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Health economics

The following are the key areas of our work: 

Health technology assessment and Benefit Package Design - One of the key objectives for policymakers is to use existing and additional resources efficiently. This calls for prioritizing between and amongst interventions. There are several initiatives related to health technology assessment (HTA) and health benefit package design. These are: 

• A survey on HTA and health benefit packages.
• The WHO-CHOICE (Choosing interventions that are Cost-Effective) project, with the Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Analysis methodology.
• The UHC Compendium.
• The OneHealth Tool, used to help countries to examine the costs and feasibility of their strategic plans, as well as to evaluate the plan’s impact.

Costing and Technical Efficiency - The work on costing and technical efficiency explores questions around resource use in the health sector. Strategies for improving health and expanding access to health care services need to be examined from a resource perspective in order to ensure that they are feasible, efficient, affordable and sustainable.  

Health and the economy – While measurements of morbidity and mortality are key considerations for estimating the burden of disease in populations, they provide an incomplete picture of the adverse impact of ill health on human welfare. In particular, the economic consequences of poor health can be substantial. Analysis of the economic impact of ill-health addresses a number of policy questions concerning the consequences of disease or injury. Some of these questions relate to the microeconomic level of households, firms or government – such as the impact of ill-health on a household’s income or a firm’s profits – while others relate to the macroeconomic level, including the aggregate impact of a disease on a country’s current and future gross domestic product (GDP). WHO proposes a defined conceptual framework within which the economic impact of diseases and injuries can be considered and appropriately estimated.

AccessMod – This is a toolbox that has been developed by WHO in order to assist countries to examine the geographic aspects of their health system. It specifically addresses the first three layers of a well-known framework developed by Tanahashi (1978) to evaluate health service coverage (the specific three layers being: the target population, availability coverage and accessibility coverage).

EPIC – It is a model to estimate the burden of ill-health (or, conversely the contribution of improving health) on economic performance, through the direct and indirect impacts that health has on two key production factors: the labour force and physical capital. EPIC estimates how changes in health status affect the size of the effective labour force and the accumulation of physical capital and ultimately national income. EPIC may be used to conduct investment case in health.

One Health Tool - The OneHealth Tool is a software tool designed to inform national strategic health planning in low- and middle-income countries. While many costing tools take a narrow disease-specific approach, the OneHealth Tool attempts to link strategic objectives and targets of disease control and prevention programmes to the required investments in health systems. The tool provides planners with a single framework for scenario analysis, costing, health impact analysis, budgeting, and financing of strategies for all major diseases and health system components. It is thus primarily intended to inform sector wide national strategic health plans and policies.

UHC Compendium - The UHC Compendium is a database of health services and intersectoral interventions designed to assist countries in making progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC). It provides a strategic way to organize and present information and creates a framework to think about health services and health interventions. The database for the Compendium spans the full spectrum of promotive, preventive, resuscitative, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative services, as well as a full complement of intersectoral interventions. The Compendium will provide rapid one-stop access to supporting evidence, associated human and material resource inputs, and feedback on cost impact as interventions are selected. 

• AccessMod: geographic access to health care
• Economic projections for illness and cost of treatment (EPIC)
• One health tool
• UHC Compendium
• WHO resolution 67.23 - Health intervention and technology assessment in support of universal health coverage
• WHO resolution 60.29 - Health Technologies
• SEA/RC66/R4 - Health intervention and technology assessment in support of universal health coverage
• Health System Governance and Financing

Landmark report charts route for reorienting economies to deliver health for all

Economics council issues mid-term report

Top economists call for radical redirection of the economy to put Health for All at the centre in the run-up to G20

Global experts of new WHO Council on the Economics of Health For All announced

Providing guidance to countries on institutionalizing Health Technology Assessment

Latest publications

Health labour market analysis in Tajikistan

The Health Labour Market Analysis (‎HLMA)‎ was undertaken to understand the health workforce situation in Tajikistan to inform the development...

Assessing employment effects for the health and care workforce: a guiding framework

For policy makers, it is essential to assess the employment effects of policy interventions that increase and strengthen the health and care workforce....

Fair share for health and care: gender and the undervaluation of health and care work

The Fair Share report outlines how gender-equitable investments in health and care work can help fully recognize the value of health and care work, to...

Health benefit packages analysis of AB-PMJAY SEHAT

This analysis provides recommendations for changes and rationalization of the health benefit package of the AB-PMJAY SEHAT scheme in Jammu & Kashmir...

Approaches and tools to help finance and implement national action plans on AMR - Council Insight no....

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to become one of the biggest health challenges facing humanity, with devastating consequences, if humanity fails...

