citing sources dissertation

APA Style 6th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Various examples.

• Conference Presentations
• Course Documents
• Social Media
• Government Documents
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Sample Reference Page

Dissertation or thesis available from a database service:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of publication).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Retrieved from Name of database.  (Accession or Order No.)

For an unpublished dissertation or thesis:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of creation).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Name of Institution, Location.

See Ch 7 pp. 207-208 APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title
• << Previous: Articles
• Next: Websites >>
• Last Updated: Sep 22, 2022 11:20 AM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA-citation-style

APA Style, 7th edition - Citing Sources

• Getting Started
• Formatting the Paper

Dissertation & SPP Format Pieces

Creating a toc in apa, dnp spp toc examples, edd toc examples, important: signature page, the abstract & keywords.

• Student vs. Professional
• Writing Style
• All about the DOI
• OVERVIEW - READ FIRST!
• Dictionary Entry
• Government Report
• Journal Article
• Lecture Notes
• Legal Resources
• Lexicomp via UpToDate
• Magazine Article
• Newsletter Article
• Newspaper Article
• Online Course or MOOC
• Organization Report
• Social Media
• Tables & Figures
• Video: Films on Demand
• Video: Online
• Video: Psychotherapy.net
• Video: YouTube
• Want Your Paper Reviewed for APA?

If you are on this tab, you have probably been asked to format a dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project paper using APA format. Use the below information to help you format the different pieces of your paper.  Please check with your academic department to see if they have an official dissertation/SPP format template for your program.

A note on Table of Contents: Most APA papers do not require a Table of Contents (TOC). If you are writing a Dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project, you may be asked to include one. Please note: the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association does not have an official stance on formatting a Table of Contents page .

Below, you will find some general information and examples of Table of Contents (TOC), Abstracts and Keywords, and the Signature page that you may find helpful.

• Scribbr Creating an APA-style Table of Contents This tutorial from Scribbr is extremely helpful in formatting your APA Table of Contents.

Use the below examples as a reference point for forming your Table of Contents. These should be used as a baseline for formatting-- yours will be more specific to your headings and subject-matter.

• DNP SPP TOC Example 1
• DNP SPP TOC Example 2
• EdD Dissertation TOC Example 1
• EdD Dissertation TOC Example 2

Your signature page is one of the most important pieces of your final product. It proves that you completed the dissertation!  Below is an example of what your signature page should look like (names blanked out for privacy).

If you have any questions about the signature page or how to get it signed, please contact your program director.

ABSTRACT : An abstract is required for your Dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project and must be included before submitting your final copy to Proquest.  An abstract is a brief, comprehensive overview of your paper. Generally, it should not exceed 250 words.

KEYWORDS : You should also include keywords. Keywords are descriptive terms that encompass the themes of your paper. Think about what terms you used when searching for your topic in the databases. This is what researchers will use to find your paper!

• APA Style Abstract and Keywords Handout For more information on creating an Abstract and Keywords, please use this handout from the APA Style site.
• Professional Paper sample with Abstract Example See page one of this document for an example of an Abstract and Keywords, with annotations on where to find more information in APA Manual. From the APA Style site.
• << Previous: Formatting the Paper
• Next: Student vs. Professional >>
• Last Updated: Feb 21, 2024 12:05 PM
• URL: https://libguides.regiscollege.edu/APA7

How do I cite a dissertation in MLA style?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

A dissertation is a unique type of source. It is a finished, stand-alone work written under the auspices of an institution. In a change from the previous edition of the MLA Handbook ,    we do not distinguish between published and unpublished dissertations. To cite a dissertation, include in the entry the author, title, and date of publication as core elements. As an optional element, list the institution granting the degree and a description of the work.

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.

If you accessed the dissertation through an online repository, include this fact as the title of the second container:

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

• Galvin Library

Citing Sources

Introduction.

• Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
• Formatting Citations: Style Guides
• Citation Management Tools
• Additional Tools & Resources for Authors
• Research Misconduct

Citing your sources is about far more than just formatting references according to some obscure set of rules. Citations serve several important functions:

So, now that we know WHY we need to cite our sources, what do we actually need to cite? This short video explains.

