essay about power generation

Summary and Conclusion

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• Almas Heshmati 4 ,
• Shahrouz Abolhosseini 5 &
• Jörn Altmann 5  

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Ongoing concerns about climate change have made renewable energy sources an important component of the world energy consumption portfolio. Renewable energy technologies could reduce CO 2 emissions by replacing fossil fuels in the power generation industry and the transportation sector. Because of some negative and irreversible externalities in conventional energy production, it is necessary to develop and promote renewable energy supply technologies and demand for renewable energy. Power generation using renewable energy sources should be increased in order to decrease the unit cost of generation. Energy consumption depends on several factors including economic progress, population, energy prices, weather, and technology.

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Couture T, Gagnon Y (2010) An analysis of feed-in tariff remuneration models: implications for renewable energy investment. Energy Policy 38(2):955–965. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.047

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Heshmati, A., Abolhosseini, S., Altmann, J. (2015). Summary and Conclusion. In: The Development of Renewable Energy Sources and its Significance for the Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-462-7_8

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Green Power, Its Merits and Demerits Expository Essay

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Introduction

Defining green power, advantages of green power, demerits of green power, challenges facing green power, works cited.

Power is a vital component for the advancement of the human civilization. The phenomenal advances witnessed over the last century have been facilitated by huge power sources.

Fossil fuels have provided for most of the energy requirements of the world. Industries and electricity plants have relied heavily on these non-renewable sources to satisfy the energy demands of the world. However, these non-renewable energy resources have significant negative impacts. For this reason, the international community has tried to come up with alternative sources of power.

One of these alternatives is green power, which promises to provide the energy needed by the modern world without harming the environment. This paper will set out to discuss green power, its merits and demerits, and how this alternative to non-renewable sources of energy can be adopted to safeguard the environment and our energy security.

Green power refers to electricity supplied from energy sources that are more readily renewable than traditional electrical power sources. These sources typically have low or zero emissions making them more environmentally friendly than contemporary sources.

By using renewable energy sources such as wind, hydro, biogas, biomass, and solar, the major producers of electricity reduce their carbon emissions. Green power production reduces the emission of SO 2 and NO x therefore diminishing the greenhouse effect associated with electricity generation.

The most significant merit of green power is that it is sustainable. Green power utilizes renewable sources that can be expected to provide mankind with energy indefinitely. This is in contrast with non-renewable energy source, which are bound to run out. For example, fossil fuels, which are the major source of energy, are expected to last for only 40 years at the current rate of consumption. This is a very bleak revelation since power producers rely overwhelmingly on fossil fuels.

If green power is not exploited aggressively, the world will face an energy crisis when the non-renewable energy resources run out (Moselle 140). The renewable energy sources used to provide green power can guarantee energy security in the world. Sources such as wind energy and solar energy are available in abundance. These sources can be expected to last indefinitely therefore ensuring that the world has a constant source of energy.

Green power is friendly to the environment since it typically has a low carbon emission. One of the adverse effects of power generation has been environmental degradation (Moselle 143).

Some energy sources such as fossil fuels have contributed to air pollution through the emission of gases when fuel is burned. These gasses have also played a role in global warming leading to climate change. Another major non-renewable source of energy, nuclear power, also has harmful environmental effects. Nuclear power plants produce abundant energy by burning nuclear fuels.

However, they produce toxic wastes that can contaminate water and food sources if it leaks into the environment (Caldicott 60). In addition to this, the radiation produced from nuclear power stations is unsafe for people and the environment. Green power produces energy without subjecting the environment to the hazards posed by the traditional sources of energy.

Green energy increases the energy independence of a country. Presently, most nations do not have energy independence since they rely on fossil fuel reserves of other nations (Hader 22). The reason for this is that while fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for many countries, this energy resources are found in a few nations.

The non-oil producing nations therefore have to purchase the products from the oil-rich nations. Green energy will increase energy independence since all nations have access to a source of green power (Moselle 120). By utilizing the solar, wind, biomass, and hydro resources available to them, countries will become energy self-sufficient.

In spite of its many advantages, Green power is more expensive than non-green power. This cost difference arises from the fact that non-green power is often obtained from relatively cheap sources such as fossil fuels. On the other hand, green power is produced from energy technology that is still in its development stages.

For example, governments and technology companies are still working on the most efficient large-scale solar power generation plants. Allen and Atkinson explain that a consumer who wants to use green power will have to elect to pay a rate premium to cover the incremental capital and operating costs of renewable energy over conventional energy costs (83). Most consumers are likely to opt for cheaper power sources that have negative environmental impacts.