Exploring innovative financing solutions for pandemic preparedness and response - Council Insight no....

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the fact that governments and international institutions were not financially equipped to address...

The mRNA Vaccine Technology Transfer Hub: a pilot for transformative change for the common good?

WHO created the mRNA technology transfer programme (mRNA TT Programme) in mid-2021 to meet requests from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) for...

Fair share for health and care fact sheet

Health and care work supports human wellbeing, promotes economic prosperity and creates virtuous cycles of equity. Yet, it is vastly undervalued. This...

Infographics

Extending Life Expectancy

What will be a healthier world cost?

Health in the SDG Era

SDG Health Price Tag: Cost of reaching global health targets by 2030

Building an economy for health for all

Fair share for health and care

Health for All: Transforming economies to deliver what matters

Launch of the WHO Report on the Economics of Health for All on 23 May 2023

Launch of the WHO Economic Council’s case study on the mRNA Vaccine TT programme

Gender and the undervaluation of health and care work

WHA76 side event: Launch of the Final Report of the WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All

Twenty-first meeting of the WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All

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Explore how AI is revolutionizing HEOR and RWE by enhancing predictive analytics, automating data processing and providing deeper insights into healthcare economics.

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Clinical Trials

See the latest in clinical trials news, including trial statuses, FDA decisions and research in popular areas including oncology, rare diseases and animal studies.

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An overview of health databases and electronic medical records, and their impact on research, policy formulation and understanding healthcare trends.

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The latest on emerging health technologies and devices, and news regarding how health technologies are assessed for efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness.

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Understanding the financial mechanisms in healthcare, including funding models, payment systems, and their impact on healthcare access and quality.

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Discussions of the integration of clinical, economic and patient-reported evidence in strategic planning for healthcare interventions.

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Strategies and challenges in ensuring patient access to healthcare innovations, considering regulatory, economic and policy perspectives.

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Exploring the role of medical affairs in bridging clinical development with commercial strategies, focusing on evidence generation and communication.

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Insights into measuring and improving patient outcomes, and the importance of patient engagement in healthcare decision-making.

Pricing & Reimbursement

Analysis of pricing strategies and reimbursement mechanisms for pharmaceuticals and healthcare services, influencing market dynamics and access.

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The latest in the growing importance of RWE in healthcare decision-making, policy development and evidence-based medicine.

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Methods and approaches to assess the value of healthcare interventions, considering clinical, economic and patient-centered outcomes.

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Strategies for effectively communicating the value of healthcare interventions to stakeholders, including payers, providers and patients.

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Institute for policy research.

The Institute for Policy Research (IPR) is the home of many research groups and centers.  IPR faculty publish their research in many of the leading journals for their particular discipline, in addition to working paper series, chapters, books, monographs, and reports.

Northwestern’s vibrant health economics community produces leading research on population health and the organization of health care markets. Faculty and students working in the area of health economics engage closely with other fields, including industrial organization, labor and public, and development. In addition to faculty in the department, there are leading health economists in Kellogg’s Strategy group and the School of Education and Social Policy. The Buehler Center at the Feinberg School of Medicine further has an active and growing group of economists and public health researchers. The department and Kellogg’s Strategy group jointly offer a two-quarter, second-year sequence that provides students with an in-depth look at a range of theoretical models and empirical applications in health and health care economics. The department holds a weekly Applied Microeconomics seminar; faculty and students working on health care topics also frequently attend the Strategy seminar and seminars held by the Institute for Policy Research (IPR).

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Micro-costing in economic analyses of surgical interventions.

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Certificate in Health Economics & Outcomes Research

The online 9-month, part-time health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) Certificate is tailored for individuals seeking an introduction to HEOR, including professionals in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, clinicians and other health care professionals, graduate degree holders, and graduate degree students.

HEOR has become increasingly important. Providing affordable health care while maintaining the best possible health outcomes is a challenge to all governments and health care payers. This is especially true in the United States, which spends almost twice as much per capita compared to other high-income countries yet has substantially poorer health outcomes. Major drivers of the spending gap include higher administrative costs and the higher prices of devices and pharmaceuticals in the US.

As health care becomes more complex, health care decisions can be improved by combining information from economic analyses (health economics) and vital clinical data on patients (outcomes research) to evaluate health care  value . HEOR informs health care decision-making by allowing stakeholders, especially payers, health care providers, and patients, to understand the clinical, economic, and quality of life endpoints of various treatments and health care practices. Individuals seeking an introduction to HEOR, including professionals in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, clinicians and other health care professionals, graduate degree holders, and graduate degree students, are encouraged to apply.