Citing a Source Within a Source

You have an article by Sam Smith. In it, he constantly refers to an article by Jill Jones. It can be very tempting to cite Jones's article in your paper on the strength of Smith's description of her work, even though you don't have copy of her article and haven't read her work directly.

THAT IS A BAD IDEA!

If you cite Jones's article, you're telling your readers that you read it and understood it. You may get away with it, but why risk it? What if somebody asks about another part of Jones's paper? Then again, Smith may have misunderstood what Jones was writing about -- or worse, he may have deliberately misrepresented what Jones wrote. In that case, anybody who reads your paper will think that YOU misunderstood her article or are lying about what she said. In any case, indicating that you read a paper when you didn't is clearly academic misconduct and could land you in a world of hurt.

For those reasons, it's always best to actually read all the articles you reference in your papers. However, there are many reasons why that isn't always possible, so there is a way to INDIRECTLY cite a paper. That's what's called "citing a source within a source." Here's how it works:

• In your paper, indicate that you are referring to something that was cited in another paper. For example, you could write "Jones's study (as cited by Smith 2018) found that . . ."
• In your reference list, only include the article by Smith. Do NOT include the article by Jones.

In this way, you make it clear that you did not read Jones's article yourself but are relying on Smith's interpretation instead. Any errors or misrepresentations of Jones's paper are clearly on him, not on you.

• Next: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting >>
• Last Updated: Jan 29, 2024 8:04 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.iit.edu/howtocite

• Harvard Library
• Research Guides
• Faculty of Arts & Sciences Libraries

Expos 20: Breaking the Norm

• Evaulating and Citing Your Sources
• Search HOLLIS like a Pro
• Find Background
• Find Articles
• Common Words and Phrases to Turbo-charge a Search

Evaluating Your Sources

Citing your sources, traces: a framework for thinking about citation.

When deciding whether or not to rely on a source to inform your project, be careful to reconstruct the context necessary to read, view, or listen to its information effectively.

• SIFT: The Four Moves Four t hings to do  (i.e.,  moves ) when looking at a source: Stop, Investigate the source, find better coverage, and trace the original context. Read the linked page for helpful specifics.
• Evaluating Sources (courtesy of Williams College Libraries)

For example, when selecting scholarly journal articles, limit to peer reviewed publications. Notice and investigate a book's publisher .  Find out more about the authors whose work you're reading; what else have they written?

Manuals of style, commonly referred to as citation manuals or style manuals, are invaluable not only because they prescribe the proper format for source documentation and citation, but because they recommend the latest best practices for writing in your field of study, from proper punctuation to preferred terminology to accepted discourse conventions; ignore their advice at your peril. Following are the styles used most commonly at Harvard.

• MLA (Harvard Guide to Using Sources) - PDF
• MLA Handbook , 9th Edition
• MLA Style Center  -- can be very useful for help with types of sources that aren't covered in the Handbook
• Ask the MLA  -- answers lots of "how do I cite" questions
• Examples of MLA style citations, by format (courtesy of Fairfield University Library)

CITATION TOOLS

Harvard Library supports a selection of citation tools that allow you to:

• create a searchable database of the books, articles, book chapters, and more that you're using in your research
• import citations, abstracts, and more from online sources
• organize notes and full text documents, such as PDFs, images, spreadsheets
• share references when you're working on collaborative projects
• create reference lists in Chicago, MLA, APA and hundreds of other formats

Citations Tools we support include  Zotero  (see below),  EndNote ,  Overleaf Pro+ , and  Sciwheel .

To learn more about each tool, how they compare to one another, and for a list of upcoming classes, visit:

• Citation Tools at Harvard

Zotero is a free tool that you can add to either Chrome or Firefox. Once you have Zotero installed, you can use it to organize, keep track of, and annotate your sources. You can find the Harvard Library Zotero installation guide  here. The Harvard Library also offers workshops to teach you how to set up and use Zotero for gathering and organizing your sources. If you don’t have Zotero installed to manage your sources, you can use their citation generator, Zoterobib , to create citations for individual sources. When you use citation generators, it’s important to remember that the machine-generated citations are only as accurate as the information you put into them. You should always check your citations to make sure they are correctly formatted.