Currently, the global energy demands cannot be satisfied by green power. As such, using green power sources exclusively would lead to a major energy deficit. This would have many negative consequences since energy is needed to power industries and ensure economic development and growth in nations.

Allen and Atkinson declare that green power needs to undergo greater development before it can be a feasible substitute for conventional energy sources (83). While many governments have invested in the advancement of non-renewable power generation technology, the best technology is yet to be found.

In the last few decades, there has been interest in electricity from renewable sources by certain consumers. Green power products are marketed to consumers in many regions all over the world. In most cases, electricity companies offer green power products to consumers at a premium price.

However, green power has not received the widespread embrace needed for it to make a significant difference in the world. Green power has failed to gain prominence due to the lack of political and economic support. Hader illustrates that electricity companies that have a large base of non-renewable energy sources such as coal and nuclear power have no incentive to offer successful green pricing programs since this might impede on their future sales of electricity (154).

Green power is voluntary and this has hindered its popularity in many regions. Since green power is more expensive, consumers prefer to buy the cheapest electricity available. Hader advances that the government can play a crucial role in the development of green power by regulating the electricity market so as to enhance the profitability of green power providers (154). If the government regulated the electricity market, consumers could be given incentives to purchase green power.

Producers would then offer more green power and the environmental effect of such a move would be great. It can also play a role in educating the population about the environmental harm caused by electricity generated from fossil fuels and the environmental benefits of green power. This will lead to a bigger market for green power thereby increasing the scale of positive results accrued from green power.

The world has come to a realization that conventional energy sources are unsustainable. Efforts have therefore been made to come up with alternatives to non-renewable energy sources. Green power has the potential to provide clean energy that could dramatically improve the environment and ensure the energy security of many countries in the world.

However, for green power to have the intended effect there must be a significant change in energy user. Consumers play a critical role in the development of green power. With a demand for green power products, electricity companies will have an incentive to invest more resources in the production of green power.

In spite of the challenges facing green power, great progress has been made in producing green power. Moselle reveals that major advances have been made in solar power generations and there are already operational implementations of wide scale electricity production plants that use solar energy (152). Many countries are investing in wind farms to supplement the conventional energy sources. If these trends are followed, green energy will experience significant development in the coming years.

This paper set out to provide a concise discussion on green power. It began by highlighting why green power is necessary for the world. The paper has highlighted the environmental merits of green electricity. It has demonstrated that this energy sources will reduce the damages done by non-renewable energy sources and ensure global energy security.

The paper has also noted some of the major demerits of green power including its high cost and its inability to cater to the energy demands of the world. For green power to exhibit significant growth and development, greater government involvement and support will be needed. When this occurs, the world will be able to benefit from the energy security and reduced environmental impact attributed to green power usage.

Allen, Adriana and Atkinson Adrian. Sustainable Urbanisation: Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas . London: UN-HABITAT, 2002. Print.

Caldicott, Helen. Nuclear Power Is Not the Answer to Global Warming Or Anything Else . Melbourne: Melbourne Univ. Publishing, 2006. Print.

Hader, Peter. The Law of Energy for Sustainable Development. Oxford: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Print.

Moselle, Boaz. Harnessing Renewable Energy in Electric Power Systems: Theory, Practice, Policy. New York: Earthscan, 2010. Print.

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IvyPanda. (2018, December 19). Green Power, Its Merits and Demerits. https://ivypanda.com/essays/green-power/

"Green Power, Its Merits and Demerits." IvyPanda , 19 Dec. 2018, ivypanda.com/essays/green-power/.

IvyPanda . (2018) 'Green Power, Its Merits and Demerits'. 19 December.

IvyPanda . 2018. "Green Power, Its Merits and Demerits." December 19, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/green-power/.

1. IvyPanda . "Green Power, Its Merits and Demerits." December 19, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/green-power/.

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What Is the Future of Wind Energy?

This article was reviewed by a member of Caltech's Faculty .

Humans have used windmills to capture the force of the wind as mechanical energy for more than 1,300 years . Unlike early windmills, however, modern wind turbines use generators and other components to convert energy from the spinning blades into a smooth flow of AC electricity.

In the video below, Resnick Sustainability Institute researcher John Dabiri discusses the future of wind energy technology.

How much of global electricity demand is met by wind energy?

