chronic recidivism amongst a hardcore group of offenders. The philosophy behind the law was that it was intended to protect the public from inflicting the dangers of these hardened classes of criminals upon the public and implied that certain criminals were to some extent 'behind rehabilitation.' Passing three strikes laws have the nearly-immediate effect of rapidly increasing….

Billions behind bars. (2013). CNBC. Retrieved from: http://www.cnbc.com/id/44762286

Moore, S. (2009). Prison spending outpaces all but Medicaid. The New York Times.

Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/us/03prison.html?_r=0

A primer: Three strikes - the impact after more than a decade. (2005). LAO. Retrieved from:

Public Economy Crime Prevention Platform

hat is profitable, of course, is often fashionable. To create a disincentive to participate in criminal activity, expanded opportunities are necessary for the poorest members of society. In keeping with the Republican Party's stress upon free enterprise, giving tax breaks to large corporations that move into disadvantaged communities, and hire and promote members of the community is one way to use commerce to aid the poor. If businesses also include community beautification and betterment projects within their outreach programs, they can receive further tax incentives. Step 4: Enhance accessibility to education The average college tuition in 1999 was 8,086 U.S. dollars, accounting for 62% of the income of low-income families" (Randall 2000). This percentage has only increased. Tax incentives for low-income students who come from disadvantaged areas, regardless of their race will enhance social mobility and infuse dollars, through these individual's eventual earnings, into new segments of the economy. Also, if….

Works Cited

Doorman, Franz. Global development. (2003). Part 1, Problems, Chapter IV.

Jan van Arkel International Books. Retrieved 22 Oct 2007 at http://home.wanadoo.nl/f.j.doorman/Page15.htm

Kangas, Steve. (1994). "Myth: Poor people and minorities are committing the most crime." The Long FAQ on Liberalism. Retrieved 22 Oct 2007 at http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-poorcrime.htm

Nieman Reports." (Fall 1998). "Serving the Poor." Retrieved 22 Oct 2007 at http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/98-3NRfall98/Kirkhorn_Widening.html

How Educating Public Gang Crime Prevention

Gang Prevention As education levels go down, gang-related crimes rise. There are more organized gangs in the lower income inner cities than in the surrounding, more affluent suburbs. This is mostly due to and highly correlated with the socio-economic status of these respective areas (Howell, 2010). In order to attempt to equalize these situations, a successful educational system needs to be implemented in order to emphasize the importance of gang crime prevention. The public residing in areas that are more prone to gang violence need to be educated on ways to reduce this type of behavior, while the surrounding communities need to be educated on how to best deal with these types of situations. egardless of who is on the receiving end of the education, prevention strategies need to be implemented to reduce the negative impact on either community. In order to reduce the crimes associated with the formation of street gangs,….

References:

Howell, J.C. (2010). Gang Prevention: An overview of research and programs. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1-24.

Esbensen, F.A. (2000). Preventing Adolescent Gang Involvement. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1-12.

I need some suggestions for lack of police protection essay topics. Can you offer any?

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Criminal Justice

Crime Prevention Anything that defies the laws and is accountable for punishment forms into a criminal activity with the nature of crime. Crime features harm and violence, to people, to…

ut an open system of prevention could be the alternative. It would subject the court or legislature to closer and public scrutiny (Robinson). President Lyndon Johnson's Commission on Law…

Also, other intervening variales, such as the expansion of the American economy, reduced crime in other parts of the city, and age cohort factors related to crime decrease,…

Transportation

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Research Paper

Specifically, the criminal justice system is designed more to address crimes after they have already been committed than to prevent them beforehand. The criminal justice system is well designed…

Applying equally strict enforcement to minor or merely "technical" violations of law that hardly affect others might reduce the quality of life in society instead of improving it.…

hat is profitable, of course, is often fashionable. To create a disincentive to participate in criminal activity, expanded opportunities are necessary for the poorest members of society. In…

Gang Prevention As education levels go down, gang-related crimes rise. There are more organized gangs in the lower income inner cities than in the surrounding, more affluent suburbs. This is…

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Situational Crime Prevention

Info: 1634 words (7 pages) Essay Published: 8th Aug 2019

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Jurisdiction / Tag(s): US Law

Situational Crime Prevention and its Utilization as a Tool against Would Be Criminals

Within the Criminal Justice field, scholars as well as enforcement continually strive to develop methods through which criminal activity may be prevented. A theory that has been explored by scholars is that of the Rational Choice Theory. Rational Choice Theory is based upon the belief that criminals make a conscious, rational, somewhat informed decision to act supported by a risk-benefit analysis of the situation. This theory has been explored by many scholars on varying degrees of criminal activities including, but not limited to, serial sex offenders, tobacco sales to youth, airline hijacking, and online victimization of high school seniors. This manuscript will explores how this theory may be exploited through the use of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP). Descriptions will be given of methods of situational crime prevention as well as case studies and real world examples where it has been employed successfully.

Literature Review

Schmalleger (2006) is the author of criminal justice criminology textbooks. He developed a working definition for SCP. His definition is focused upon the environmental factors of the crime scene rather than focusing upon the offender themselves. Schmalegger argues that the effectiveness in this approach lies in the fact that it is difficult to identify individuals who are prone to become frequent offenders.

Cohne (2009) is part of the criminal justice faculty at the Florida National University teaching a course entitled Nature and Causes of Crime. Cohne instructs her class with assistance from the Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 5th edition textbook. It is through this she developed working definitions and examples for the Clark SCP techniques of Target Hardening and Strengthening Formal Surveillance.

Clarke (2004) developed a chart outlining 25 techniques that may be used during implementation of SCP theory. In this chart he breaks the techniques down into five categories each focused upon a different aspect of the criminal act. Clarke also provides examples of how each technique may be implemented properly.

Ratcliffe (2006) authored a manuscript through the U. S. Department of Justice for the Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Response Guides Series entitled Video Surveillance of Public Places. In this manuscript Ratcliffe provides a working definition for a closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance system. He also explains the different types of systems in use by different establishments as well as states the ultimate goal of possessing a CCTV system.

There are several studies that have been performed that adequately provide examples of the employment of Clarke’s () SCP techniques. The crimes incorporated in these studies include aircraft hijacking () and the incorporation of target hardening, bicycle theft () employing four strategies towards its prevention, and library crimes utilizing techniques from all five of Clarke’s SCP categories. Each study provides explanations as to how SCP techniques may be used or are being used to effectively prevent the corresponding criminal activity.

Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) is a crime prevention theory that is fundamentally based upon the Rational Choice Theory. SCP is more concerned with the different aspects of an environment that make it more probable to experience criminal activity. Clarke (2004) developed a chart outlining twenty-five techniques of situational crime prevention which provided examples of how each technique may be applied (See Appendix). Clarke has each of his techniques divided into five groups including Increase the Effort, Increase the Risks, Reduce the Rewards, Reduce Provocations, and Remove the Excuses. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will focus upon the techniques of Target Hardening and Strengthen Formal Surveillance which fall under the categories of Increase the Effort and Increase the Risks respectively.

Target Hardening

The method of Target Hardening “involves strengthening defenses and obstructing the offender with physical barriers.” This SCP technique is prominently displayed all across the world and has been throughout history. Examples of target hardening methods include the erection of fencing, steering wheel locking devices, and iron bars installed over the windows of establishments and dwellings. These precautions, when employed, make it extremely difficult to commit the associated crime without requiring a great amount of effort.

An individual who has flown out of any major airport since the 9/11 terror attacks has, no doubt, experienced the effects of target hardening. As a direct result of the terror attacks, the Federal Aviation Administration reinforced their existing policies designed to make hijacking attempts more difficult thereby hopefully preventing attempts altogether. These policies include precautions such as metal detectors, passenger screening, increased law enforcement presence, and random luggage inspections. A study preformed by Dugan, Lafree, and Piquero on flight data between the years of 1931 and 2003 indicated that the imposed precautions have been successful in preventing airline hijackings. Since that time other policies have been enacted making it even more difficult for would-be hijackers.

Strengthen Formal Surveillance

Strengthening Formal Surveillance includes precautions such as increasing existing police patrols, adding traffic and surveillance cameras, and installing security alarms. The premise of this method involves the idea that an individual is less likely to commit a criminal act if they believe that they will be caught in the act. Studies have shown that a significant reduction in crime has followed when this particular method is properly utilized.

The precautions taken when employing the method of strengthening formal surveillance are readily identifiable during the day-to-day activities of the average individual. One of the most frequently encountered precautions would be that of closed-circuit television (CCTV). CCTV is a system of cameras on a closed circuit that transmits the picture it receives to a recording device, a manned monitoring station, or both. It is well known that this technique is employed in establishments where individuals tend to congregate and there are limited personnel available with which to observe all areas. Examples of establishments where CCTV systems are employed include gas stations, banks, supermarkets, and dormitories. These cameras are placed in strategic locations at times allowing the operator a view of a particular part of an individual or the vehicle they are driving. Several establishments have even gone as far as placing signs in prominent locations informing individuals that their actions are being captured on camera. The primary aim of CCTV is to increase the perceived risk that an offender experiences towards getting caught which will, in turn, cause the offender to think twice about committing the criminal act.

SCP Application

Aside from the above SCP examples, there have been numerous other studies representing the effectiveness of this theory of crime prevention. One such study was carried out by Fanno (1997) as a recommendation of what techniques to implement to prevent the theft of bicycles on a college campus. Fueling this study included a report by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the high number of bike thefts in 1992 () as well as the a survey conducted by the Home Office Research and Planning Unit that found 66.2% of bike owners had at some point had their bike stolen ().

