short essay on dr abdul qadeer khan in english

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Dr AQ Khan: ‘Father of Pak bomb’ and stealer of nuclear secrets, revered even after fall from grace

Although dr abdul qadeer khan is now identified as the man who single-handedly built pakistan's bomb, the reality is more complex..

Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan, who died in Islamabad on Sunday (October 10) of Covid-related complications at age 85, was revered in Pakistan as the “father” of the country’s “atom bomb”. In popular lore, he is eulogised as the man who single-handedly ensured that Pakistan succeeded in to making nuclear weapons, and in this significant respect, made Pakistan an equal of India.

The international shame he brought Pakistan for running a rogue nuclear network and proliferating for personal profit did not dent his stature at all. Instead, the man who was born in Bhopal in 1936, and whose family migrated to Pakistan during Partition, was seen as a patriot, the victim of an international conspiracy to rob Pakistan of its nuclear jewels, and to defame the country.

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Khan’s nation honoured him with the titles of Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Order of Excellence, Pakistan’s highest civilian honour) and Mohsin-e-Pakistan (Benefactor of Pakistan).

But his colleagues at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission scoffed at his nuclear credentials — his main qualification was as a metallurgical engineer — and he was reportedly not the leader of the team that tested Pakistan’s nuclear device in May 1998 after India carried out its tests in Pokharan, although he was present at the test site in Chagai. What everyone acknowledges, though, is his role in providing the first blueprints for Pakistan’s centrifuges, setting it on the path to uranium enrichment.

Stealer of nuclear secrets

In February 2004, months after the US confronted Pakistan’s then military ruler General Pervez Musharraf with evidence that Khan had been selling parts of centrifuges and material to Libya, North Korea and Iran, Musharraf was forced to take action. In an address to the nation, he denounced Khan in strong language.

Following this, Khan made a confession on national television and called it an “error of judgement” on his part. Balancing between opinion at home and intense international scrutiny, Musharraf pardoned him but placed him under house arrest. On the Paksitani street, however, Khan was a hero. His photographs were in shops and marketplaces, and his face painted on the backs of trucks and autos.

Pakistan was shocked, but Khan had been under western intelligence surveillance almost from the start of his nuclear technology career.

In 1975, a year after India detonated its first nuclear device, Khan, then working in Holland in a uranium enrichment facility as a German-Dutch translator, offered his services to then PM Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who wanted Pakistan to have its own nuclear programme.

The Dutch facility suspected him of stealing blueprints for making centrifuges and other components, but he returned to Pakistan before any action could be taken against him. In 1976, he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission’s nuclear weapons effort. He was convicted by a Dutch court for the theft.

Already in 2001, Khan had been forced by Musharraf to retire, and given the consolation title of Chief Advisor to the head of Khan Research Laboratories. Musharraf took this step because of suspicion about his activities.

From then on, it was downhill for Khan. Indeed, he had personified Pakistan’s nuclear weapons effort from the 1981 onwards, when General Zia-ul Haq, the then military ruler, renamed Engineering Research Laboratories after Khan. He was a more public personality than any of Pakistan’s other nuclear scientists.

The ‘secret’ Pak bomb

It was Khan who outed that Pakistan had a nuclear device more than a decade before its retaliatory 1998 test. In 1987, ge told the veteran Indian journalist Kuldip Nayar in an interview: “America knows it. What the CIA has been saying about our possessing the bomb is correct, and so is the speculation of some foreign newspapers. They told us Pakistan could never produce the bomb and they doubted my capabilities. But they know we have it.”

Nayar asked him why Pakistan had not announced this achievement. Khan replied: “Is it necessary? America has threatened to cut off all its aid.”

It was seen as a deliberate leak by Pakistan, as a message to Delhi , serving to hasten India’s own nuclear weapons programme.

Rehab after Musharraf

After President Musharraf stepped down in August 2008, Khan petitioned the Islamabad High Court for his release. The new PPP government had already come under tremendous pressure to release him. In 2009, the court declared him a “free citizen,” but only after it had brokered a “secret agreement” between him and the government. The court barred either side from making the details public.

The details of the agreement were contained in a US diplomatic cable leaked by Wikileaks in 2011. Under the agreement, Khan had agreed to a number of conditions, including not travelling outside Islamabad without informing the authorities in advance, not travelling abroad, and submitting names of visitors to his home for vetting.

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According to the cable, then Interior Secretary Kamal Shah had assured the US Ambassador that the government of Pakistan retained all powers to keep him on a tight leash. Shah defended the court order by saying it had given the government “legal cover “ for an “extrajudicial” house arrest.

Within minutes of becoming a “free citizen” though, Khan held an impromptu press conference outside his home in Islamabad’s E-7 sector. He later took to writing a column in the Pakistani daily The News. In 2012, he also tried to float a political party named Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan, which, despite his personal popularity, sank without a trace by the following year.

The final years

In 2019, Khan moved a fundamental rights petition in the Supreme Court of Pakistan against the restrictions on his free travel across the country. During hearings earlier this year, counsel for Khan complained that he was not being allowed to meet his relatives and friends.

