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Eight Ways (and More) To Find and Access Research Papers

This blog is part of our Research Smarter series. You’ll discover the various search engines, databases and data repositories to help you along the way. Click on any of the following links for in an in-depth look at how to find relevant research papers, journals , and authors for your next project using the Web of Science™. You can  also check out our ultimate guides here , which include tips to speed up the writing process.

If you’re in the early stages of your research career, you’re likely struggling to learn all you can about your chosen field and evaluate your options. You also need an easy and convenient way to find the right research papers upon which to build your own work and keep you on the proper path toward your goals.

Fortunately, most institutions have access to thousands of journals, so your first step should be to be to check with library staff  and find out what is available via your institutional subscriptions.

For those who may be unfamiliar with other means of access, this blog post – the first in a series devoted to helping you “research smarter” – will provide a sampling of established data sources for scientific research. These include search engines, databases, and data repositories.

Search Engines and Databases

You may have already discovered that the process of searching for research papers offers many choices and scenarios. Some search engines, for example, can be accessed free of charge. Others require a subscription. The latter group generally includes services that index the contents of thousands of published journals, allowing for detailed searches on data fields such as author name, institution, title or keyword, and even funding sources. Because many journals operate on a subscription model too, the process of obtaining full-text versions of papers can be complicated.

On the other hand, a growing number of publishers follow the practice of Open Access (OA) , making their journal content freely available. Similarly, some authors publish their results in the form of preprints, posting them to preprint servers for immediate and free access. These repositories, like indexing services, differ in that some concentrate in a given discipline or broad subject area, while others cover the full range of research.

Search Engines

Following is a brief selection of reputable search engines by which to locate articles relevant to your research.

Google Scholar is a free search engine that provides access to research in multiple disciplines. The sources include academic publishers, universities, online repositories, books, and even judicial opinions from court cases. Based on its indexing, Google Scholar provides citation counts to allow authors and others to track the impact of their work.  

The Directory of Open Access Journals ( DOAJ ) allows users to search and retrieve the article contents of nearly 10,000 OA journals in science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and humanities. All journals must adhere to quality-control standards, including peer review.

PubMed , maintained by the US National Library of Medicine, is a free search engine covering the biomedical and life sciences. Its coverage derives primarily from the MEDLINE database, covering materials as far back as 1951.

JSTOR affords access to more than 12 million journal articles in upwards of 75 disciplines, providing full-text searches of more than 2,000 journals, and access to more than 5,000 OA books.

Selected Databases

The following selection samples a range of resources, including databases which, as discussed above, index the contents of journals either in a given specialty area or the full spectrum of research. Others listed below offer consolidated coverage of multiple databases. Your institution is likely subscribed to a range of research databases, speak to your librarian to see which databases you have access to, and how to go about your search.

Web of Science includes The Web of Science Core Collection, which covers more than 20,000 carefully selected journals, along with books, conference proceedings, and other sources. The indexing also captures citation data, permitting users to follow the thread of an idea or development over time, as well as to track a wide range of research-performance metrics. The Web of Science also features EndNote™ Click , a free browser plugin that offers one-click access to the best available legal and legitimate full-text versions of papers. See here for our ultimate guide to finding relevant research papers on the Web of Science .

Science.gov covers the vast territory of United States federal science, including more than 60 databases and 2,200-plus websites. The many allied agencies whose research is reflected include NASA, the US Department of Agriculture, and the US Environmental Protection Agency.

CiteSeerx is devoted primarily to information and computer science. The database includes a feature called Autonomous Citation Indexing, designed to extract citations and create a citation index for literature searching and evaluation.

Preprint and Data Repositories

An early form of OA literature involved authors, as noted above,  making electronic, preprint versions of their papers freely available. This practice has expanded widely today. You can find archives devoted to a single main specialty area, as well as general repositories connected with universities and other institutions.

The specialty archive is perhaps best exemplified by arXiv (conveniently pronounced “archive,” and one of the earliest examples of a preprint repository). Begun in 1991 as a physics repository, ArXiv has expanded to embrace mathematics, astronomy, statistics, economics, and other disciplines. The success of ArXiv spurred the development of, for example, bioArXiv devoted to an array of topics within biology, and for chemistry, ChemRxiv .

Meanwhile, thousands of institutional repositories hold a variety of useful materials. In addition to research papers, these archives store raw datasets, graphics, notes, and other by-products of investigation. Currently, the Registry of Open Access Repositories lists more than 4,700 entries.

Reach Out Yourself?

If the resources above don’t happen to result in a free and full-text copy of the research you seek, you can also try reaching out to the authors yourself.

To find who authored a paper, you can search indexing platforms like the Web of Science , or research profiling systems like Publons™ , or ResearchGate , then look to reach out to the authors directly.

So, although the sheer volume of research can pose a challenge to identifying and securing needed papers, plenty of options are available.

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Collection  12 March 2023

Journal Top 100 - 2022

This collection highlights our most downloaded* research papers published in 2022. Featuring authors from around the world, these papers highlight valuable research from an international community.

You can also check out the Top 100 across various subject areas here .

*Data obtained from SN Insights, which is based on Digital Science’s Dimensions.

mRNA vaccine-induced antibodies more effective than natural immunity in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and its high affinity variants

• Dominic Esposito

Cats learn the names of their friend cats in their daily lives

• Saho Takagi
• Atsuko Saito
• Hika Kuroshima

Metformin administration is associated with enhanced response to transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in type 2 diabetes patients

• Woo Jin Jung
• Sangmi Jang
• Jin-Wook Kim

The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background

• Bruno Sauce
• Magnus Liebherr
• Torkel Klingberg

Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom

• Kendy Tzu-yun Teng
• Dave C. Brodbelt
• Dan G. O’Neill

Bioarchaeological and palaeogenomic portrait of two Pompeians that died during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD

• Gabriele Scorrano
• Serena Viva
• Fabio Macciardi

Reading on a smartphone affects sigh generation, brain activity, and comprehension

• Motoyasu Honma
• Yuri Masaoka
• Masahiko Izumizaki

Principal Component Analyses (PCA)-based findings in population genetic studies are highly biased and must be reevaluated

• Eran Elhaik

The determinants of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality across countries

• Dianna Chang
• Kelvin Jui Keng Tan

Birdsongs alleviate anxiety and paranoia in healthy participants

• J. Sundermann

Identification of ADS024, a newly characterized strain of Bacillus velezensis with direct Clostridiodes difficile killing and toxin degradation bio-activities

• Michelle M. O’Donnell
• James W. Hegarty
• Laurent Chesnel

Multiple sclerosis genetic and non-genetic factors interact through the transient transcriptome

• Renato Umeton
• Gianmarco Bellucci
• Giovanni Ristori

The effect of metformin on the survival of colorectal cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

• Zeinab Tarhini
• Kamelia Manceur
• Niki Christou

Chemical characterisation of the vapour emitted by an e-cigarette using a ceramic wick-based technology

• M. Isabel Pinto

Large-magnitude (VEI ≥ 7) ‘wet’ explosive silicic eruption preserved a Lower Miocene habitat at the Ipolytarnóc Fossil Site, North Hungary

• Dávid Karátson
• Imre Szarvas

Far-UVC (222 nm) efficiently inactivates an airborne pathogen in a room-sized chamber

• Waseem Hiwar
• Kenneth Wood

Low dose aspirin associated with greater bone mineral density in older adults

• Hongzhan Liu
• Xungang Xiao

First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea

• Rosalind M. Wright
• Adam T. Piper
• David Righton

Infections with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant exhibit fourfold increased viral loads in the upper airways compared to Alpha or non-variants of concern

• Christian J. H. von Wintersdorff
• Jozef Dingemans
• Paul H. M. Savelkoul

Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 syndrome

• Júlia Aranyó
• Victor Bazan
• Roger Villuendas

The microstructure and the origin of the Venus from Willendorf

• Gerhard W. Weber
• Alexander Lukeneder

COVID-19 reinfections among naturally infected and vaccinated individuals

• Sezanur Rahman
• M. Mahfuzur Rahman
• Mustafizur Rahman

Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic strongly impacted the circulation of respiratory pathogens in Southern China

• Heping Wang
• Yuejie Zheng
• Wenjian Wang

Alzheimer’s disease large-scale gene expression portrait identifies exercise as the top theoretical treatment

• Mason A. Hill
• Stephen C. Gammie

COVID-19 symptoms are reduced by targeted hydration of the nose, larynx and trachea

• Carolin Elizabeth George
• Gerhard Scheuch
• David A. Edwards

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in mouse via non-cell autonomous hippocampal neuronal death

• Junyoung Oh
• Woo-Hyun Cho
• Sung Joong Lee

Abdominal pain patterns during COVID-19: an observational study

• Alexandre Balaphas
• Kyriaki Gkoufa
• Christian Toso

Detection of human pathogenic bacteria in rectal DNA samples from Zalophus californianus in the Gulf of California, Mexico

