Specifies the number of studies evaluated orselected
Steps, and targets of constructing a good review article are listed in Table 3 . To write a good review article the items in Table 3 should be implemented step by step. [ 11 – 13 ]
Steps of a systematic review
Formulation of researchable questions | Select answerable questions |
Disclosure of studies | Databases, and key words |
Evaluation of its quality | Quality criteria during selection of studies |
Synthesis | Methods interpretation, and synthesis of outcomes |
It might be helpful to divide the research question into components. The most prevalently used format for questions related to the treatment is PICO (P - Patient, Problem or Population; I-Intervention; C-appropriate Comparisons, and O-Outcome measures) procedure. For example In female patients (P) with stress urinary incontinence, comparisons (C) between transobturator, and retropubic midurethral tension-free band surgery (I) as for patients’ satisfaction (O).
In a systematic review on a focused question, methods of investigation used should be clearly specified.
Ideally, research methods, investigated databases, and key words should be described in the final report. Different databases are used dependent on the topic analyzed. In most of the clinical topics, Medline should be surveyed. However searching through Embase and CINAHL can be also appropriate.
While determining appropriate terms for surveying, PICO elements of the issue to be sought may guide the process. Since in general we are interested in more than one outcome, P, and I can be key elements. In this case we should think about synonyms of P, and I elements, and combine them with a conjunction AND.
One method which might alleviate the workload of surveying process is “methodological filter” which aims to find the best investigation method for each research question. A good example of this method can be found in PubMed interface of Medline. The Clinical Queries tool offers empirically developed filters for five different inquiries as guidelines for etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis or clinical prediction.
As an indispensable component of the review process is to discriminate good, and bad quality researches from each other, and the outcomes should be based on better qualified researches, as far as possible. To achieve this goal you should know the best possible evidence for each type of question The first component of the quality is its general planning/design of the study. General planning/design of a cohort study, a case series or normal study demonstrates variations.
A hierarchy of evidence for different research questions is presented in Table 4 . However this hierarchy is only a first step. After you find good quality research articles, you won’t need to read all the rest of other articles which saves you tons of time. [ 14 ]
Determination of levels of evidence based on the type of the research question
I | Systematic review of Level II studies | Systematic review of Level II studies | Systematic review of Level II studies | Systematic review of Level II studies |
II | Randomized controlled study | Crross-sectional study in consecutive patients | Initial cohort study | Prospective cohort study |
III | One of the following: Non-randomized experimental study (ie. controlled pre-, and post-test intervention study) Comparative studies with concurrent control groups (observational study) (ie. cohort study, case-control study) | One of the following: Cross-sectional study in non-consecutive case series; diagnostic case-control study | One of the following: Untreated control group patients in a randomized controlled study, integrated cohort study | One of the following: Retrospective cohort study, case-control study (Note: these are most prevalently used types of etiological studies; for other alternatives, and interventional studies see Level III |
IV | Case series | Case series | Case series or cohort studies with patients at different stages of their disease states |
Rarely all researches arrive at the same conclusion. In this case a solution should be found. However it is risky to make a decision based on the votes of absolute majority. Indeed, a well-performed large scale study, and a weakly designed one are weighed on the same scale. Therefore, ideally a meta-analysis should be performed to solve apparent differences. Ideally, first of all, one should be focused on the largest, and higher quality study, then other studies should be compared with this basic study.
In conclusion, during writing process of a review article, the procedures to be achieved can be indicated as follows: 1) Get rid of fixed ideas, and obsessions from your head, and view the subject from a large perspective. 2) Research articles in the literature should be approached with a methodological, and critical attitude and 3) finally data should be explained in an attractive way.
Reference management. Clean and simple.
How do you write a good literature review? This step-by-step guide on how to write an excellent literature review covers all aspects of planning and writing literature reviews for academic papers and theses.
How do you write a systematic literature review? What types of systematic literature reviews exist and where do you use them? Learn everything you need to know about a systematic literature review in this guide
Not sure what a literature review is? This guide covers the definition, purpose, and format of a literature review.
The purpose of article reviews is to offer a critical perspective on a text, usually one that you have read. This can be done by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the text, as well as offering your own interpretation. In order to write a fresh essays review, you will need to have a good understanding of what the text is about and what its main arguments are. You will also need to be able to express your thoughts clearly and concisely. So now let's answer the question: What is a review essay? Our online essay writing service review writers have prepared detailed instructions for you.
There are good chances you have heard of review essays before. But what is a review essay exactly? Well, it is a paper that critically analyzes another piece of writing. It can be used to examine a book, article, or other work of art. Review essays are typically shorter than other types of essays that explore and evaluate the work in question.
When writing a review essay, it is important to remember that you are not simply summarizing the work. Instead, you are critically analyzing it and offering your own words interpretations. This means that you will need to take a close look at the structure, argument, and style of the piece you are examining. You will also need to consider how well the work achieves its purpose. In order to write a successful review essay, you will need to provide your readers with a clear and concise evaluation of the assignment. If this sounds too much, don't worry. You will find useful tips on how to write an essay review at the end of this article. By the way you can read the best essay writing service reviews on our website NoCramming, just check it out.
A research paper is a primary source that provides the methodology and results of the authors' original study. A review article, on the other hand, is a secondary source that is published on previous articles and does not present original research.
In research papers, authors develop a research question, gather data, and carry out an initial report, while in review articles, authors choose a particular subject and then synthesize previous research on that subject.
Research papers report each study step in detail, including an abstract, the premise, underlying research, methods, results, and a conclusion. If there are inconsistencies, the authors make an effort to explain why the results could be in dispute. A review article will also address how the research contributes to the body of knowledge, the consequences of the findings, and ideas for future research. Here, the journal article review analyzes the material that is currently available from published work from a neutral point of view and indicates any issues or research gaps.
As a college student, you will likely be asked to write a review essay at some point. It will be assigned in order to assess your ability to analyze a text, object, or event and express your opinion on it. In order to write a good review essay, you will need first to understand the review essay format.