Properly documenting one’s sources is an intellectual practice that reveals the interlocutors in a scholarly conversation, facilitates dialogue within and across disciplines, and traces the evolution of ideas and knowledge over time. The following principles clarify how conscientious citation practices contribute to the integrity of a scholarly conversation and your voice within it.

Transparency

Providing citations supports transparency in your scholarship. Your audience will expect that you have faithfully represented the work of cited authors, and the presence of citations not only allows them to find those sources for themselves, but also consult them and consider whether or not you have incorporated them accurately. In this way, citations can reduce the perpetuation of misunderstandings and false or exaggerated claims.

Responsiveness 

At least as far back as 1906, with the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, academic publishers anticipated that citation guidelines would need to accommodate idiosyncrasies and innovations; in their words, “Rules and regulations such as these, in the nature of the case, cannot be endowed with the fixity of rock-ribbed law. They are meant for the average case, and must be applied with a certain degree of elasticity.” In other words, citation styles offer scholars some measure of flexibility. Likewise, citation guidelines must accommodate changes in technology and scholarly practice—thus, the many editions of manuals published over the years: we now have a 7th edition of the APA, an 8th edition of the MLA, and a 16th edition of Chicago. Today’s digital world has given us new communication forms and these are often sources for research. Consider, for example, the important role that social media has played in the unfolding of so many local and world events. Citation styles aim to structure and codify, but their value also lies in their adaptability to special cases and emerging knowledge forms.  

Citing the sources you consulted allows your readers to discover and access materials of import to your argument that may be useful for their own research in a related area. Likewise, your ability to read and interpret a broad spectrum of citations across formats and time periods facilitates your own discovery of research materials. Understanding that citations are like breadcrumbs will set you on the right path to problem-solving should you encounter a citation in an older source that exhibits long-obsolete stylistic conventions.

Credit and credibility

Finding your voice as a student and scholar requires distinguishing your intellectual work from that of others who have informed your thinking. Learning how to ethically and skillfully cite sources facilitates this endeavor by demarcating the line between your arguments and related ideas, while simultaneously recognizing all contributors. Just as important, good citation habits afford you the rhetorical power to clearly and respectfully position yourself relative to cited authors. You may choose to refute their logic or use their arguments as evidence to support your thesis, but regardless of how you incorporate others’ work, documentation helps legitimize your arguments by demonstrating that you have already examined the existing research on a given subject and are working in relation to that body of knowledge.

Citations save space by concisely conveying essential information about cited items in an understandable format. This elegance allows them to appear in texts without distracting readers from the flow of an argument. Readers can choose to attend to relevant citation information as needed.

Standardization

Citation styles each have their own guidelines about how to structure citations, depending on what information is most important for the discipline that established the style. For example, the prominence of dates in APA style citations reveals the importance of currency to the field of psychology. Because different fields tend to endorse a particular citation style, citing something in the preferred style makes it easier for researchers in the corresponding discipline to understand what you have cited. Much like mailing addresses on packages help the post office know where to deliver items, citations act as wayfinding tools. Though mailing addresses from various countries may be structured in different ways, they all convey the same basic information. So too, different citation styles employ distinct structures and elements to convey information about where an item came from, but in a standardized fashion that can be parsed across disciplines.   

• << Previous: Common Words and Phrases to Turbo-charge a Search

Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy ©2021 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College.

• Free Tools for Students
• MLA Citation Generator

Free MLA Citation Generator

Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib!

😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?

An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.

It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.

The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?

It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for MLA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in MLA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in MLA

Citing a thesis or dissertation.

Thesis – A document submitted to earn a degree at a university.

Dissertation – A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

The formatting for thesis and dissertation citations is largely the same. However, you should be sure to include the type of degree after the publication year as supplemental information. For instance, state if the source you are citing is an undergraduate thesis or a PhD dissertation.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (print)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (online)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.  Website Name , URL.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County . 2011. University of Maryland, PhD dissertation.