Wind energy is a small but fast-growing fraction of electricity production. It accounts for 5 percent of global electricity production and 8 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.

Globally, wind energy capacity surpasses 743 gigawatts , which is more than is available from grid-connected solar energy and about half as much as hydropower can provide. Nearly three-quarters of that 651 gigawatts comes from wind farms in five countries: China, the U.S., Germany, India, and Spain. Wind energy capacity in the Americas has tripled over the past decade.

In the U.S., wind is now a dominant renewable energy source , with enough wind turbines to generate more than 100 million watts, or megawatts, of electricity, equivalent to the consumption of about 29 million average homes.

The cost of wind energy has plummeted over the past decade. In the U.S., it is cost-competitive with natural gas and solar power.

Wind energy and solar energy complement each other, because wind is often strongest after the sun has heated the ground for a time. Warm air rises from the most heated areas, leaving a void where other air can rush in, which produces horizontal wind currents . We can draw on solar energy during the earlier parts of the day and turn to wind energy in the evening and night. Wind energy has added value in areas that are too cloudy or dark for strong solar energy production, especially at higher latitudes.

How big are wind turbines and how much electricity can they generate?

Typical utility-scale land-based wind turbines are about 250 feet tall and have an average capacity of 2.55 megawatts, each producing enough electricity for hundreds of homes. While land-based wind farms may be remote, most are easy to access and connect to existing power grids.

Smaller turbines, often used in distributed systems that generate power for local use rather than for sale, average about 100 feet tall and produce between 5 and 100 kilowatts.

One type of offshore wind turbine currently in development stands 853 feet tall, four-fifths the height of the Eiffel Tower, and can produce 13 megawatts of power. Adjusted for variations in wind, that is enough to consistently power thousands of homes. While tall offshore turbines lack some of the advantages of land-based wind farms, use of them is burgeoning because they can capture the energy of powerful, reliable winds high in the air near coastlines, where most of the largest cities in the world are located.

What are some potential future wind technologies other than turbines?

Engineers are in the early stages of creating airborne wind turbines , in which the components are either floated by a gas like helium or use their own aerodynamics to stay high in the air, where wind is stronger. These systems are being considered for offshore use, where it is expensive and difficult to install conventional wind turbines on tall towers.

Trees, which can withstand gale forces and yet move in response to breezes from any direction, also are inspiring new ideas for wind energy technology. Engineers speculate about making artificial wind-harvesting trees . That would require new materials and devices that could convert energy from a tree's complex movements into the steady rotation that traditional generators need. The prize is wind energy harvested closer to the ground with smaller, less obtrusive technologies and in places with complex airflows, such as cities.

What are the challenges of using wind energy?

Extreme winds challenge turbine designers. Engineers have to create systems that will start generating energy at relatively low wind speeds and also can survive extremely strong winds. A strong gale contains 1,000 times more power than a light breeze, and engineers don't yet know how to design electrical generators or turbine blades that can efficiently capture such a broad range of input wind power. To be safe, turbines may be overbuilt to withstand winds they will not experience at many sites, driving up costs and material use. One potential solution is the use of long-term weather forecasting and AI to better predict the wind resources at individual locations and inform designs for turbines that suit those sites.

Climate change will bring more incidents of unusual weather, including potential changes in wind patterns . Wind farms may help mitigate some of the harmful effects of climate change. For example, turbines in cold regions are routinely winterized to keep working in icy weather when other systems may fail, and studies have demonstrated that offshore wind farms may reduce the damage caused by hurricanes . A more challenging situation will arise if wind patterns shift significantly. The financing for wind energy projects depends critically on the ability to predict wind resources at specific sites decades into the future. One potential way to mitigate unexpected, climate-change-related losses or gains of wind is to flexibly add and remove groups of smaller turbines, such as vertical-axis wind turbines , within existing large-scale wind farms.

Wind farms do have environmental impacts . The most well-known is harm to wildlife, including birds and bats . Studies are informing wind farm siting and management practices that minimize harm to wildlife , and Audubon, a bird conservation group, now supports well-planned wind farms. The construction and maintenance of wind farms involves energy-intensive activities such as trucking, road-building, concrete production, and steel construction. Also, while towers can be recycled, turbine blades are not easily recyclable. In hopes of developing low-to-zero-waste wind farms, scientists aim to design new reuse and disposal strategies , and recyclable plastic turbine blades. Studies show that wind energy's carbon footprint is quickly offset by the electricity it generates and is among the lowest of any energy source .