Fanno discussed several techniques which were categorized under four different strategies. The first strategy, increasing the perceived risks, includes utilizing different forms of surveillance including a manned bike room and placing the bike rack in plain view. The second strategy, increasing the perceived effort, includes two relatively common bike theft deterrents which are using a bike lock and taking the seat off of the bike when it is left unattended. Reducing the anticipated rewards is the third strategy and it includes precautions such as storing the bike in a safe place, registering the bike with the campus police force, and making the bike less appealing to would be thieves through customization or lack thereof. One would assume that, of the two, the latter method is not very popular for those with newer bikes. The final strategy is inducing guilt or shame by setting rules requiring registration of bikes as well as refusing to take action if a stolen bike was unregistered.

Another study carried out to determine the effectiveness of SCP techniques was by Cromwell, Alexander, and Dotson (2008) on the prevention of library crimes. Previous researchers have reported increasing violence against library staff () as well as undesirable loss of library assets (). The suggestions discussed in this manuscript include techniques from all five of Clarke’s () SCP categories and include:

Installation of electronic book detection systems on the exits. (Target Hardening)
Closed-circuit cameras (Increase Formal Surveillance)
Storing electronics and special collections in secured areas. (Reduce the Rewards)
Training employees in communication skills. (Reduce Provocations)
Posting rules and Regulations prominently around the establishment. (Remove Excuses)

The researchers provided many more prevention suggestions though not all were included in this manuscript.

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Crime Prevention - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

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Essay About Crime Prevention On the other end of the spectrum, are those who believe crime leads to deviant behavior because it has become a realm for criminal activity, for example, bribery, doping, and discrimination (Pajcic & Sokanovic, 2011). Due to the amount of division in the perception of crime and sports, it has lead to a substantial number of tests and research done on the positive and negative correlation between the two. Henceforth, negative or positive, both crime and sports are multi-faceted concepts, which encompass many controversial topics, while having many correlations. But even with a relation between sports and crime, the positives of the two variables working in conjunction with one another, outweigh any cons that may arise. Athletics have always been used as a form of intervention and assimilation for communities and prisons (Darko, 2015). Delinquency and sports participation are both prominent developmental themes during adolescence. Pre-adulthood plays an instrumental role in delinquency and crime because youth become more self-sufficient and begin to shy away from the guidance of their parents; they begin to make a shift of dependency towards their community, school peers and after-school activities (Fredricks & Eccles, 2008). This is why when studying the relationship between sports and crime; it is important and relevant to evaluate the affiliation during adolescence. Participating in sports builds a foundation of discipline and mental strength for participants as well as increases responsibility. (All Gymnastics Company, 2017) As demonstrated in Richardson’s, Cameron’s, and Berlouis’s study, participating in sports has the ability to improve self-esteem, cognitive reasoning abilities and provide participants with a feeling of purpose (Richardson, Cameron & Berlouis, 2017). Specifically, in the criminal justice system, sports coupled with education provide inmates with a form of rehabilitation and a pathway to re-assimilate into society after jail (UNODC, 2018). Further, preventative measures through athletics and physical activity, allows juvenile crime rates to decrease (Darko, 2015). Through sports, participants learn the value of hard work and sacrifice. Classical criminal tactics for young adults no longer suffice in today’s society and Darko attributes the reappearance of adolescents in detention centers as a primary reason for governments to implement alternative methods to assist juveniles. There is an increasing number of crimes associated with young adults, (Darko, 2015) so it is important to understand the purpose of athletics and how it ensures a form of discipline that allows participants to curve crime and behavioral issues. These measures have also been tested in other countries where crime rates were also very high. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) have created a program, which helps to alleviate potential crime in countries by creating a crime prevention program in the following areas: State of Qatar, Brazil, Kyrgyzstan, and South Africa to name a few (UNODC, 2018). These programs assist in alleviating lawlessness in the countries while improving psychological and physical health. This initiative prides itself on its resilience against crime, violence, and drug use while providing children with essential life skills, communication tactics and self-discipline, which helps to navigate against criminal activity. With almost 2,000 participants, UNODC’s youth crime prevention initiative not only impacts schools, youth centers, and young adults but also the communities it inhabits itself in (UNODC, 2018). Oliver Staple, UNODC’s program manager responsible for the curriculum, stressed the importance of athletics at his crime prevention banquet, saying sports have a fundamental impact in the community and it was only a matter of time before the program began using it as a tool to advance crime prevention (UNODC, 2018).

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Five Things About Deterrence

Does punishment prevent crime? If so, how, and to what extent? Deterrence — the crime prevention effects of the threat of punishment — is a theory of choice in which individuals balance the benefits and costs of crime.

In his 2013 essay, “Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century,” Daniel S. Nagin succinctly summarized the current state of theory and empirical knowledge about deterrence. [1] The information in this publication is drawn from Nagin’s essay with additional context provided by NIJ and is presented here to help those who make policies and laws that are based on science. [2]

NIJ’s “Five Things About Deterrence” summarizes a large body of research related to deterrence of crime into five points.

1. The certainty of being caught is a vastly more powerful deterrent than the punishment.

Research shows clearly that the chance of being caught is a vastly more effective deterrent than even draconian punishment.

2. Sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime.

Prisons are good for punishing criminals and keeping them off the street, but prison sentences (particularly long sentences) are unlikely to deter future crime. Prisons actually may have the opposite effect: Persons who are incarcerated learn more effective crime strategies from each other, and time spent in prison may desensitize many to the threat of future imprisonment.

See Understanding the Relationship Between Sentencing and Deterrence for additional discussion on prison as an ineffective deterrent.

3. Police deter crime by increasing the perception that criminals will be caught and punished.

The police deter crime when they do things that strengthen a criminal’s perception of the certainty of being caught. Strategies that use the police as “sentinels,” such as hot spots policing, are particularly effective. A criminal’s behavior is more likely to be influenced by seeing a police officer with handcuffs and a radio than by a new law increasing penalties.

4. Increasing the severity of punishment does little to deter crime.

Laws and policies designed to deter crime by focusing mainly on increasing the severity of punishment are ineffective partly because criminals know little about the sanctions for specific crimes.

More severe punishments do not “chasten” individuals convicted of crimes, and prisons may exacerbate recidivism.

5. There is no proof that the death penalty deters criminals.

According to the National Academy of Sciences, "Research on the deterrent effect of capital punishment is uninformative about whether capital punishment increases, decreases, or has no effect on homicide rates."

Understanding the Relationship Between Sentencing and Deterrence

In his 2013 essay, “Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century,” Daniel S. Nagin succinctly summarized the current state of theory and empirical knowledge about deterrence. The information in this publication is drawn from Nagin’s essay with additional context provided by NIJ and is presented here to help those who make policies and laws that are based on science.

NIJ’s “Five Things About Deterrence” summarizes a large body of research related to deterrence of crime into five points. Two of the five things relate to the impact of sentencing on deterrence — “Sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime” and “Increasing the severity of punishment does little to deter crime.” Those are simple assertions, but the issues of punishment and deterrence are far more complex. This addendum to the original “Five Things” provides additional context and evidence regarding those two statements.

It is important to note that while the assertion in the original “Five Things” focused only on the impact of sentencing on deterring the commission of future crimes, a prison sentence serves two primary purposes: punishment and incapacitation. Those two purposes combined are a linchpin of United States sentencing policy, and those who oversee sentencing or are involved in the development of sentencing policy should always keep that in mind.

“Sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime.”

Prison is an important option for incapacitating and punishing those who commit crimes, but the data show long prison sentences do little to deter people from committing future crimes.

Viewing the findings of research on severity effects in their totality, there is evidence suggesting that short sentences may be a deterrent. However, a consistent finding is that increases in already lengthy sentences produce at best a very modest deterrent effect.

A very small fraction of individuals who commit crimes — about 2 to 5 percent — are responsible for 50 percent or more of crimes. [3] Locking up these individuals when they are young and early in their criminal careers could be an effective strategy to preventing crime if we could identify who they are. The problem is: we can’t. We have tried to identify the young people most likely to commit crimes in the future, but the science shows we can’t do it effectively.

It is important to recognize that many of these individuals who offend at higher rates may already be incarcerated because they put themselves at risk of apprehension so much more frequently than individuals who offend at lower rates.

“Increasing the severity of punishment does little to deter crime.”

To clarify the relationship between the severity of punishment and the deterrence of future crimes, you need to understand:

The lack of any “chastening” effect from prison sentences,
That prisons may exacerbate recidivism,
The different impacts of the certainty versus the severity of punishment on deterrence, and
That individuals grow out of criminal activity as they age.

More severe punishments do not “chasten” individuals convicted of crimes.

Some policymakers and practitioners believe that increasing the severity of the prison experience enhances the “chastening” effect, thereby making individuals convicted of an offense less likely to commit crimes in the future. In fact, scientists have found no evidence for the chastening effect. Prisons may exacerbate recidivism. Research has found evidence that prison can exacerbate, not reduce, recidivism. Prisons themselves may be schools for learning to commit crimes. In 2009, Nagin, Cullen and Jonson published a review of evidence on the effect of imprisonment on reoffending. [4] The review included a sizable number of studies, including data from outside the U.S. The researchers concluded:

“… compared to non-custodial sanctions, incarceration has a null or mildly criminogenic impact on future criminal involvement. We caution that this assessment is not sufficiently firm to guide policy, with the exception that it calls into question wild claims that imprisonment has strong specific deterrent effects.”

Certainty has a greater impact on deterrence than severity of punishment.

Severity refers to the length of a sentence. Studies show that for most individuals convicted of a crime, short to moderate prison sentences may be a deterrent but longer prison terms produce only a limited deterrent effect. In addition, the crime prevention benefit falls far short of the social and economic costs.