The court asked the government to get a list of the people Khan wanted to meet, and to resolve the matter. The judge described Khan as the “Mohsin (benefactor) of Pakistan”, and said he should be well cared for.

The case was still being heard when Khan contracted Covid. He was moved to the military hospital in Rawalpindi, from where he was discharged after recovering from the virus. He died within weeks of complications in his lungs.

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• 29 October 2021

Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936–2021)

• Ehsan Masood

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Credit: Farooq Naeem/AFP/Getty

Scientists designing weapons of mass destruction are usually hidden from the public, watched by security and intelligence agencies. Rarely are they powerful celebrities who give interviews and publish their research. Abdul Qadeer Khan, the materials scientist who smuggled nuclear-weapons technology into and then out of Pakistan, attended scientific conferences and openly advertised his services. “We have the capability of going nuclear if the politicians decide,” Khan boasted when I interviewed him in the lobby of an Islamabad hotel (see Nature 376 , 636–637; 1995 ). He has died aged 85.

As the world later learnt to its cost, that capability included the first freelance nuclear-weapons technology business, selling uranium-enrichment technology to Iran, North Korea and Libya. Despite confessing to wrongdoing on live television, for millions he died a martyr, restoring a poor country’s pride in matching richer nations in defence technology.

Abdul Qadeer Khan was born in 1936 in Bhopal, India. The family migrated to Pakistan in 1952, after decolonization. Graduating in metallurgy from the University of Karachi, Khan studied further in what was then West Germany, and in the Netherlands. At the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium he was awarded a PhD in 1972 for work on copper-based martensites, extremely hard forms of steel. Then came the turning point. He went to work for FDO, a company based in Amsterdam that supplied the high-speed centrifuges that enrich uranium for use in nuclear power plants.

Born secret — the heavy burden of bomb physics

By the early 1970s, Asian countries were in an arms race. China and India had fought one war; India and Pakistan had fought three. China tested a nuclear weapon in 1964. In 1972, Pakistan’s then prime minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, tasked scientists with designing a nuclear device. Bhutto’s chief scientific adviser, Abdus Salam, proposed creating a secret theoretical-physics group. This would be in the tradition of the US Manhattan Project, the group’s then head, Riazuddin, wrote in his memoir A Physicist’s Journey (2020).

One of Pakistan’s problems was how to acquire the plutonium or uranium needed to produce a nuclear explosion. Weapons can be made using plutonium-239. This was potentially available as a by-product of power plants. But Pakistan’s nuclear-energy materials were being monitored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, based in Vienna.

Uranium, too, was a possibility. But Pakistan lacked the enrichment technology to separate the rare fissile isotope — U-235 — from its abundant naturally occurring source. Until, that is, a letter found its way to Bhutto from Khan, then working in the Netherlands, who offered his services to the nuclear-weapons effort.

The timing could not have been better: the missive arrived shortly after India’s 1974 nuclear test, as Bhutto was becoming impatient at the lack of progress from his scientists.

Khan relocated to Islamabad — with the designs for high-speed centrifuges to create fissile uranium. He was initially employed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), but fell out with top management, accusing it of stalling on the prime minister’s nuclear ambitions. The PAEC administration regarded Khan as unreliable. But Bhutto bought into his vision and granted him strategic and operational independence to establish his own laboratory near Islamabad.

The scientist-spy who spilt secrets of the bomb

In April 1979, Bhutto was hanged after a military coup, but Khan’s star continued to rise. He persuaded the army to maintain his funding and operational autonomy. By the 1990s, Khan was at the heart of a web of scientists, engineers, suppliers, fixers and front-companies. They imported nuclear materials, and incorporated these into designs and equipment for export.

Between 1987 and 1997, Khan’s network provided Iran with centrifuge designs and components. Next came North Korea, which was supplied with centrifuges, sketches, technical data and uranium hexafluoride gas (UF 6 ), used in uranium processing. From the late 1990s, Libya bought at least 10,000 centrifuges and 1.87 tonnes of UF 6 .

But Libya was a bridge too far. Western intelligence agencies had been piecing together records of phone conversations, shipments, travel and financial transactions. When Libya gave up its nuclear ambitions, documents passed to the United States named the Khan network as a source for supplies. The administration of US president George W. Bush pressed Pakistan to act and, in 2004, Khan confessed on television, in English. Although later pardoned, Khan spent the rest of his days under effective house arrest.

His reputation in Pakistan remained sky high, however. According to at least one source, he donated millions of dollars to science and education causes, but faced little or no parliamentary scrutiny. Hassan Abbas, former deputy-director of investigations at the country’s anti-corruption watchdog, writes in his book Pakistan’s Nuclear Bomb (2018) that he decided against pursuing a corruption inquiry on the grounds that investigating the country’s most popular person was too big for his agency to handle.

In the end, Khan’s defenestration proved a convenient distraction for the army, the government and the PAEC. Pakistan, it is estimated, has 165 nuclear warheads, the world’s sixth largest nuclear arsenal. The PAEC, as the apex nuclear body, organized Pakistan’s 1998 nuclear tests.