The outline of your review essay should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
In the introduction of your review essay, you should provide some background information on the text, object, or event that you are reviewing. This background information should help set up the main idea or theme of your essay. Then, after introducing the topic of your essay, you should state your thesis statement. The clear thesis statement is the most important part of your introduction, as it will express your opinion on the main idea or theme of the text, object, or event that you are reviewing.
The body paragraphs of your review essay should focus on a different aspect of the text, object, or event that you are reviewing. You should discuss one point that supports your thesis statement in each body paragraph. For example, if you are writing a review of a film, you may want to focus one body paragraph on the film’s cinematography, the other one on its acting, and another one on its plot. Whatever your review essay topics are, the review essay format and structure would be the same. The body paragraphs are a good opportunity to prove your writing skills. Here is a paragraph checklist that you can use to make sure your body paragraphs are well-organized:
The conclusion of your essay writing should restate your thesis statement and summarize the main points of your essay. You may also want to include a final thought or opinion on the text, object, or event that you are reviewing.
If you have been asked to write a review essay, there are a few things that you will need to keep in mind. In this guide, we will take you through the steps of writing review essays, and alternatively, you can check these best dissertation writing services to produce a well-written and successful essay.
The first step is to come up with an interesting and catchy title for your fresh essays review. This will be the first thing that your reader sees, so make sure it is attention-grabbing and relevant to the rest of your essay.
After choosing your title, you will need to write a brief summary of the works you are reviewing. This is an important part of the review essay format and should include the main points and arguments of each piece, as well as your overall opinion of them.
Next, you will need to identify the articles you base your review on. Article identification is important so that your reader knows which work you are talking about and can follow along with your argument. We suggest checking some review essays examples to see how this is done.
Why is it important to review an essay outline or make a paragraph checklist? Well, it will help you organize your thoughts and arguments in a logical and coherent manner. Plus, it will ensure that you don’t forget to include any key points.
When you are writing a review essay, there are a few things that you will want to keep in mind.
The first step in writing a review essay is to read the text, object, or event that you are being asked to review. This may seem like an obvious first step, but it is important to read the text or view the event with a critical eye. As you read, take note of any initial thoughts or reactions that you have. These can be positive or negative, but they should be your own honest reaction to what you are reading or viewing.
Once you have completed your first reading, you should take some time to reflect on what you have seen or read. This is an important step in the review essay process, as it will allow you to put your thoughts and reactions into perspective. After reflecting on the text, object, or event, you should be able to identify the main idea or theme. This will be the focus of your review essay.
Don’t forget to develop a thesis statement. This should express your opinion on the main idea or theme of the text, object, or event that you are reviewing. Once you have developed a thesis statement, you can begin to outline your essay.
The second thing to keep in mind is that a review essay is not necessarily a positive or negative review. It is simply an evaluation of something. This means that you should try to be as objective as possible when you are writing. While reviewing, you may find some aspects that you like or don’t like, but it is important to remember that your job is not to take sides but to simply evaluate.
Finally, when writing a review essay, it is important to make sure your paper flows well. This means that you should have a clear and coherent introduction, body, and conclusion. If your essay feels choppy or disjointed, it will probably be difficult for your reader to follow along.
If you keep these things in mind, you should be able to write a review essay that is both informative and well-written. Make sure that you stick to the review essay format discussed above. With a bit of practice, you will find that writing fresh essays review is not as difficult as it may initially seem.
One common mistake made when writing a review essay is to simply summarize the content of the article being reviewed. While it is important to provide a brief overview of the work, your essay should go beyond a summary page to offer a deep and insightful analysis.
Another mistake is to simply state whether you agree or disagree with the argument being made in the article. It is important to back up your assessment with concrete evidence from the text itself.
Finally, avoid making personal attacks on the author or their work; instead, focus on offering a well-reasoned and objective evaluation.
If you're looking for some fresh ideas, here are review essay topics for 2022:
Whatever you choose, make sure to pick something that you're passionate about and that you feel would be interesting to explore in depth. If you’d rather have a professional writer craft a perfect essay for you, check out essay service reviews and DoMyEssay review (where you can find the answer to the question " Is essay pro a scam ?") to see which one’s the best fit for your needs. Meanwhile, good luck with your fresh essays review!
All in all, always pay attention to how well the essay flows:
Keep these points in mind as you write your own paper. Remember, your goal is to provide a fair and objective assessment of the work under review.
What is the primary purpose of an article review, what is the key difference between a review essay and a summary, how should i structure a review essay, what are common mistakes to avoid when writing a review essay, still have no idea how to choose the best dissertation writing service.
There is no sure way to pick the best dissertation writing service and never risk disappointment or multiple revisions. Yet, this list of PhD dissertation writing services may be an aid for you in the moment of doubt. So, choose wisely but do not overthink.
When you choose to publish with PLOS, your research makes an impact. Make your work accessible to all, without restrictions, and accelerate scientific discovery with options like preprints and published peer review that make your work more Open.
When you write a peer review for a manuscript, what should you include in your comments? What should you leave out? And how should the review be formatted?
This guide provides quick tips for writing and organizing your reviewer report.
Use an outline for your reviewer report so it’s easy for the editors and author to follow. This will also help you keep your comments organized.
Think about structuring your review like an inverted pyramid. Put the most important information at the top, followed by details and examples in the center, and any additional points at the very bottom.
Here’s how your outline might look:
In your own words, summarize what the manuscript claims to report. This shows the editor how you interpreted the manuscript and will highlight any major differences in perspective between you and the other reviewers. Give an overview of the manuscript’s strengths and weaknesses. Think about this as your “take-home” message for the editors. End this section with your recommended course of action.
It’s helpful to divide this section into two parts: one for major issues and one for minor issues. Within each section, you can talk about the biggest issues first or go systematically figure-by-figure or claim-by-claim. Number each item so that your points are easy to follow (this will also make it easier for the authors to respond to each point). Refer to specific lines, pages, sections, or figure and table numbers so the authors (and editors) know exactly what you’re talking about.