• Francesco Cicala
• David Ramírez-Delgado
• Alexei F. Licea-Navarro

Industrialised fishing nations largely contribute to floating plastic pollution in the North Pacific subtropical gyre

• Laurent Lebreton
• Sarah-Jeanne Royer
• Matthias Egger

Hypertension and diabetes including their earlier stage are associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest

• Seung Young Roh
• Young-Hoon Kim

Utility of an artificial intelligence system for classification of esophageal lesions when simulating its clinical use

• Ayaka Tajiri
• Ryu Ishihara
• Tomohiro Tada

Prevalence, age of decision, and interpersonal warmth judgements of childfree adults

• Zachary P. Neal
• Jennifer Watling Neal

Acute and protracted abstinence from methamphetamine bidirectionally changes intrinsic excitability of indirect pathway spiny projection neurons in the dorsomedial striatum

• Sanghoon Choi
• Steven M. Graves

Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (∆ 9 -THC) levels in blood and breath

• Gregory T. Wurz
• Michael W. DeGregorio

High rates of plasmid cotransformation in E. coli overturn the clonality myth and reveal colony development

• Delia Tomoiaga
• Jaclyn Bubnell
• Paul Feinstein

Metformin sensitizes leukemic cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes by increasing expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)

• Nerea Allende-Vega
• Joaquin Marco Brualla
• Martin Villalba

Incorporation of machine learning and deep neural network approaches into a remote sensing-integrated crop model for the simulation of rice growth

• Seungtaek Jeong
• Jong-min Yeom

Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations

• Egon Dejonckheere
• Joshua J. Rhee
• Brock Bastian

The earliest Pleistocene record of a large-bodied hominin from the Levant supports two out-of-Africa dispersal events

• Alon Barash
• Miriam Belmaker

Generation mechanism and prediction of an observed extreme rogue wave

• Johannes Gemmrich

Fitness tracking reveals task-specific associations between memory, mental health, and physical activity

• Jeremy R. Manning
• Gina M. Notaro
• Paxton C. Fitzpatrick

Domestic dogs ( Canis familiaris ) grieve over the loss of a conspecific

• Stefania Uccheddu
• Lucia Ronconi
• Federica Pirrone

Human transgenerational observations of regular smoking before puberty on fat mass in grandchildren and great-grandchildren

• Jean Golding
• Steve Gregory
• Matthew Suderman

Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

• Jenny A. K. Ekberg

Oxycodone/naloxone versus tapentadol in real-world chronic non-cancer pain management: an observational and pharmacogenetic study

• Jordi Barrachina
• Cesar Margarit
• Ana M. Peiró

Cooking methods are associated with inflammatory factors, renal function, and other hormones and nutritional biomarkers in older adults

• Montserrat Rodríguez-Ayala
• José Ramón Banegas
• Pilar Guallar-Castillón

Classification of pig calls produced from birth to slaughter according to their emotional valence and context of production

• Elodie F. Briefer
• Ciara C.-R. Sypherd
• Céline Tallet

Higher emotional awareness is associated with greater domain-general reflective tendencies

• Michelle Persich
• William D. S. Killgore

A large Megaraptoridae (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Patagonia, Argentina

• Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando
• Matias J. Motta
• Fernando E. Novas

Long COVID occurrence in COVID-19 survivors

• Aya Sugiyama
• Junko Tanaka

Water activated disposable paper battery

• Alexandre Poulin
• Xavier Aeby
• Gustav Nyström

Intestinal preservation in a birdlike dinosaur supports conservatism in digestive canal evolution among theropods

• Yichuan Liu

Antiviral effect of cetylpyridinium chloride in mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2

• Hirofumi Sawa

Evidence of an oceanic impact and megatsunami sedimentation in Chryse Planitia, Mars

• J. Alexis P. Rodriguez
• Darrel K. Robertson
• Mario Zarroca

Curcumin and metformin synergistically modulate peripheral and central immune mechanisms of pain

• Peththa Wadu Dasuni Wasana
• Pasarapa Towiwat

The first occurrence of an avian-style respiratory infection in a non-avian dinosaur

• D. Cary Woodruff
• Ewan D. S. Wolff
• Lawrence M. Witmer

Optimal linear estimation models predict 1400–2900 years of overlap between Homo sapiens and Neandertals prior to their disappearance from France and northern Spain

• Igor Djakovic
• Alastair Key
• Marie Soressi

The influence of time on the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing

• Arturo Torres Ortiz
• Fernanda Fenn Torrente
• Louis Grandjean

Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal

• Francesco Pierri
• Brea L. Perry
• John Bryden

A distinct symptom pattern emerges for COVID-19 long-haul: a nationwide study

• Melissa D. Pinto
• Charles A. Downs
• Natalie Lambert

SARS-CoV-2-reactive IFN-γ-producing CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in blood do not correlate with clinical severity in unvaccinated critically ill COVID-19 patients

• Beatriz Olea
• Eliseo Albert
• David Navarro

Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes

• Gaku Kutsuzawa
• Hiroyuki Umemura
• Yoshiyuki Kobayashi

The emergence of a new sex-system (XX/XY 1 Y 2 ) suggests a species complex in the “monotypic” rodent Oecomys auyantepui (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae)

• Willam Oliveira da Silva
• Celina Coelho Rosa
• Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi

Detection of COVID-19 using multimodal data from a wearable device: results from the first TemPredict Study

• Ashley E. Mason
• Frederick M. Hecht
• Benjamin L. Smarr

Spinal degeneration is associated with lumbar multifidus morphology in secondary care patients with low back or leg pain

• Jeffrey R. Cooley
• Tue S. Jensen
• Jeffrey J. Hebert

Phenomenology and content of the inhaled N , N -dimethyltryptamine ( N , N -DMT) experience

• David Wyndham Lawrence
• Robin Carhart-Harris
• Christopher Timmermann

A gigantic bizarre marine turtle (Testudines: Chelonioidea) from the Middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of South-western Europe

• Oscar Castillo-Visa
• Àngel H. Luján
• Albert Sellés

The first experience with fully endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy and discectomy for radiculopathy performed in Viet Duc University Hospital

• Son Ngoc Dinh
• Hung The Dinh

Mapping the “catscape” formed by a population of pet cats with outdoor access

• Richard Bischof
• Nina Rosita Hansen
• Torbjørn Haugaasen

Investigation of humans individual differences as predictors of their animal interaction styles, focused on the domestic cat

• Lauren R. Finka
• Lucia Ripari
• Marnie L. Brennan

Genesis of fecal floatation is causally linked to gut microbial colonization in mice

• Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam
• Daphne Norma Crasta
• Nagarajan Kannan

Young children’s screen time during the first COVID-19 lockdown in 12 countries

• Christina Bergmann
• Nevena Dimitrova
• Nivedita Mani

Cichlids and stingrays can add and subtract ‘one’ in the number space from one to five

• V. Schluessel

Elevated estradiol levels in frozen embryo transfer have different effects on pregnancy outcomes depending on the stage of transferred embryos

• Liming Ruan

Group VR experiences can produce ego attenuation and connectedness comparable to psychedelics

• David R. Glowacki
• Rhoslyn Roebuck Williams
• Mike Chatziapostolou

New therizinosaurid dinosaur from the marine Osoushinai Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Japan) provides insight for function and evolution of therizinosaur claws

• Yoshitsugu Kobayashi
• Ryuji Takasaki
• Yoshinori Hikida

Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment reveals mental health benefits of birdlife

• Ryan Hammoud
• Stefania Tognin
• Andrea Mechelli

Long-term outcomes of cataract surgery with toric intraocular lens implantation by the type of preoperative astigmatism

• Tetsuro Oshika
• Shinichiro Nakano
• Tsutomu Kaneko

Forest fire detection system using wireless sensor networks and machine learning

• Udaya Dampage
• Lumini Bandaranayake
• Bathiya Jayasanka

Misinformation of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy

• Sun Kyong Lee
• Juhyung Sun
• Shane Connelly

Deep language algorithms predict semantic comprehension from brain activity

• Charlotte Caucheteux
• Alexandre Gramfort
• Jean-Rémi King

Children with autism spectrum disorder show atypical electroencephalographic response to processing contextual incongruencies

• Amparo V. Márquez-García
• Vasily A. Vakorin
• Sam M. Doesburg

A generalizable one health framework for the control of zoonotic diseases

• Ria R. Ghai
• Ryan M. Wallace
• Casey Barton Behravesh

HS3ST2 expression induces the cell autonomous aggregation of tau

• M. B. Huynh
• N. Rebergue
• D. Papy-Garcia

Exceptional warming over the Barents area

• Ketil Isaksen
• Øyvind Nordli
• Tatiana Karandasheva

A new Early Cretaceous lizard in Myanmar amber with exceptionally preserved integument