Khan was not the ‘father’ of Pakistan’s nuclear-weapons programme, as was widely reported: it was a team effort. But he was a crucial participant, and took advantage of the recklessness and incompetence of a state determined to acquire weapons of mass destruction at any cost, endangering the lives of its own people, and the wider world.

Nature 599 , 31 (2021)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02997-3

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

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What AQ Khan’s Diaries Tell About Pakistan’s Drive for a Nuclear Bomb

Simon Henderson is the Baker Senior Fellow and director of the Bernstein Program on Gulf and Energy Policy at The Washington Institute, specializing in energy matters and the conservative Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

The custodian of the infamous scientist’s four-decade-long journal offers new insights into his proliferation role and relationship with Pakistani military authorities.

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, the Pakistani scientist who gave nuclear secrets to Iran, Libya and North Korea, died of COVID-19 on Sunday at age 85. But his death does not mark the end of his story. I can now write about what I learned while reading more than 40 years of his diaries, which he wrote daily from when he began work on Pakistan’s nuclear weapon project in 1976. The diaries, written in English, sometimes in a hasty scrawl, are an extraordinary treasure trove. Though they are revelatory to most of us, I doubt whether they reveal anything that the U.S. intelligence community and allied foreign agencies do not already know. I suspect the need for compromises, which are often the essence of formulating foreign policy, has held back revealing the full picture. Pakistan, of course, facilitated the defeat of Soviet forces in Afghanistan in the 1980s and was a crucial partner, post-9/11, in dealing with al Qaeda, and even today needs to be handled carefully now that the Taliban again control Kabul...

Read the full article on the Hill website.

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Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936 - 2021)

Abdul Qadeer Khan (A.Q. Kahn) was born on April 1, 1936, in Bhopal, India. As a Muslim, Khan immigrated to Pakistan in 1952. He earned his doctorate in metallurgical engineering from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium. There he pioneered studies in phase transitions of metallic alloys, uranium metallurgy, and isotope separation based on gas centrifuges.

He then began working at Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory, a subcontractor of the Dutch partner of URENCO. URENCO, a consortium of British, German, and Dutch companies, was established in 1971 to research and develop uranium enrichment through the use of ultracentrifuges, which are centrifuges that operate at extremely high speeds. Khan used this position to steal drawings of centrifuges and assembled a list of mainly European suppliers where those parts could be procured.

After learning of India's ' Smiling Buddha ' nuclear test in 1974, Khan joined his nation's clandestine efforts to develop atomic weapons. Khan initially worked with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), but differences arose with its head, Munir Ahmad Khan. In 1976, he founded the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), for the purpose of developing a uranium-enrichment capability.

In the early 1980s Pakistan acquired from China the blueprints of a nuclear weapon that used a uranium implosion design that the Chinese had successfully tested in 1966. It is assumed that the Chinese nuclear test on May 26, 1990 was in fact done to test the Pakistani bomb design.

Starting in the mid-1980s, Kahn began to create front companies through which he covertly sell or traded centrifuges, components, designs, and expertise in an extensive black-market network. The Iran uranium-enrichment complex is based on the Pakistani model, which was supplied via Kahn's network. This network is suspected of having transferred enrichment technology to North Korea. Libya's nuclear weapons program was also aided by this network.

On January 31, 2004, Khan was arrested for transferring nuclear technology to other countries. On February 4 he read a statement on Pakistani television taking full responsibility for his operations and absolving the military and government of any involvement—a claim that many nuclear experts found difficult to believe. The next day he was pardoned by Pakistan’s president, Pervez Musharraf. In 2009, his verdict was declared unconstitutional by the Islamabad High Court.

On October 10, 2021, Khan died at the age of 85 in Islamabad after being transferred to a hospital after he tested positive for COVID-19 in August. He was given a state funeral at the Faisal Mosque before being buried at the H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.

Abdul Qadeer Khan: Nuclear hero in Pakistan, villain to the West

Revered in Pakistan, Khan was seen by West as dangerous renegade for smuggling nuclear technology to other countries.

Abdul Qadeer Khan, revered as the father of Pakistan’s nuclear programme, died on Sunday .

He was lauded in Pakistan for transforming it into the world’s first Islamic nuclear weapons power. But he was seen by the West as a dangerous renegade responsible for smuggling technology to rogue states.

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The nuclear scientist died at 85 in the capital, Islamabad, after recently being hospitalised with COVID-19.

He was seen as a national hero for bringing the country up to par with neighbours India in the atomic field and making its defences “impregnable”.

But he found himself in the crosshairs of controversy when he was accused of illegally proliferating nuclear technology to Iran, Libya and North Korea.

Khan was placed under effective house arrest in Islamabad in 2004 after he admitted running a proliferation network to the three countries.

In 2006 he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, but recovered after surgery.

A court ended his house arrest in February 2009, but his movements were strictly guarded, and he was accompanied by authorities every time he left his home in an upmarket sector of leafy Islamabad.