What’s the difference between a major and minor issue? Major issues should consist of the essential points the authors need to address before the manuscript can proceed. Make sure you focus on what is fundamental for the current study . In other words, it’s not helpful to recommend additional work that would be considered the “next step” in the study. Minor issues are still important but typically will not affect the overall conclusions of the manuscript. Here are some examples of what would might go in the “minor” category:
Confidential comments for the editors.
Some journals have a space for reviewers to enter confidential comments about the manuscript. Use this space to mention concerns about the submission that you’d want the editors to consider before sharing your feedback with the authors, such as concerns about ethical guidelines or language quality. Any serious issues should be raised directly and immediately with the journal as well.
This section is also where you will disclose any potentially competing interests, and mention whether you’re willing to look at a revised version of the manuscript.
Do not use this space to critique the manuscript, since comments entered here will not be passed along to the authors. If you’re not sure what should go in the confidential comments, read the reviewer instructions or check with the journal first before submitting your review. If you are reviewing for a journal that does not offer a space for confidential comments, consider writing to the editorial office directly with your concerns.
Get this outline in a template
Giving feedback is hard. Giving effective feedback can be even more challenging. Remember that your ultimate goal is to discuss what the authors would need to do in order to qualify for publication. The point is not to nitpick every piece of the manuscript. Your focus should be on providing constructive and critical feedback that the authors can use to improve their study.
If you’ve ever had your own work reviewed, you already know that it’s not always easy to receive feedback. Follow the golden rule: Write the type of review you’d want to receive if you were the author. Even if you decide not to identify yourself in the review, you should write comments that you would be comfortable signing your name to.
In your comments, use phrases like “ the authors’ discussion of X” instead of “ your discussion of X .” This will depersonalize the feedback and keep the focus on the manuscript instead of the authors.
Keeping in mind the guidelines above, how do you put your thoughts into words? Here are some sample “before” and “after” reviewer comments
✗ Before
“The authors appear to have no idea what they are talking about. I don’t think they have read any of the literature on this topic.”
✓ After
“The study fails to address how the findings relate to previous research in this area. The authors should rewrite their Introduction and Discussion to reference the related literature, especially recently published work such as Darwin et al.”
“The writing is so bad, it is practically unreadable. I could barely bring myself to finish it.”
“While the study appears to be sound, the language is unclear, making it difficult to follow. I advise the authors work with a writing coach or copyeditor to improve the flow and readability of the text.”
“It’s obvious that this type of experiment should have been included. I have no idea why the authors didn’t use it. This is a big mistake.”
“The authors are off to a good start, however, this study requires additional experiments, particularly [type of experiment]. Alternatively, the authors should include more information that clarifies and justifies their choice of methods.”
You might find yourself in a situation where you’re not sure how to explain the problem or provide feedback in a constructive and respectful way. Here is some suggested language for common issues you might experience.
What you think : The manuscript is fatally flawed. What you could say: “The study does not appear to be sound” or “the authors have missed something crucial”.
What you think : You don’t completely understand the manuscript. What you could say : “The authors should clarify the following sections to avoid confusion…”
What you think : The technical details don’t make sense. What you could say : “The technical details should be expanded and clarified to ensure that readers understand exactly what the researchers studied.”
What you think: The writing is terrible. What you could say : “The authors should revise the language to improve readability.”
What you think : The authors have over-interpreted the findings. What you could say : “The authors aim to demonstrate [XYZ], however, the data does not fully support this conclusion. Specifically…”
Check out the peer review examples at F1000 Research to see how other reviewers write up their reports and give constructive feedback to authors.
Be sure you turn in your report on time. Need an extension? Tell the journal so that they know what to expect. If you need a lot of extra time, the journal might need to contact other reviewers or notify the author about the delay.
You’ll be more likely to be asked to review again if you provide high-quality feedback and if you turn in the review on time. Especially if it’s your first review for a journal, it’s important to show that you are reliable. Prove yourself once and you’ll get asked to review again!
The contents of the Peer Review Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …
The contents of the Writing Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …
There’s a lot to consider when deciding where to submit your work. Learn how to choose a journal that will help your study reach its audience, while reflecting your values as a researcher…
Learn how to write a review article.
What is a review article? A review article can also be called a literature review, or a review of literature. It is a survey of previously published research on a topic. It should give an overview of current thinking on the topic. And, unlike an original research article, it will not present new experimental results.
Writing a review of literature is to provide a critical evaluation of the data available from existing studies. Review articles can identify potential research areas to explore next, and sometimes they will draw new conclusions from the existing data.
To provide a comprehensive foundation on a topic.
To explain the current state of knowledge.
To identify gaps in existing studies for potential future research.
To highlight the main methodologies and research techniques.
There are some journals that only publish review articles, and others that do not accept them.
Make sure you check the aims and scope of the journal you’d like to publish in to find out if it’s the right place for your review article.
Below are 8 key items to consider when you begin writing your review article.
Make sure you have read the aims and scope for the journal you are submitting to and follow them closely. Different journals accept different types of articles and not all will accept review articles, so it’s important to check this before you start writing.
Define the scope of your review article and the research question you’ll be answering, making sure your article contributes something new to the field.
As award-winning author Angus Crake told us, you’ll also need to “define the scope of your review so that it is manageable, not too large or small; it may be necessary to focus on recent advances if the field is well established.”
When finding sources to evaluate, Angus Crake says it’s critical that you “use multiple search engines/databases so you don’t miss any important ones.”
For finding studies for a systematic review in medical sciences, read advice from NCBI .
Spend time writing an effective title, abstract and keywords. This will help maximize the visibility of your article online, making sure the right readers find your research. Your title and abstract should be clear, concise, accurate, and informative.
For more information and guidance on getting these right, read our guide to writing a good abstract and title and our researcher’s guide to search engine optimization .
Does a literature review need an introduction? Yes, always start with an overview of the topic and give some context, explaining why a review of the topic is necessary. Gather research to inform your introduction and make it broad enough to reach out to a large audience of non-specialists. This will help maximize its wider relevance and impact.
Don’t make your introduction too long. Divide the review into sections of a suitable length to allow key points to be identified more easily.
