endnote in research paper

What Are Endnotes, Why Are They Needed, and How Are They Used?

Experts Give Good Examples for More Effective Writing

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

An "endnote" is a reference, explanation, or comment placed at the end of an article, research paper, chapter, or book. Like footnotes  (which are used in this article), endnotes serve two main purposes in a research paper: (1) They acknowledge the source of a quotation, paraphrase, or summary; and (2) They provide explanatory comments that would interrupt the flow of the main  text .

Endnotes vs. Footnotes

"Your department may specify whether you should use footnotes or endnotes, especially for a thesis or dissertation.

If not, you should generally choose footnotes, which are easier to read. Endnotes force readers to flip to the back to check every citation. On the other hand, choose endnotes when your footnotes are so long or numerous that they take up too much space on the page, making your report unattractive and difficult to read. Also, endnotes better accommodate tables, quoted poetry, and other matter that requires special typography."

(Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 7th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2007.)

"Readers of academic and scholarly books usually prefer footnotes to endnotes because the former allows them to skim the notes without losing their place in the text. Popular wisdom, however, says that nonscholarly readers are either reluctant or unwilling to purchase a nonfiction trade book whose feet are hemmed with ribbons of tiny type; thus most trade books place (the shop term is 'bury') the notes containing sources and references at the back of the book ."

(Einsohn, Amy. The Copyeditor's Handbook,  University of California Press, 2006.)

Endnote Conventions

"An author or title mentioned in the text need not be repeated in the footnote  citation , though it is often helpful to do so. In an endnote, however, the author (or at least the author's last name) and title should be repeated, since at least some readers may have forgotten whether the note number was 93 or 94 by the time they find it at the back of a work.

Such frustration can be prevented by the devices illustrated in the examples below."

34. This and the preceding four quotations are all from  Hamlet , act 1, sc. 4. 87. Barbara Wallraff,  Word Court  (New York: Harcourt, 2000), 34. Further citations to this work are given in the text.​

(​ The Chicago Manual of Style,  University of Chicago Press, 2003.)

Endnote Numbering

"Endnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a chapter or article, with each new chapter or section starting over with endnote 1. The notes section at the back is then broken down by chapter or section, with the corresponding endnote numbers listed underneath.

Place endnote numbers within the text in superscript type (small typeset above the line). In the notes section, use the same number to identify the endnote with the number in the text."

(Robbins, Lara M.  Grammar, and Style at Your Fingertips,  Alpha, 2007.)

Sample Endnotes From Pennebaker's 'The Secret Life of Pronouns '

"Chapter 2: Ignoring the Content, Celebrating the Style 19. The drawing is from the Thematic Apperception Test by Henry A. Murray, Card 12F, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. 20. Throughout this book, I include quotations from people who have been in my studies or classes, from text on the Internet, or even from conversations or e-mails from friends or family members. In all cases, all identifying information has been removed or altered. 22. In this book, the terms style, function , and stealth words are used interchangeably. They have many other names as well —  junk words, particles , and closed-class words . Linguists tend to disagree about the precise definitions of each of these overlapping terms."

(Pennebaker, James W.  The Secret Life of Pronouns: What Our Words Say About Us,  Bloomsbury Press, 2011.)

• Turabian Style Guide With Examples
• Formatting Papers in Chicago Style
• How to Use Footnotes in Research Papers
• What Is a Senior Thesis?
• What Is a Citation?
• What Is a Glossary?
• What Is a Bibliography?
• Definition of Appendix in a Book or Written Work
• What Is a Style Guide and Which One Do You Need?
• Tips for Typing an Academic Paper on a Computer
• Examples of Epigraphs in English
• What's the Preferred Way to Write the Abbreviation for United States?
• How to Organize Research Notes
• Margin (Composition Format) Definition
• 140 Key Copyediting Terms and What They Mean
• How to Use Parentheses in Writing

The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

• UTC Library
• Research Guides
• EndNote: A Beginner's Guide
• Getting Started with EndNote

EndNote: A Beginner's Guide : Getting Started with EndNote

• Subject Guides Home
• Adding references to your EndNote Library
• Editing references
• CWYW Windows
• Troubleshooting

This guide is intended to introduce EndNote Online and EndNote Desktop to new users. Core concepts include: setting up an EndNote Online account, installing EndNote Desktop, populating your EndNote library with references, adding PDFs, inserting citations with Cite While You Write, and troubleshooting frequent issues.

EndNote in Action: How to use EndNote in 7 minutes

What is EndNote?

EndNote is a citation management software program designed to assist with formatting citations, so you can focus on your research. The University of Tennessee maintains a campus-wide annual subscription for EndNote and it is available at no cost to students, staff, and faculty. Below are descriptions of the two types of EndNote software as well as some helpful tools for using EndNote.

EndNote Desktop

The desktop version of EndNote helps you store and organize your research, download new references from library databases, create bibliographies using over 5,000 styles, use your references as you write, share with colleagues, and access and manage your research from anywhere by syncing with your EndNote online account. EndNote may be installed on a maximum of three machines per license.

Installing EndNote Desktop

• Your UTC password  must  be up to date. If you have not changed your password recently, visit  https://ds.utk.edu/passwords  and follow the steps to reset it (existing users)
• Visit the  UTK Software Distribution site . Log in using your UTCID and password.
• Choose Clarivate Analytics (EndNote). Choose EndNote X20 for either Windows or Mac and click Download selected item
• The software and instructions will download as a zipped file on your computer
• You MUST extract (unzip) the files before you can install EndNote.
• Once EndNote is successfully installed, you can use the sync button to connect your desktop version to your EndNote Online account if you have one (highly recommended).

EndNote Online

EndNote online is a limited online-only version of EndNote and is perfect when you're new to research and writing. When you find yourself in need of more robust capabilities, move up to the desktop version of EndNote.

While not required in order to use EndNote Desktop, an EndNote Online account offers the important ability to sync your EndNote library to the cloud. By connecting an EndNote Online account to your EndNote Desktop, your library of references is safely backed-up to the cloud and can quickly be accessed from any computer. Note: while EndNote Online can be accessed from anywhere, you are only allowed to install EndNote Desktop on a maximum of three machines.