Crucial contribution

Born in Bhopal, India, on April 1, 1936, Khan was just a young boy when his family migrated to Pakistan during the bloody 1947 partition of the sub-continent at the end of British colonial rule.

He completed a science degree at Karachi University in 1960, then went on to study metallurgical engineering in Berlin before completing advanced studies in the Netherlands and Belgium.

The crucial contribution to Pakistan’s nuclear programme was the procurement of a blueprint for uranium centrifuges, which transform uranium into weapons-grade fuel for nuclear fissile material.

He was charged with stealing it from the Netherlands while working for Anglo-Dutch-German nuclear engineering consortium Urenco, and bringing it back to Pakistan in 1976.

On his return to Pakistan, then-PM Zulfikar Ali Bhutto put Khan in charge of the government’s nascent uranium enrichment project.

By 1978, his team had enriched uranium and by 1984 they were ready to detonate a nuclear device, Khan later said in a newspaper interview.

The 1998 nuclear test saw Pakistan slapped with international sanctions and sent its economy into freefall.

Khan’s aura began to dim in March 2001 when then-President Pervez Musharraf, reportedly under United States pressure, removed him from the chairmanship of Kahuta Research Laboratories and made him a special adviser.

But Pakistan’s nuclear establishment never expected to see its most revered hero subjected to questioning.

The move came after Islamabad received a letter from the International Atomic Energy Agency, a United Nations watchdog, containing allegations that Pakistani scientists were the source of sold-off nuclear knowledge.

Khan said in a speech to the Pakistan Institute of National Affairs in 1990 that he had dealings on world markets while developing Pakistan’s nuclear programme.

“It was not possible for us to make each and every piece of equipment within the country,” he said.

‘I saved the country’

Khan was pardoned by Musharraf after his confession but later retracted his remarks.

“I saved the country for the first time when I made Pakistan a nuclear nation and saved it again when I confessed and took the whole blame on myself,” Khan told AFP news agency in an interview in 2008 while under effective house arrest.

The scientist believed in nuclear defence as the best deterrent.

After Pakistan carried out atomic tests in 1998 in response to tests by India, Khan said Pakistan “never wanted to make nuclear weapons, it was forced to do so”.

Nearly a decade ago, Khan tried his luck in the political arena, forming a party – the Tehreek-e-Tahafuz Pakistan (Save Pakistan Movement) – in July 2012 in hopes of winning votes on the basis of the respect he still commands in Pakistan.

But he dissolved it a year later after none of its 111 candidates won a seat in national elections.

Khan also stirred a new controversy that same year when, in an interview with Urdu newspaper Daily Jang, he said he transferred nuclear technology to two countries on the direction of slain prime minister Benazir Bhutto.

He did not name the countries, nor did he say when Bhutto, the twice-elected PM who was assassinated in 2007, had supposedly issued the orders.

“I was not independent but was bound to abide by the orders of the prime minister,” he was quoted as saying.

Bhutto’s Pakistan Peoples Party denied the claim as “baseless and unfounded”.

None of the controversies appear to have dented Khan’s popularity, even years on.

He regularly wrote op-ed pieces, often preaching the value of a scientific education, for the popular Jang group of newspapers.

Many schools, universities, institutes and charity hospitals across Pakistan are named after him, his portrait decorating their signs, stationery and websites.

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Essay on Doctor Abdul Qadeer Khan is a Great Scientist

Doctor abdul qadeer khan is a great scientist.

Great people are always great. They possess some extraordinary quality that makes their personality favourite and ideal. Generally speaking great people are great servers and saviours of mankind. They impress others with their unmatched ideas and works. Every person has favourite or ideal person whom he respects and loves. My favourite person is the world famous Pakistani scientist Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. His personality serves as a beacon light for my life.

I always idealize Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan as my favourite personality. I like his services, his ideas and his determination. He achieved the remarkable landmarks in the history of science especially atomic energy.

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was born on 1 st April 1936 in Bhopal India. He was the youngest and the most beloved child of his parents. He was born to an educated family. He received his early education at Ganwary Primary School. He did his matriculation from Hamidia High School that was the most distinguished educational Institution. Qadeer Khan had great interest in studies. He was very intelligent and industrious student. Reading was his favorite hobby while physics was his favorite subject. As a student he was determined to become and engineer or a scientist. He was a promising youth. The foundations were laid at the beginning. His teacher Raza Khan was a very disciplined and scholarly figure. The thirst for more and specialized knowledge made Qadeer Khan travel abroad. He was so committed and devoted that he impressed his foreign teachers with his scientific approach and inquisitive mind.

To download this essay please click the link below:

Doctor Abdul Qadeer Khan is Great Scientist

He was physically very fit. His eyes and hair are black. He is tall-statured. His physically appearance is quite impressive.