Make sure you present a critical discussion, not just a descriptive summary of the topic. If there is contradictory research in your area of focus, make sure to include an element of debate and present both sides of the argument. You can also use your review paper to resolve conflict between contradictory studies.
Angus Crake, researcher
As part of your conclusion, include making suggestions for future research on the topic. Focus on the goal to communicate what you understood and what unknowns still remains.
Always perform a final spell and grammar check of your article before submission.
You may want to ask a critical friend or colleague to give their feedback before you submit. If English is not your first language, think about using a language-polishing service.
Find out more about how Taylor & Francis Editing Services can help improve your manuscript before you submit.
Differences in... | ||
---|---|---|
Presents the viewpoint of the author | Critiques the viewpoint of other authors on a particular topic | |
New content | Assessing already published content | |
Depends on the word limit provided by the journal you submit to | Tends to be shorter than a research article, but will still need to adhere to words limit |
Complete this checklist before you submit your review article:
Have you checked the journal’s aims and scope?
Have you defined the scope of your article?
Did you use multiple search engines to find sources to evaluate?
Have you written a descriptive title and abstract using keywords?
Did you start with an overview of the topic?
Have you presented a critical discussion?
Have you included future suggestions for research in your conclusion?
Have you asked a friend to do a final spell and grammar check?
Taylor & Francis Editing Services offers a full range of pre-submission manuscript preparation services to help you improve the quality of your manuscript and submit with confidence.
How to edit your paper
Writing a scientific literature review
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Essay writing is a fundamental skill, a basic task, that is expected of those who choose to pursue their undergraduate and master’s degrees. It constitutes a key requirement for students to complete a given course credit. However, many students and early career researchers find themselves struggling with the challenge of organizing their thoughts into a coherent, engaging structure. This article is especially for those who see essay writing as a daunting task and face problems in presenting their work in an impactful way.
Read on as we delve into the basic elements of essay writing, outline key principles for organizing information, and cover some foundational features of writing essays.
Essays are written in a flowing and continuous pattern but with a structure of its own. An introduction, body and conclusion are integral to it. The key is to balance the amount and kind of information to be presented in each part. Various disciplines may have their own conventions or guidelines on the information to be provided in the introduction.
A clear articulation of the context and background of the study is important, as is the definition of key terms and an outline of specific models or theories used. Readers also need to know the significance of the study and its implications for further research. Most importantly, the thesis or the main proposition should be clearly presented.
The body of the essay is therefore organized into paragraphs that hold the main ideas and arguments and is presented and analyzed in a logical manner. Ideally, each paragraph of the body focuses on one main point or a distinct topic and must be supported by evidence and analysis. The concluding paragraph should bring back to the reader the key arguments, its significance and food for thought. It is best not to re-state all the points of the essay or introduce a new concept here.
In other words, certain general guidelines help structure the information in the essay. The information must flow logically with the context or the background information presented in the introductory part of the essay. The arguments are built organically where each paragraph in the body of the essay deals with a different point, yet closely linked to the para preceding and following it. Importantly, when writing essays, early career researchers must be careful in ensuring that each piece of information relates to the main thesis and is a building block to the arguments.
The structure of an essay can be determined by the kind of essay that is required.
Also known as the cause-and-effect approach, this is a straightforward way to structure an essay. In such essays, events are discussed sequentially, as they occurred from the earliest to the latest. A chronological structure is useful for discussing a series of events or processes such as historical analyses or narratives of events. The introduction should have the topic sentence. The body of the essay should follow a chorological progression with each para discussing a major aspect of that event with supporting evidence. It ends with a summarizing of the results of the events.
Where the essay focuses on a specific problem, the problem-methods-solutions structure can be used to organize the essay. This structure is ideal for essays that address complex issues. It starts with presenting the problem, the context, and thesis statement as introduction to the essay. The major part of the discussion which forms the body of the essay focuses on stating the problem and its significance, the author’s approach or methods adopted to address the problem along with its relevance, and accordingly proposing solution(s) to the identified problem. The concluding part offers a recap of the research problem, methods, and proposed solutions, emphasizing their significance and potential impact.
This structure of essay writing is ideally used when two or more key subjects require a comparison of ideas, theories, or phenomena. The three crucial elements, introduction, body, and conclusion, remain the same. The introduction presents the context and the thesis statement. The body of the essay seeks to focus on and highlight differences between the subjects, supported by evidence and analysis. The conclusion is used to summarize the key points of comparison and contrast, offering insights into the significance of the analysis.
Depending on how the subjects will be discussed, the body of the essay can be organized according to the block method or the alternating method. In the block method, one para discusses one subject and the next para the other subject. In the alternative method, both subjects are discussed in one para based on a particular topic or issue followed by the next para on another issue and so on.
An essay structure serves as a framework for presenting ideas coherently and logically. It comprises three crucial elements: an introduction that communicates the context, topic, and thesis statement; the body focusing on the main points and arguments supported with appropriate evidence followed by its analysis; and a conclusion that ties together the main points and its importance .
An essay structure well-defined essay structure enhances clarity, coherence, and readability, and is crucial for organizing ideas and arguments to effectively communicate key aspects of a chosen topic. It allows readers to better understand arguments presented and demonstrates the author’s ability to organize and present information systematically.
Yes, while expert recommend following an essay structure, early career researchers may choose how best to adapt standard essay structures to communicate and share their research in an impactful and engaging way. However, do keep in mind that deviating too far from established structures can hinder comprehension and weaken the overall effectiveness of the essay, By understanding the basic elements of essay writing and employing appropriate structures such as chronological, problem-methods-solutions, or compare and contrast, researchers can effectively organize their ideas and communicate their findings with clarity and precision.
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Sooner or later in your academic path, you will be required to compose a literature review. So, it’s important to approach this task well-prepared and understand how to write a literature review inside out.
Are you interested in how to write lit review projects correctly and cover the subject comprehensively, from all angles? This article will explore the concept of review of literature , dwell on how to write a literature review in line with your professor’s expectations, and share a universal literature review template for your usage.