Certainty refers to the likelihood of being caught and punished for the commission of a crime. Research underscores the more significant role that certainty plays in deterrence than severity — it is the certainty of being caught that deters a person from committing crime, not the fear of being punished or the severity of the punishment. Effective policing that leads to swift and certain (but not necessarily severe) sanctions is a better deterrent than the threat of incarceration. In addition, there is no evidence that the deterrent effect increases when the likelihood of conviction increases. Nor is there any evidence that the deterrent effect increases when the likelihood of imprisonment increases.

A person’s age is a powerful factor in deterring crime.

Even those individuals who commit crimes at the highest rates begin to change their criminal behavior as they age. The data show a steep decline at about age 35. [5] A more severe (i.e., lengthy) prison sentence for convicted individuals who are naturally aging out of crime does achieve the goal of punishment and incapacitation. But that incapacitation is a costly way to deter future crimes by aging individuals who already are less likely to commit those crimes by virtue of age.

[note 1] Nagin, Daniel S., "Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century," in Crime and Justice in America: 1975-2025, ed. M. Tonry, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2013: 199-264. View an abstract .

Opinions or points of view expressed on this site represent a consensus of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The content on this page is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter civil or criminal.

[note 3] Mulvey, Edward P., Highlights from Pathways to Desistance: A Longitudinal Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders (pdf, 4 pages) , Juvenile Justice Fact Sheet, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, March 2011, NCJ 230971.

[note 4] Nagin, Daniel S., Francis T. Cullen and Cheryl Lero Johnson, “Imprisonment and Reoffending,” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 38, ed. Michael Tonry, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009: 115-200.

[note 5] Sampson, Robert. J., John H. Laub and E.P. Eggleston, “On the Robustness and Validity of Groups,” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20 (1) (2004): 37-42.

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Models of Crime Prevention: Their application

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Situational and social approaches to crime prevention are both proactive where they anticipate and prevent crime but are different in the way on how crime is prevented, each having their own strength and weaknesses. In this essay, I will briefly talk about what is crime prevention and how situational and social approaches are derived, followed by providing a critical comparison of situational and social approaches by first explaining what is situational and social approaches to crime prevention, the differences between the two approaches, their strength and weaknesses and lastly, to show understanding that besides situational and social approach, there are other approaches to crime prevention.

Criminal Justice Final Exam

To begin with, criminal justice is a system that is designed to maintain social control, which means it is a necessary aspect of every society since “Laws are the conditions under which independent and isolated men united to form a society” (Beccaria, 1764: 16). In order words, crime control deals with the methods that are taken by a society to reduce its crime. As a matter of fact, there are various crime control strategies from community policing to risk assessments. In addition to the different tactics for controlling crime, there are several theories that not only attempt to explain the causes of crime, but also outline different ways to handle offenders; for example, deterrence, rehabilitation, and even retribution.

Using Material from Item a and Elsewhere, Assess Sociological Views of Crime Reduction Strategies.

Ron Clark describes situational crime prevention as ‘a pre-emptive approach that relies, not on improving society or its institutions, but simple on reducing opportunities for crime’. He identifies three features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention, firstly that they

Reiman And Leighton Theory Summary

Reiman and Leighton comprehensively begin the discussion of crime by outlining their main objectives, establishing the immediate problems surrounding crime control in America, and setting the groundwork for their premises. In recent years, the crime rate in the United States has declined. This decline is generally attributed to ‘tough on crime’ and mass incarceration policies, but the authors are quick to assert that other variables--economic, social-- are greater contributors to this decrease, with the ‘imprisonment binge’ only actually contributing a small amount to the decline. These strict crime enforcement policies might have a small impact on crime prevention, but criminologists are concerned with the potential effect such policies might have on criminal justice procedures--promoting profit rather than safety-- and endangering citizens’ rights (particularly those considered minorities).

The Effectiveness Of Gang Prevention Programs Essay

Community crime prevention programs incorporate practices that target changes in a community’s culture, physical environment, or infrastructure to reduce crime such as gang involvement and violence (Citation Needed). This paper will examine the following three different strategies used in crime prevention programs: focused deterrence strategy, problem-solving policing, and situational crime prevention. Deterrence strategy or theory states that crimes can be prevented when the costs of committing the crime are perceived by the offender to outweigh the benefits of committing the crime (Braga et al., 2001). Programs that use the theory of situational crime prevention believe that crime can be reduced by identifying and then eliminating the forces that facilitate would-be offenders’ criminal acts (Clarke, 1992). Problem-oriented policing is an analytic method used by police to develop strategies that prevent and reduce crime. Under this method, a law enforcement agency will systematically analyze the problems of a community, search for effective solutions to the problems, and evaluate the impact of their efforts (Weisburd et al., 2004).

Truth In Sentencing Policies and the Effects on Courts and Prisons

8 Works Cited

Society has high expectations for criminal justice. Controlling the behavior of people is a difficult task, and there are several differing opinions on how this should happen. Many believe this can best accomplished by prevention through deterrence. Deterrence can be achieved from increased police patrols, good relationships with the community, and through tough penalties for convicted criminals. When deterrence fails, criminals need to be identified and held accountable for their actions. Law enforcement enforces many different crimes; some of the most serious crimes are violent crimes.

Improving Law Enforcement's Approach to Combating Organized Crime

4 Works Cited

According to Buscaglia & Dijk (2003), crime control theories are generally fundamental for intellects, professionals, security forces,

Situational Crime Prevention Essay

Situational crime prevention constitutes primary crime prevention measure. This is to say that it is aimed at deterring crime before it occurs. Situational prevention, like other similar primary prevention measures, focuses on subduing crime opportunities instead of the attributes of criminals or even potential criminals. It seeks to curtail opportunities for certain groups of crime by increasing the risks and difficulties associated with them and significantly reducing the rewards. Situational prevention is made up of three key elements: a sound theoretical framework, an authoritative methodology for dealing with specific crimes, and a collection of opportunity-reducing approaches (Felson & Clarke, 1997).

According to the Australian Government of Criminology (2017), Crime prevention is ‘an effective approach to reducing crime. It is internationally recognised as an important component of a national approach to building viable communities.’ This essay will examine the case of the kings Cross shooting that occurred in 2012, involving the Indigenous community, Sydney police and Society. it will cover the importance of Crime prevention and the strategies in which are ideal to maintain the safety and security of the community and the offender partaking in the crime. This essay will focus broadly on the perspective of Social Crime Prevention, and the importance it obtains to prevent crime from occurring.

Crime and Its Effects

The effects of crime on victim can have a mixed feeling about making a victim impact statement. They may want to tell the judge or parole hearing officer how the crime affected their life and yet they may be anxious because you don't know how to prepare an impact statement or you don't want to bring back bad memories by describing how the crime has hurt you. The victim impact statements may include descriptions of:

Research Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies

The focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of the communities, local and government authorities.

The Link Between Poverty and Crime

Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculate on the factors that influence the amount of crime and how those factors can be controlled. Crime has been around since man and there is no doubt that it will continue to be around, until there is an existence of a perfect world. But for now, we

IELTS Essay: Crime Prevention

by Dave | Real Past Tests | 13 Comments

This is an IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of whether or not crime prevention should receive more attention from the real IELTS exam.

A really interesting topic!

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Some believe that more action should be taken to prevent crime, while others feel that crime is being tackled effectively now.

Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.

Though crime rates have fallen to historic lows in most nations, there are many who feel further action is still required. In my opinion, there should always be criminal prevention efforts, however, on level, crime is being opposed adequately.

Those who believe crime requires greater prioritisation identify its effects, particularly in underserved segments of a population. Crime is still pervasive in areas rife with poverty, such as in neglected neighborhoods in inner cities. An illustrative example of this would be the infamous favelas of Brazil. Residents in these communities must remain constantly vigilant for muggings and robberies and there is a high likelihood that in their lifetime they will come into contact with criminal elements. The causes of such crime-ridden slums are complex but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world deserve meaningful countermeasures.

Nonetheless, criminal activity already receives sufficient funding as evidenced by its decline. Crime is best tackled through a combination of economic, educational, and criminal justice reform and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a concomitant effect on crime. Criminality is therefore being addressed and it would be unrealistic to expect a world without crime given the realities of human nature. Instead of diverting more money towards an area on the mend already, governments can continue to also fund schools, hospitals, state universities, defense, infrastructure and a host of other areas that may themselves indirectly contribute to eradicating crime.

In conclusion, though crime impacts the daily lives of many citizens, it is already being successfully curbed and there are other key areas deserving of budgetary consideration. Governments must nonetheless balance these concerns and remain vigilant towards changes in this promising pattern.

1. Though crime rates have fallen to historic lows in most nations, there are many who feel further action is still required. 2. In my opinion, there should always be criminal prevention efforts, however, on level, crime is being opposed adequately.

Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here .

1. Those who believe crime requires greater prioritisation identify its effects, particularly in underserved segments of a population. 2. Crime is still pervasive in areas rife with poverty, such as in neglected neighborhoods in inner cities. 3. An illustrative example of this would be the infamous favelas of Brazil. 4. Residents in these communities must remain constantly vigilant for muggings and robberies and there is a high likelihood that in their lifetime they will come into contact with criminal elements. 5. The causes of such crime-ridden slums are complex but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world deserve meaningful countermeasures.

Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
Explain your main idea.
Develop it with specific examples.
Continue to develop it.
State the result.

1. Nonetheless, criminal activity already receives sufficient funding as evidenced by its decline. 2. Crime is best tackled through a combination of economic, educational, and criminal justice reform and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a concomitant effect on crime. 3. Criminality is therefore being addressed and it would be unrealistic to expect a world without crime given the realities of human nature. 4. Instead of diverting more money towards an area on the mend already, governments can continue to also fund schools, hospitals, state universities, defense, infrastructure and a host of other areas that may themselves indirectly contribute to eradicating crime.

Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
Explain your new main idea.
Include specific details and examples.
The more specific, the better.

1. In conclusion, though crime impacts the daily lives of many citizens, it is already being successfully curbed and there are other key areas deserving of budgetary consideration. 2. Governments must nonetheless balance these concerns and remain vigilant towards changes in this promising pattern.

Summarise your main ideas.
Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean?

Though crime rates have fallen to historic lows in most nations, there are many who feel further action is still required . In my opinion, there should always be criminal prevention efforts , however, on level , crime is being opposed adequately .

Those who believe crime requires greater prioritisation identify its effects, particularly in underserved segments of a population . Crime is still pervasive in areas rife with poverty , such as in neglected neighborhoods in inner cities . An illustrative example of this would be the infamous favelas of Brazil. Residents in these communities must remain constantly vigilant for muggings and robberies and there is a high likelihood that in their lifetime they will come into contact with criminal elements . The causes of such crime-ridden slums are complex but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world deserve meaningful countermeasures .

Nonetheless, criminal activity already receives sufficient funding as evidenced by its decline. Crime is best tackled through a combination of economic, educational, and criminal justice reform and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a concomitant effect on crime. Criminality is therefore being addressed and it would be unrealistic to expect a world without crime given the realities of human nature . Instead of diverting more money towards an area on the mend already, governments can continue to also fund schools, hospitals, state universities, defense , infrastructure and a host of other areas that may themselves indirectly contribute to eradicating crime .

In conclusion, though crime impacts the daily lives of many citizens , it is already being successfully curbed and there are other key areas deserving of budgetary consideration . Governments must nonetheless balance these concerns and remain vigilant towards changes in this promising pattern .

crime rates how many people commit crimes

fallen going down

historic lows lowest points in history

further action more effort

required needed

criminal prevention efforts trying to stop crime

on level overall

opposed adequately being countered well

greater prioritisation identify need more resources focus on

underserved segments of a population poorer people

pervasive goes throughout

rife with poverty lots of poor people

neglected not payed attention to

inner cities deep in the city

illustrative example instance that shows this well

infamous favelas notorious slums of Brazil

residents people living there

remain constantly vigilant always pay attention

muggings stealing money

robberies taking things

high likelihood good chance of

lifetime whole life

come into contact with meet with

criminal elements people involved in crime

crime-ridden slums neighborhoods with a lot of crime

complex complicated

deserve meaningful countermeasures should be countered effectively

criminal activity committing crimes

sufficient funding enough money

evidenced by supported by

best tackled number 1 way to fix

combination joint

criminal justice reform changing laws related to crime

concomitant related/caused by

addressed dealt with

unrealistic not feasible

realities facts

human nature facts of how people are

diverting sending in another direction

on the mend getting better

fund give money to

defense military, etc.

infrastructure roads, buildings, etc.

host of other areas many other places

indirectly not directly

eradicating crime getting rid of crime

daily lives everyday life

citizens residents

successfully curbed adequately cut down on

key areas main parts

budgetary consideration thinking about money

nonetheless regardless

balance these concerns keep everything in perspective

remain vigilant keep paying attention

promising pattern hopeful trend

Pronunciation

kraɪm reɪts ˈfɔːlən hɪsˈtɒrɪk ləʊz ˈfɜːðər ˈækʃ(ə)n rɪˈkwaɪəd ˈkrɪmɪnl prɪˈvɛnʃən ˈɛfəts ɒn ˈlɛvl əˈpəʊzd ˈædɪkwɪtli ˈgreɪtə praɪˈɒrɪˌtaɪzeɪʃən aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ ˈʌndə sɜːvd ˈsɛgmənts ɒv ə ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən pɜːˈveɪsɪv raɪf wɪð ˈpɒvəti nɪˈglɛktɪd ˈɪnə ˈsɪtiz ˈɪləstreɪtɪv ɪgˈzɑːmpl ˈɪnfəməs ˈfeɪvələ ˈrɛzɪdənts rɪˈmeɪn ˈkɒnstəntli ˈvɪʤɪlənt ˈmʌgɪŋz ˈrɒbəriz haɪ ˈlaɪklɪhʊd ˈlaɪftaɪm kʌm ˈɪntuː ˈkɒntækt wɪð ˈkrɪmɪnl ˈɛlɪmənts kraɪm-ˈrɪdn slʌmz ˈkɒmplɛks dɪˈzɜːv ˈmiːnɪŋfʊl ˈkaʊntəˌmɛʒəz ˈkrɪmɪnl ækˈtɪvɪti səˈfɪʃənt ˈfʌndɪŋ ˈɛvɪdənst baɪ bɛst ˈtækld ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃən ˈkrɪmɪnl ˈʤʌstɪs ˌriːˈfɔːm kənˈkɒmɪtənt əˈdrɛst ˌʌnrɪəˈlɪstɪk ri(ː)ˈælɪtiz ˈhjuːmən ˈneɪʧə daɪˈvɜːtɪŋ ɒn ðə mɛnd fʌnd dɪˈfɛns ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌkʧə həʊst ɒv ˈʌðər ˈeərɪəz ˌɪndɪˈrɛktli ɪˈrædɪkeɪtɪŋ kraɪm ˈdeɪli lɪvz ˈsɪtɪznz səkˈsɛsfʊli kɜːbd kiː ˈeərɪəz ˈbʌʤɪtəri kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs ˈbæləns ðiːz kənˈsɜːnz rɪˈmeɪn ˈvɪʤɪlənt ˈprɒmɪsɪŋ ˈpætən

Vocabulary Practice

Remember and fill in the blanks:

Though c______________s have f__________n to h________________s in most nations, there are many who feel f_____________n is still r_____________d . In my opinion, there should always be c_________________________s , however, o_________l , crime is being o_____________________y .

Those who believe crime requires g_______________________________y its effects, particularly in u_________________________________n . Crime is still p_____________e in areas r____________________y , such as in n____________d neighborhoods in i_____________s . An i_____________________e of this would be the i___________________________ s of Brazil. R__________s in these communities must r_____________________________t for m__________s and r__________s and there is a h___________________d that in their l_________e they will c___________________________________________s . The causes of such c________________________s are c____________x but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world d_____________________________________s .

Nonetheless, c____________________y already receives s___________________g as e____________________y its decline. Crime is b_________________d through a c_______________n of economic, educational, and c________________________m and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a c______________t effect on crime. Criminality is therefore being a_______________d and it would be u______________c to expect a world without crime given the r___________s of h___________________e . Instead of d______________g more money towards an area o_________________d already, governments can continue to also f_____d schools, hospitals, state universities, d_________e , i_______________e and a h__________________s that may themselves i____________y contribute to e____________________e .

In conclusion, though crime impacts the d______________s of many c____________s , it is already being s_________________d and there are other k_____________s deserving of b____________________n . Governments must n________________________________________s and r________________t towards changes in this p____________________n .

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic in the video below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/what-caused-the-crime-decline/477408/

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

Truth in Crime

Why do witnesses of crimes sometimes disagree in their accounts?
How can modern technology help solve crimes?
Will teaching children to be honest reduce crime in the future?
Should there be more severe penalties for crimes like libel?
How will the detection of lies change in the future?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related topic below and then check with my sample answer:

Some people believe that there should be a fixed punishment for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

IELTS Essay: Fixed Punishments

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13 Comments

I have written essay on this may I share it with you???

Sure, Vardan!

This is amazing way of explaining thank you

You’re very welcome, Harikiratkaur!

thanks for the info

You’re welcome!

How much this attempt of yours would score, can you please explain ?

hey dear prof….thanks for your effort ..but most of your samples are really complex and hard to follow…as Pauline Cullen says: your essay should not be similar to reading passage…

Thank you, Armin.

There are many ways to write an essay and I try to give students some new academic language that they can use. A lot of my students enjoy the essays for the ideas in them as well.

There are simpler models available and some of my essays are written more simply.

There are no fixed rules – only different ways to meet the expectations of the band descriptors.

in the end of paragraph i think we should follow contribute to plus infinitive

Hi Mohamed – eradicating crime is a verb phrase so that is the correct grammar.

If you wrote contribute to eradicate crime, that would be incorrect.

thank u very much

You’re welcome, Mahamed!

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Essay on Crime

Students are often asked to write an essay on Crime in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

100 Words Essay on Crime

Understanding crime.

Crime refers to acts that violate the law. They are considered harmful and punishable by a governing authority. Crimes can range from theft to murder.

Types of Crimes

Consequences of crime.

Crimes have severe consequences. They can lead to imprisonment, fines, or even death penalties. Moreover, they harm communities and individuals, causing fear and damage.

Preventing Crime

Preventing crime involves law enforcement, education, and community programs. Everyone can contribute to a safer society by obeying laws and reporting suspicious activities.

250 Words Essay on Crime

Introduction, the nature of crime.

Crime is a complex phenomenon, varying across cultures and societies. It ranges from minor offences like theft to severe ones like homicide. The nature of crime reflects societal values, as what is considered criminal is determined by the prevailing legal and moral code.

Causes of Crime

The causes of crime are multifaceted, involving biological, psychological, and sociological factors. Biological theories suggest genetic predispositions towards criminal behaviour. Psychological theories focus on the individual’s mental processes and their interaction with the environment. Sociological theories, on the other hand, emphasize societal structures and inequalities as major crime contributors.

Law Enforcement and Crime

500 words essay on crime.

Crime, a social and legal concept, has been a part of human society since its inception. It refers to the actions that violate the norms and laws of a society, leading to harm or potential harm to individuals or the community. The study of crime, its causes, effects, and prevention, is a crucial aspect of sociology, psychology, and criminology.