Qadeer Khan is a great patriot. As a child he had such a good training that he developed in to a good Muslim and a great human being. He always wished and planned to serve others. As a Muslim he believes in the religion of humanity. He can never see others suffering. He possesses optimistic ideas about life. The greatest service of Dr. Qadeer Khan is as a scientist. In the reign of Z.A. Bhutto he was asked to join Pakistan and do something for its atomic power. At that time he was in Holland. He was serving there at a very well reputed scientific and research institute. But for the nation sake he left it and cam to Pakistan. Since then Pakistan has never looked back. Kahota as a place for atomic research is his sole selection. He always considered defence top priority. His contribution for atomic explosions at Chaghi in 1999 is his unique service. This makes him a distinguished character and my her in history

Dr AQ Khan Institute of Technology Mianwali Admission 2024 Merit List

Conclusion:

In the end, I can say that the character, services and achievement of Dr. Qadeer Khan are simply be idealised and followed. Dr. Qadeer khan possesses all the qualities that make him my hero. Great people live beyond the limits of time and space. They are immortal.

DR AQ Khan College Scholarship for Balochistan 2024

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My Allah always be blessed him Ameen ❣️

MAy AllAh Bless him

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Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan: An authentic Pakistani people’s hero

Portrait photo of Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan (Credit: WikiCommons)

April 1, 1936 – October 10, 2021

While there have been State Funerals for top officials, the State Funeral for Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan had a marked difference, particularly in the extent and intensity of the emotionally-charged public participation.

The funeral time was 3:30 pm, and when I left for the funeral at 3 pm, I had difficulty entering the premises of the Faisal Mosque, as there was a sea of grateful Pakistanis who were there to pay homage to their hero whom they loved and respected.

Dr Khan’s contribution as the undisputed Father of The Bomb has immortalised him in the annals of Pakistan’s history. He offered his services to Pakistan’s Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, soon after India’s May 1974 nuclear explosion.

This Indian test had come soon after the traumatic events of 1971 and the partition of Pakistan, as a consequence of external aggression. Both of these had a profound impact on the young scientist’s mind, and then working in Europe.

He wrote to Bhutto that ‘never again’ should Pakistan find itself in this situation of helplessness, that despite being part of the US-led military alliances, it was dismembered with impunity, having the dubious distinction of being the first country in the Third World to have its map changed due to external aggression. The United Nations Charter, international law, and Pakistan’s foreign alliances could not protect and preserve Pakistan’s territorial integrity, unity and sovereignty.

Dr Khan confidently told Bhutto that he could deliver Pakistan’s national security by building the Bomb, the ultimate deterrent. Only five world powers had this nuclear capability, but now neighbouring India, Pakistan’s nemesis, had also become part of this elite club.

The only condition Dr Khan sought from Bhutto was: ‘just give me a free hand, and I’ll deliver The necessary arrangements were soon underway, given Bhutto’s passion for the Bomb and his ability to get things done. A Special Works Organisation (SWO) was created to build the nuclear site for which Kahuta was chosen, close to Islamabad.

The Pakistan Army’s Corps of Engineers was entrusted with this task of constructing Kahuta, with the SWO commanded by the then Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar Khan, who was succeeded a year later by Brigadier Anis Ali Syed. Security was entrusted to a special protective force, separate from the normal security apparatus, headed by Lt General Ali Zamin Naqvi.

Prime Minister Bhutto tasked a special, top-secret team led by Ghulam Ishaq Khan, consisting of Agha Shahi and AGN Kazi, three top distinguished civil servants with unimpeachable integrity, which bypassed routine file work and normal bureaucratic procedures like the PC1, a requirement of the Planning Commission to undertake new projects.

The Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL), later renamed by President Zia the AQ Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), was separated from the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), allowing the Bomb Project to become an autonomous entity under a clear chain of command, with no bureaucratic red tape to impede its advance. The Bomb Project is an amazing case study of how to promote national goals with tenacity and single-minded determination, especially in a country like Pakistan where coordination, compliance and capacity are key issues undermining decision-making and implementation.

That is why, for 24 years, between 1974, when the Bomb Project was initiated, up to the time when the nuclear tests were carried out in 1998, the Bomb Project never slowed down despite intense foreign pressures, sanctions. and the turnover of four premiers, five presidents and five army chiefs during this period.

The project was conceived by a civilian government and also completed by an elected civilian one, an excellent example of civil-military coordination for a common national strategic objective. The site of Chaghi was chosen for the nuclear test in October 1979 by the eminent nuclear scientist, Dr Ashfaq Ahmed, and where the test was carried out on May 28, 1998.

My relationship with Dr Khan started in 1983 when I received a moving, handwritten letter from him, lamenting the treatment being meted to Pakistan’s nuclear programme, vilifying Dr Khan and the sustained propaganda against Pakistan’s “Islamic Bomb”. I read his letter and promptly called him for a personal meeting, where I assured him that as Editor of The Muslim, I would be on the frontline of supporting him and our newspaper, then Pakistan’s most influential independent English daily, would be his voice in promoting, protecting and preserving the nuclear programme.

Dr Khan was kind enough to invite me to Kahuta to visit the nuclear site in 1998 when I was the Minister for Information. What he had achieved was nothing short of a miracle. Utilising our meagre resources with an indigenous, home-grown scientific and technological capability that matched the advanced countries of the world, he had succeeded in building the Bomb.