To understand what should be included in a literature review , you need to understand its purpose and value in a larger work. A well-researched and written lit review usually addresses the following objectives:
These purposes lay the foundation for understanding how to write a literature review that will attain all academic goals. You simply need to use this list as your checklist for structuring an impactful lit review and including all vital data in it.
Now, we come to the main topic of this article – how to write a good literature review for dissertation projects, research papers, and other works. Follow the steps we’ve covered below to arrive at a consistent, logical piece of lit review .
Any literature review writing starts with academic research. You should look for sources that explore your topic from various angles and provide valuable literature review findings to expand your knowledge on the subject. It’s best to look for subject-specific books first and then go through academic databases that publish journal articles. This way, you will start with the evidence of the highest reliability level and move on to expand your literature review dataset conveniently.
The best solution on how to write a literature review without challenges is to rely on high-quality evidence. Your task is to research extensively in reliable academic databases to find peer-reviewed academic journals and books written by experts in your field. Don’t over-rely on online sources in your literature review, like blogs or opinion pieces, because they rarely possess the needed degree of credibility for an academic review. By choosing only industry-approved sources from qualified professionals, you can build a solid foundation for your writing and impress the audience.
How to write a literature review of value for your readers? One of the best approaches is to go beyond mere summarization of what other researchers have found on the subject and to apply critical thinking and data categorization. This way, you will manage to uncover existing patterns and trends and examine those dependencies in your literature review. A systematic, critical approach is always evaluated much higher than a simple outline of what people say on your subject.
Now, it’s time to compose an outline for a literature review . The outline should include the main concepts you’re planning to cover in the literature review text and should structure the narrative consistently. By means of composing an outline before the actual writing process, you give yourself a hands-on roadmap for composing a logically flowing piece. As a result of using an outline, you will write the literature review faster and will avoid the risk of going off-topic.
With a good and detailed outline, you should have no more problems or concerns about how to write a literature review . The writing process should go quickly and smoothly when you have all your evidence at your fingertips, categorized by themes and requiring only proper summarization in the text.
We recommend starting with a broad introduction to the topic and concepts related to it. You should give definitions and explain the topic’s features and components that require attention in the research process. After that, you may briefly outline the main sections of your review and then proceed to the exploration of each section in depth.
At times, your professor will give you a specific structure for review writing – such as the general introduction, coverage of theories, and then coverage of empirical evidence. At times, it may be a review of the data search strategy and a report on the identified resources that follow. In any case, you should follow the tutor’s prompt closely to ensure compliance with the task.
Looking for a universal, ready-to-use literature review template ? Here is an effective literature review template that everyone can apply with minor tweaks to produce a high-quality review of literature .
LITERATURE REVIEW TEMPLATE
Introduction
Body of the literature review
Conclusion
Use this literature review template to pump your writing muscle and get ready for new literature review challenges.
If you’re still unsure about how to do a literature review with excellence, these pro tips may improve your understanding of this task type.
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“Another North: Essays in Praise of the World That Is”
“Another North: Essays in Praise of the World That Is,” by Jennifer Brice
By Jennifer Brice; Boreal Books/Red Hen Press, 2024; 240 pages; $17.95.
It used to be said that “essays don’t sell, nobody wants to read them.” That was never really true, and, in the hands of a gifted writer like Jennifer Brice, we can delight in the form defined by essayist and teacher Phillip Lopate as “a record of a mind tracking its thoughts.”
“The great promise of essays,” Lopate wrote, “is the freedom they offer to explore, digress, acknowledge uncertainty; to evade dogmatism and embrace ambivalence and contradiction; to engage in intimate conversation with one’s reader and literary forbears; and to uncover some unexpected truth, preferably via a sparkling prose style.”
Brice, the author of two previous books — ”The Last Settlers,” a work of documentary journalism, and “Unlearning to Fly,” a memoir — has compiled a dozen exemplary essays written over the course of 25 years. They are both intimate and intelligent, and they shine in their use of creative forms and their “sparkling” language.
Born and raised in Fairbanks, Brice has taught English and Creative Writing at East Coast colleges (presently Colgate University) for many years. Now at the start of her sixth decade, with three grown daughters, she’s been willing to look back at her family and personal history, her relationships to others, the person she was and is still becoming, and her influences. Readers will very much feel in conversation with a sharp and inquisitive mind, and Alaska readers may especially find resonance with their own lives.
The first essay, “Another North,” opens as a sleep-deprived “gray-haired professor of English” lands at the Fairbanks airport on winter solstice. The wobbliness she feels about a change in runway signs sets her up for a series of short segments that gather a story that “could begin anywhere” but does begin in 1961, when “the woman who will become our protagonist’s mother,” a newly minted nurse, leaves New York City and drives to Fairbanks for her first job. Then, in 1962, “Carol Ann’s husband of just a few months” is taking off from the Fairbanks airport on his first solo flight. 1964, Carol Ann parks the pram with baby Jennifer outside the Second Avenue Co-op and tells the family husky to “mind the baby” while she shops. Then 1967 and the Fairbanks flood, the start of pipeline construction, a prom, a crush, homesick years at an east coast women’s college, learning to fly “in order to prove something to myself, although it’s not yet clear just what that might be.” In just 12 pages, with specific details, digressions through time and place, and reflections on identity, direction, and love, Brice introduces her mode of thinking about the large and small things that influence a life and leads readers into the expanses of her mind.
The second essay, “Playing Bridge with Robots,” continues with a similarly segmented form and inquiry. Here, Brice toggles between her obsession with the game of bridge — especially playing it on-line with computer-generated partners — and her long friendship with another writer (one who will be recognized by Alaska readers.) At first the back-and-forth play might seem odd, but connections gradually emerge as the friendship slows and founders. “We weren’t doing what I am doing right this minute, which is trying to capture some fugitive truth about her. Or about me and her. Or maybe just about me.”
The remaining essays continue the pattern of employing unusual structures to contain fragments of memory, thought, and reconciliation, along with references to literary works and cultural phenomena. “On Keeping House,” is formatted around a series of possible guides to, literally, homemaking but more expansively to living as a woman.