In-text Citation Structure

(Author Last Name page #)

In-text Citation Example

(Wilson 14)

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

MLA Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

• Share full article

Advertisement

Supported by

‘I Quit,’ Says Lizzo, Citing Online Criticism and Ridicule

The Grammy Award-winning singer said on Instagram that she was “starting to feel like the world doesn’t want me in it.”

By Emmett Lindner

Lizzo, the Grammy Award-winning singer and fashion entrepreneur, on Friday declared “I QUIT” on Instagram after citing online criticism she’s faced.

“I’m getting tired of putting up with being dragged by everyone in my life and on the internet,” she wrote. “All I want is to make music and make people happy and help the world be a little better than how I found it. But I’m starting to feel like the world doesn’t want me in it.”

The post went on to say how she has faced ridicule, and ended with her declaration about quitting.

“I’m constantly up against lies being told about me for clout & views,” she added. “Being the butt of the joke every single time because of how I look … my character being picked apart by people who don’t know me and disrespecting my name.”

Representatives for Lizzo could not immediately be reached for comment on Saturday.

Messages of support flooded the comments section of her Instagram post, including from the hip-hop pioneer Queen Latifah, the comic Eric André and the fashion illustrator and designer Hayden Williams.

“The internet isn’t real life,” the actress Sophia Bush wrote. “Protect you. We love you.”

Lizzo, born Melissa Jefferson, rose to fame with No. 1 hits like “Truth Hurts” in 2017 and “About Damn Time” in 2022, and her catalog of feel-good funk and pop with lyrics focused on empowerment.

Her voice was commanding on records and candid in public, where she remains outspoken about body positivity. In 2022, she launched Yitty, a line of shapewear “designed for all body types,” according to the brand’s website.

But her efforts to promote those ideals have often been met with mockery.

Her statement on Friday was not the first time the singer has suggested that she might leave the music industry. In 2023, she made her Twitter account private on several occasions after waves of body-shaming comments.

“Y’all don’t know how close I be to giving up on everyone and quitting,” she posted before locking her account.

The statement on Friday contrasts with a March 17 Instagram post, in which she wrote that she was “writing some of the best music and I’m so excited for y’all to hear.”

Despite the pushback she has received, Lizzo has continued to find success.

She has won four Grammy Awards and an Emmy for “ Lizzo’s Watch Out for the Big Grrrls ,” a reality series that follows a group of aspiring dancers. In 2023, her music was featured in the blockbuster film “Barbie,” and this year she promoted a new swimwear line under her fashion brand.

Her statement on Friday comes in the midst of several lawsuits filed last year against Lizzo by a designer and, separately, three of her former backup dancers who accused the singer of creating a hostile work environment during a 2023 tour. Lizzo has repeatedly denied the allegations.

In December 2023, she filed a motion to dismiss the designer’s lawsuit. Last month, a judge denied a motion she requested to dismiss the lawsuit filed by her dancers. The judge dismissed some of the claims but allowed the case to move to trial.

Emmett Lindner writes about breaking and trending news. He has written about international protests, climate change and social media influencers. More about Emmett Lindner

Find the Right Soundtrack for You

Trying to expand your musical horizons take a listen to something new..

Beyoncé’s “Cowboy Carter” is a vivid mission statement. Let’s discuss !

Peter Brown , one of the Beatles’ closest confidants, tells all (again).

Alice Coltrane’s explosive Carnegie concert and 7 more new songs on the Playlist .

Pedal Steel Noah ’s covers charm fans online. Up next? His own songs.

5 minutes that will make you love Shirley Horn .

Uvalde mayor abruptly resigns, citing health issues

Cody Smith, the mayor of Uvalde, Tex., who was elected after the 2022 mass shooting at Robb Elementary School, resigned abruptly on Monday, citing health issues.

Smith, who took office in November, thanked members of the community for their support as he recovers “from unexpected medical issues I have experienced in recent weeks.”