Dr Khan was also the architect of the Ghauri Strategic Missile with a range of 1,500 kilometres, which was tested on April 6, 1998. There was a high-level meeting at the PM House where Dr Khan, accompanied by the Army Chief, General Jehangir Karamat, joined Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and I.

Dr Khan proudly presented the videocassette of the test, which he showed to us on a television screen. While it was agreed to make the announcement via a press release of the Ghauri test, the decision about airing the video cassette on PTV was held in abeyance. When the meeting ended, Dr Khan approached me, handed me the videocassette and whispered: “Shahji, please show the video of the Ghauri Test on PTV”. I promptly complied.

The Ghauri Missile test became the catalyst for India’s nuclear test on May 11, 1998, which, in turn, enabled Pakistan to respond in kind on May 28, 1998. Dr Khan’s quarter-century-old dream was finally fulfilled.

It is thanks to the Bomb that Pakistan escaped the fate of Muslim countries like Iraq. In October 2002, the US Defence Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, was asked why they were going after Iraq, which had no proven nuclear capability while ignoring North Korea’s nuclear programme. Rumsfeld’s cryptic answer: “Because North Korea has the Bomb”.

Libyan leader, Colonel Qaddafi’s daughter, Aisha, now in exile with her mother in Algiers, lamented in 2012 after the overthrow and killing of her father by a NATO-led coalition that “had my father followed Pakistan’s example and not given up on the Bomb Project, Libya would not have met the fate it did.” Dr Khan was born in Bhopal on April 1, 1936.

Khan moved with his family in the wake of partition to Pakistan in 1952. He leaves behind a widow, Henny Khan, originally Dutch and two daughters: Dina Khan and Ayesha Khan. Pakistan salutes Dr Khan,the Saviour of the Nation, for his invaluable contributions to the security and safety of Pakistan!

Senator Mushahid Hussain Senate of Pakistan, Islamabad & Chair, Senate Defence Committee of Pakistan and an acquaintance of Dr Khan for 38 years

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Over 120 people attended a landmark conference on the media reporting of Islam and Muslims. It was held jointly by The Muslim News and Society of Editors in London on September 15.

The Muslim News Awards for Excellence 2015 was held on March in London to acknowledge British Muslim and non-Muslim contributions to the society.

The Muslim News Awards for Excellence event is to acknowledge British Muslim and non-Muslim contributions to society. Over 850 people from diverse background, Muslim and non-Muslim, attended the gala dinner.

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Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan – Life Story, Biography, Facts

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is famously and aptly known as the Father of Pakistan’s Nuclear Bomb . Owing to his services, the nation has bestowed him with the title Mohsin e Pakistan . In this write-up, we will discuss his biography, life story, and his services to Pakistan.

Who was Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan?

Doctor Abdul Qadeer Khan is a Pakistani nuclear scientist who was born in Bhopal, India on 27 April 1936. He belonged to an Urdu-speaking Pashtoon family.

His father’s name was Abdul Ghafoor and his mother’s name was Zulaikha . In 1947, when Pakistan came into being, they immigrated to Pakistan. They settled in Karachi at that time.

Abdul Qadeer Khan did his matriculation in Bhopal, India. He did his Bachelor in Science from Karachi University. After doing B.Sc, he did the job as inspector of Weights and Measures for three years.

Later on, he migrated to Europe for Metallurgical engineering and stayed there for 15 years. During his stay in Europe, he took his education at the Technical University of Berlin , the University of Delft , Holland, and the University of Leon , Belgium.

From Holland, he got his degree of master’s of science . While he did his Doctorate of Engineering from Belgium.

In 1976, he returned back to Pakistan.

His Services in Pakistan’s Nuclear Program

During that time, the Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto started a program to make Pakistan’s defense invincible. That program is famously known as ‘Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program’.

On 31st May 1976, he participated in Pakistan’s Nuclear Program of ‘Engineering Research Laboratories upon the invitation of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. The institution held a prominent place in the enrichment of Uranium. He became in charge of the Government’s uranium enrichment project.

Later on, on 1st May 1981, the president of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq changed the name of the institute to Dr. A Q Khan Research Laboratories .

In his newspaper interview, Abdul Qadeer Khan stated that his team had successfully enriched uranium by 1978; they were even ready to detonate the nuclear device by 1984. Aljazeera

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was also charged with stealing sensitive information like the blueprint for Uranium Centrifuges while working for Anglo-Dutch-German nuclear engineering consortium Urenco . However, he was acquitted.

Owing to his services, in 1989, the government of Pakistan awarded him with Hilal e Imtiaz . Moreover, in 1993, the University of Karachi awarded Khan an Honorary degree of Doctor of Science . Furthermore, on 14th August 1996, president Farooq Leghari awarded him with the highest civil award Nishan e Imtiaz .

Finally, in response to the Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan performed its nuclear tests on May 28, 1998.

However, becoming a nuclear power also invited international wrath. As a result, the international sanctions slapped Pakistan resulting in its economic downfall.