“Occasional Lapses into Indulgence” examines the author’s complicated relationship with her “fabulist” grandmother and includes excerpts from letters between the two and her grandmother’s correspondence with the writer James Michener and various political figures. (Grandmother Brice felt free to advise them on their clothing.)
“I Am the Space Where I Am” discusses Brice’s move to upstate New York (where a neighbor instructed her on just what she needed to do with her house and yard to fit in) and how she squared her love for her Fairbanks home with her adopted one. “After Alaska,” she writes, “being in New York is a little bit like being on Prozac: the highs are not as high, the lows not as low.”
One of the longest, most creative, and most personally revealing essays, “My Essay on Flowers and How Things End” takes the form of an abecedarian, in which each of the 26 sections begins with a letter of the alphabet, in this case naming a flower. A is for Astroemeria (a showy lily), B for bittersweet, and so on. While each section references a flower, the passages are not about the flowers per se but associated with the author’s life, in particular her relationships with men. Time here is fluid, flowing back and forth across decades to tie together a bouquet of self-discoveries.
Because Brice’s essays were written at different times, with different purposes, and are meant to stand alone, some facts and even scenes reappear throughout the book. In another writer’s hands, these could be repetitive and annoying, but the different contexts in which they’re presented multiply their effect. The family origin myth, central to the entire book, returns with increasing meaning, and only at the end does Brice uncover an astonishing truth about it.
Poignant, funny, introspective, sparkling in its language, “Another North” deserves a place, not just on a shelf of essays, but among the books we turn to for appreciating the gifts and burdens of our lives.
Nancy Lord is a Homer-based writer and former Alaska writer laureate. Her books include "Fishcamp," "Beluga Days," and "Early Warming." Her latest book is "pH: A Novel."
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By Brittany Trang June 22, 2024
T here’s a website dedicated to asking how many days it’s been since Hank Green started a new project .
The counter resets often — the multi-hyphenate internet educator and science communicator rose to prominence with his 2007 YouTube project Vlogbrothers , which he founded with his brother, the novelist-turned- tuberculosis-fighter John Green . Free, educational YouTube channels Crash Course , SciShow , and Study Hall followed. Among other things , Green also founded the internet video conference VidCon , became a novelist himself , and became CEO of a socks and coffee subscription company that donates its proceeds to decreasing maternal mortality in Sierra Leone with Partners in Health .
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But for a few weeks in 2023, the “how many days” ticker paused on “Chemotherapy.”
Last year, Green found out he had Hodgkin’s lymphoma . In his new comedy special “Pissing Out Cancer” on the streaming service Dropout, Green processes what it’s like to be diagnosed with cancer — albeit “the one you want, if you’re going to get it” — at 43 years old. (He’s now in remission.)
Before the special came out on Friday, STAT talked with Green, who is a member of the 2024 STATUS List , about what it’s like to be a science communicator with cancer, how we react to cancer differently than chronic diseases, and what jokes got cut from his show.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
You’ve been a science communicator for a really long time. What was it like to suddenly be the spokesperson for a health topic that you did not choose to be the spokesperson for?
At first, that’s obviously not what I was thinking about. At first I was thinking about the diagnosis and the treatment and existential anxiety, et cetera. And the way that I imagined it in the first moments when I was thinking about being public with it was only in that negative frame of illness.
I don’t think there was a moment, but there was a transition where I realized that science was happening to me, and that was my job. And when I realized that I could just keep doing a lot of what I do and be like, “Okay, so this is science. I know a fair bit about cancer already. I know a fair bit about cancer treatment already, but I can go a lot deeper.” And as I kept going deeper, just following my curiosity, I was like, “This is all interesting,” and I could just fall into a familiar frame, and that was great, because otherwise I was pretty depressed.
When you disclosed your diagnosis publicly , you were worried about everybody thinking about cancer every time they thought of you in the future. And now you have this special that’s about cancer. Has that idea changed for you over time?
It changed dramatically. If I was afraid of [talking about my diagnosis] and I just tried to hide it, all that would be in people’s heads is, “Hank got diagnosed with cancer.” And instead it was like, “Hank has used his cancer to educate people,” and that feels great. That feels like a positive thing that people are thinking about me, and it also feels like a positive thing that I’m thinking about myself.
The fact that chemo breaks tumor cells down and they exit through your urine — which became the name of the special — was one of the facts I most remember from you communicating about your treatment . Is there anything surprising or funny that you learned that didn’t end up making it into this special?
There’s lots of jokes that eventually didn’t feel fully appropriate. I had a joke about what it was like to have hairless genitals; it didn’t make it to the final one. It’s a funny joke, but it was just too much penis talk for me.
The stuff that didn’t make it into the show is mostly — it’s hard to make pain funny. It’s hard to make fatigue funny. I don’t remember what the joke is, but I had a joke about chronic pain that no one would laugh at. It was constructed as a joke; it had a twist that you didn’t expect, but no one ever laughed at it. So I just dropped it, which I kind of felt bad about because I feel like I’m not telling the full experience, but ultimately, it’s a comedy show.
I only have one joke in the show that people don’t laugh at that I kept in. Which is, “The worst part of getting cancer is that you have to call your mom. Unless your mom’s dead. In which case, the worst part is that you can’t call your mom.” It is constructed as a joke, but no one laughs at it. Which I think is fine, because to me, that’s not as much of a joke as it is an instruction to myself to be grateful for what I have.
Is there any dissonance for you of dealing with the heavy stuff while telling these jokes and people laughing at/with you?
Yeah. My biggest concern is that people who have had harder journeys than me will feel that I’m making light of it. I don’t think I am. And my experience has been, of the people I’ve talked to who are in a harder journey than me, that they love it .
One thing everybody should know about cancer is that no two cancers are the same. No two cancer journeys are the same. But there are these touch points that have a lot of resonance. Everybody knows about the ridiculous ways that they try to make the infusion center a nicer place for you, despite the fact that it’s definitely not going to be your favorite spot. That they’ll be like, “You can have yogurt!” Yeah … no … not really top of my list of concerns right now whether or not I have yogurt.