Types of Crime

The causes of crime are multifaceted, often interwoven with societal, psychological, and economic factors. Poverty, lack of education, substance abuse, and family violence are some common societal factors leading to crime. Psychological factors include personality disorders, low self-control, and aggression. Economic factors, such as unemployment or income inequality, also contribute significantly to crime rates.

Effects of Crime

Crime affects society in numerous ways, from creating fear and insecurity to damaging social cohesion. It impacts the economy by diverting resources towards law enforcement and away from other sectors. On an individual level, crime can lead to physical harm, psychological trauma, and financial loss.

Understanding crime is essential to creating a safe and harmonious society. By examining its nature, types, causes, effects, and prevention, we can develop effective strategies to reduce crime rates and mitigate its impact on individuals and communities. It is a collective responsibility that requires the concerted efforts of individuals, communities, and governments.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Essay: WHAT IS CRIME? Crime prevention and crime reduction

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Subject area(s): Criminology essays
Reading time: 10 minutes
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Published: 4 December 2015*
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Crime is any action or offence that defies a state or country and is punishable by law. Crime has many definitions. In fact the most common thing about these definitions is that crime is punishable. Crime cuts across many disciplines such as sociology, psychology and criminology. Each of these disciplines try to explain why crime is committed and how people are compelled to commit crime, a good example is sociology. Sociology attributes crime due to poor socialization in society, while psychology attributes crime mainly due to biological and Pathological criminogenic behaviors. Many scholars have tried to define crime and each has given many reasons why crime is committed. Scholars such Cesare Lombroso attribute crime to biological anomalies while scholars like Edwin Sutherland claim that criminal behavior is learned. Generally all these come, to the same conclusions that crime is an offence punishable by law. There are two main types of crime, these include violent crimes and property crime. Violent crime constitutes when someone decides to harm, threaten and conspire against someone else while property crime constitute someone who damages, destroys or steals someone’s property. Both violent and property crimes are offences which involve force and damage to society. There are different types of punishing crime, the most common typologies are retribution, restorative justice, general and specific deterrence, rehabilitation and just deserts. Crime punishment has been there since the beginning of time, theoldesttype of punishment was retribution. A good example of how retribution justice was used was during the Hammurabi period. In those days if crime was committed it constituted an eye for an eye. If I killed someone my punishment would be death. No one was spared. Justice was viewed differently. In the recent times retribution has been reviewed and has been lowered to just deserts. The punishment is still harsh but considers many factors at hand, such as the state of mindof the offender. Crime has been there for a long time and has been defined and been punished in different ways. What constitutes a crime has also been reviewed .what was viewed a crime in the previous times is not a crime now. A good example is freedom of worship. Many people were not allowed to worship any other gods and did it secrecy due to fear of prosecution and being labeled a heretic. In present times one is allowed to worship any god and believe in whoever they please. Generallycrime is a wide topic and has been vigorously studied in different aspects butin this essay I am going to focus mainly on the major objectives of crime prevention, typologies of crime reduction, law enforcement and crime, recidivism of crime and interventions on reduction of crime. 2.0 OBJECTIVES OF CRIME PREVENTIONAND CRIME REDUCTION Crime prevention includes reducing and deterring crime and criminals from committing crimes. Crime reduction is quite similar to crime prevention, for crime reduction to occur we need to prevent it at first. Crime prevention strategies are usually implemented by criminal justice agencies, individuals, businesses and non-governmental agencies in order to maintain order and enforce the law. Crime prevention strategies not only deter crime but also reduce the risk of increasing victimization in the society.Crime prevention has many objectives but the most main objective is to reduce and deter crime. Many criminal justice agencies have developed strategies through public policy in order to prevent crime. Various models have been adopted by countries in order to combat crime. Kenya for example has enforced the Nyumbakumi initiative (community policing) spear headed by Kaguthi in order to combat crime. By this strategy neighbors are supposed to be readily aw e and watchful of what happens in the neighborhood in order to deter criminals from committing crimes. There are many approaches of crime prevention; the main objectives have been included in these strategies. These strategies are situational crime prevention strategy, environmental crime prevention, social crime prevention, developmental crime prevention, policing strategies, and community crime prevention strategies. The environmental prevention strategy was first introduced by C. Ray Jeffery a criminologist. Environmental crime prevention strategy main objective is to protect the environment which entails wildlife, Nature and the atmosphere. Environmental crime entails an illegal act that harms the environment. Many international bodies such as Interpol and the UN have recognized environmental crime due to the havoc it has causedthe environment, Types of environmental crime may include dumping hazardous waste in the ocean, illegal wild life trade of endangered species, smuggling, emitting chemicals those ozone layer and illegal logging of trees. There many crimes associated with environmental crime but I am going to focus on the two main which affect many countries which is illegal trade of wildlife and logging of tress. Many counties have been trying to fight this crime. Many influential people have actually fought against environmental crime and have actually received Nobel prizes for it. The late Wangari Maathai who was an activist for the environment was highly against illegal logging of trees. In fact she proposed that for every tree that was cut down, three should beplanted. Prevention strategies have been implemented in order to combat crime. In Ireland under the department of agriculture section 37 of the forestry act. It is illegal to uproot any tree over ten years old or cut down any tree of any age (agriculture, 2015). Illegal wildlife trade is also a major problem. Kenya has had this problem for years, being one of the countries that harbors endangered species such as the white rhino and elephants. It has faced a lot of problems in trying to combat this problem. Many poachers are killing these animals and selling the tusks of these animals for high prices. Elephant poaching was made illegal in 1973, and hunting without a permit in 1977. Kenya has roughened sentencing through increasing fines.Poachers caught with illegal wildlife such as tusks face fines up to 10 million Kenya shillings and jail time of 5 years(Kahumbu. 2013).Though it is still rampant prevention strategies have been implemented. Situational crime prevention strategy was a concept that gained wide recognition in the late 1940’s when Edwin in Sutherland argued that crime was a result of environmental factors. Hebelieved that crime was learned. Situational crime prevention strategy is deeply rooted in theories such as routine activity theory, crime pattern theory and rational choice theory. Situational crime prevention strategy focuses on mainly reducing crime by providing settings in which it is less conducive for criminals to attack. Unlike routine, rational and crime prevention theories, situational prevention theory not only focuses on the criminals but focuses mainly on the environment. A good example of how criminal justice agencies have applied this strategy is by ensuring that their heavy surveillance in the cities in order to deter criminals from committing crimes. In Kenya the Government has installed cameras on the traffic lights in order to record criminal activity and find corrupt road traffic users (Okere, 2012). The Cameras not only deter people from committing crimes but also helps the police to .find culprits who may commit a crime and get away with it. A study done in Nairobi by Stephen Okere found out that 85.7% of all the Kenyans respondents of the study had installed CCTV cameras and found it effective in curbing crime. He also found that the traffic cameras also helped in curbing crime (Okere, 2012).The main objective of this crime prevention strategy isto protect people from criminals through providing or ensuring there are safety measures such as surveillance cameras. Social crime prevention is a strategy that addresses the direct root causes of crime. The main objective of social crime prevention is on the social elements that have lead people to commit this crimes, these elements may include breakdown in familyvalues and ignorance. Lack of cohesion and environmental conditions. Social crime prevention is not an easy task to achieve because it deals with peoples ideals bad believes. The only way to create a society that is peaceful is to start from the beginning. This means ensuring that schooling from young age is given much importance. A good example of how governments have done this is by ensuring that the curriculum in nursery schools teaches children values of what wrong and what is right. There are many ways of how social crime prevention can be achieved, through changing values at home through public education and encouraging the community to be the agent of social change in their own communities. Developmental crime prevention focuses on how crime occurs; the mainobjective of this strategy is show how crime develops and causes victimization in society. Developmental crime prevention strategy is used by many countries. Public education is one of the approaches that have been used. By using public education many people are taught and developed in to young abiding citizens rather than criminals. Communities may also focus on helping teachers to be an integral part in developing self-control in young people. In the USA most stateshave developed programs which develop ex offender or drug addicts in to better people. They engage in social programs and help them achieve GEDS in order to get a better life. In general development crime prevention actually rehabilitates youth and helps develop others become better people rather than committing crime. Policing strategies are also crucial in crime prevention. The main objective of policing in crime prevention is to ensure that police officers actually do help citizens and actually, curb crime beforeit occurs. Policing should be proactive. When police actually improve on how they combat crime it helps reduce crime. Though police officers may be reluctant to change their ways, but with additional training they can change. In order to reduce crime policing should be an important aspect. Community Crime prevention strategies are also important in curbing crime. The main objective of this strategy is to ensure that the community and police actually work together in order to prevent crime. By the community being involved in everything it helps reduce crime. Most countries have actually adopted this model. Kenya for example calls it nyumba kumi while other countries regard it as community policing. By the community and the police being involved it helps curb crime because the police are not working alone but are working hand in hand to ensure safety. Community crime prevention strategy can be very effective if the relationship between the citizen and the police is cordial. If it is not, this approach can be very hard to achieve. By societies using all these models of crime prevention, reduction of crime actually occurs. Crime reduction cannot occur if the government and criminal justice agencies are not doing anything about it. If you look at countries that have high crime, the criminal justice agency and government are weak, and corruption is common. Such countries are run by cartels who engage in organized crime. Organized crime also tends to be present in countries that have strong criminal justice systems, but the difference between the two is that they are not strong as they are in failed states or weak countries. Guinea-Bissau for example which faces a lot corruption has made it easier for organized crime flourish. In April 2007 the authorizes of Guinea-Bissau managed to seize 635 kilograms of cocaine , unfortunately the drug traffickers managed to escape with 2.5 tons of drugs because the police could not catch up with them (Mutume, 2007). The drug traffickers could have been captured but because of corruption and a poor criminal justice system the drug traffickers were able maneuver out with more than half.