Next: Adding References to your EndNote Library

• Next: Adding references to your EndNote Library >>
• Last Updated: Aug 1, 2023 10:14 AM
• URL: https://guides.lib.utc.edu/EndNoteGuide

• Article Databases
• Google Scholar
• Interlibrary Services
• Research Guides
• Staff Directory
• Study Rooms
• Citation Linker
• Digital Collections
• Digital Commons
• Reference Tools
• Special Collections
• All Resources
• Ask-A-Librarian
• Borrowing & Renewals
• Computing & Printing
• Copyright@Wayne
• Course Reserves
• Equipment Checkout
• Instruction
• Research Support
• Rooms & Spaces
• The Publishing House
• Technology Support
• All Services
• Arthur Neef Law Library
• Purdy/Kresge Library
• Reuther Library
• Shiffman Medical Library
• Undergraduate Library
• Accessibility
• Desktop Advertising
• Maps & Directions
• All Information
• Appointments
• WSU Login Academica, Canvas, Email, etc.
• My Library Account Renew Books, Request Material, etc.
• Make a Gift
• back to Wayne.edu
• Skip to Quicklinks
• Skip to Sitemap
• Skip to Main Navigation
• Skip to News
• Interlibrary Loan

Information

• {{guide_title}}

How to Use EndNote

Getting help with endnote, ai disclaimer, what is endnote, how to use endnote in 7 minutes (windows), how to use endnote 20 in 7 minutes (mac).

• Purchase EndNote
• Customize EndNote
• Adding References Manually
• Importing References from Databases
• Exporting References from PubMed
• Adding References by Online Search
• Importing PDFs
• EndNote Groups
• Importing References from Google Scholar
• EndNote Group and Library Sharing
• Using EndNote with Word
• EndNote Online
• EndNote App
• Take a Free Online Class

Help with Citation Styles

• Citation Style Guides
• How to Cite References Using APA Style
• How to Cite References Using MLA Style

Handout: EndNote & EndNote Web Basics

• EndNote & EndNote Web Basics

EndNote Technical Support is available 24/7 Note there may be extended wait times on Saturday and Sunday due to decreased staffing: By phone: +1-800-336-4474 Press 2, Press 2 (Research Solutions), Press 1 (Research Solutions), Press 1 for Endnote Chat, Online Form or email

Search EndNote Knowledge Base EndNote YouTube Channel EndNote 21 Quick Reference Guides Clarivate EndNote Training

EndNote is available at a discount to all Wayne State University students, faculty and staff from C&IT. Go to Download Endnote on this guide to purchase and download EndNote.

Do not use AI to suggest references to read/cite

Please be aware that ChatGPT and other AI services can produce incorrect, made-up references that cannot be sourced. While some individual parts of an AI-generated reference may be accurate (such as the journal name, article or book title or an author) the whole reference does not usually exist so cannot be found by our library team.

If you have a reference that you cannot find, our team may ask where it came from so that we can ensure it is legitimate before attempting to find it. If you need assistance, please use our 24/7 library chat service. 

• Software program available at a discount for purchase to faculty, staff and students of Wayne State University.
• Used to store and organize citation information
• Used with word processor software such as Microsoft Word, Apple Pages, OpenOffice, Mathematica and more, to insert citations and create bibliographies in the style of your choice when composing research papers (EndNote Compatibility and System Requirements)

*There is also a free online version of EndNote available. See EndNote Online on this guide for more information.

New to EndNote? We recommend you watch the How to Use EndNote in 7 Minutes video below.

This 6 minute video is an introduction to EndNote for Windows.

• Next: Purchase EndNote >>
• Last Updated: Mar 5, 2024 7:03 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/endnote
• Borrowing & Renewals
• Computing & Printing
• Rooms & Spaces
• Maps & Directions
• Make Appointment

• USC Libraries
• Research Guides
• Health Sciences
• EndNote Online and EndNote
• Getting Started with EndNote

EndNote Online and EndNote: Getting Started with EndNote

• Importing References to EndNote Online
• Inserting References into a Paper with EndNote Online
• Adding References to Posters
• EndNote Find Full Text - USC Settings
• Getting Help with EndNote

About EndNote and EndNote Online

EndNote is a research tool and citation manager. Use it to:

• Import and store references that you find in databases and catalogs (such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, etc.)
• Organize your references into groups
• Create bibliographies and reference lists in many styles using the Microsoft Word Plug-in Cite-While-You-Write

EndNote is a software program installed on your computer. You must purchase EndNote software or your school/unit may license it for you. EndNote Online is an online version of the same software, with fewer capabilities. EndNote Online is licensed by the USC Libraries for all USC affiliates to use.

Types of EndNote

EndNote Online

EndNote Software

EndNote Online citation management software is free to USC-affiliates. 

• Web-based: access it from any computer.
• Access full-text articles through the "Find it @ USC" link.   
• Format papers and create bibliographies for your paper with the Cite-While-You-Write plugin.
• Easily switch between citation styles in your paper and bibliography.
• Collaborate with colleagues by sharing folders of citations.

EndNote Software vs. EndNote Online (or EndNote Basic)

EndNote is a citation management software available for PC or Mac and is available for purchase from the USC Bookstore.

• Work offline or online
• Store an unlimited number of references
• Attach an unlimited number of PDFs to references
• Search and annotate PDFs
• Access over 6,000 bibliographic styles
• Customize bibliographic styles
• One click "Find Full Text"
• 2 year subscription to EndNote Online
• Sync libraries to EndNote Online account and/or EndNote iPad app
• Insert and format references in Microsoft Word with Cite-While-You-Write (CWYW)

Getting EndNote via USC

USC Libraries maintains a subscription for the EndNote online for USC affiliates.

To register for USC's institutional EndNote Online (free to USC Faculty, Staff, and Students):

• Go to the database.  Web of Science 
• Click the 'Products' menu in the upper right hand corner
• Select EndNote from the Reference Manager section
• Click 'Register'  
• Note: you do not have to use your USC email address

You can purchase a copy of the EndNote software from the USC Bookstores for $140.00, a discount from the regular price. The license can be purchased in person or online. When purchasing online, search the USC Bookstore website for EndNote. Once you've purchased or downloaded EndNote, watch this Introduction to EndNote Software tutorial from the USC Libraries to use this software effectively with library-licensed databases.

Training on EndNote Software

• Introduction to EndNote Software (tutorial) Watch this short tutorial to learn to use your purchased software effectively with USC Libraries-licensed resources.
• Next: Importing References to EndNote Online >>
• Last Updated: Mar 28, 2024 10:58 AM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/healthsciences/endnote

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

MLA Endnotes and Footnotes

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, most academic style guidelines (including MLA and APA, the American Psychological Association) recommend limited use of endnotes/footnotes. However, certain publishers encourage or require note references in lieu of parenthetical references.