Trial against him

The turn of the century also turned the fate of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. In March 2001, reportedly under the United States’ pressure; president Pervez Musharraf relegated him from the Chairmanship of Kahuta Research Laboratory to the position of Special Advisor.

Later on, the International Atomic Energy Agency charged him with secretly selling/transferring nuclear secrets/technology to Iran, Libya, and North Korea. As a result, Musharraf placed him under house arrest in 2004.

In an interview , he revealed that his initial pension was a paltry 4,466 PKR. Later on, the government increased it to 19,000 PKR.

So, this was how the government of Pakistan treated its hero.

His Services to Pakistan

Apart from contributing to and leading Pakistan to become a Nuclear Power, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan has also laid the foundation of Sachet. Sachet is a Non-Profit Organization that aims at promoting human development.

Furthermore, he also founded a political party named Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan  with the aim to eliminate corruption in the country. But, later on, he dissolved it in September 2013.

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan’s Death

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan died at the age of 85 on October 10, 2021. He was hospitalized on August 26 when he tested positive for COVID-19. Reportedly, he died of this disease after a long suffering.

The government gave his funeral a state-level protocol. His funeral prayer was held at Faisal Mosque at 3:30 PM. Abdul Qadeer Khan was laid to rest at the H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.

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Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan

Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan is hailed by the masses as a national hero and father of Pakistan’s nuclear bomb. He was born on April 27, 1936 at Bhopal in central India. From paternal side he belonged to the Turkish origin of Ghauri Tribe, who arrived in India in 12th Century A.D. while from maternal side his lineage belonged to the Mughals. His father Abdul Ghafoor Khan, who had graduated from Nagpur University in 1896, was one of the most respectable and honorable members of the community, and his mother Zulekha Begum was known as religious-minded woman. Some of his family members migrated to Pakistan immediately after independence but he migrated exactly after five years on August 15, 1952.

Abdul Qadeer Khan got his primary education in Ginnori Primary School and passed his Middle examination from Jehangiria Middle School. From Alexandria High School later named Hameedia High School, he got his matriculation. Later he got admission in D.J Sindh Government Science College, Karachi. From Karachi University he achieved his B.Sc. degree and the following year he succeeded in the competitive examination. He served as Inspector of Weights and Measures for three years but then he left for West Germany to get higher education. In Berlin he achieved high competence through attending several courses in metallurgical engineering. He obtained the degree of Master of Science (Technology) in 1967 from Delft University of Technology, Belgium and then earned a doctorate in metallurgy from the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) in 1972. He excelled as a metallurgist — an expert at building centrifuges — hollow metal tubes that spin very fast to enrich natural uranium in its rare U – 235 isotopes, which is an excellent bomb fuel.

No sooner had India declared their nuclear designs than Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto opted for the nuclear weapon even earlier than India went ahead for nuclear explosion on May 18, 1974. In a meeting of scientists hurriedly called on January 20, 1972, Bhutto urged the Pakistani scientists to carry out the task of ‘fission in three years’. The task was assigned to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Dr A. Q. Khan at that time was studying in Holland. On September 17, 1974, while he was working for Anglo-Dutch-German nuclear engineering consortium Urenco, the Netherlands, he wrote a letter to Prime Minister Bhutto through Pakistan Ambassador in Belgium. He informed him about the nature of his job and offered his services with a suggestion for taking a shortcut of uranium enrichment. He met Bhutto in December 1974 and convinced him to manage nuclear deterrence for Pakistan.

A.Q. Khan initially worked with Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), headed by Munir Ahmad Khan, for a short period. But since he was not satisfied with this set-up, Bhutto gave A.Q. Khan in July 1976 autonomous control of the Kahuta Enrichment Project that had been already operative as Project-706 since 1974, two years prior to A.Q. Khan’s arrival in Pakistan. When Dr. A.Q. Khan joined, it was called Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL). However, on 01 May 1981, ERL was renamed through an order by Gen. Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq as Dr. A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL). On May 28, 1998, Pakistan successfully tested its first nuclear device and emerged as the only Muslim country to join the nuclear club.

The scientific contributions of Dr. A. Q. Khan have been recognized in several ways. As an active scientist and technologist, he has published more than 188 scientific research papers in international journals. Under his supervision, the process of Uranium enrichment was effectively accomplished and significant development was also made with the successful test firing of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles, Ghauri 1, in April 1998 and Ghauri II in April 1999. Dr Khan received honorary degrees of Doctor of Science from the University of Karachi in 1993, from Baqai Medical University in 1998, Doctor of Science from Hamdard University, Karachi in1999, and from the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore in December 2000. For his contributions in the field of science and technology, Dr Khan was awarded Nishan-i-Imtiaz in 1996 and again in 1998. Thus he is the only Pakistani to have received twice the highest civil award. He is also a recipient of Hilal-i-Imtiaz During 1990s, there were reports in the Western media that Dr. A. Q. Khan had been involved in the sale of centrifuge parts to Libya and Iran. In November 2003, Pakistan was warned of possible nuclear leaks and according to an IAEA report, Dr. Khan was accused of having at the centre of an international proliferation network. Consequently he was retired from KRL and was appointed as Advisor to the President.