Crime prevention and limitations Crime analysis is understood as the systematic study of crime and disorder problems as well as other police-related issues (Santos). It is important to include sociodemographic, spatial, and mundane factors to assist in criminal apprehension, crime reduction, and crime prevention. It is used primarily as information so that personnel, from patrol officers to police chiefs, have an idea of when and where crime is occurring and how much it has overall occurred. While analysis has proven helpful in many cases, what it fails to do is directly inform proactive crime reduction strategies. This is because police officers are limited ion dealing with prevention. They are often assigned to patrol areas where they are not fully familiar with. They may not fully understand the social structure and norms that fuel the neighborhood and the actions of its residents. While crime analysis was once focused primarily on tactical issues of identifying offenders, discrimination and stereotyping led to social unrest and led to other tactics of crime prevention. With the stop and frisk campaign in new York, where the police had the right to stop an individual and frisk them for any sort of weapons, drugs or paraphernalia, it became apparent hat innocent young blacks were not being targeted, but were having their rights infringed upon. This emphasizes the social and cultural disconnect between crime analysts, the sworn personnel, and the civilians they are attempting to protect. These became a blurred line between the officers’ role of protecting and harassing innocent civilians. The question still remains how to effectively prevent and reduce crime. Crime analysis and crime mapping are becoming more common, but they are primarily implemented in larger police agencies. Areas that have statistically needed more protection have been given more policing depending on the capacity of the police in the district. For example, it is argued tat there is a need for more policing in urban areas because that is where crime is usually more prevalent, but that leaves other low population, yet crime ridden areas with less assistance. Despite this all, policing is occasionally being shifted to focus more on ‘hot spots,’ areas where crime is more prevalent. The close monitoring has o an extent been able to deter crime, but that again depends on the stance of the offender and what they have to lose from their potential criminal transaction. Do they work? While in an ideal world all crime prevention efforts would work, that is not the case in the society that we live in today. Crime and its prevention vary depending on the environment of where the crime is happening. The demographics, the socioeconomic status of the people, and the relationships within the community all factor into crime and its prevention. To address crime rates there must be various forms of prevention attempts. From the research conducted, it is evident that incarceration is limited in its effectiveness of crime prevention and reduction. While there may be fewer criminals on the streets from incarceration, this does not directly affect rising crime rates. Given that about two thirds of criminals in the U.S. return to prison, incarceration only proves to be a temporary fix. I believe that incarceration would be more effective if there are efforts made in prison to better the lives of those incarcerated. Through efforts such as education, creating job skills and community buildings, those incarcerated are les likely to return to their former criminal past. This has the ability to create crime prevention and reduction in the long run. I also believe that random patrol and reactive arrests used responses to a community’s demand are generally effective, policing in areas where crime is more prevalent makes it easier to identify problems within a community. It develops tailored responses in a timely manner so that crime can be controlled, reduced, and prevented. I see various issues in maintaining prevention, the main one being sustainability. Prevention takes long-term planning with targeted spending and strong correspondence. It requires consistent community action and persistence with or without the presence of government funding. Without flexibility crime cannot be prevented or reduced. Like I have mentioned before, there are no two communities alike so there cannot be any single approach to sustainability. It is up to the individual communities and organizations to determine appropriate strategies and implement them. I agree with the World Health Organization and the understanding that creating and implementing and monitoring a national action plan for violence prevention would be effective. In order to do so, the issues of funding must be addressed. I believe that the federal and local government should invent in testing method of policing in order to raise awareness and reduce crime. To keep time rates low, there is a need to enhance the capacity of data collection on violence. That way, the issues that need to be addressed are apparent. When looking at issues and crimes within a community, it is important to examine the causes. Consequences and costs for prevention as well as reduction. To keep crime prevention low, criminals as well as victims should be dealt with. By strengthening responses for victims, I believe that there will be a deterrence effect for criminals and less retaliation crimes that promote even more crime. I also believe that integrating crime prevention into social and educational policies has the ability to reduce crime by promoting social equality.

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How Does Concealed Carrying of Weapons Affect Violent Crime?

15 Pages Posted: 31 May 2024

John R. Lott

Crime Prevention Research Center

Carlisle E. Moody

College of William and Mary - Department of Economics; Crime Prevention Research Center

Date Written: May 31, 2024

Several articles have been published finding that carry concealed weapons (CCW) laws allowing citizens with a concealed carry permit to go about with a firearm concealed on their person, cause violent crime to increase. While most of the research finds that right-to-carry laws reduce crime, let’s assume that these laws do increase violent crime. There are two possible explanations, though few studies have examined them. Permit holders, despite the fact that they must pass a background check and satisfy the legal requirements to obtain a permit, become violent criminals after issuance. For example, one suggestion is that permit holders might be more susceptible to road rage than others. The second explanation is that permit holders reduce the effectiveness of police. Using a unique new data set on the number of stolen guns and the number of concealed handgun permits, we find no evidence for either explanation.

Keywords: Concealed Carry, Constitutional Carry, Stolen Guns, Crime, Policing

JEL Classification: K14

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

John R. Lott (Contact Author)

Crime prevention research center ( email ).

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Arthritis and Joint Pain Management

Many professional organizations have guidelines for managing arthritis pain. A common theme across guidelines is that pain management strategies should be flexible, include options that do not involve medication, and be tailored to meet the needs of the patient. Such guidelines suggest the following for managing arthritis symptoms such as pain:

Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol®) or ibuprofen (e.g., Advil® or Motrin®) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Physical activity/exercise or community-based physical activity programs.
Exercise therapy, including physical therapy.
Self-management education workshops.
Weight loss, if overweight or obese.
Cognitive behavioral therapy—a psychological, goal-directed approach in which patients learn how to modify physical, behavioral, and emotional triggers of pain and stress.

Over-the-Counter Medications

Emerging evidence suggests that these are safer and more effective treatments for managing long-term arthritis pain than opioids.

A recent study of individuals with knee and hip osteoarthritis, the most common types of arthritis, found that after one year, people who took over-the-counter medications had greater reductions in pain severity than people who took opioids.

Prescription opioids are medications that can be used to treat moderate to severe pain. In 2015, nearly one in three US adults with arthritis purchased at least 1 prescription opioid from a pharmacy that year . Furthermore, adults with arthritis accounted for more than half of US adults with at least 1 opioid prescription dispensed. There is limited evidence of prescribed opioids’ long-term effectiveness when used for chronic conditions such as arthritis.

Safer options exist to help manage arthritis pain.

Federal Government Resources

Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review
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HHS National Pain Strategy

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American Chronic Pain Association
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Crime Prevention Approaches Essay

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To improve safety and justice in the society, it is necessary not only to investigate crimes and prosecute perpetrators but also to pursue crime prevention. There are various approaches to this; one of them is based on the idea that the redevelopment of physical space in a neighborhood can decrease crime rates in it. Another approach is based on the social disorganization theory and suggests that communities should be empowered to detect criminogenic factors and intervene in behaviors to decrease crime rates. The latter approach is better because it demonstrates better political implications, originates from more insightful assumptions, and proves to be more effective.

First of all, the political implications of social disorganization theory-based crime prevention measures appear to be more beneficial than those of redevelopment. Warner, Beck, and Ohmer (2010) argue that a major purpose of community programs is to provide “political support for low-income communities” (p. 365), and efforts related to restorative justice and peacemaking criminology are aimed at providing this support exactly. In contrast, redevelopment is something imposed on communities by public administrators and other external decision-makers. Crime prevention by redevelopment does not empower communities; on the contrary, the members of communities exposed to it report lower perceived safety (August, 2016, p. 3419). Therefore, engaging communities in crime prevention has better political implications than regarding communities as recipients of crime prevention measures as opposed to agents of such measures.

Further, it is important to examine the underlying assumptions of the two approaches. The redevelopment approach assumes that crime prevention can be carried out “through environmental design” (August, 2016, p. 3406); i.e., it is the environment with its enclosed spaces and secluded paths that causes crime or makes it more probable. However, the redesign of common space was not confirmed to reduce crime. At the same time, the strategy of engaging residents in establishing and enforcing norms with the purpose of maintaining order in communities is based on the assumption that communities are capable of detecting and preventing misconduct in their neighborhoods, and this assumption, according to Warner et al. (2010) is more reliable (p. 356) because crime is a phenomenon that is often directly linked to communities and not external influences.

Finally, there is the matter of effectiveness. August (2016) explicitly states that the residents of the redeveloped neighborhood perceived it as less safe; although, they were not certain if there were more crimes committed or they were just informed better about the crimes of which they had not known before (p. 3419). The study has demonstrated that redevelopment, although beneficial from various perspectives, is not particularly effective in terms of crime prevention. In contrast, Warned et al. (2010) suggest that, although further research on the effectiveness of the approach proposed by them is needed (p. 366), the social disorganization theory-based crime prevention model is rather effective in terms of enabling community control of crime and thus reducing crime rates.

The approach suggested by Warner et al. (2010, p. 366) is better because it empowers communities and allows them to improve cooperation instead of having changes imposed on them without considering their perspectives. Also, this approach is based on more accurate assumptions about basic criminogenic factors. Finally, the application of this approach leads to a higher level of perceived safety. Public administrators should adopt this approach as opposed to expecting lower crime rates after redeveloping the physical environment of neighborhoods.

August, M. (2016). Revitalisation gone wrong: Mixed-income public housing redevelopment in Toronto’s Don Mount Court. Urban Studies, 53 (16), 3405-3422.

Warner, B. D., Beck, E., & Ohmer, M. L. (2010). Linking informal social control and restorative justice: Moving social disorganization theory beyond community policing. Contemporary Justice Review, 13 (4), 355-369.

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What is cybercrime? How to protect yourself

What is cybercrime?