Bibliographic Notes

MLA discourages extensive use of explanatory or digressive notes. MLA style does, however, allow you to use endnotes or footnotes for bibliographic notes , which refer to other publications your readers may consult. The following are some examples:

To cite a lengthy string of sources.

¹See Said, Culture and Imperialism and Orientalism ; Serres, The Natural Contract ; Foucault, The Foucault Reader , esp. Part II.

²For more material related to Postcolonial Studies and Technology, see McClintock, Imperial Leather ; De Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines.

To explain an unusual documentation practice.

³Italicised words denote translations for which there are no clear equivalents in the original Chinese.

To flag editions and translations used. Editions and translations usually require a note only when more than one edition or translation is cited. This can be done by placing a note in the text where the work is first referenced. Alternatively, an initial and unnumbered note may be created.

⁴Citations of The Odyssey refer to Emily Wilson’s translated version unless otherwise noted.

⁵Translations are provided by Emily Wilson unless otherwise noted.

Content Notes

You can also use endnotes/footnotes for occasional explanatory notes (also known as content notes), which refer to brief additional information that might be too digressive for the main text:

To amplify.  Writers may feel that amplifying certain sections of their content will allow readers to better understand the context which affected/affects the following circumstances. 

¹Kujou and Yanagi are often confused by their misinterpretation of each other’s words, actions, and interactions with others.

²Beach considers Readicide to be a necessary read for all incoming Student Teachers, including it in recommended words for all his students.

³Culler makes it clear that “Literature” is “an institutional label that gives us reason to expect that the results of our reading efforts will be ‘worth it’” (28).

To explain word choice.

⁴She refers here to a branch of physiological research.

⁵He chose to translate the verb (first translated by Yang as “to feel”) as “to understand” to point to the character development.

To justify the scope of your study. Justifying the scope of your study can help readers better understand what to expect from reading your work by specifically pointing to what will or will not be explored, and why.

⁶Whether or not Beowulf as a character is justified in his actions is not relevant to my point.

⁷The efforts of decolonization are beyond the extent of my essay, but I point readers to Garvey’s work.

To provide more examples.

⁸Readers can think about Atwood’s inclusion of insects in her literary work

⁹This same idea applies to queer youth, as Chelsea Monheim’s “Percieved social norms and acceptance of transgender students in gendered restrooms” addresses.

To provide counterexamples.

¹⁰Bankfeld (99-102) calls for an alternative call to action.

To identity of comment on allusions.

¹¹The reference to ‘Westword’ in Iron Man 3 recalls the 1973 movie Westworld, starring Yul Brynner as a killing cyborg.

To point to an area of future research.

¹²More extensive research remains to be done on this subject. 

To identify authors whose names appear as et al. in documentation.

¹³The contributing authors of Teaching Literature to Adolescents are Deborah Appleman, Bob Fecho, and Rob Simon.

To acknowledge.

¹⁴Anna Turner, from a local veterinary clinic, brought distinctions between small and large animal care to my attention.

Numbering endnotes and footnotes in the document body

MLA notes may be styled either as footnotes or endnotes. Endnotes and footnotes in MLA format are indicated in-text by superscript Arabic numbers after the punctuation of the phrase or clause to which the note refers:

Note that when a long dash appears in the text, the footnote/endnote number appears before the dash:

Do not use asterisks (*), angle brackets (>), or other symbols for note references. The list of endnotes and footnotes (either of which, for papers submitted for publication, should be listed on a separate page, as indicated below) should correspond to the note references in the text.   Do not use the abbreviation ibid. in a note to refer readers to the information provided in the note right above it.

Placement of Notes in the Text

Use parentheses around page numbers when page numbers interrupt a sentence or are given at the end of a sentence. Similar to parenthetical citations within text, citations in notes are usually placed at the end of a sentence. Alternatively, parenthetical citations may be placed mid-sentence.

¹As Danes (45) and Gilmore (151) argue, caffeinated beverages play a vital role in American business environments.

²Gilmore considers the relationship between caffeine, productivity, and success (151).

Do not place parentheses around page numbers if the note is utilized to direct readers to the location of information. For example:

³See Gilmore 151.

Notes in MLA format are typically indicated in-text by superscript Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, …) after the punctuation mark of the phrase or clause to which the note refers. Whenever possible, place the superscript numbers at the end of sentences. Keep in mind that word processing programs will likely style note numbers in the text and notes section as superscript by default .

Audience members generally responded positively to the racial representation in the musical.¹

Marquis de Lafayette uses a stereotypical White American accent to say the word “anarchy.”²

Aaron Burr advises a young Alexander Hamilton to “talk less, smile more” (16).³ 

Note that when a dash appears in the text, the note number appears before the dash.

After finding out about her daughter’s passion for music, Cho⁴—surprised, impressed, and a little confused—purchased a piano and allowed her daughter to take lessons.

If a note number must be placed somewhere other than at the end of a sentence or a sentence requires more than one note, the note number should be placed in the least distracting unambiguous spot. For instance: 

Placement of a note mid-sentence, for clarity of citations.

Despite the awareness from her past mistakes,⁵   Britney “did it again” and thus continued to face the consequences of her actions (203).

Placement of more than one note in a sentence.

Crystal’s love of farmers markets—especially those located in their hometown (which they support by “getting up at 7am every Saturday to go to” [Webb 21]⁶)—has become apparent even on social media platforms.⁷  

Formatting endnotes and footnotes

Endnotes Page

MLA recommends that all notes be listed on a separate page entitled Notes (centered). Title the page Note if there is only one note. The Notes page should appear before the Works Cited page. This is especially important for papers being submitted for publication.

The notes themselves should be double-spaced and listed by consecutive Arabic numbers that correspond to the notation in the text. The first line of each endnote is indented five spaces, and subsequent lines are flush with the left margin. Place a period and a space after each endnote number, and then provide the appropriate note after the space.

Footnotes (below the text body)

The ninth edition of the MLA Handbook states that notes may be styled either as footnotes or endnotes. See the  MLA Style Center   for additional guidance on this topic and follow your instructor's or editor's preferences.

About EndNote

EndNote is a bibliographic management and formatting program that can be used to:

• Create and maintain your own searchable database of references.
• Centralize and organize your research information.
• Insert citations into word processing documents.
• Format references and bibliographies in a variety of styles.

Get Help with EndNote

See the Libraries’ guides on:

• Endnote X9 & 20 .
• EndNote Basic & EndNote Online .