• Andrej Čerňanský
• Edward L. Stanley
• Susan E. Evans

Coffee consumption and diabetic retinopathy in adults with diabetes mellitus

• Hak Jun Lee
• Daniel Duck-Jin Hwang

Shifts in the foraging tactics of crocodiles following invasion by toxic prey

• Abhilasha Aiyer
• Richard Shine
• Georgia Ward-Fear

Production of high loading insulin nanoparticles suitable for oral delivery by spray drying and freeze drying techniques

• Alberto Baldelli
• Anubhav Pratap-Singh

Cable news and COVID-19 vaccine uptake

• Matteo Pinna
• Christoph Goessmann

Estimating the time of last drinking from blood ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate concentrations

• Zhongyuan Guo

COVID-19 infections in infants

• Małgorzata Sobolewska-Pilarczyk
• Maria Pokorska-Śpiewak
• Małgorzata Pawłowska

COVID-19 increases the risk for the onset of atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients

• Jakob Wollborn
• Sergey Karamnov
• Jochen D. Muehlschlegel

Childhood temperament and adulthood personality differentially predict life outcomes

• Amanda J. Wright
• Joshua J. Jackson

Antivirus applied to JAR malware detection based on runtime behaviors

• Ricardo P. Pinheiro
• Sidney M. L. Lima
• Wellington P. dos Santos

Therapeutic enzyme engineering using a generative neural network

• Andrew Giessel
• Athanasios Dousis
• Stuart Licht

Identification of genes associated with human-canine communication in canine evolution

• Akiko Tonoike
• Ken-ichi Otaki
• Miho Nagasawa

Breath chemical markers of sexual arousal in humans

• G. Pugliese
• J. Williams

A 5-km-thick reservoir with > 380,000 km 3 of magma within the ancient Earth's crust

• Rais Latypov
• Sofya Chistyakova
• Mauritz van der Merwe

Return of large fin whale feeding aggregations to historical whaling grounds in the Southern Ocean

• Helena Herr
• Sacha Viquerat
• Bettina Meyer

Quick links

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AI Index Report

Welcome to the seventh edition of the AI Index report. The 2024 Index is our most comprehensive to date and arrives at an important moment when AI’s influence on society has never been more pronounced. This year, we have broadened our scope to more extensively cover essential trends such as technical advancements in AI, public perceptions of the technology, and the geopolitical dynamics surrounding its development. Featuring more original data than ever before, this edition introduces new estimates on AI training costs, detailed analyses of the responsible AI landscape, and an entirely new chapter dedicated to AI’s impact on science and medicine.

Read the 2024 AI Index Report

The AI Index report tracks, collates, distills, and visualizes data related to artificial intelligence (AI). Our mission is to provide unbiased, rigorously vetted, broadly sourced data in order for policymakers, researchers, executives, journalists, and the general public to develop a more thorough and nuanced understanding of the complex field of AI.

The AI Index is recognized globally as one of the most credible and authoritative sources for data and insights on artificial intelligence. Previous editions have been cited in major newspapers, including the The New York Times, Bloomberg, and The Guardian, have amassed hundreds of academic citations, and been referenced by high-level policymakers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, among other places. This year’s edition surpasses all previous ones in size, scale, and scope, reflecting the growing significance that AI is coming to hold in all of our lives.

Steering Committee Co-Directors

Ray Perrault

Steering committee members.

Erik Brynjolfsson

John Etchemendy

Katrina Ligett

Terah Lyons

James Manyika

Juan Carlos Niebles

Vanessa Parli

Yoav Shoham

Russell Wald

Staff members.

Loredana Fattorini

Nestor Maslej

Letter from the co-directors.

A decade ago, the best AI systems in the world were unable to classify objects in images at a human level. AI struggled with language comprehension and could not solve math problems. Today, AI systems routinely exceed human performance on standard benchmarks.

Progress accelerated in 2023. New state-of-the-art systems like GPT-4, Gemini, and Claude 3 are impressively multimodal: They can generate fluent text in dozens of languages, process audio, and even explain memes. As AI has improved, it has increasingly forced its way into our lives. Companies are racing to build AI-based products, and AI is increasingly being used by the general public. But current AI technology still has significant problems. It cannot reliably deal with facts, perform complex reasoning, or explain its conclusions.

AI faces two interrelated futures. First, technology continues to improve and is increasingly used, having major consequences for productivity and employment. It can be put to both good and bad uses. In the second future, the adoption of AI is constrained by the limitations of the technology. Regardless of which future unfolds, governments are increasingly concerned. They are stepping in to encourage the upside, such as funding university R&D and incentivizing private investment. Governments are also aiming to manage the potential downsides, such as impacts on employment, privacy concerns, misinformation, and intellectual property rights.

As AI rapidly evolves, the AI Index aims to help the AI community, policymakers, business leaders, journalists, and the general public navigate this complex landscape. It provides ongoing, objective snapshots tracking several key areas: technical progress in AI capabilities, the community and investments driving AI development and deployment, public opinion on current and potential future impacts, and policy measures taken to stimulate AI innovation while managing its risks and challenges. By comprehensively monitoring the AI ecosystem, the Index serves as an important resource for understanding this transformative technological force.

On the technical front, this year’s AI Index reports that the number of new large language models released worldwide in 2023 doubled over the previous year. Two-thirds were open-source, but the highest-performing models came from industry players with closed systems. Gemini Ultra became the first LLM to reach human-level performance on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark; performance on the benchmark has improved by 15 percentage points since last year. Additionally, GPT-4 achieved an impressive 0.97 mean win rate score on the comprehensive Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM) benchmark, which includes MMLU among other evaluations.

Although global private investment in AI decreased for the second consecutive year, investment in generative AI skyrocketed. More Fortune 500 earnings calls mentioned AI than ever before, and new studies show that AI tangibly boosts worker productivity. On the policymaking front, global mentions of AI in legislative proceedings have never been higher. U.S. regulators passed more AI-related regulations in 2023 than ever before. Still, many expressed concerns about AI’s ability to generate deepfakes and impact elections. The public became more aware of AI, and studies suggest that they responded with nervousness.

Ray Perrault Co-director, AI Index

Our Supporting Partners

Analytics & Research Partners

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Award-winning RSI Projects Supervised by PRIMES staff

This page lists past high school student research projects at Research Science Institute (RSI) suggested and supervised by our staff (the mentors were MIT graduate students).

Prof. Pavel Etingof has proposed and supervised the following projects: 1. Travis Schedler (1997). Mentor: Alexander Soloviev. Travis won the 5th place in the Westinghouse competition for this project (the 2nd place among mathematics projects). This project gave rise to the research paper: P. Etingof, T. Schedler, A. Soloviev, "Set-theoretical solutions of the quantum Yang-Baxter equation," Duke Math. J., Volume 100, Number 2 (1999), 169-209, arXiv:math/9801047 Travis went on to get a B.A. in math at Harvard and Ph.D. in math at the University of Chicago and was the only recipient of the 5-year AIM (American Institute of Mathematics) fellowship in 2008. He is currently an AIM fellow and a Moore Instructor in the MIT Math Department.

2. Dmitry Vaintrob (2006). Mentor: Aaron Tievsky. Dmitry won the top prize in the Siemens competition in 2006 and the 3rd place in the Intel STS in 2007. He was also a top winner for ISEF in 2007. The project gave rise to the paper: D. Vaintrob, "The string topology BV algebra, Hochschild cohomology and the Goldman bracket on surfaces," arXiv:math/0702859 Dmitry became a math major at Harvard.

3. Eric Larson (2008). Mentor: David Jordan. Eric won the 2nd prize in the Siemens Competition and the top prize in the Intel STS. He also won a top prize at ISEF. His project gave rise to the paper: David Jordan, Eric Larson, "On the classification of certain fusion categories," Journal of Noncommutative Geometry , Volume 3, Issue 3 (2009): 481-499, arXiv:0812.1603 Eric became a math major at Harvard.

4.  Akhil Mathew (2009). Mentor: Dustin Clausen. Akhil won the 3rd prize in the Intel STS and also ranked 3rd in mathematics at ISEF. His project gave rise to the paper: Akhil Mathew, "Categories parametrized by schemes and representation theory in complex rank," arXiv:1006.1381 Akhil became an undergraduate at Harvard.

5. Noah Arbesfeld (2008). Mentor: David Jordan. Noah became a national finalist and then won the 6th prize in the Intel STS. His project gave rise to the paper: Noah Arbesfeld, David Jordan, "New results on the lower central series quotients of a free associative algebra," Journal of Algebra , Volume 323, Issue 6 (2010): 1813-1825, arXiv:0902.4899 Noah became a math major at MIT and a member of the PRIMES Advisory Board .

6. Arjun Puranik (2009). Mentor: Martina Balagovic. Arjun became an Intel finalist and a regional finalist for Siemens. His project gave rise to the paper: Martina Balagovic, Arjun Puranik, "Irreducible representations of the rational Cherednik algebra associated to the Coxeter group H_3," arXiv:1004.2108 Arjun became an undergraduate at Stanford.