But I gained a lot from people who talked about their experience when I was first going into it. And so I’m grateful to people who talk about it, and I want to be one of those people.
I love your jokes about hitting your out-of-pocket maximum and how it’s alarming when the American health care system actually works really well. If you could change something about that system, what would you change?
There’s the obvious thing: Universal health care exists in other countries, and so clearly some form of Medicare for all could exist here, and that would be grand. And I think it would save a lot of lives.
I wish that our health care system had more focus on prevention, but I understand that it doesn’t, because also our brains don’t have as much focus on prevention. And it’s hard to get people to take preventive measures against anything.
I wish we treated more diseases like we treat cancer, honestly. The way that my whole community came up to support me … I feel if I had, like, trigeminal neuralgia, that would not be the case — I’d be just as debilitated, but I would not have people showing up for me in the same way.
I don’t know actually why [cancer is treated special]. When I got ulcerative colitis, nobody was like, “Here’s the number of a therapist.” Cancer? Immediately: “Here’s the number of a therapist.”
How was finding out that you had cancer different from finding out you had ulcerative colitis, and how did those two things intertwine with each other?
Oh, there was a lot of intertwining. The ulcerative colitis diagnosis … I didn’t know what UC was, I didn’t know how bad it could be; my doctor also didn’t want to tell me how bad it could be, I think. And that was a very slow thing where we tried this drug, and then two years later we’re on a different drug, and then we’re on that one for eight years, and then we’re on this next one for a year, and then the one after that for four years. UC control has been a very long part of my life and I’ve gotten a lot of colonoscopies and it’s sort of gradually happened, whereas cancer was like [pounds fist into his other hand]. It was very immediate; from “first worry” to “in the infusion center” was less than a month. Which is great.
And it’s f—ing cancer — I knew what cancer was. It’s interesting because ulcerative colitis can be just as dangerous as a cancer diagnosis, and it can be just as life-changing. Ulcerative colitis can be debilitating. It can completely ruin your social life. You’re afraid of leaving the house. You’re afraid of going into any space where you’re not going to have immediate access to a bathroom, afraid of traveling. And for a young person, that’s just like, “Oh, so I’m going to have a whole f—ing different life than I thought I had. Can I get a job? Can I work at my current job if I work on a warehouse floor and I have to go to the bathroom every seven minutes?”
But there [are] various interactions between my UC journey and my cancer journey, one of which is that it is possible that I wouldn’t have gotten cancer if I hadn’t taken mercaptopurine for so long. I was on mercaptopurine for maybe 10 years, which is a medicine with an increased lymphoma risk — says it right on the label. I read that and I was like, “It’s worth it.”
Brittany trang.
Health Tech Reporter
Brittany Trang, Ph.D., is a health tech reporter at STAT. Follow her on Threads , Mastodon , and Bluesky .
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By Leah Litman
Ms. Litman is a professor at the University of Michigan Law School, a host of the “Strict Scrutiny” podcast and a former clerk to the Supreme Court justice Anthony Kennedy.
For those looking for the hidden hand of politics in what the Supreme Court does, there’s plenty of reason for suspicion on Donald Trump’s as-yet-undecided immunity case given its urgency. There are, of course, explanations that have nothing to do with politics for why a ruling still hasn’t been issued. But the reasons to think something is rotten at the court are impossible to ignore.
On Feb. 28, the justices agreed to hear Mr. Trump’s claim that he is immune from prosecution on charges that he plotted to subvert the 2020 election. The court scheduled oral arguments in the case for the end of April. That eight-week interval is much quicker than the ordinary Supreme Court briefing process, which usually extends for at least 10 weeks . But it’s considerably more drawn out than the schedule the court established earlier this year on a challenge from Colorado after that state took Mr. Trump off its presidential primary ballot. The court agreed to hear arguments on the case a mere month after accepting it and issued its decision less than a month after the argument. Mr. Trump prevailed, 9-0.
Nearly two months have passed since the justices heard lawyers for the former president and for the special counsel’s office argue the immunity case. The court is dominated by conservatives nominated by Republican presidents. Every passing day further delays a potential trial on charges related to Mr. Trump’s efforts to remain in office after losing the 2020 election and his role in the events that led to the storming of the Capitol; indeed, at this point, even if the court rules that Mr. Trump has limited or no immunity, it is unlikely a verdict will be delivered before the election.
The immunity case is not the only big case hanging fire. Some two dozen remain undecided that were argued even before the April 25 oral argument over Mr. Trump’s immunity. A case on gun rights for domestic abusers under a restraining order was argued in November; cases involving the power of federal agencies and a multibillion-dollar settlement for opioid victims were heard in December and January; the court also has yet to decide whether upwind states must cut emissions that affect the air quality in downwind states. That case was argued in February.
The court is a busy place, though the justices are completing decisions at the second slowest rate since the 1946 term, according to a recent article in The Wall Street Journal. The court tries to wrap up its business for the term that began in October by the end of June. It’s not shocking that cases argued later in the term end up being decided later, especially because by the end of April, when the immunity case was heard, the court was still working to finish cases argued months earlier. April was also among the court’s busiest months: The justices heard 10 cases.
But these seemingly mundane, process explanations overlook some of the particulars in the immunity case. Mr. Trump’s lawyers put together a set of arguments that are so outlandish they shouldn’t take much time to dispatch. Among them is the upside-down claim that, because the Constitution specifies that an officer who is convicted in an impeachment proceeding may subsequently face a criminal trial, the Constitution actually requires an impeachment conviction before there is any criminal punishment.
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Here are some key elements to consider when writing a review essay: 1. Introduction: Provide an overview of the topic and the importance of the review. 2. Summary of the Work: Summarize the main points, arguments, and key findings of the work being reviewed. 3. Analysis and Evaluation:
Course Number Instructor's Name Your Name The titles of the readings under review. Part 1 (about 1-2 pages) • state a question you wish to answer or a theme you wish to address using the readings. • state your answer to the question or conclusion about the theme. • give a road-map for how you are going to make that argument. Part 2 ...