For more help, contact the Health Sciences Library.

Accessing EndNote

• The full version of EndNote is available for purchase through  UNC Software Acquisition .
• EndNote Basic is available for free.
• EndNote is not available on any of the public computers in the libraries.

EndNote: EndNote with research papers

• EndNote with PDFs
• EndNote with library databases
• EndNote with research papers
• EndNote with Digital Measures
• EndNote Basic

Getting Help with EndNote

EndNote.com Support:

• EndNote Support
• EndNote Training Videos
• EndNote Training Video Downloads
• EndNote YouTube Channel
• Online User Guide  (Windows & Mac)

Graduate School Support:

• Grad School EndNote Resources

Library Support:

• For additional resources, visit our Citation Support page .

More about EndNote

Library presentations.

• Workshop Slides Updated for v.20. Opens in Google Drive.

EndNote Software

Michigan Tech licenses EndNote at no charge to all active students, faculty and staff.

Download EndNote

System Requirements (Windows & Mac)

Cite While You Write (CWYW)

EndNote features a toolbar add-on in Microsoft Word that automatically formats your citations and builds your bibliography as you write your research paper. It is easy to change the output style by choosing preloaded styles from the Output Styles dropdown menu in MS Word. You also have the option to download hundreds of EndNote Output Styles from Endnote.com.

• Place your cursor in the text where you want the citation to appear.
• Click on the EndNote X7 toolbar tab in your MS Word document.
• Click on the Insert Citation button on the left side of the toolbar.
• The EndNote X7 Find & Insert My Reference window will appear.
• Search for the citation you would like to include and click the Insert button at the bottom of the page.

Need more help? Consult the CWYW FAQs on EndNote.com.

Specialized MTU Output Styles

These are customized Output Styles that conform to Graduate School Thesis and Dissertation specifications.

• Michigan Tech Name Year Output Style
• Michigan Tech Citation Name Output Style
• Michigan Tech Citation Sequence Output Style
• << Previous: EndNote with library databases
• Next: EndNote with Digital Measures >>
• Last Updated: Jan 3, 2024 9:55 AM
• URL: https://libguides.lib.mtu.edu/endnote

Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style

Table of Contents: Books E-books Journal Articles (Print) Journal Articles (Online) Magazine Articles (Print) Magazine Articles (Online) Newspaper Articles Review Articles Websites For More Help

The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition) .  Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style ; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual . For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself or a reference librarian .

Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style . It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. This method should always be used for endnotes; it is the preferred method for footnotes. However, superscript numbers are acceptable for footnotes, and many word processing programs can generate footnotes with superscript numbers for you.

When citing books, the following are elements you may need to include in your bibliographic citation for your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author or editor; 2. Title; 3. Compiler, translator or editor (if an editor is listed in addition to an author); 4. Edition; 5. Name of series, including volume or number used; 6. Place of publication, publisher and date of publication; 7. Page numbers of citation (for footnote or endnote).

Books with One Author or Corporate Author

Author: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840. 1

Editor: Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same. 1

Corporate Author: Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem. 1

First footnote:

1 Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

1 Valerie M. Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997), 5.

1 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , edited by Alexander Zouev (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 44.

Note the different treatment of an editor's name depending on whether the editor takes the place of an author (second example) or is listed in addition to the author (third example). 

Subsequent footnotes:

       Method A: Include the author or editor's last name, the title (or an abbreviated title) and the page number cited.

2 Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy, 10.

2 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy, 48.

       Method B: Include only the author or editor's last name and the page number, leaving out the title.  

2 Twyman, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., 10.

2 UNICEF, 48.

Use Method A if you need to cite more than one reference by the same author.

1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850  (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place."  Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening.  If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number.  For example:   2 Ibid., 50.

Bibliography:

Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy . Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997.

Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850 . London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

UNICEF.  Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the             Former Soviet Union . Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Books with Two or More Authors or Editors

1 Russell Keat and John Urry, Social Theory as Science, 2d ed. (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982), 196.

1 Toyoma Hitomi, "The Era of Dandy Beauties," in Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  eds. Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker ( Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 157.

For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography.

1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.

2 Keat and Urry, Social Theory as Science , 200.

2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , 90.

Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science , 2d. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982.

Hitomi, Toyoma. "The Era of Dandy Beauties." In Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  edited by Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker, 153-165.   Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style . Edited by Berel Lang.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.  

Electronic Books

Follow the guidelines for print books, above, but include the collection (if there is one), URL and the date you accessed the material.

1 John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy (Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834), in The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

2 Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy .

Rae, John.  Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

For periodical (magazine, journal, newspaper, etc.) articles, include some or all of the following elements in your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author; 2. Article title; 3. Periodical title; 4. Volume or Issue number (or both); 5. Publication date; 6. Page numbers.

For online periodicals   , add: 7. URL and date of access; or 8. Database name, URL and date of access. (If available, include database publisher and city of publication.)

For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever version you used.

Journal Articles (Print)

1 Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52.

Here you are citing page 52.  In the bibliography (see below) you would include the full page range: 39-56.

If a journal has continuous pagination within a volume, you do not need to include the issue number:

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 520.

Subsequent footnotes :

2 Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49.   

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 545.

Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict."   Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor."  American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 517-554.  

Journal Articles (Online)

Cite as above, but include the URL and the date of access of the article.

On the Free Web

1 Molly Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Through a Subscription Database

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

1 Michael Moon, et al., "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Subsequent Footnotes:

2 Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia."

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 527. 

2 Moon, "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," 34. 

Shea, Molly. "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Moon, Michael, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Benjamin Gianni, and Scott Weir. "Queers in (Single-Family) Space." Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 30-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Magazine Articles (Print)

Monthly or Bimonthly

           1 Paul Goldberger, "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile," Architectural Digest, October 1996, 82.

1 Steven Levy and Brad Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," Newsweek , March 25, 2002, 45.

          2 Goldberger, "Machines for Living," 82.

          2 Levy and Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," 46.

Goldberger, Paul.  "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile." Architectural Digest, October 1996.

Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek , March 25, 2002.

Magazine Articles (Online)

Follow the guidelines for print magazine articles, adding the URL and date accessed.

1 Bill Wyman, "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble," Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

1 Sasha Frere-Jones, "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Wyman, Bill. "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble." Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

Frere-Jones, Sasha. "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Newspaper Articles

In most cases, you will cite newspaper articles only in notes, not in your bibliography. Follow the general pattern for citing magazine articles, although you may omit page numbers.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition, in LexisNexis Academic (accessed June 27, 2009).