Cybercrime is criminal activity that either targets or uses a computer, a computer network or a networked device. Most cybercrime is committed by cybercriminals or hackers who want to make money. However, occasionally cybercrime aims to damage computers or networks for reasons other than profit. These could be political or personal.

Cybercrime can be carried out by individuals or organizations. Some cybercriminals are organized, use advanced techniques and are highly technically skilled. Others are novice hackers.

What are the types of cybercrime?

Types of cybercrime include:

Email and internet fraud.
Identity fraud (where personal information is stolen and used).
Theft of financial or card payment data.
Theft and sale of corporate data.
Cyberextortion (demanding money to prevent a threatened attack).
Ransomware attacks (a type of cyberextortion).
Cryptojacking (where hackers mine cryptocurrency using resources they do not own).
Cyberespionage (where hackers access government or company data).
Interfering with systems in a way that compromises a network.
Infringing copyright.
Illegal gambling.
Selling illegal items online.
Soliciting, producing, or possessing child pornography.

Cybercrime involves one or both of the following:

Criminal activity targeting computers using viruses and other types of malware .
Criminal activity using computers to commit other crimes.

Cybercriminals that target computers may infect them with malware to damage devices or stop them working. They may also use malware to delete or steal data. Or cybercriminals may stop users from using a website or network or prevent a business providing a software service to its customers, which is called a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack.

Cybercrime that uses computers to commit other crimes may involve using computers or networks to spread malware, illegal information or illegal images.

Cybercriminals are often doing both at once. They may target computers with viruses first and then use them to spread malware to other machines or throughout a network. Some jurisdictions recognize a third category of cybercrime which is where a computer is used as an accessory to crime. An example of this is using a computer to store stolen data.

Man frustrated over cybercrime experience

Examples of cybercrime

Here are some famous examples of different types of cybercrime attack used by cybercriminals:

1. Malware attacks

A malware attack is where a computer system or network is infected with a computer virus or other type of malware. A computer compromised by malware could be used by cybercriminals for several purposes. These include stealing confidential data, using the computer to carry out other criminal acts, or causing damage to data.

A famous example of a malware attack was the WannaCry ransomware attack, a global cybercrime committed in May 2017. WannaCry is a type of ransomware, malware used to extort money by holding the victim’s data or device to ransom. The ransomware targeted a vulnerability in computers running Microsoft Windows.

When the WannaCry ransomware attack hit, 230,000 computers were affected across 150 countries. Users were locked out of their files and sent a message demanding that they pay a Bitcoin ransom to regain access.

Worldwide, the WannaCry cybercrime is estimated to have caused $4 billion in financial losses. To this day, the attack stands out for its sheer size and impact.

2. Phishing

A phishing campaign is when spam emails, or other forms of communication, are sent with the intention of tricking recipients into doing something that undermines their security. Phishing campaign messages may contain infected attachments or links to malicious sites, or they may ask the receiver to respond with confidential information.

A famous example of a phishing scam took place during the World Cup in 2018. According to our report, 2018 Fraud World Cup , the World Cup phishing scam involved emails that were sent to football fans. These spam emails tried to entice fans with fake free trips to Moscow, where the World Cup was being hosted. People who opened and clicked on the links contained in these emails had their personal data stolen.

Another type of phishing campaign is known as spear-phishing . These are targeted phishing campaigns which try to trick specific individuals into jeopardizing the security of the organization they work for.

Unlike mass phishing campaigns, which are very general in style, spear-phishing messages are typically crafted to look like messages from a trusted source. For example, they are made to look like they have come from the CEO or the IT manager. They may not contain any visual clues that they are fake.

3. Distributed DoS attacks

Distributed DoS attacks (DDoS) are a type of cybercrime attack that cybercriminals use to bring down a system or network. Sometimes connected IoT (Internet of Things) devices are used to launch DDoS attacks.

A DDoS attack overwhelms a system by using one of the standard communication protocols it uses to spam the system with connection requests. Cybercriminals who are carrying out cyberextortion may use the threat of a DDoS attack to demand money. Alternatively, a DDoS may be used as a distraction tactic while another type of cybercrime takes place.

A famous example of this type of attack is the 2017 DDoS attack on the UK National Lottery website . This brought the lottery’s website and mobile app offline, preventing UK citizens from playing. The reason behind the attack remains unknown, however, it is suspected that the attack was an attempt to blackmail the National Lottery.

Impact of cybercrime

Generally, cybercrime is on the rise. According to Accenture’s State of Cybersecurity Resilience 2021 report , security attacks increased 31% from 2020 to 2021. The number of attacks per company increased from 206 to 270 year on year. Attacks on companies affect individuals too since many of them store sensitive data and personal information from customers.

A single attack – whether it’s a data breach, malware, ransomware or DDoS attack - costs companies of all sizes an average of $200,000, and many affected companies go out of business within six months of the attack, according to insurance company Hiscox .

Javelin Strategy & Research published an Identity Fraud Study in 2021 which found that identity fraud losses for the year totalled $56 billion.

For both individuals and companies, the impact of cybercrime can be profound – primarily financial damage, but also loss of trust and reputational damage.

How to report a cybercrime

File a report with the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) as soon as possible. Visit ic3.gov for more information.

Contact Action Fraud as soon as possible – find out more on their website here.

Europol has a useful website here which collates the relevant cybercrime reporting links for each EU member state.

You can find information about how to report cybercrime in the UAE on this official website here .

The Australian Cyber Security Centre has information about how to report a cybercrime here.

How to protect yourself against cybercrime

Given its prevalence, you may be wondering how to stop cybercrime? Here are some sensible tips to protect your computer and your personal data from cybercrime:

1. Keep software and operating system updated

Keeping your software and operating system up to date ensures that you benefit from the latest security patches to protect your computer.

2. Use anti-virus software and keep it updated

Using anti-virus or a comprehensive internet security solution like Kaspersky Premium is a smart way to protect your system from attacks. Anti-virus software allows you to scan, detect and remove threats before they become a problem. Having this protection in place helps to protect your computer and your data from cybercrime, giving you piece of mind. Keep your antivirus updated to receive the best level of protection.

3. Use strong passwords

Be sure to use strong passwords that people will not guess and do not record them anywhere. Or use a reputable password manager to generate strong passwords randomly to make this easier.

4. Never open attachments in spam emails

A classic way that computers get infected by malware attacks and other forms of cybercrime is via email attachments in spam emails. Never open an attachment from a sender you do not know.

5. Do not click on links in spam emails or untrusted websites

Another way people become victims of cybercrime is by clicking on links in spam emails or other messages, or unfamiliar websites. Avoid doing this to stay safe online.

6. Do not give out personal information unless secure

Never give out personal data over the phone or via email unless you are completely sure the line or email is secure. Make certain that you are speaking to the person you think you are.

7. Contact companies directly about suspicious requests

If you are asked for personal information or data from a company who has called you, hang up. Call them back using the number on their official website to ensure you are speaking to them and not a cybercriminal. Ideally, use a different phone because cybercriminals can hold the line open. When you think you’ve re-dialed, they can pretend to be from the bank or other organization that you think you are speaking to.

8. Be mindful of which website URLs you visit

Keep an eye on the URLs you are clicking on. Do they look legitimate? Avoid clicking on links with unfamiliar or URLs that look like spam. If your internet security product includes functionality to secure online transactions, ensure it is enabled before carrying out financial transactions online.

9. Keep an eye on your bank statements

Spotting that you have become a victim of cybercrime quickly is important. Keep an eye on your bank statements and query any unfamiliar transactions with the bank. The bank can investigate whether they are fraudulent.

A good antivirus will protect you from the threat of cybercrime. Learn more about Kaspersky Premium.

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Oregon romance writer Nancy Brophy seeks murder conviction reversal, citing prosecutor’s wink to infamous essay

Updated: Jun. 11, 2024, 1:35 p.m. |
Published: Jun. 10, 2024, 6:00 a.m.

A woman in a pale blue sweater and blue scarf sits at a witness stand

Nancy Crampton Brophy testifies in her trial in 2022. Dave Killen / The Oregonian

Zane Sparling | The Oregonian/OregonLive

A top prosecutor’s sly reference to an infamous essay, “How to Murder Your Husband,” is one of the reasons Oregon romance novelist Nancy Crampton Brophy should get a new trial, her attorney argues.

The how-to essay and trial figure prominently in “Happily Never After: Dan and Nancy” a new podcast from Wondery and The Oregonian/OregonLive.

Happily Never After

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‘How to Murder Your Husband’: Cybill Shepherd plays Nancy Crampton Brophy in TV movie about Oregon murder case

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FY24 Economic, High-Technology, White Collar, and Internet Crime Prevention National Training and Technical Assistance Program

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With this solicitation, the Bureau of Justice Assistance seeks to enhance the capacities of state, local, territorial, and tribal criminal justice systems to prevent, investigate, and respond to economic, high-technology, white collar, and internet crimes by delivering training and technical assistance to diverse stakeholders. In addition, the program is intended to serve as a key resource to identify new and emerging issues in economic, high-technology, white collar, and internet crime and provide resources and training to educate the field.

Eligible Applicants:

Public- and state-controlled institutions of higher education
Nonprofits having a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of higher education
Nonprofits that do not have a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of higher education

See the solicitation for additional opportunity and eligibility details, as well as directions on how to apply.