7. Maxim Rabinovich (2008). Mentors: David Jerison, Emanuel Stoica. Maxim worked on a project in mathematical physics suggested jointly by Pavel Etingof and David Jerison. He became an Intel finalist and a Siemens semifinalist. Maxim became a math major at Princeton.

8. Anirudha Balasubramanian (2009). Mentor: Martina Balagovic. Anirudha's project won him the status of semifinalist in both the Siemens competition and the Intel STS. He also ranked 2nd in math in ISEF and got a special prize which comes with a small planet named after him. His research led to the paper: Martina Balagovic, Anirudha Balasubramanian, "On the Lower Central Series Quotients of a Graded Associative Algebra," arXiv:1004.3735 (accepted to Journal of Algebra ) Anirudha became an undergraduate at Harvard.

9. George Kerchev (2009) Mentor: Bhairav Singh. George did a project on representation theory. He could not compete in Intel and Siemens, because he is not a U.S. citizen. His project, however, has resulted in a paper, joint with B. Singh, which will soon be released and submitted to a research journal. George became an undergraduate at Princeton.

10. Katrina Evtimova (2008). Mentor: Emanuel Stoica. Katrina did a project on representation theory. She became a math concentrator at Harvard.

Prof. Leonid Mirny will supervise bioinformatics projects at PRIMES. He has previously supervised the following project:

1. Alex Chernyakhovsky (2008). Supervisor: Leonid Mirny. Alex performed a bioinformatics study of influenza viruses. He wrote a computer code, collected and analyzed sequences of hemagglutinin proteins of influenza viruses and studied their evolution. He was a national first-place winner in the 2008-2009 Young Epidemiology Scholars Competition, won the 2nd place in teams at the 2008 ISEF, won a number of Special Organization Awards at the 2009 ISEF, and was a 2007-2008 Siemens Competition Regional Finalist and a 2008-2009 Semifinalist.  Alex became an undergraduate at MIT.

Dr. Tanya Khovanova has supervised the following project:

1. Lynnelle Ye (2009). Mentor: Tirasan Khandhawit. Lynnelle won the 2nd prize in the Siemens Competition 2009 and the 4th prize in the Intel STS 2010. Lynnelle became an undergraduate at Stanford.

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The Ultimate Guide to Getting into Research Science Institute (RSI)

Do you want to research over the summer with the help of experienced mentors? Do you want to meet with peers who share similar interests in the sciences as you? Do you want to explore campus life at MIT?

If you said yes to all of the above, then the Research Science Institute is perfect for you! While it is a highly selective program, this prestigious cost-free summer program hosted by MIT ensures their participants will get to explore their desired research project extensively. Read this article to learn more about the program and how you can get accepted.

What is the Research Science Institute?

First started in 1984, the Research Science Institute (RSI) is an international summer research program for high school students. RSI is sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education (CEE) and hosted by MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts every summer.

During the first week of the program, students will take intensive STEM courses, but during the five weeks afterwards, participants experience the entirety of the research cycle from start to finish . They read the most current literature in their field, create a detailed research plan, and receive guidance from experienced scientists and researchers. During the final week of RSI, these projects are published in a written report and delivered through oral presentations .

Where can I see past RSI projects?

Distinguished written papers and oral presentations in 2022 can be found here . Topics can range from a variety of subjects, such as mathematics, biology, physics, and robotics. Therefore, no matter which area of STEM you want to study, it is likely that you’ll be able to explore that area within RSI.

Is RSI prestigious?

This research program is highly prestigious . RSI is known globally for its excellent curriculum and research opportunities. With the program’s association with MIT and zero costs, the program is eyed by many aspiring high school students in STEM.

Due to its stellar reputation, RSI is very difficult to get into. While they receive over 1,600 applications yearly, only 100 high school students are selected.

In fact, getting into RSI pretty much signals that you’ll be accepted to MIT, along with many top level universities like the Ivy League!

Who is eligible?

The eligibility criteria is very simple: those who are entering their final year of high school are allowed to apply. This typically describes high school juniors, or those in the third year or in grade 11. High school seniors are not allowed to apply.

It is recommended that PSAT Math Scores be at least 740 or higher and the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Score be 700 or higher. ACT math scores should be at least 33 and verbal scores at least 34. Those with lower scores must show strong indicators of potential in other areas of STEM and academics, such as in recommendations, high school grades, and science activities.

Applicants are divided into two categories:

U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents . All U.S. students, including U.S. Citizens studying overseas, with one year remaining before graduation from high school, may apply to RSI. U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents applications are submitted directly to CEE. Students are not nominated or selected by their schools. Successful applicants will have demonstrated superior scholastic achievement in mathematics, the sciences, and verbal arts. They will have shown the potential for leadership in science and mathematics through their activities in and beyond the classroom.

International Applicants . Each participating country has its own selection procedure and selection schedule. Please contact Ms. Maite Ballestero, Executive Vice President of Programs to determine if your country participates. If it does, her team will put you in contact with the appropriate representative at the agency conducting selection for your country. For more information, click here .

What must the application include?

Each student must submit:

Essay responses to the questions in the application, such as his or her goals in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics.

Recommendations by two teachers (Math/Science or a research supervisor). Applicants who have participated in a research project of 4 weeks or longer at a university or a laboratory should request a recommendation from the research supervisor.

Maximum of 3 recommendation letters are accepted.

Official high school transcript.

All scores from nationwide standardized tests, including the PSAT, SAT, ACT, and AP exams.

Students planning to apply for RSI are strongly encouraged to take the PSAT.

When is the deadline for RSI?

Applications for the 2023 cohort have closed. Every year, US applicants have a deadline of January 15th , while international students have the deadline of March 15th .

All components of the application, including essay responses, transcript, test scores, and application fee of $60, will need to be submitted by the deadline.

Tips to get into RSI:

RSI can be hard to get into, but with the right preparation, you can show the admissions committee that you are committed to the field of STEM.

Tip #1 : Prioritize academics and letters of recommendation.

The first step is to have high grades in your schoolwork. It’s expected that participants of the program are passionate about schoolwork, and therefore, being able to present high grades in your transcript will be useful. Moreover, because of RSI’s emphasis on STEM, students are encouraged to take rigorous courses in math, science, and engineering. It is useful to take AP Physics 1/C and AP Calculus AB/BC, for example.

Not only will this prove your commitment to academia, but also it will allow you to have good relations with many of your teachers, who you can ask for recommendations when you are able to apply. Make sure to pay special attention in your math and science courses to build a good repertoire. Then, at least 6 weeks before the deadline of the application, you can ask for recommendations from teachers that know you best from your sophomore or junior year.

Tip #2 : Achieve high standardized exam scores.

The next step is to take standardized exams . While they are not explicitly required, having high test scores can significantly boost your chances of acceptance. If you have taken AP classes, be sure you receive 4s or 5s if possible. Be prepared to register for the PSAT, which is administered only once every year during October. The last year that you can take it before you can apply for RSI is in 11th grade, so it may be helpful to take it in earlier years. SAT or ACT scores may be submitted as well, but it’s not necessary.

Tip #3 : Participate in STEM competitions.

Try out STEM competitions . For example, joining your local science olympiad team and excelling in regional, state, and national levels will highlight your skills in science. If you’d prefer engineering, then you may join your school’s robotics club for contests and projects, or you can win medals in coding competitions like the USACO. There are a plethora of other competitions, including but not limited to Chemistry Olympiad, Math Olympiad, the USA Computing Olympiad, Regeneron ISEF, the Harvard/MIT Mathematics Tournament, and the MIT THINK Scholars Program. Find a STEM subject you are passionate about and you’ll definitely find a competition that will match your interests.

Tip #4 : Obtain prior research experience.

While RSI will engage participants into the full research process, If you’d like to get involved in research, then it’s recommended that you reach out to your high school teachers, guidance counselors, or even university professors who conduct work in your field of interest to research on your topic. Admittedly, this is the most difficult tip, as very few high schoolers are able to achieve research experience, but for those that do, they stand out from their peers. Therefore, don’t be afraid to reach out to the people in your circle to see what research opportunities may be available.

Example Student Profile: Puja Chopade

Everyone’s application is and should be different, but it may be helpful to see previous acceptee’s profiles – while they shouldn’t be copied, they can serve as an inspiration as to what you can do for your application.

Puja Chopade was a junior at Bob Jones High School when she was accepted into RSI 2022, which accepted only 81 students at the time.