“After much consultation and prayer, I have decided to resign as Mayor of the City of Uvalde to focus on my health,” he said in a statement on Monday.

During Smith’s term as mayor, the city released a report from an independent investigator commissioned by the city attorney that defended the actions of local police officers on the day a gunman killed 19 students and two teachers at Robb Elementary School in May 2022. Reports by the Texas House and Department of Justice had previously blamed law enforcement for failing to respond more quickly to the shooting.

Several city council members and victims’ parents denounced the report’s findings in an emotional city council meeting after it was released in March, the Texas Tribune reported . Among them was Kimberly Mata-Rubio , the mother of a 10-year-old-girl killed in the shooting, who ran for mayor against Smith in November.

The Uvalde city council is scheduled to convene for a special meeting on Tuesday to discuss the shooting at Robb Elementary, according to a city agenda. Smith’s resignation also comes shortly before the city’s police chief, Daniel Rodriguez, is scheduled to step down on April 6. Rodriguez, who was not present during the shooting, announced his plans to retire in March shortly after the city’s report was first released.

Smith, who had previously served two terms as Uvalde mayor from 2008 to 2012, was reelected last year after Don McLaughlin, who was mayor during the Robb Elementary shooting, resigned to run for the Texas House.

Smith named Everardo Zamora, an Uvalde city councilman, as mayor pro tempore until the next mayor is elected in November.

Exclusive: Iran alerted Russia to security threat before Moscow attack

• Iran warned Russia of possible terrorist attack
• Information provided lacked specific details
• Tehran gained information from suspects linked to Kerman attack
• US intelligence also warned Russia of likely attack
• Says Afghan-based ISIS-K behind both Russia and Iran attacks

'SIGNIFICANT OPERATION'

Tajik nationals.

The Reuters Daily Briefing newsletter provides all the news you need to start your day. Sign up here.

Additional reporting by Nazarali Pirnazarov in Dushanbe, Steve Holland and Jonathan Landay in Washington Writing by Parisa Hafezi; Editing by Michael Georgy and Gareth Jones

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. , opens new tab

Israel reduces troops in south Gaza, Egypt to host new talks

The military did not immediately provide further details. It was unclear whether the withdrawal would delay a long-threatened incursion into Rafah, which Israeli leaders have said is needed to eliminate Hamas.

Watch CBS News

United asks pilots to take unpaid leave amid Boeing aircraft shipment delays

By Megan Cerullo

Edited By Alain Sherter

Updated on: April 1, 2024 / 4:22 PM EDT / CBS News

United Airlines is asking pilots to voluntarily take unpaid leave because of reduced flight capacity stemming from delayed shipments of Boeing aircraft . 

The delayed deliveries come after a slew of safety incidents involving United aircraft that have led the the Federal Aviation Administration to tighten its oversight of the airline. 

"We can confirm that due to the recent delays in Boeing deliveries, our forecasted block hours for 2024 have been reduced and we are offering our pilots voluntary programs for the month of May to reduce excess staffing," United said in a statement to CBS News. 

Currently, United expects to receive 102 fewer planes this year from Boeing, compared to its contract with the manufacturer.

The Air Line Pilots Association, the union representing pilots, said United is asking pilots to take unpaid leaves of absence in May and possibly through the summer, according to a memo shared with CBS News. 

"Due to recent changes to our Boeing deliveries, the remaining 2024 forecast block hours for United have been significantly reduced," the union said in a statement. 

Pilots can also opt to fly what is known in the industry as "Empty Line," meaning they request an empty schedule for a month, but may pick up flights if they become available. They would be paid for any flights they take.

Boeing has been grappling with the fallout  from an incident in which a door panel on an Alaska Airlines 737 Max aircraft fell off mid-flight. A recent FAA investigation also raised questions about Boeing's manufacturing practices . And in a management shakeup, the company announced in March that CEO Dave Calhoun would step down at the end of 2024 after only four years at the helm.

Experts say Boeing's woes and the tight supply of aircraft could drive up prices for consumers ahead of the busy summer travel season. 