Benefits of the HEOR Certificate Program

• The flexible online format is perfect for local or global participation
• Students experience live webinars, active discussion boards and asynchronous lectures
• Program faculty are experts in clinical investigation, clinical epidemiology, health services research, outcomes research, meta-analysis, biostatistics, drug development, and related fields.
• No thesis is required
• Faculty post all required reading materials on the course website, so there are no books or materials that participants need to purchase.

Mental Health, Substance Use, and Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatment is a pressing concern in the United States, with more than four million children referred to child protective services in 2022. Reducing child maltreatment is a national health objective given the substantial, negative consequences for children who experience maltreatment, both in the short- and long-term. Parental mental health and substance use disorders are strongly associated with child maltreatment. In this study, we use administrative data over the period 2004 to 2021 to study the relationship between the number of mental health and substance use treatment centers per county and child maltreatment reports. Our findings provide evidence that better access to mental health and substance use treatment reduces child maltreatment reports. In particular, an 8% increase in the supply of treatment would reduce maltreatment reports by 1%. These findings suggest that recent and ongoing efforts by the federal government to expand mental health and substance use treatment availability may lead to reduced child maltreatment.

All authors contributed equally to this study. Authors are listed in alphabetical order. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number 1R01MH132552 (PI: Johanna Catherine Maclean). Dr. Meinhofer acknowledges support from the Foundation for Opioid Response Efforts GR00015582 and the National Institute on Drug Abuse K01DA051777. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institutes of Health or the Foundation for Opioid Response Efforts. We thank Douglas Webber and Jiaxin Wei for excellent comments. All errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

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Health Care Resource Utilization (HCRU) in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Asthma Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Disease

Mayen Herrera E 1 , Lubwama R 1 , Petruski-Ivleva N 1 , Hawaldar K 1 , Madziva D 2 , Qureshi T 1 , Cheng WH 1 1 Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2 Sanofi, North York, ON, Canada

OBJECTIVES: Asthma and COPD are significant public health concerns, with a high prevalence and substantial economic burden. Both conditions significantly impact individuals' quality of life, daily activities, and health outcomes. Their economic burden is substantial, with total (direct and indirect) costs estimated to be billions of dollars each year. In this study we described all-cause and COPD or Asthma related HCRU among patients with uncontrolled disease during index exacerbation and at three months following the index exacerbation.

METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using Optum Clinformatics claims data from 01/01/2016 to 12/31/2023. The study included patients with uncontrolled COPD or Asthma. Uncontrolled disease was defined as having ≥2 moderate exacerbation episodes or ≥1 severe exacerbation episode within a 12-month period. Severe and moderate exacerbation cohorts included patients with ≥1 severe or ≥1 moderate exacerbation episode, respectively after sample entry date.

RESULTS: The COPD cohorts, had 28,197 severe patients and 170,159 moderate patients. The Asthma cohorts had 3,537 and 125,832 severe and moderate patients, respectively. Both COPD cohorts had a higher proportion of patients with all-cause and disease-related inpatient admissions, office visits, ICU stays, number of inpatient days and ER visits than Asthma cohort at index exacerbation.

Economic Evaluation

No Additional Disease & Conditions/Specialized Treatment Areas, Respiratory-Related Disorders (Allergy, Asthma, Smoking, Other Respiratory)

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About the Concentration in Health Economics and Policy

The concentration in Health Economics and Policy prepares doctoral students to address the most pressing challenges in health and health care through innovative, rigorous and interdisciplinary research in the field of health economics. This program integrates traditional training in economics with practical training in health policy and health services research to train the next generation of health economists.

The curriculum offers a broad exposure to the health economics literature and public health disciplines, and stresses the policy implications of these fields of research. The curriculum stresses a foundation in applied modern microeconomic theory, economic evaluation, quantitative methods and econometrics, including PhD-level courses from the Department of Economics in the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences.

Doctoral students are paired with a faculty adviser from the Health Economics concentration with similar research interests. Faculty in the Health Economics concentration are working in a variety of research areas including understanding health insurance design, the economic implications of health and health care disparities, market forces and health care prices, pharmaceutical economics, and payment design and access. Doctoral students will also have the opportunity to work with other faculty within the Department, as well as faculty from other Departments including International Health, Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Biostatistics, the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, the Carey Business School, and the Department of Economics. Students also often work with various centers and initiatives across the University, including the Hopkins Business of Health Initiative.

What Can You Do With a Graduate Degree In Health Economics And Policy?

The program prepares students for successful research careers as health economists. Former students have gone onto careers in academia, government, research-oriented non-profits, and the private sector. Visit the  Graduate Employment Outcomes Dashboard to learn about Bloomberg School graduates' employment status, sector, and salaries.