Her achievements included being ranked as the second-place finalist in Pathophysiology at the Future Health Professionals State Leadership Conference in early 2021, and her Science Bowl team claimed the regional title. Moreover, she served as the President and co-founder of Bob Jones Science Academy , which hosts the Bob Jones Science Challenge. She also claimed the title of 2021 Alabama Brain Bee Champion , a neuroscience competition aht is affiliated with the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Moreover, she explored her hobbies in chess. She was an accomplished chess player in Madison City Chess League and was the Assistant Tournament Director of at the 2021 Fall Scholars Tournament . The year prior, she placed top ten in the 2020 Madison City SChools Tournament in the K-12 Open Section and tied for third place in the U1200 section of the Alabama State Chess Champions .

To highlight her strengths and why she was accepted, Puja’s application clearly showcased her competence in science , particularly in competitions that involved physiology. Not only did she win awards, but she held leadership positions as well , which showed her deep involvement and commitment to these communities. Finally, while not directly related to STEM, her hobby in chess proved that she had outside interests and contributed to the admissions officers’ content of her character.

Overall, Puja was strong in many areas. Her extracurricular activities, leadership experience, and diverse range of interests undoubtedly stood out, and led to her acceptance – therefore, adding these elements to your application can help you as well!

Final Thoughts

All in all, it’s incredibly crucial that you are a student who is deeply interested in STEM in order to highlight your skills to RSI. The advice listed above can provide you with a good framework for not only other summer program applications, but also applications for college when you start applying in senior year. Start early as soon as possible and don’t be afraid to pursue different interests!

If you are interested in doing university-level research or preparing for competitive programs like RSI, then you could consider applying to the Lumiere Research Scholar Program , a selective online high school program for students that I founded with researchers at Harvard and Oxford. Last year, we had over 2100 students apply for 500 spots in the program! You can find the application form here.

Also check out the Lumiere Research inclusion Foundation , a non-profit research program for talented, low-income students.

Lydia is currently a sophomore at Harvard University, studying Molecular and Cellular Biology. During high school, she pursued engineering activities like attending the Governor's School of Engineering and Technology. In her spare time, she likes to create digital art while listening to music.

Image source: Research Science Institute

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2023 participants and topics.

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MSI’s research priorities influence the work of scholars all over the world, informing the academic community about our member companies’ most important questions and concerns. In 2024, four new broad priority topics are framed by MSI member companies:  

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• Consumer Experiences – Changing Expectations, Customer Journey, and Technology  
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The Young Scholars Program was established by MSI in 2001 to recognize early-career marketing scholars whom it believes will be the leaders of the next generation of marketing scholars. The alumni of Young Scholars now number more than 300 academic leaders who are teaching and conducting research in universities around the world.

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The annual Alden G. Clayton dissertation proposal competition recognizes marketing doctoral students who are working on research questions with important marketing, societal, and policy implications. Each year, MSI grants up to five awards and five honorable mentions, encouraging top-notch Ph.D. students to apply rigorous research methods to questions that have real business relevance.

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Extracurriculars

Interested in learning more about Research Science Institute? Maybe you've heard that the RSI Summer Program is the most competitive science research program for high school students in the US, and attending it is one of the best ways to get the attention of top-tier colleges. But what is the Research Science Institute, and what do participants do there? And how can you be one of the lucky few who get accepted? This guide will answer all those questions and give you tips on how to create a standout RSI application.

What Is Research Science Institute? What Do Participants Do?

The Research Science Institute (RSI) is a summer program for rising high school seniors, but it's not just any summer program . RSI is probably the most prestigious science research program in the country for high school students, and being able to include it on your resume can give your college applications a huge boost.

Each summer, 80 high school students who are selected for RSI spend six weeks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Roughly a third of those admitted come from outside the US. There is no cost to attend the program.

The Research Science Institute was founded in 1984 as a way for high-achieving rising seniors to conduct high-quality science and engineering research before entering college. The program combines courses that focus on scientific theory with hands-on STEM research. Participants will experience the entire research cycle from start to finish. Some activities RSI students will do include:

• Reading current literature in their field of research
• Drafting and executing a detailed research plan
• Delivering written and oral reports of their findings

The first week of the course will consist of intensive STEM and humanities courses taught by MIT professors and researchers. For the subsequent five weeks, students will conduct individual research projects while being mentored by experienced scientists. Research projects take place off-campus, often at MIT labs, Harvard labs, or with a local company. During this time, there are guest lectures in the evening several times a week. Many of the lecturers are Nobel Prize winners and other leaders in their field. The final week is spent preparing and giving written and oral presentations on the research.

The research projects completed by participants are easily college-level in depth and difficulty. Students admitted to RSI get a very rare opportunity to conduct their own high-level research project and learn from MIT researchers and professors. You can view past RSI projects to get a sense of what participants do during the program (the link only shows math-related research projects, but projects are undertaken in many STEM areas).

How Competitive Is RSI?

As we mentioned above, RSI is very competitive. Each year, the program receives over 1,600 applications for 80 spots. That's an acceptance rate of less than 5%, on par with many Ivy League college acceptance rates . That means, hypothetically, a student could be accepted to Harvard, Yale, MIT itself etc. but not be competitive enough to get into RSI.

So what does this mean? First, you'll need to have a very strong application to get into RSI (we go into how to do this in the next three sections). Second, it means that, if you do get into RSI, colleges are going to be very impressed. Our co-founder, Allen Cheng, believes that his participation in RSI is one of the major reasons he got into Harvard . As he states, if a college sees that an applicant has already been admitted into a highly-selective program like RSI, they're much more likely to believe you're a standout applicant and worth seriously considering.

What Does RSI Look for in Applicants?

RSI admissions are based solely on academics and accomplishments; knowing the "right people" or being a legacy won't have any impact on your chances of getting in. It's all up to you. 

For academics, RSI recommends PSAT scores of 740+ in Math and 700+ in EBRW OR an ACT Math score of 33+ and English/Science/Reading scores of 34+. On the RSI website, they specifically recommend taking the PSAT, so that's the test you should take if you're deciding between that and the ACT.

For high school grades, RSI looks for "exceptional strong academic ability" in math, science, and verbal subjects, although no average or recommended GPA is given. However, because the program is so competitive, we recommend aiming for at least the top 5% in your class and for test scores, if not the top 1% , as well as taking advanced classes like honors and AP.

In terms of achievements, RSI is looking specifically for leadership and research experience, as well as a passion for STEM. Rather than having a lot of extracurriculars you spent a little time on, it's better to have a smaller list of extracurriculars that you've really committed to and shown leadership in. We call this a spike , and it's what top-tier colleges look for as well. Examples of things that'd stand out to RSI include:

• Research experience, with a bonus for being published in a scientific journal
• Leadership roles in extracurriculars (club president, starting your own club /company, etc.)
• Awards and achievements in other STEM competitions ( Science Olympiad , Chemistry Olympiad, Regeneron ISEF, etc.)
• Clear passion for a subject (i.e. most/all your extracurriculars focus on it)

How to Apply to the Research Science Institute

Once you've decided you want to apply to the Research Science Institute, what do you do now? Follow these six steps to apply to the RSI.

#1: Make Sure You Meet the Eligibility Requirements

RSI's eligibility requirements are pretty basic, but there's no wiggle room with them so you need to be sure to meet them. For US students (and US citizens living abroad), only current high school juniors can apply; the program takes place the summer between junior and senior year. No students in other grades will be accepted. RSI has partnerships with several dozen countries outside the US, and there are specific eligibility criteria for each.

If you're an international student, contact Ms. Maite Ballestero , who is the Executive Vice President of Programs. She'll help you determine if your home country participates in RSI and put you in contact with the right agency conducting selection for your country.

#2: Fill Out the Application

#3: answer the rsi essay questions, #4: get letters of recommendation, #5: send standardized test scores and high school transcript.

RSI requires applicants to send in test scores from all the standardized tests they've taken, including the PSAT, SAT, ACT, and AP. They particularly recommend PSAT scores. It can take up to two weeks for official scores to be sent, so be sure not to leave this until the last minute.

They also require a high school transcript . Your school must send them an official one so they can verify your grades and coursework.

#6: Submit by the Deadline

RSI does not accept late applications, so be sure you have everything submitted by the deadline. For US students, the deadline is January 15, and for international students it's March 15. This means your application, test scores, application fee of $60, and letters of rec all need to be submitted by that date. 

How to Get Into Research Science Institute: 4 Tips

Decided that you want to attend the RSI summer program? Below are four tips to follow to give yourself the best shot at getting admitted.

#1: Participate in Other STEM Competitions

Very few RSI participants get accepted without having first taken part in science competitions. Participating in other STEM competitions shows RSI that you have exceptional STEM skills and are a leader in the field compared to your peers. We have lists of science , math , and computer science competitions for high school students, which you should definitely check out.

Some of the most popular competitions students take part in before RSI include Science Olympiad, Chemistry Olympiad, Math Olympiad, the USA Computing Olympiad, Regeneron ISEF, the Harvard/MIT Mathematics Tournament, and the MIT THINK Scholars Program. Definitely don't think you need to compete in all of these; instead, choose one or a few that match most closely with your interests.