Note: In the example above, there was no stable URL for the article in LexisNexis, so the name of the database was given rather than a URL.

Review Articles

Follow the pattern below for review articles in any kind of periodical.

1 Alanna Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard," review of Basket Case, by Carl Hiassen, New York Times , February 3, 2002, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=105338185&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=5604&RQT=309&VName=PQD (accessed June 26, 2009).  

1 David Denby, "Killing Joke," review of No Country for Old Men , directed by Ethan and Joel Coen,  New Yorker, February 25, 2008, 72-73, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=30033248&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009). 

Second footnote:

2 Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard."

2 Denby, "Killing Joke."

In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list, e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires ...".

If you need to cite an entire website in your bibliography, include some or all of the following elements, in this order:

1. Author or editor of the website (if known) 2. Title of the website 3. URL 4. Date of access

Financial Accounting Standards Board .  http://www.fasb.org  (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:

Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)

Chicago Manual of Style Online

RefWorks Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of Turabian style.

Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.

Citing Sources Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.

How to Cite Electronic Sources From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.

Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual .

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• This Or That Game
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications
• College University and Postgraduate
• Academic Writing

How to Do Endnotes

Last Updated: March 23, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Megan Morgan, PhD . Megan Morgan is a Graduate Program Academic Advisor in the School of Public & International Affairs at the University of Georgia. She earned her PhD in English from the University of Georgia in 2015. There are 14 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 233,915 times.

Proper citation of sources is necessary to give credit to the authors whose work informed yours, to point readers to the sources you used, and to show the breadth of your research. Though endnotes are less commonly used in student or academic papers than in-line citations or footnotes, they are quite common in books, where they make for a cleaner page. The basics of endnotes are always the same – numbered notes within the text refer to numbered entries in a notes section at the end of the document – but there are minor differences depending on whether you use Chicago or MLA (Modern Language Association) style.

Inserting Endnotes

• To avoid plagiarism, you must correctly attribute ideas and quotations, which is using someone else's ideas or material without acknowledgement (intentionally or unintentionally). If you are a student, plagiarism may result in disciplinary action. If you are an academic or professional, plagiarism will result in, at best, the rejection of your manuscript, and at worst disciplinary action. People have even their degrees revoked when plagiarism was discovered. [1] X Research source
• To allow the reader to check your work. Proper citations allow readers to look up the quotes and ideas you used in context, to see if they agree with your interpretation. [2] X Research source
• To allow interested readers to dig deeper. Endnotes allow readers interested in your topic to easily locate the sources that informed it so that they can read them as well.
• To show that you have considered a variety of sources. Endnotes allow you to show the reader that you have considered all of the major arguments regarding your given topic, or if you have not, allows them to easily see which authors you have failed to consider.

• Page number
• Author name, as well as the name of any editors or translators
• Book name, place of publishing, name of publisher, and year of publishing if a book
• Article name, periodical name, volume and series number, and date of publication

• Pushing citations to the end of a paper or work helps to create clean, uncluttered pages. This is why endnotes are often preferred in books.
• Having all the citations in one place allows the reader to digest them as a whole.
• On the other hand, not having citations on the page means the reader will have to flip to the back of your manuscript each time they want to look something up, which can be frustrating.
• Endnotes can give the impression that you are trying to hide your citations.

• Note numbers should follow punctuation. Never put a note number before a period, comma, or quotation mark.
• Note numbers should be consecutive throughout an entire paper.
• In a book, note numbers may restart with each chapter, in which case the endnotes should be divided by chapter.
• Put the superscript number at the end of the clause or sentence in which you reference someone else's materials. [5] X Research source For example: "According to Hoskins and Garrett, IQ tests are often problematic, 1 but I argue that it is still possible to implement them usefully in school settings."

• Indent the first line of each endnote half an inch (or 5 spaces) from the left margin. Additional lines within a single endnote should be flush with the left hand margin.
• Use the appropriate citation form per your style guide.

Using Chicago (Turabian) Style

• Chicago style uses endnotes (or footnotes) to cite sources, rather than providing inline citation. This is a key difference from MLA style, which uses inline citation.
• In Chicago style, it is recommended to always write the author name and title, not just the author name, in subsequent citations after the first full one.
• In Chicago style, a bibliography typically follows the endnotes. The bibliography lists all sources in alphabetical order by author’s last name. You should add entries to it every time you create a note. The format is slightly different from endnotes. See http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html for more information.

• Book (author) – Author’s First and Last Name, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page number(s).
• Book (editor) – Author’s First and Last Name, ed., Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page number(s).
• Journal Article – Author’s First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal Volume (Year): page number(s).
• Newspaper – Author’s First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Newspaper , date, page number(s).
• For all source types, if there are two to three authors, list their names with commas between them. For more than three authors, write the first author's name, a comma, and “et al.” in place of any remaining authors.
• For a complete list of source types and their appropriate formats, see http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html .

• Author’s last name, Title, page number(s). (If the title is not fiction or poetry, you can use a shortened form of the title if it is longer than four words.)

• 1 Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Love in the Time of Cholera , trans. Edith Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), 27-28.
• 2 Ibid., 45.

• In some cases, your teacher may prefer you to single-space endnotes and leave a blank line between each entry. If you have questions, consult with your teacher. [12] X Research source

Using MLA Style

• MLA style does not recommend using endnotes to cite works. You should use inline citation in MLA style unless specifically told otherwise.
• In most cases, you will still need to provide a Works Cited page in addition to your endnotes.

• For example, "For further discussion of this phenomenon, see also King, 53; Norris, 175-185; and Kozinsky, 299-318."
• For example, "Several other studies also reach similar conclusions. For examples, see also Brown and Spiers 24-50, Chapel 30-45, and Philips 50-57."

• For example, "Although it is less commonly known than her major works, singer-songwriter Wendy's 1980 album Cookies also deals with the idea of ecofriendly agriculture."
• For example, "Johnson reiterated this point in a conference talk in 2013, although she worded it less forcefully there."

• Center the word Notes on the page. Do not use any formatting or quote marks. If you have only one endnote, use the word Note.
• Double-space endnotes in MLA style.