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Essay on Crime Prevention
Essay on Crime Prevention. Crime is a global problem affecting each and every country. Every country suffers from increased crime rates which result to insecurities and a negative impact on the economy. This increased crime rate is fueled by poverty, parental negligence, low self-esteem, alcohol, and drug abuse, resulting from the lack of ...
PDF Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising
The science of crime prevention To most practitioners, crime prevention is an art. But as the U.S. Congress indicated in the law requiring this report, the art of crime prevention (like the art of medi-cine) can be evaluated and guided by the effectiveness of State and local crime prevention assistance programs funded
Crime Prevention: A Multifaceted Approach to a Complex Issue: [Essay
Crime is an age-old problem that has plagued societies across the globe, leaving communities to grapple with its consequences and seek effective measures for prevention. The complexity of crime necessitates a multifaceted approach to its prevention, one that encompasses not only law enforcement but also social, economic, and psychological ...
106 Crime Prevention Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
Displacement: Crime Prevention. It refers to circumstances where crime intervention efforts make the cost of committing an offense greater than the benefits accruing from the crime. We will write. a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts. 809 writers online.
Crime Prevention Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
Crime Prevention and Community afety Key issues in crime prevention and community safety The recent focus on crime prevention is a very delightful movement within the law enforcement arena. Traditionally crime prevention has been viewed as an unnecessary appendage to its more robust siblings within the system of law enforcement and justice (Community-based 2010).
Crime Prevention Essay
Crime is understood by society as an offence carried out by an individual whom is expected to be then punished by the law. Crime prevention strategies seek to measure the potential impact of crime on an individual and within society, therefore, the importance of effective prevention methods provide a safe and secure environment for society to improve with.
Situational Crime Prevention
Discussion. Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) is a crime prevention theory that is fundamentally based upon the Rational Choice Theory. SCP is more concerned with the different aspects of an environment that make it more probable to experience criminal activity. Clarke (2004) developed a chart outlining twenty-five techniques of situational ...
UNODC Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention. "Crime Prevention comprises strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes." the Prevention of Crime ECOSOC Resolution 2002/13, Annex.
Crime Prevention
11 essay samples found. Crime prevention refers to the strategies, practices, and policies aimed at reducing or deterring criminal behavior in communities. Essays on crime prevention could explore the various approaches to crime prevention, such as community policing, situational prevention, or social intervention programs.
Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising: A Report
An evaluation of the effectiveness of crime prevention programs concluded that some prevention programs work and some do not and that the effectiveness of United States Department of Justice (DOJ) funding for crime prevention depends heavily on whether it is directed to the urban neighborhoods where youth violence is highly concentrated.
Five Things About Deterrence
Deterrence — the crime prevention effects of the threat of punishment — is a theory of choice in which individuals balance the benefits and costs of crime. In his 2013 essay, "Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century," Daniel S. Nagin succinctly summarized the current state of theory and empirical knowledge about deterrence.
Crime Prevention Programs in America
Crime Prevention Programs in America Essay. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the term "crime" is defined as the violation of the rules, established in the society or as the breach of existing legislation. At first, glance, such a definition seems to be quite appropriate. However, it disregards a very important aspect, the cause of crime.
Crime Prevention and Control Effectiveness Essay
Analysis. The biggest difference between these approaches is that the first one is reactive and the second one is more proactive. Crime control focuses on incidents that have already occurred, and the central goal of prevention is to keep them from happening. The dissimilarity is rather dramatic, but they can be closely connected with each other.
Models of Crime Prevention: Their application
This essay discusses crime prevention, its models, and its application in the real-world setting. Defining Crime Prevention Crime prevention in its simplest definition is the process of deterring crime, criminals, and reducing levels of victimisation. White and Perrone (2005) view crime prevention as "the creation and implementation of ...
Community Crime Prevention: A Review Essay On Program Evaluations And
Analysis of community crime prevention programs suggests that while such programs tend to be favorably received by the public and the police, they only infrequently reduce crime. Evaluation research in this area tends to suggest that the apparent failures of crime prevention programs do not result from inappropriate conceptualization, but ...
Crime Prevention and Public Policy
Abstract. This article introduces crime prevention, which often refers to the attempts to prevent crime or criminal offending before the actual act has been committed. It studies four main crime prevention strategies, namely developmental prevention, community prevention, situational prevention, and criminal justice prevention.
The Importance Of Crime Prevention
The importance of evaluating crime prevention methods assist to reassure reoccurring criminal offences and help minimise the result of criminal activity on a specific category and/or area. The focus of this essay is based around the effective crime prevention strategies, which underlie several different perspectives by law enforcement and society.
IELTS Essay: Crime Prevention
1. Though crime rates have fallen to historic lows in most nations, there are many who feel further action is still required. 2. In my opinion, there should always be criminal prevention efforts, however, on level, crime is being opposed adequately. Paraphrase the overall essay topic. Write a clear opinion.
100 Words Essay on Crime
Crime, a social and legal concept, has been a part of human society since its inception. It refers to the actions that violate the norms and laws of a society, leading to harm or potential harm to individuals or the community. The study of crime, its causes, effects, and prevention, is a crucial aspect of sociology, psychology, and criminology.
PDF CPCJ Module 2 Crime Prevention
1. Understand the definition of crime prevention used by the United Nations. 2. Distinguish between key terms used in crime prevention and community safety contexts. 3. Describe different crime prevention typologies. 4. Apply different crime problem-solving approaches to common crime problems. 5.
Essay: WHAT IS CRIME? Crime prevention and crime reduction
Social crime prevention is a strategy that addresses the direct root causes of crime. The main objective of social crime prevention is on the social elements that have lead people to commit this crimes, these elements may include breakdown in familyvalues and ignorance. Lack of cohesion and environmental conditions.
The effectiveness of community policing forum in crime prevention
The prevention of crime, the detection and punishment of offenders, the protection of life and property, and the preservation of public tranquillity are the direct responsibilities of ordinary ...
How Does Concealed Carrying of Weapons Affect Violent Crime?
Crime Prevention Research Center. Carlisle E. Moody. ... PAPERS. 2,481. Feedback. Feedback to SSRN. Feedback (required) Email (required) Submit If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday.
Arthritis and Joint Pain Management
Weight loss, if overweight or obese. Cognitive behavioral therapy—a psychological, goal-directed approach in which patients learn how to modify physical, behavioral, and emotional triggers of pain and stress. Emerging evidence suggests that these are safer and more effective treatments for managing long-term arthritis pain than opioids.
Crime Prevention Approaches
Crime Prevention Approaches Essay. To improve safety and justice in the society, it is necessary not only to investigate crimes and prosecute perpetrators but also to pursue crime prevention. There are various approaches to this; one of them is based on the idea that the redevelopment of physical space in a neighborhood can decrease crime rates ...
What is Cybercrime and How to Protect Yourself?
Cybercrime is criminal activity that either targets or uses a computer, a computer network or a networked device. Most cybercrime is committed by cybercriminals or hackers who want to make money. However, occasionally cybercrime aims to damage computers or networks for reasons other than profit. These could be political or personal.
PDF FY 2024 Economic, High-Technology, White Collar, and Internet Crime
WHITE COLLAR, AND INTERNET CRIME . PREVENTION NATIONAL TRAINING AND . TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. IMPORTANT DEADLINES. GRANTS.GOV: JULY 17, 2024. JUSTGRANTS: JULY 24, 2024. Who May Apply: Public and state-controlled institutions of higher education; nonprofits other ; than institutions of higher education:
Oregon romance writer Nancy Brophy seeks murder conviction reversal
A top prosecutor's sly reference to an infamous essay, "How to Murder Your Husband," is one of the reasons Oregon romance novelist Nancy Crampton Brophy should get a new trial, her attorney ...
FY24 Office of Justice Programs Community Based Violence Intervention
Solicitation Overview is forthcoming. With this solicitation, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, in coordination with the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Office of Victims of Crime, seeks applications to provide a range of training and technical assistance (TTA) to grantees and the field at large under the Community Based Violence Intervention and Prevention ...
FY24 Economic, High-Technology, White Collar, and Internet Crime
View/print the Solicitation Overview. With this solicitation, the Bureau of Justice Assistance seeks to enhance the capacities of state, local, territorial, and tribal criminal justice systems to prevent, investigate, and respond to economic, high-technology, white collar, and internet crimes by delivering training and technical assistance to diverse stakeholders.

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Crime Prevention: a Multifaceted Approach to a Complex Issue

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Situational Crime Prevention

Situational Crime Prevention and its Utilization as a Tool against Would Be Criminals

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Target Hardening

Strengthen Formal Surveillance

SCP Application

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Crime Prevention - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Crime Prevention: Putting a Stop to Hate Crime

Situational Crime Prevention

Crime and Deviant Behavior: Birds of a Feather Flock Together

Methods of Database Security

Home Depot Data Breach

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The Efficacy of Crime Prevention Strategies: a Critical Analysis

Additional Example Essays

Five Things About Deterrence

1. The certainty of being caught is a vastly more powerful deterrent than the punishment.

2. Sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime.

3. Police deter crime by increasing the perception that criminals will be caught and punished.

4. Increasing the severity of punishment does little to deter crime.

5. There is no proof that the death penalty deters criminals.

Understanding the Relationship Between Sentencing and Deterrence

“Sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime.”

“Increasing the severity of punishment does little to deter crime.”

More severe punishments do not “chasten” individuals convicted of crimes.

Certainty has a greater impact on deterrence than severity of punishment.

A person’s age is a powerful factor in deterring crime.

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Models of Crime Prevention: Their application

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Change Region / Country

The Importance Of Crime Prevention

Public Services Level 3: Crime and Its Effects on Society Task 2

Crime Control Policy Paper

Crime Reduction and Prevention Proposal

Critical Comparison Of Situational And Social Approaches To Crime Prevention

Criminal Justice Final Exam

Using Material from Item a and Elsewhere, Assess Sociological Views of Crime Reduction Strategies.

Reiman And Leighton Theory Summary

The Effectiveness Of Gang Prevention Programs Essay

Truth In Sentencing Policies and the Effects on Courts and Prisons

Improving Law Enforcement's Approach to Combating Organized Crime