#2: Get Research Experience

#3: make sure you have strong letters of recommendation.

The 2-3 letters of recommendation you include as part of your application are the only time RSI will get to hear about your accomplishments and strengths from someone who isn't you. Strong letters of rec--those that clearly show that you're smart, talented, and a leader--will look a lot more impressive than a generic letter.

The key to getting good letters is to ask teachers who know you best. Don't feel that you automatically need to ask your junior year math and science teachers; if you had more of a connection with, say, a teacher from your sophomore year, ask them! And if there's someone who wasn't a math/science teacher of yours but who you think would write you a really strong letter, have them submit one since you're allowed an optional third letter. Be sure to give your letter writers several weeks (we recommend 6+) to write your letter so they have time to write you a stellar letter.

#4: Aim High for Your Standardized Test Scores

With competition to get into RSI as stiff as it is, you really need to have standout standardized test scores. For the PSAT (which they recommend), you want at least a 740 on Math and a 700 in EBRW. (If you took the SAT instead, your goal score would be the same). We have lots of tips for raising your PSAT and SAT scores , including how to get a perfect SAT score . For the ACT, they recommend a Math score of at least 33 and a score of at least 34 for the Reading, English, and Science sections. To help, we have a lot of guides for raising your ACT score and getting a perfect ACT score . 

As with all other parts of the Research Science Institute application, because the program is so competitive, you want to go above and beyond the recommended test scores, so aim high--about the top 1% of test scores. For the PSAT, that's about a 730 for EBRW and a 750 for Math, and for the ACT, that's about a 34 in Math and a 35 in the other subjects.

We recommend several months of studying and time to take the SAT/PSAT/ACT more than once if need be. To help you get started, here are sample SAT and ACT study plans so you can lay out your schedule.

Summary: How to Get Into Research Science Institute

What is the Research Science Institute? The RSI summer program is one of the most prestigious research programs for high school students--and one of the most competitive as well. The MIT RSI acceptance rate is less than 5%. The MIT Research Science Institute is for rising high school seniors and takes place for six weeks over the summer on MIT's campus. It's a fantastic way to get high-quality research experience before you even start college.

In order to make your RSI summer program application as competitive as possible, aim to compete in other STEM competitions, get research experience, get strong letters of recommendation, and aim for high standardized test scores (top 1%, ideally). RSI is tough to get into, but the upside is that, even if you don't get accepted, all the work you've done will make your college applications stand out even more.

What's Next?

Interested in other extra impressive extracurriculars? Check out four examples of extracurriculars sure to impress colleges.

There are many other science competitions beyond the Research Science Institute. Check out our guide to 11 of the best science competitions for high school students.

Do you love science? Check out our guide to learn which science classes you should take in high school .

Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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Apr 22, 2024, 9:00 AM

When some schools are banning ChatGPT, Vanderbilt is embracing generative AI technology to unlock opportunities for research and learning.

By michael blanding.

In her class on the politics of the French Revolution, Holly Tucker starts off by assigning a historical character to each student—Marquis de Lafayette, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Louis XVI—and giving them a multi-page role sheet detailing their alter ego’s political affiliation, life philosophy and strategic goals. Monarchist or revolutionary firebrand, this will be the student’s persona for the next six weeks, as Tucker has the class role-play scenarios, seek out alliances and vanquish their enemies in a simulation of the crucial historical event.

She next encourages them to do something many teachers wouldn’t dream of—talk to ChatGPT. “One of their first assignments is to upload their role sheet and then ask questions about it,” says Tucker, Mellon Foundation Chair in the Humanities and professor of French, of the interaction with the generative artificial intelligence app that has exploded onto the internet, generating equal parts excitement and fear. “I have them say, ‘Can you help me find three characters I might want to correspond with, and help me brainstorm approaches to frame my letters to them?’”

From then on, artificial intelligence becomes a vital part of the course. Students use it to analyze vast amounts of data, to communicate with each other and to make strategic moves. In all, Tucker says, students write an average of 18,000 messages to each other, as AI helps keep track of the interactions and even offers student insights into potential outcomes of decisions they are considering—teaching students about the French Revolution in a uniquely immersive way.

“It’s a watershed moment for the humanities. We now have the ability to communicate with a computer using natural language,” Tucker says. “We owe it to ourselves to find ways to use generative AI to glean insights from our texts faster and ask new questions about the human endeavor.”

Tucker’s enthusiastic embrace of ChatGPT in her class is just one example of Vanderbilt faculty’s groundbreaking work in harnessing the growing power of artificial intelligence. At a time when some schools are banning ChatGPT in classes—concerned that students will lean too heavily on AI or use it to write papers for them—Vanderbilt has become a leader in integrating AI into academic work. Faculty are using AI in their research, as well as introducing it to students, teaching them how to use it as a tool and not a crutch.

WATCH: AI Unearths Untold Stories

Historians jane landers and daniel genkins leverage artificial intelligence and computer science techniques to scan through thousands of historical documents to form the slave societies digital archive, the world’s largest collection of historical records of africans in the atlantic world..

FUTURE OF LEARNING

“Everybody’s focused on artificial intelligence replacing humans,” says Jules White, professor of computer science and associate dean for strategic learning programs. “But what we want to focus on is augmented intelligence, where it’s all about amplifying human creativity and problem-solving. It’s like an exoskeleton for the mind—you help people create more interesting and expressive things than they could have done before, and at a larger scale.”

White leads the Future of Learning and Generative AI Initiative, a new interdisciplinary program to connect and advise faculty on how to make the most of the prodigious computing power generative AI can offer. A CNN article this summer said Vanderbilt was “among the early leaders taking a strong stance in support of generative AI,” specifically citing an 18-hour online course White created on the e-learning platform Coursera that teaches the fundamentals of “prompt engineering”—how to best fashion a prompt to ChatGPT and other AI platforms to return the most helpful response. The course has been taken by 240,000 people and counting.

In their simplest form, White says, generative AI models are trained to predict the next word in a sentence. If you give it “Mary had a little,” then it should predict “lamb.” The magic happens when you train it on vast amounts of data from the World Wide Web. “It turns out this has surprising ramifications when you do this at a large enough scale, as it learns patterns in our language and can do all of these computations.”

Most of the problems with ChatGPT and other generative AI platforms, White says, result from people not knowing how to use it properly. “People see a text box, and they think they need to use it like Google, which is exactly the wrong way to use it,” he explains. “That doesn’t give you augmented intelligence, that gives you minus intelligence.”

Rather than using it to search for information, he says, generative AI is most effective when treated like you are sending a text message to an incredibly smart and capable assistant. One example he uses in his class is to ask it to create a meal plan “that’s a fusion of food from Ethiopia and Uzbekistan, is keto-friendly and has ingredients I can get from the average grocery store.” There isn’t a page on Google that could give you that info, and yet ChatGPT can create a complete multi-week menu in seconds. Another trick, he adds, is to give it a role, for example, telling it to “act like a speech pathologist” before presenting it with a problem where a child mixes up words and asking it to diagnose possible causes. “Knowing the pattern of interaction allows it to tap into these emergent computational capabilities that no other system on the planet can perform.”

APPLYING AI TO VAST AMOUNTS OF DATA

Another use for the software is to analyze and summarize vast amounts of complex information. In the past, Doug Schmidt, Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Computer Science, has worked in government procurement for defense systems—for example, building a next-generation air traffic management or missile defense system. “It involves an enormous number of people over a very long time and at great expense,” he says. Comparing information in multiple reports by different people and then trying to figure out if they meet government regulations can be a major headache. “As luck would have it, large language models are very good at that,” says Schmidt, who is researching how generative AI can dramatically save time and money by comparing and synthesizing such reports.

On another level, Schmidt is using the same tools in his computer science classes, using a Chrome plugin called Glasp to take videos of his lectures and toss a transcript into ChatGPT to summarize the main points. Schmidt then asks it to generate several quiz questions based on the videos. “And boom, within seconds, I have fresh up-to-date questions on what I talked about in class,” he says. Of course, Schmidt reviews the questions to see if they are accurate—something easy to do since he generated the material himself—but the tool helps take away from tasks he finds tedious, so he can focus on those he enjoys, such as writing lectures and code.

As for the fears that students will cheat on tests and papers by using ChatGPT, he addresses that head-on by changing the way he designs problems. Instead of asking students to write very specific code they could easily generate using AI, he presents more open-ended questions that could be solved in a variety of ways, requiring students to use their own creativity. Of course, those tests are harder to grade, but Schmidt has come up with a solution to that, too, training ChatGPT to automatically find elements that should or shouldn’t be in the code. “Instead of hiring an army of graders and asking them to follow some rubric, I’ve found a way to automatically do something that used to require tremendous time and effort on the part of me and my TAs.”

Efforts by some to ban ChatGPT and other AI software, Schmidt says, are misguided. “They think this is a flash in the pan and are actively discouraging people from using it,” he says. “Our hypothesis is that in the very near future people who know how to use this stuff well are going to run rings around the people who don’t. They won’t be able to get anywhere near the level of productivity for the amount of effort expended.”