Community Q&A

• Other style guides may also use endnotes, although APA Style, commonly used in social sciences, does not. [16] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source If you are writing for a journal or publisher that has an in-house style guide, consult with them about endnote requirements. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/useinformationcorrectly/avoiding-plagiarism/1/
• ↑ http://web.grinnell.edu/Dean/Tutorial/EUS/IC.pdf
• ↑ https://www.trentu.ca/academicskills/documentation-guide/chicago-style/footnotes-and-endnotes
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=293795&p=1956824
• ↑ https://guides.lib.uw.edu/hsl/ama/intext
• ↑ https://support.office.com/en-US/article/Add-footnotes-and-endnotes-BFF71B0C-3EC5-4C37-ABC1-7C8E7D6F2D78
• ↑ https://support.office.com/en-US/article/Add-footnotes-and-endnotes-61F3FB1A-4717-414C-9A8F-015A5F3FF4CB
• ↑ https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/dam/jcr:e7d5f449-dd5e-42c7-89dc-a264d75f4c23/Turabian-Tip-Sheet-11.pdf
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/chicago_manual_of_style_17th_edition.html
• ↑ http://www.library.georgetown.edu/tutorials/research-guides/turabian-footnote-guide
• ↑ http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0240.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_endnotes_and_footnotes.html
• ↑ https://guides.library.brandeis.edu/citations/MLA
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa6_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/footnotes_and_endnotes.html

About This Article

To use endnotes in a paper, start by inserting a superscript number that corresponds with the source each time you reference it in your paper. Then, at the end of your paper, create a new page with the heading, “Notes.” List the sources, including the author’s first and last name, the title and date of the publication, and the page number for each one. Separate each element with a comma, then add a period after the page number. For two different ways to format your endnotes, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

• Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Jan 17, 2017

Did this article help you?

Jul 24, 2017

Ukachi Stacy

Oct 20, 2017

Jun 5, 2017

Oct 26, 2016

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

Don’t miss out! Sign up for

wikiHow’s newsletter

We use cookies on this site to enhance your experience

By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies.

A link to reset your password has been sent to your email.

Back to login

We need additional information from you. Please complete your profile first before placing your order.

Thank you. payment completed., you will receive an email from us to confirm your registration, please click the link in the email to activate your account., there was error during payment, orcid profile found in public registry, download history, how to use footnotes and endnotes in academic papers.

• Charlesworth Author Services
• 28 January, 2022

How to use and write Footnotes and Endnotes in academic papers

Research papers and reports often include adjuncts such as charts and graphs, tables , diagrams, a hierarchy of headings, citations and references etc. Notes – whether footnotes or endnotes – are an important adjunct. They primarily serve the role of supplying additional information , which, if weaved into the main text, may reduce its ease of readability .

Footnotes vs. endnotes

• Location : By definition, footnotes appear at the foot of a page on which appears the text they support. Endnotes are placed at the end of a paper, a chapter or a book.
• Space : Footnotes, being located at the bottom of each individual page, are constrained by the amount of space available, whereas endnotes, located right at the end of the text, are afforded much more ample room.
• Amount of information (and flow) : The above point (space) is a useful distinction that tells readers what to expect. Footnotes offer small bits of information that you can choose to take in without breaking stride. You could take a quick look and return to the main text on the same page. On the other hand, endnotes may sometimes contain sizeable amounts of information, but you do not have to interrupt your reading of the main text. You can choose to read them once you have reached the end of the document.

Footnotes: Examples

As discussed, footnotes comprise small bits of information short enough to take in at a glance. Here are a couple of examples to illustrate the function of footnotes.

• A text may mention the name of an organisation and use a footnote to explain that the organisation had a different name in the past.
• A text may mention a certain sum of money in Korean Won, and the corresponding footnotes will indicate the equivalent sum in US dollars. 

Endnotes: Examples

As discussed too, endnotes can comprise much longer parcels of information. Here too are a couple of examples to illustrate the use of endnotes.

• While you may describe a certain method in your main text, you might use an endnote to outline in more detail some other tangential studies , perhaps from a slightly different field, which used that same method , the results they produced and why this may be of interest.
• You might cite an important quotation within the main body of your text and then include in a related endnote the full paragraph or section from which that quotation was taken, thus enabling interested readers to explore the wider context and additional insights if they wish. 

Usage in academic papers and digital documents

As an author of an academic paper, you can choose between footnotes and endnotes depending on how much additional information you want to give. Be aware, however, that footnotes and endnotes, especially endnotes, are virtually never used in research papers in the physical and biological sciences . They may sometimes be used in the social sciences and are more commonly seen in the humanities .

In digital documents, the distinction between footnotes and endnotes and their placement is less important, because the additional information can be connected to the main text with hyperlinks .

Writing footnotes and endnotes

• Superscripts and symbols : Within the main text, both footnotes and endnotes are typically signalled, or announced, using superscript numbers, although, for footnotes, other symbols such as a star or an asterisk (*), a dagger or obelisk (†), a double dagger or diesis (‡), a section mark (§), a pilcrow or blind p (¶), and so on are also employed, usually in that order. Do note that these symbols are never used with endnotes .
• Numbers : With numbered footnotes, the sequence either begins afresh on each page or can be continued throughout within a paper, a chapter (e.g. if the book has chapters by different contributors) or a book. Endnotes are always numbered and the sequence is always continuous .
• Heading for endnotes : Note that the heading for endnotes, when all of them are gathered at the end, is simply ‘Notes’ and not ‘Endnotes’.
• Footnotes for tables : Table titles, column or row headings, or specific cells within a table can all carry footnotes. Those footnotes are explained at the foot of the table in question and not at the foot of a page on which the table appears.

As a scholar, try to familiarise yourself with the idea of notes and their related mechanics as early on in your writing process as possible. These details can seem numerous at first, but once you master them, you will be able to spontaneously incorporate them into your writing.

Maximise your publication success with Charlesworth Author Services.

Charlesworth Author Services, a trusted brand supporting the world’s leading academic publishers, institutions and authors since 1928. 

To know more about our services, visit: Our Services

Share with your colleagues

Related articles.

How to use Tables and Figures in academic writing

Charlesworth Author Services 08/01/2017 00:00:00

Preparing references and citations

Charlesworth Author Services 01/11/2016 00:00:00

From writing to submission: Simple strategies to Make Your Scientific Article (Read) Better

Charlesworth Author Services 10/11/2021 00:00:00

Related webinars

Bitesize Webinar: How to write and structure your academic article for publication: Module 4: Prepare to write your academic paper

Charlesworth Author Services 04/03/2021 00:00:00

Bitesize Webinar: How to write and structure your academic article for publication: Module 8: Write a strong methods section

Charlesworth Author Services 05/03/2021 00:00:00

Bitesize Webinar: How to write and structure your academic article for publication: Module 9:Write a strong results and discussion section

Bitesize Webinar: How to write and structure your academic article for publication: Module 10: Enhance your paper with visuals

Article sections.