View a list of selected recent graduates and dissertation titles for the PhD Concentration in Health Economics and Policy.

Curriculum for the Concentration in Health Economics and Policy

Browse an overview of the requirements for this PhD program in the JHU  Academic Catalogue  and explore all course offerings in the Bloomberg School  Course Directory .

Admissions Requirements

For general admissions requirements, please visit the How to Apply page.

Standardized Test Scores

Standardized test scores are  not required and not reviewed  for this program. If you have taken a standardized test such as the GRE, GMAT, or MCAT and want to submit your scores, please note that they will not be used as a metric during the application review.  Applications will be reviewed holistically based on all required application components.

Matthew Eisenberg, PhD, MPhil,

uses applied health economics methods to study how consumers make decisions about their healthcare.

Per the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) with the JHU PhD Union, the minimum guaranteed 2025-2026 academic year stipend is $50,000 for all PhD students with a 4% increase the following year. Tuition, fees, and medical benefits are provided, including health insurance premiums for PhD student’s children and spouses of international students, depending on visa type. The minimum stipend and tuition coverage is guaranteed for at least the first four years of a BSPH PhD program; specific amounts and the number of years supported, as well as work expectations related to that stipend will vary across departments and funding source. Please refer to the CBA to review specific benefits, compensation, and other terms.

Need-Based Relocation Grants Students who  are admitted to PhD programs at JHU starting in Fall 2023 or beyond can apply to receive a need-based grant to offset the costs of relocating to be able to attend JHU.   These grants provide funding to a portion of incoming students who, without this money, may otherwise not be able to afford to relocate to JHU for their PhD program. This is not a merit-based grant. Applications will be evaluated solely based on financial need.  View more information about the need-based relocation grants for PhD students .

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How ethical behavior is considered in different contexts: a bibliometric analysis of global research trends.

1. Introduction

2. literature review, 2.1. ethical behavior, 2.2. bibliometric, 3. methodology, 4.1. countries and their concerns about ethical behavior, 4.2. key themes in research terms, 4.3. bibliographic coupling analysis, 4.3.1. journals, 4.3.2. authors, 4.4. co-citation analysis, 4.4.1. publications, 4.4.2. journals, 4.4.3. authors, 5. discussion, 5.1. ethical behavior in consumption, 5.2. ethical behavior in leadership, 5.2.1. social learning theory (slt), 5.2.2. social exchange theory (set), transformational leadership, authentic leadership, spiritual leadership, 5.3. ethical behavior in business.

• Focus on social responsibility;
• Emphasis on honesty and fairness;
• Focus on “Golden Rules”;
• Values that are consistent with a person’s behavior or religious beliefs;
• Obligations, responsibilities, and rights towards dedicated or enlightened work;
• Philosophy of good or bad;
• Ability to clarify issues in decision making;
• Focus on personal conscience;
• Systems or theories of justice that question the quality of one’s relationships;
• The relationship of the means to ends;
• Concern with integrity, what should be, habits, logic, and principles of Aristotle;
• Emphasis on virtue, leadership, confidentiality, judgment of others, putting God first, topicality, and publicity.

Values, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

5.4. ethical behavior in the medical context, 5.4.1. autonomy, 5.4.2. beneficence, 5.4.3. non-maleficence, 5.4.4. fairness, 5.5. ethical behaviour in education, 5.5.1. violation of school/university regulation, 5.5.2. selfishness, 5.5.3. cheating, 5.5.4. computer ethics, 5.6. ethical context in organization, 5.6.1. context of organizational ethical climate, 5.6.2. context of organizational ethical culture, 6. conclusions, 7. limitations and future research, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Vu Lan Oanh, L.; Tettamanzi, P.; Tien Minh, D.; Comoli, M.; Mouloudj, K.; Murgolo, M.; Dang Thu Hien, M. How Ethical Behavior Is Considered in Different Contexts: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends. Adm. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 200. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14090200

Vu Lan Oanh L, Tettamanzi P, Tien Minh D, Comoli M, Mouloudj K, Murgolo M, Dang Thu Hien M. How Ethical Behavior Is Considered in Different Contexts: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends. Administrative Sciences . 2024; 14(9):200. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14090200

Vu Lan Oanh, Le, Patrizia Tettamanzi, Dinh Tien Minh, Maurizio Comoli, Kamel Mouloudj, Michael Murgolo, and Mai Dang Thu Hien. 2024. "How Ethical Behavior Is Considered in Different Contexts: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends" Administrative Sciences 14, no. 9: 200. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14090200

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