To write a good critical review, you will have to engage in the mental processes of analyzing (taking apart) the work-deciding what its major components are and determining how these parts (i.e., paragraphs, sections, or chapters) contribute to the work as a whole. Analyzing the work will help you focus on how and why the author makes certain ...
Synthesize Information: Go beyond summarizing sources to draw new insights and perspectives. Write Clearly and Concisely: Ensure that your essay is well-structured, with clear transitions and a logical flow of ideas. Review and Refine: Revise your essay for clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy.
Research Paper, Review Paper Format. Sets the stage with a concise title and a descriptive abstract summarising the review's scope and findings. Lays the groundwork by presenting the research question, justifying the review's importance, and highlighting knowledge gaps. Details the research methods used to select, assess, and synthesise ...
Explain your opinion. A.O. Scott, a chief film critic at The Times, told us that a review should share the writer's opinion and explain why he or she feels that way. An opinion alone is not ...
3. Identify the article. Start your review by referring to the title and author of the article, the title of the journal, and the year of publication in the first paragraph. For example: The article, "Condom use will increase the spread of AIDS," was written by Anthony Zimmerman, a Catholic priest.
This handout will help you write a book review, a report or essay that offers a critical perspective on a text. It offers a process and suggests some strategies for writing book reviews. What is a review? A review is a critical evaluation of a text, event, object, or phenomenon. Reviews can consider books, articles, entire genres or fields of ...
Include this information when writing up the method for your review. 5 Look for previous reviews on the topic. Use them as a springboard for your own review, critiquing the earlier reviews, adding more recently published material, and pos-sibly exploring a different perspective. Exploit their refer-ences as another entry point into the literature.
Focus these ideas into one or two sentences. Make sure you introduce your topic and give the reader an idea of the direction you are taking. Include your topic/opinion and your supporting arguments/reasons. Finally, make sure you are able to back up your thesis with evidence/supporting resources. 3.
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
Guide to Writing a Review Essay 1. Select the books (ideally 3 to 4). They should be published in the last two to three years (i.e., if a person undertakes to write a review in 2016, the books published before 2013 should not be reviewed although they could be mentioned in the body of the review). 2.
Step 1: Define the right organization for your review. Knowing the future setup of your paper will help you define how you should read the article. Here are the steps to follow: Summarize the article — seek out the main points, ideas, claims, and general information presented in the article.
The review itself should use specific examples from the work to illustrate the reviewer's point. For example, the reviewer has complained about the poor acting in the movie. To illustrate this, the reviewer might describe a scene in which a character learns a loved one has died and seems to have no reaction at all.
Have a strong opinion—positive or negative—about this topic. Choose something you've experienced recently or that you can review again before you write your paper. Know a lot about this type of experience. Use the following list of categories to brainstorm ideas for what you might want to evaluate. Use this list of categories to brainstorm ...
Key Components of a Review Essay. Summary: Concisely recap the key points of the material. Analysis: Critically assess the arguments, evidence, and methodologies used. Evaluation: Assess and comment on how effective and influential the work is. This structure will ensure a comprehensive review.
The fundamental rationale of writing a review article is to make a readable synthesis of the best literature sources on an important research inquiry or a topic. This simple definition of a review article contains the following key elements: The question (s) to be dealt with.
How to write a literature review in 6 steps. How do you write a good literature review? This step-by-step guide on how to write an excellent literature review covers all aspects of planning and writing literature reviews for academic papers and theses.
2) Write a Summary of the Works You Make a Review On. After choosing your title, you will need to write a brief summary of the works you are reviewing. This is an important part of the review essay format and should include the main points and arguments of each piece, as well as your overall opinion of them.
Think about structuring your review like an inverted pyramid. Put the most important information at the top, followed by details and examples in the center, and any additional points at the very bottom. Here's how your outline might look: 1. Summary of the research and your overall impression. In your own words, summarize what the manuscript ...
A review article can also be called a literature review, or a review of literature. It is a survey of previously published research on a topic. It should give an overview of current thinking on the topic. And, unlike an original research article, it will not present new experimental results. Writing a review of literature is to provide a ...
22 Sep 2016. By Elisabeth Pain. Share: A good peer review requires disciplinary expertise, a keen and critical eye, and a diplomatic and constructive approach. Credit: dmark/iStockphoto. As junior scientists develop their expertise and make names for themselves, they are increasingly likely to receive invitations to review research manuscripts.
1. What is an essay structure? An essay structure serves as a framework for presenting ideas coherently and logically. It comprises three crucial elements: an introduction that communicates the context, topic, and thesis statement; the body focusing on the main points and arguments supported with appropriate evidence followed by its analysis; and a conclusion that ties together the main points ...
Now, we come to the main topic of this article - how to write a good literature review for dissertation projects, research papers, and other works. Follow the steps we've covered below to arrive at a consistent, logical piece of lit review. Identify Relevant Sources Any literature review writing starts with academic research.
ENGL 1109: Topics for Take-Home Essay on Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles Length: approximately 1000 words. Review sections II. Plagiarism, III. The Thesis, and IV. Take-Home Essay in the course outline before you write your essay. Pick ONE of the following topics: 1. In the novel, scientific rationalism clashes with supernaturalism.
Stay up-to-date with the AHA View All News The American Historical Review is the flagship journal of the AHA and the journal of record for the historical discipline in the United States, bringing together scholarship from every major field of historical study. Learn More Perspectives on History is the newsmagazine…
The second essay, "Playing Bridge with Robots," continues with a similarly segmented form and inquiry. Here, Brice toggles between her obsession with the game of bridge — especially playing ...
To get high scores at essay writing tests, learners of English as a foreign language need to focus on good arguments more than on complex grammar. The finding challenges conventional approaches to ...
The stuff that didn't make it into the show is mostly — it's hard to make pain funny. It's hard to make fatigue funny. I don't remember what the joke is, but I had a joke about chronic ...
For those looking for the hidden hand of politics in what the Supreme Court does, there's plenty of reason for suspicion on Donald Trump's as-yet-undecided immunity case given its urgency.