Writing a strong Methods section

Charlesworth Author Services 12/03/2021 00:00:00

Strategies for writing the Results section in a scientific paper

Charlesworth Author Services 27/10/2021 00:00:00

Writing an effective Discussion section in a scientific paper

EndNote 20/21 Guide / APA Referencing Guide

• About EndNote 20/21 and APA referencing
• Accessing EndNote 20/21 on campus computers
• Setting the reference style to APA 7th edition
• Navigating EndNote 20/21
• Manually adding references
• Exporting a reference from online databases
• Exporting a reference from Google Scholar
• Exporting a reference from Ebook Central
• Editing a reference
• Attaching and annotating files

Adding your own research notes

• Books, Ebooks & Book Chapters
• Journal, Magazine & Newspaper Articles
• Reports & Legislation
• Conference Papers, Posters & Presentations
• Dissertations & Theses
• Film, Television & Videos
• Audio works
• Visual works
• Social Media
• Using groups
• Searching and sorting your references
• Dealing with duplicate references
• Backing up your EndNote Library
• EndNote tab in Word
• Formatting your reference list
• Inserting and editing an in-text citation
• Inserting a secondary citation
• Deleting an in-text citation
• Mac computer EndNote tab loading issue
• What is new in EndNote 21...
• Quick reference guides for using EndNote on Mac & Windows devices

EndNote provides a space for you to add your own personal notes to a reference.  Write any information about the source that will prove helpful when writing your assignment.  These notes can be referred back to at any time.

Please note: These research notes do not appear in the in-text citation or full reference.  

To add your own notes to the reference click the reference in the centre panel → In the right panel select Edit → Scroll down to the Research Notes section and write your notes.  Save your changes.  

• << Previous: Attaching and annotating files
• Next: APA 7th & EndNote: What information goes in which fields? >>
• Last Updated: Mar 28, 2024 2:56 PM
• URL: https://sitacnz.libguides.com/EndNote20

• Downloading and Installing EndNote
• Access Code
• UPDATES (Read This First)
• The First Time You Use EndNote
• Building A Library
• Direct Export from EBSCOhost databases
• Manual Data Entry
• Direct Export from the Web of Science
• Direct Export on Macintosh and Windows Using Firefox
• EndNote Click
• CWYW-Word 2007: Find & Insert Citations
• CWYW-Word 2007: Format Bibliography (Video)
• CWYW-Word 2007: Edit & Manage Citations
• Importing Citation from Ebscohost
• Filters/Styles...
• Create a Bibliography
• EndNote Web
• Removing Author Initials from in-text citations
• Chicago 17th/Turabian 9th and EndNote

Creating an Annotated Bibliography

1. Select the citation you want to annotote.

    Double click the citation to open and edit. 

2. Scroll down the page to find the Research Notes field.

3. Type your notes (annotations) into the Research Notes field.

    Click the bottom "X" to close the citation and return to the main EndNote library window.

4. EndNote will ask you if you want to save your changes.

    Click yes to save your changes. (Clicking NO will erase all of the changes you have made.)

5. Now that you have entered all the research notes you want, you need to select the citations you want to include in the bibliography.

6. Click File, then Export to begin the process.

7. Select your Save Location.

    Name your file.

    Set the file type to Rich Text Format (.rft) to preserve the formatting.

    Select the correct (annotated) output style.

    Click Save to complete the process.

8. There should be a new Word icon in your save location.

    Double click to open the document.

9. The Word document should have all of your citations with the appropriate annotations listed.

    You can change the format of this document since it is now a separate Word document.

    These changes will not affect the citations in your EndNote database.

    If you need to make a change in the EndNote citation you will need to o back to EndNote to make the changes there. 

• Last Updated: Feb 5, 2024 2:30 PM
• URL: https://libguides.usd.edu/endnote

• Getting started
• Adding references from PubMed
• Organizing your references
• Formatting references in Word
• Syncing and sharing
• EndNote for iPad
• Handouts and tutorials

Creating groups of references

You can use Groups to organize your references by project, paper, or topic: 

• Create a group by going to Groups and then selecting Create Group.
• A folder will appear on the left. You can name it whatever you like.
• Select the references you want to add and drag them into the group you want to assign them to.

A reference can be assigned to more than one group. You can remove references from a group without deleting them from your library. Right-click on the reference and select Remove References from Group. If you wish to delete a reference entirely, instead select Move References to Trash.

Adding "Journal Term Lists"

Adding a journals term list helps avoid problems with journal names displaying incorrectly in bibliographies. For users in the health sciences, just import the medical list – these will follow the Index Medicus (MEDLINE) journal abbreviations. Do not import both the medical and bioscience lists.

• In EndNote, go to the Tools menu, click on Open Terms Lists, and click Journals Term List.
• Click the Lists tab at the top of the window that opens.
• Click the label “Import Lists”
• Navigate to your Endnote Program files and open the TERMS folder
• Choose the term list you want to import. Endnote will import the terms list and tell you how many terms have been added to your library. Click OK to continue.

Deduplicating references

• Go to Library and then click Find Duplicates. You will see a side-by-side comparison of the duplicate references.
• Click Keep to maintain a copy of one of the references, The other will automatically be moved to the trash. You also have the option to Skip which means both references will be kept.
• If you do not want to compare each set of duplicate references, click Cancel. You will see then a list of all Duplicate References found, with the duplicate records highlighted. To delete these duplicates, right-click (or Control-click on Mac) and select Move References to Trash.

Find Full Text

You can change your EndNote preferences to enable the software to try to find and attach PDFs for your references. (This does not work all of the time, regardless of whether we subscribe to a particular journal.)

• If you are on Windows, open EndNote, go to the Edit menu (at the very top of the screen) and then choose Preferences. If you have a Mac, open EndNote, go to the EndNote menu (at the top of the screen) and then choose Preferences.
• From the menu, click Find Full Text.
• Make sure all of the checkboxes for the find full-text search options are checked (you do not need to check the box for "Automatically invoke Find Full Text on newly-imported references").
• Copy and paste this URL into the OpenURL box: http://getit.library.nyu.edu/resolve/
• Copy and paste this URL into the "Authenticate with URL" box: https://proxy.library.nyu.edu/login?url=https://library.nyu.edu
• Apply the changes you made and click OK.