BUILDING SKEPTICAL AND INFORMED AI USERS

His colleague Jesse Spencer-Smith, chief data scientist and interim director of the Data Science Institute and professor of the practice of computer science, has gone a step further in embracing generative AI for coding. As someone who has taught artificial intelligence for 20 years, Spencer-Smith recently changed the name of his advanced coding class to AI-Assisted Coding. “Rather than trying to detect whether you used ChatGPT to solve a programming problem, we’ve turned it around, to say, ‘Use ChatGPT and get very efficient and know how to guide it,’” he says.

He encourages the same approach in the humanities, citing a clever exercise by a faculty member in the English department who specifically told students to use ChatGPT to write an essay—and then turn around and grade it, so they could see its shortcomings where it used poor phrasing or got information wrong, as well as how it can be used to help organize ideas. “It turns people into skeptical and informed users and also gets them to the point where they can understand what good writing is,” Spencer-Smith says.

On the other hand, generative AI can be an excellent tool for studying or brainstorming. The DSI and Center for Teaching have collaborated on a platform which acts as a personalized tutor, where students can upload a book chapter or paper they need to review, and the AI can generate questions to quiz them on the material. The entire transcript can then be uploaded so the professor can see what the student understands and where they need help. “I used to have help sessions where half the class would be in every week,” Spencer-Smith says. “Now, I have very few people because they are all using ChatGPT to explain concepts in a way customized to their background.”

DSI has also collaborated with faculty to integrate AI into their teaching and research. Recently, for example, it’s been working with Karan Jani, professor of physics and astronomy, on creating an AI model to identify gravity waves to detect the presence of black holes. “The idea is to train a model that could be used to solve not just one problem, but a host of problems, and then be known as the Vanderbilt foundational model for gravity waves,” Spencer-Smith says.

Beyond using AI for research, Spencer-Smith also directs the Data Science for Social Good program, a 10-week program for graduate students who receive a stipend to use AI for practical applications. One recent project with The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD) helped develop a workplace app for people with autism, providing a virtual coach they could ask questions and receive help for navigating challenging situations. Another project worked with Professor Emerita of Psychology and Human Development Georgene Troseth and Professor Amy Booth, who spent years developing an app to help provide prompts to parents and other caregivers to better engage with their children when reading books. The AI Storybook project has finally realized their vision, using generative AI to suggest questions in real time for any children’s book.

“The whole purpose of this curriculum is to get students to understand how complex history is and how, during these watershed moments, history can turn on a dime. We don’t need to tell them that—they’re living it.” —Holly Tucker

When and how to best deploy AI in classrooms is something best left to individual instructors rather than mandated by university-wide policy, says Doug Fisher, associate professor of computer science and computer engineering. “While the technology is changing so much, it makes sense for us to allow individuals to investigate different options and then come together to compare notes,” says Fisher, who previously oversaw programs in AI for the National Science Foundation and co-taught a class at Vanderbilt on AI ethics.

Some professors may decide that AI is not appropriate to use in entry-level classes, where students are better off developing their own skills before seeking out computer-assisted aid. At the same time, Fisher noted, AI’s propensity for bias—being trained on a vast corpus of data on an imperfect internet—might give instructors pause before using it around sensitive topics such as race and gender studies. While students might feel more comfortable discussing those ideas with an impersonal machine, “there could be problematic exchanges humans are better equipped to handle.”

However the technology is incorporated into the classroom or the lab, it’s clear that the adventure with AI—particularly generative AI—is just beginning. It may take months or years before students and faculty best understand where it can be used most effectively and how it can best augment learning and discovery. In the meantime, it’s clear that AI is affecting learning now. Tucker says that students in her French Revolution class are required to turn in 20 pages by the end of the course—but they are so engaged that the average student turns in 25. “I’d never used ChatGPT before,” says Remi Bristol, one of Tucker’s students. “Now I definitely see myself using it in the future, for readings in classes that are confusing for me or to help prepare for a job interview.”

A recent survey of executives by IBM predicted that up to 40 percent of the workforce will have to reskill to manage AI in the next three years. It’s clear from their experiences in Tucker’s class and others that Vanderbilt students will be ready for that challenge.

“The whole purpose of this curriculum is to get students to understand how complex history is and how, during these watershed moments, history can turn on a dime,” Tucker says. “We don’t need to tell them that—they’re living it.”

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China overtakes the US in scientific research output

Between 2018 and 2020 China published 23.4% of the world’s scientific papers, eclipsing the US

China has overtaken the US as the world leader in both scientific research output and “high impact” studies, according to a report published by Japan’s science and technology ministry.

The report, which was published by Japan’s National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTP) on Tuesday, found that China now publishes the highest number of scientific research papers yearly, followed by the US and Germany.

The figures were based on yearly averages between 2018 and 2020, and drawn from data compiled by the analytics firm Clarivate.

The Japanese NISTP report also found that Chinese research comprised 27.2% of the world’s top 1% most frequently cited papers. The number of citations a research paper receives is a commonly used metric in academia. The more times a study is cited in subsequent papers by other researchers, the greater its “citation impact”.

The US accounted for 24.9% of the top 1% most highly cited research studies, while UK research was third at 5.5%.

China published a yearly average of 407,181 scientific papers, pulling ahead of the US’s 293,434 journal articles and accounting for 23.4% of the world’s research output, the report found.

China accounted for a high proportion of research into materials science, chemistry, engineering and mathematics, while US researchers were more prolific in research into clinical medicine, basic life sciences and physics.

The report was published on the day US president Joe Biden signed the Chips and Science Act, legislation that would authorise $200bn in research funding over 10 years to make US scientific research more competitive with China.

The Chinese embassy in the US said last month that China was “firmly opposed” to the bill which it said was “entrenched in [a] cold war and zero-sum game mentality”.

The “high impact” finding is in keeping with research published earlier this year , which found that China overtook the US in 2019 in the top 1% measure, and passed the European Union in 2015.

Papers that receive more citations than 99% of research are “works that are seen as being in the class of Nobel prize winners, the very leading edge of science”, study co-author Dr Caroline Wagner said at the time. “The US has tended to rank China’s work as lower quality. This appears to have changed.”

The US still spends more on research and development in the corporate and university sectors than any other country, the report also found. “China has the largest number of researchers in the corporate and university sectors among major countries. In the corporate sector, the United States and China are on par with each other, and both are showing rapid growth.”

“China is one of the top countries in the world in terms of both the quantity and quality of scientific papers,” Shinichi Kuroki of the Japan Science and Technology Agency told Nikkei Asia . “In order to become the true global leader, it will need to continue producing internationally recognised research,” he said.

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Intensification of evaporation of uranium hexafluoride

• Chemical Engineering Science and Chemical Cybernetics
• Published: 14 August 2013
• Volume 47 , pages 499–504, ( 2013 )

Cite this article

• A. M. Belyntsev 1 ,
• G. S. Sergeev 2 ,
• O. B. Gromov 2 ,
• A. A. Bychkov 1 ,
• A. V. Ivanov 2 ,
• S. I. Kamordin 3 ,
• P. I. Mikheev 4 ,
• V. I. Nikonov 2 ,
• I. V. Petrov 1 ,
• V. A. Seredenko 2 ,
• S. P. Starovoitov 1 ,
• S. A. Fomin 1 ,
• V. G. Frolov 1 &
• V. F. Kholin 2  

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The theoretical mechanism of the sublimation of uranium hexafluoride are considered. The most contribution to the rate of evaporation of UF 6 is introduced by the conductive mode of heat exchange. Various modes of the intensification of the evaporation of uranium hexafluoride during the nitrogen supply in pulse mode to the product mass are investigated. The nitrogen supply results in the turbulization of gas flow within a vessel (Re = 2500–4000) and significantly increases the rate of evaporation of uranium hexafluoride with the substantial decrease in a weight of the nonevaporable residue of 5.6–1.0 kg. The complex application of the pulse nitrogen supply in combination with heating the bottom of the vessel is the most effective method for evaporating uranium hexafluoride. The rate of evaporation of UF6 increases by a factor of almost four in comparison with the design mode. The developed methods are applied in industry and provide the stable operation of Saturn reactors during the conversion of uranium hexafluoride into its dioxide.

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Production of Uranium Hexafluoride with Low 234U Content in a Cascade with Intermediate Product

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Obtaining Hydrogen Fluoride During the Interaction of Uranium Hexafluioride with Hydrogen and Oxygen in a Combustion Regime. Experiment

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Bychkov, A.A., Nikonov, V.I., Seredenko, V.A., et al., Industrial tests and commercialization of fluorohydrocarbon evaporation from 1 m3 cylinders using nitrogen pulsing into the cylinder, in Sb. rabot MSZ i OAO VNIIKhT , (Collected Papers of MSZ and VNIIKhT), Moscow, 2005.