Dive Deeper

Wind Vision: A New Era for Wind Power in the United States

Caltech Energy 10 to Develop the Roadmap for 50% Reduction in Emissions by 2030

Tweaking Turbine Angles Squeezes More Power Out of Wind Farms

Generation of power system using renewable resources for sustainable development leading upcoming technologies: an analysis

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Essay: Power generation and transmission

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Power generation and transmission is a complex process, wherever power is to be transferred, the two main components are active and reactive power. In a three phase ac power system active and reactive power flows from the generating station to the load through different transmission lines and network buses. The active and reactive power flow in transmission line is called power flow or load flow. Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages,three phase angle, active and reactive flows through different lines, generators and loads at steady state condition. Power flow analysis is also used to determinethe steady state operating condition of a power system. For the planning and operation of power distribution system, power flow analysis is used. It is very important to control the power flow along the transmission line. Thus to control and improve the performance of ac power systems, we need the various different types compensators. The continuing rapid development of high-power semiconductor technology now makes it possible to control electrical power systems by means of power electonic devices. These devices constitute an emerging technology called FACTS(flexible alternating current transmission systems). FACTS technology has a lots of benefits,such as greater power flow control ability, increased the loading of existing transmission circuits and has the less cost than other alternative techniques of transmission system is used. The UPFC (unified power flow controller) is one of the most versatile devices. The main function of the UPFC is to control the flow of real and reactive power by injection of a voltage in series with the transmission line. Both the magnitude as well as the phase angle of the voltage can be varied independently. Real and reactive power flow control can allow for power flow in prescribed routes, transmission lines loading is closer to their thermal limits and can be utilized for improving transient and small signal stability of the power system. 1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY The demand of electric power is increasing day by day. This situation has necessitated a review of the traditional power system concepts and practices to achieve greater operating flexibility and better utilization of existing power systems. During the last two decades, various high-power semiconductor device and control technologies have been introduced [1, 2]. These technologies have been instrumental in the broad application of high voltage DC and AC transmissions. The UPFC is the one of most powerful Facts device, introduced by Gyugyi, [3]. For the Power system load flow studies the UPFC current based model is used, which improve the steady state and dynamic performance of the system [4, 5]. In this model the shunt compensation of UPFC is controlled to maintain the system bus voltage and the two components of UPFC series voltage, which are in phase voltage and quadrature voltage, are coordinated to respond to the power variations of the line. In case of static performance the power injection model is used. The sending and receiving ends of the UPFC are decoupled. The active and reactive power loads in the PQ bus and the voltage magnitude at the PV bus are set at the values to be controlled by the UPFC. The active power injected into the PV bus has the same value as the active power extracted in the PQ bus since the UPFC and coupling transformers are assumed to be lossless [6]. The UPFC current based model has implemented into a full Newton-Raphson program by adding the UPFC injected powers and by derivatives the elements of Jacobian matrix with respect to the AC network state variables, i.e. nodal voltage magnitude and angles, at the appropriate locations in the mismatch vector and Jacobian matrix[10]. The UPFC minimize power losses and maintain stability limits, without generation re-scheduling, is shown by numeric examples. UPFC have the capability to regulate the power flow and minimizing the power losses simultaneously [11]. The power injection model of (UPFC) the operational losses also taken into account and the effects of UPFC location on different power system parameters are entirely investigated [9]. A general sequential power flow algorithm based on current based model of FACTS devices has been presented in [7, 8]. The algorithm is compatible with Newton-Raphson and decoupled algorithms. It is important to ascertain the location for placement of UPFC which is suitable for various contingencies. An effective placement strategy for UPFC is proposed [12]. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THESIS The main objective of this project is to reduce the active power losses and maintain the voltage stability limits by optimal location of UPFC in power system. In this project we follow the following procedure: ‘ Currents as a variable and performs the load flow studies with unified power flow controller. ‘ To introduce an alternative proposition for steady state modeling of unified power flow controller. ‘ To develop MATLAB program for power injection model. ‘ To develop MATLAB program for current based model. ‘ To compare the results between these methods using Newton-Raphson method. 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ‘ In Chapter-2, power injection model of UPFC and modification of Jacobian matrix due to injected powers explained. ‘ In Chapter-3, current based model of UPFC and modification of Jacobian matrix due to currents explained. ‘ In Chapter-4, proposed model algorithm and results of proposed and existing models are presented and comparison of results is made. ‘ In Chapter-5, conclusion of the thesis and scope for future work is presented.

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