Once you've changed your preferences, you can have EndNote try to find the full text:

• Select the references that you would like to find full text for.
• Right-click (or Control-click on Mac) and choose Find Full Text. In a pop-up window, you will be prompted to log in with your NYU NetID and password, and you will be redirected to the library homepage.
• Click Continue in the bottom right corner of this pop-up window. Then close the pop-up window, select your EndNote records, and choose Find Full Text again. 
• << Previous: Adding references from PubMed
• Next: Formatting references in Word >>
• Last Updated: Mar 29, 2024 1:48 PM
• URL: https://guides.nyu.edu/endnote

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Citation Basics / Differences Between Footnotes, Endnotes, and Parenthetical Citations

Differences Between Footnotes, Endnotes, and Parenthetical Citations

There is a lot of terminology when it comes to citations and giving proper credit to sources. Three of the terms that sometimes get mixed up are footnotes, endnotes, and parenthetical citations. Each is different, as we will see below.

No matter which of these types of in-text citations you use, you will need to include a works cited list or bibliography at the end of your paper that includes the full references for your sources. Your instructor may also ask you to create an annotated bibliography where you also include a short paragraph summarizing and evaluating each source along with its full reference.

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

What is a footnote?

Footnotes vs. endnotes, parenthetical citations, troubleshooting.

A footnote is a type of in-text citation. The information in the text body is marked with a superscript number 1 (raised number), and the corresponding source citation and note is at the bottom (or the foot ) of the page the superscript appears on.

Both footnotes and endnotes are common writing tool features implemented when using various citation styles. They provide writers with a clear method in directing the reader to further information on the research topic and additional citations . Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, footnotes and endnotes have a few key differences.

The most obvious difference between footnotes and endnotes is the placement of each within a paper. Footnotes are found at the bottom of a page (i.e. in the footer) and endnotes are located at the end of a complete document, or sometimes at the end of a chapter or section .

While the content in footnotes and endnotes can look the same, they serve different functions. Footnotes are used as a citation vehicle for a short citation, while endnotes can contain more text without compromising the format of the paper. They each also typically use a different numbering system, which allows the reader to determine where they should look for the additional information (either in the footer of the page, or at the end of the document).

APA format only uses parenthetical citations/reference list. MLA format can have footnotes and/or endnotes, but more commonly uses parenthetical citations and work cited. Chicago format almost always has footnotes or endnotes.

Both footnotes and endnotes tend to be supplemented by a bibliography or works cited page, which displays the complete citation of each source the writer cited in each footnote and endnote throughout their paper. Depending on the citation style, the footnote/endnote entry provides more specific location information than the entry in the bibliography. For instance, when citing a whole book in Chicago Manual of Style, the page number of the cited information is contained in the footnote, whereas this localized information is omitted from that source’s entry in the bibliography.

Footnote Entry Example :

F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise (New York: Scribner, 1920), 25.

Bibliography Entry Example :

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. This Side of Paradise . New York: Scribner, 1920.

Parenthetical Citations are citation tools commonly used in APA and format  MLA format . They usually contain the cited works author’s name, and an additional piece of information that further describes the source, usually the publication date of the source or the page number where the cited material can be located within the source.

Parenthetical Citations are used directly following the quote or cited material written in the document. Typically, they come at the end of the sentence that contains the cited material. They let the reader know when the author is using information or words that are not their own. While they demonstrate that a citation is being made, they should not be treated as a substitute for quotation marks when an author’s words are being presented exactly. They should also be included even when paraphrasing someone else’s work.

Each parenthetical citation made in a document should correspond to an entry in a works cited page or reference list at the end of the document. The entry in the works cited or reference list provides further detail about the source being cited.

Parenthetical Citation Example:

(James, 2009)

Reference List Entry Example:

James, Henry. (2009). The ambassadors. Rockville, MD: Serenity Publishers.

Solution #1: How to choose between using footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical in-text citations

1. Look at the citation style’s guidelines; what does it recommend to use for in-text citations?

Most citation styles favor a certain in-text citation format, but allow flexibility to use notes if needed.

Generally, use parenthetical in-text citations for these styles

• MLA — Notes are allowed in some cases (bibliographic notes, content notes), but are not often used. Click here for more information.
• APA– Notes are allowed in some cases (content footnotes, copyright attribution), but are not encouraged. Click here for more information.
• Chicago, author-date

Use notes for:

• Chicago, notes-bibliography

2. What in-text citation style does your instructor, journal, colleagues, or even area of expertise usually use?

Ask others or examine guidelines from your instructor or journal. Context matters! For example, Chicago style has two styles of citation: notes-bibliography (uses footnotes) and author-date (uses parentheticals).

• Notes-Bibliography :  Often used in the humanities.
• Author-Date:  Often used in the science and social sciences.

Solution #2: How to create small, raised numbers (superscript) numbers for footnotes

The small, raised numbers you see in footnotes are called superscript . It looks like this:

See the example of superscript at the end of this sentence. 1

Below, we will cover how to create superscript in a Google Doc, in a Word document, and via HTML.

• Highlight the number you want to turn into superscript.
• Go to the “Format” section and follow this page:  Format –> Text –> Superscript
• Select “Superscript” to format the number.
• Windows:   [Ctrl] and [.]
• Mac:  [Command] and [.]

Word document

• On the “Home” editing bar/menu, look for the superscript button. It looks like this: [X 2 ]

Place the number you want as super script with the tags ¹.

Find free citing help for  MLA format  at www.easybib.com! We also have guides to help anyone make APA citations for books, websites, and other sources.

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• Citation Examples
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Page Numbers
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide
• Bibliography
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• View MLA Guide

The DOI is not included in parenthetical citations. The DOI is usually only included in a source’s full reference in the bibliography.

For more information, see these guides on citing a journal in MLA and citing a journal in APA .

A parenthetical citation is a form of in-text citation. The only difference is it is enclosed in parentheses unlike a narrative citation (APA style) or a citation in prose (MLA style). Narrative citation and citation in prose are incorporated into the text and act as a part of the sentence along with the text.

Rutledge (2018) urged the need for a proper education system.

Parenthetical:

The need for a proper education system is urged (Rutledge, 2018).

Citation in prose:

First occurrence: Bill Rutledge urged the need for a proper education system.

Subsequent occurrences: Rutledge urged the need for a proper education system.

The need for a proper education system is urged (Rutledge).

Citation Basics

Harvard Referencing

Plagiarism Basics

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started