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A. M. Belyntsev, A. A. Bychkov, I. V. Petrov, S. P. Starovoitov, S. A. Fomin & V. G. Frolov

Leading Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russia

G. S. Sergeev, O. B. Gromov, A. V. Ivanov, V. I. Nikonov, V. A. Seredenko & V. F. Kholin

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Original Russian Text © A.M. Belyntsev, G.S. Sergeev, O.B. Gromov, A.A. Bychkov, A.V. Ivanov, S.I. Kamordin, P.I. Mikheev, V.I. Nikonov, I.V. Petrov, V.A. Seredenko, S.P. Starovoitov, S.A. Fomin, V.G. Frolov, V.F. Kholin, 2011, published in Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, 2011, Vol. 12, No. 11, pp. 675–681.

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Belyntsev, A.M., Sergeev, G.S., Gromov, O.B. et al. Intensification of evaporation of uranium hexafluoride. Theor Found Chem Eng 47 , 499–504 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579513040040

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To find life in the universe, look to deadly Venus

Earth-like but incapable of hosting life.

Despite surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead, lava-spewing volcanoes, and puffy clouds of sulfuric acid, uninhabitable Venus offers vital lessons about the potential for life on other planets, a new paper argues.

"We often assume that Earth is the model of habitability, but if you consider this planet in isolation, we don't know where the boundaries and limitations are," said UC Riverside astrophysicist and paper first author Stephen Kane. "Venus gives us that."

Published today in the journal Nature Astronomy, the paper compiles much of the known information about Earth and Venus. It also describes Venus as an anchor point from which scientists can better understand the conditions that preclude life on planets around other stars.

Though it also features a pressure cooker-like atmosphere that would instantly flatten a human, Earth and Venus share some similarities. They have roughly the same mass and radius. Given the proximity to that planet, it's natural to wonder why Earth turned out so differently.

Many scientists assume that insolation flux, the amount of energy Venus receives from the sun, caused a runaway greenhouse situation that ruined the planet.

"If you consider the solar energy received by Earth as 100%, Venus collects 191%. A lot of people think that's why Venus turned out differently," Kane said. "But hold on a second. Venus doesn't have a moon, which is what gives Earth things like ocean tides and influenced the amount of water here."

In addition to some of the known differences, more NASA missions to Venus would help clear up some of the unknowns. Scientists don't know the size of its core, how it got to its present, relatively slow rotation rate, how its magnetic field changed over time, or anything about the chemistry of the lower atmosphere.

"Venus doesn't have a detectable magnetic field. That could be related to the size of its core," Kane said. "Core size also give us information about how a planet cools itself. Earth has a mantle circulating heat from its core. We don't know what's happening inside Venus."

A terrestrial planet's interior also influences its atmosphere. That is the case on Earth, where our atmosphere is largely the result of volcanic outgassing.

NASA does have twin missions to Venus planned for the end of this decade, and Kane is assisting with both of them. The DAVINCI mission will probe the acid-filled atmosphere to measure noble gases and other chemical elements.

"DAVINCI will measure the atmosphere all the way from the top to the bottom. That will really help us build new climate models and predict these kinds of atmospheres elsewhere, including on Earth, as we keep increasing the amount of CO2," Kane said.

The VERITAS mission, led by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, won't land on the surface but it will allow scientists to create detailed 3D landscape reconstructions, revealing whether the planet has active plate tectonics or volcanoes.

"Currently, our maps of the planet are very incomplete. It's very different to understand how active the surface is, versus how it may have changed through time. We need both kinds of information," Kane said.

Ultimately, the paper advocates for missions like these to Venus for two main reasons. One is the ability, with better data, to use Venus to ensure inferences about life on farther-flung planets are correct.

"The sobering part of the search for life elsewhere in the universe is that we're never going to have in situ data for an exoplanet. We aren't going there, landing, or taking direct measurements of them," Kane said.

"If we think another planet has life on the surface, we might not ever know we're wrong, and we'd be dreaming about a planet with life that doesn't have it. We are only going to get that right by properly understanding the Earth-size planets we can visit, and Venus gives us that chance."

The other reason to research Venus is that it offers a preview of what Earth's future could look like.

"One of the main reasons to study Venus is because of our sacred duties as caretakers of this planet, to preserve its future. My hope is that through studying the processes that produced present-day Venus, especially if Venus had a more temperate past that's now devastated, there are lessons there for us. It can happen to us. It's a question of how and when," Kane said.

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Materials provided by University of California - Riverside . Original written by Jules Bernstein. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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• Stephen R. Kane, Paul K. Byrne. Venus as an Anchor Point for Planetary Habitability . Submitted to arXiv , 2024 DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2403.08830

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First annual PICR Awards ceremony recognizes excellence in cancer research

In a significant milestone for the Purdue Institute for Cancer Research (PICR), faculty, students and staff gathered at the Hansen Life Sciences Research Building on April 17 to honor seven awardees for their outstanding contributions to cancer research. PICR Director Andrew Mesecar delivered remarks emphasizing the importance of establishing the awards ceremony as a tradition and spoke about the distinct contributions each recipient had made to further the institute’s goal of conquering cancer.

“In almost every nomination and support letter we received, a single word stood out — and that word was ‘excellence.’ From scientific achievements to service within our cancer research community, the word excellence was used to describe the contributions of each of our nominees and awardees. Excellence describes what we strive to achieve in all areas of PICR’s mission, from research to training and education to inclusion and belonging,” Mesecar said. He also emphasized that “through the dedicated efforts of over 115 faculty members and more than 600 students and post-docs, the Purdue Institute for Cancer Research is indeed delivering on President Chiang’s vision of excellence at scale.”

Get to know the PICR Award recipients

Trainee awards.

These awards are presented to trainees who exhibit outstanding commitment, creativity and excellence in cancer research, and demonstrate exceptional promise for productive careers that will have meaningful impact in their fields.

Outstanding Undergraduate Student Award

A senior in the College of Pharmacy majoring in pharmaceutical sciences, Sam King is a member of the Honors College and president of the Undergraduate Research Society. King has been an undergraduate research assistant in Emily Dykhuizen’s lab since 2021. He will graduate with a bachelor’s degree this May.

Outstanding Doctoral Student Award

Luopin wang.

A PhD candidate in the biochemistry and computer science departments, Luopin Wang has been a graduate research assistant in Majid Kazemian’s lab since 2018. Now in the final year of her doctoral program, Wang passed her dissertation defense and will be graduating in May with a PhD in computer science.

Outstanding Postdoctoral Fellow Award

Ikjot singh sohal.

Ikjot Singh Sohal received his PhD in biomedical engineering and biotechnology from the University of Massachusetts and has been a postdoctoral research associate in Andrea Kasinski’s lab since 2018. His research focuses on understanding the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles and their role in immune suppression, as well as developing targeted miRNA therapeutics in lung and prostate cancer.

Outstanding Service and Engagement Award

Doug cuttell, managing director, picr.

This award recognizes and celebrates individuals who have demonstrated exceptional commitment and active participation within the institute. It honors PICR members, staff, trainees or volunteers who have not only contributed significantly to the goals and mission of the institute but have also actively engaged in its various activities, fostering a collaborative and impactful environment.

Faculty Awards

Outstanding early career research achievement award, xiaoping bao.

This award recognizes early career research that goes beyond the awardee’s dissertation and demonstrates clear scientific or scholarly contributions in work completed as a PICR member. The award also acknowledges meaningful impact on their field.

Xiaoping Bao is the William K. Luckow Assistant Professor in the Davidson School of Chemical Engineering. His research focuses on stem cell immuno-engineering with cancer as the target disease. He has worked on the development of chimeric antigen receptor neutrophils for use in targeted cancer therapy.

Outstanding Mid-Career Research Achievement Award

Andrea kasinski, deputy director, picr.

This award recognizes strong scientific contributions by a mid-career PICR member. The award acknowledges sustained and significant impact on their field and national or international recognition for their work. As PICR deputy director and associate professor of biological sciences, Andrea Kasinski’s research focuses on identifying roles for microRNAs in cancer development and progression, and applying this knowledge in clinical applications.

Outstanding Career Research Achievement Award

John tesmer.

This award recognizes tenured full professors who have made strong scientific or scholarly contributions in their work as a PICR member. The award honors sustained and significant impact on their field, and national and international recognition for their work.

John Tesmer, the Walther Distinguished Professor in Cancer Structural Biology in the Department of Biological Sciences and professor of medicinal chemistry and molecular pharmacology, is a leader of PICR’s Targets, Structures and Drugs scientific program. His research focuses on structure, function and chemical-biological targeting of eukaryotic signaling proteins and cholesterol metabolizing enzymes.

Next year, PICR will introduce awards for graduate students and/or post-docs and faculty to recognize mentoring and training.

Learn more about the PICR award opportunities here .