In the beginning Dr. Khan denied any kind of personal involvement in the nuclear proliferation. However on February 4, 2004 in a television appearance he took “full responsibility” for his action and seeked “pardon” from the nation. Since then he is in safe custody and no one is allowed to see him.

This article was last updated on Wednesday, Jan 06, 2010

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Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Essay in Urdu | ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان کا اردو میں مضمون

Pakistan’s nuclear program would not have been possible without the dedication and hard work of Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan. Dr Khan is often referred to as the ‘father of the Pakistani bomb’.

Born in 1936 in Bhopal, India, Dr Khan moved to Pakistan in 1952. He studied metallurgy at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, before returning to Pakistan in 1976 to work on the country’s nuclear program.

Today, we will write an essay on Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in Urdu for classes 5, 6 and others. We will use simple and easy to understand words to make it easy to read

Under Dr Khan’s leadership, Pakistan successfully developed its first nuclear weapon in 1998. Since then, he has been hailed as a national hero and was even given a lifetime achievement award by the Pakistani government in 1999. However, Dr Khan has also been embroiled in controversy.

In 2004, he was accused of selling nuclear secrets to Iran, Libya and North Korea. He was placed under house arrest in 2006 but was later freed in 2009.

Despite the controversy, there is no doubt that Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan is a key figure in Pakistan’s history, and has played a vital role in the country’s nuclear program.

Pakistani Nuclear Physicist and Metallurgical Engineer

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer who is known for developing Pakistan’s nuclear program. He has also published several books on metallurgy and has served as an advisor to the Pakistani government on nuclear matters. 

ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان ایک پاکستانی جوہری طبیعیات دان اور میٹالرجیکل انجینئر ہیں جو پاکستان کے جوہری پروگرام کو ترقی دینے کے لیے جانے جاتے ہیں۔ انہوں نے دھات کاری پر متعدد کتابیں بھی شائع کی ہیں اور جوہری معاملات پر پاکستانی حکومت کے مشیر کے طور پر کام کیا ہے۔

Achievements and Accomplishments of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

Khan is a pioneer in the field of nuclear physics and has been awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian award in Pakistan. He was also named one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people in the world. 

خان نیوکلیئر فزکس کے شعبے کے علمبردار ہیں اور انہیں پاکستان کے اعلیٰ ترین سول ایوارڈ ہلال امتیاز سے نوازا گیا ہے۔ انہیں ٹائم میگزین کی دنیا کے 100 بااثر ترین افراد میں بھی شامل کیا گیا تھا۔

Author of Over 270 Research Papers and Twice Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 

Khan has authored over 270 research papers and has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice.

خان نے 270 سے زیادہ تحقیقی مقالے لکھے ہیں اور انہیں دو مرتبہ نوبل امن انعام کے لیے نامزد کیا گیا ہے۔

An Influential Voice in Pakistani Politics

He is a highly influential voice in Pakistani politics and is known for his strong support of Pakistan’s nuclear program and his criticism of the United States.

Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan History in Urdu in 100 words

ڈاکٹر عبدالقدیر خان پاکستان سے تعلق رکھنے والے ایک سائنسدان تھے جو اپنے ملک کو جوہری ہتھیار بنانے میں مدد کرنے کے لیے جانے جاتے ہیں۔ وہ ہندوستان میں پیدا ہوئے لیکن بعد میں پاکستان چلے گئے۔ خان نے جرمنی میں تعلیم حاصل کی اور جوہری طبیعیات اور دھات کاری کے بارے میں سیکھا۔ انہوں نے پاکستان اٹامک انرجی کمیشن کے لیے کام کیا اور پاکستان کے جوہری پروگرام کی تعمیر میں مدد کی۔ ان کے کام نے انہیں پاکستان میں ہیرو بنا دیا، لیکن اس سے کچھ مسائل بھی پیدا ہوئے کیونکہ ان پر دوسرے ممالک کے ساتھ جوہری ٹیکنالوجی شیئر کرنے کا الزام تھا۔ خان کو گرفتار کر لیا گیا اور بعد میں رہا کر دیا گیا، لیکن وہ اب بھی ایک معروف اور بعض اوقات متنازعہ شخصیت ہیں۔

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was a scientist from Pakistan who helped build the country’s nuclear weapons program. He was born in India and later moved to Pakistan, where he studied in Germany and learned about nuclear physics and metallurgy. Khan worked for the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and helped create Pakistan’s nuclear program, which made him a hero in the country. However, he was later accused of sharing nuclear technology with other countries, which caused some problems. Khan was arrested but later released. He is still well-known and sometimes controversial.

In conclusion, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan is a world-renowned Pakistani nuclear physicist who is responsible for making Pakistan’s nuclear program possible. He is also a recipient of the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan. If you found this histort and essay on Dr Abdul Qadeer khan in Urdu informative, please like and comment.

Note: you can also read this Chaudry Rehmat Ali essay in urdu

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