— CBS News' Kris Van Cleave contributed reporting

• United Airlines

Megan Cerullo is a New York-based reporter for CBS MoneyWatch covering small business, workplace, health care, consumer spending and personal finance topics. She regularly appears on CBS News Streaming to discuss her reporting.

More from CBS News

Why you should consider debt relief this April

How to use home equity to purchase a second home

Flying with pets? Here's what to know.

Book excerpt: "The Wide Wide Sea" by Hampton Sides

Every single 99 Cents Only Store is closing because of inflation, retail theft ‘and other macroeconomic headwinds’

The dollar doesn’t stretch like it used to.

The 99 Cents Only Stores discount chain has announced plans to wind down its business operations. All 371 stores will be closed in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Texas, the states where it operates. Liquidation sales will begin on Friday.

“This was an extremely difficult decision and is not the outcome we expected or hoped to achieve,” said interim CEO Mike Simoncic, who will be stepping down, in a statement . “Unfortunately, the last several years have presented significant and lasting challenges in the retail environment.”

The company cited the impact of the pandemic as a factor in the decision to shut down, but said “inflationary pressures and other macroeconomic headwinds” and increasing levels of “shrink,” the retail code name for theft, were also major factors.

Bloomberg, last week , reported the chain was considering a potential bankruptcy filing due to liquidity problems. And S&P, earlier in March, said it expected the company to be cash-flow-negative for a long period, noting that turnaround efforts “have been unable to produce meaningful performance improvement.”

Thursday, the company said it had been unable to find an alternative to the complete shutdown.

“The company ultimately determined that an orderly wind-down was necessary and the best way to maximize the value of 99 Cents Only Stores’ assets,” it said.

The dollar store retail category has had to make many adjustments in the past year to keep up with rising costs. Dollar Tree last month announced it was increasing its top-level price on items from $5 to $7 as part of a “multi-price expansion strategy.”

Theft is a larger retail problem. Dollar General announced plans last month to completely remove self-checkout stations in 300 locations and has begun converting some or all of the registers in another 9,000 stores.  

Almost one-third (31%) of Generation Z shoppers have admitted to shoplifting from self-checkout kiosks, according to a November LendingTree survey of 2,000 U.S. consumers. (Just 15% of shoppers overall admitted to the habit.) Almost half of Gen Z participants (46%) said they plan to steal the most expensive item in their cart, while 37% said they will forgo paying for basic items, like food and water.

Latest in Retail

• 0 minutes ago

P&G recalls detergent pods over child-resistant packaging flaw, warns of serious risks if ingested—years after fighting the ‘Tide Pod Challenge’

From celebrity chef to a direct line to the White House, here’s how José Andrés became the face of food philanthropy and a major player in international politics

McDonald’s just bought out its Israeli franchisee of more than 30 years, taking over 225 restaurants for undisclosed terms

A German law protecting Sundays is forcing a supermarket chain to close even its robotic shops. But experts aren’t sure that’s sustainable

Canada’s Niagara region declares state of emergency as it prepares for a million eclipse tourists

Most popular.

California’s new $20-an-hour fast food minimum wage is so good that schools are worried they can’t compete for cafeteria workers

Nearly a quarter of baby boomer and late Gen X men are ‘unretiring’ or planning to because they can’t afford to kick up their feet in the current climate

MacKenzie Scott’s game-changing philanthropy still mystifies nonprofits: ‘Her gifts are super generous, but unfortunately, they don’t provide long term sustainability’

Sam Bankman-Fried’s mom tried to explain her son to the judge: ‘He has never felt happiness or pleasure in his life and does not think he is capable of feeling it’

Musk steps in to stem Tesla’s stock bleeding on report that it’s shuttering a long-planned $25,000 EV

Gen Z are increasingly choosing trade schools over college to become welders and carpenters because ‘it’s a straight path to a six-figure job’

• Election 2024
• Entertainment
• Newsletters
• Photography
• Personal Finance
• AP Investigations
• AP Buyline Personal Finance
• Press Releases
• Israel-Hamas War
• Russia-Ukraine War
• Global elections
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East
• Election Results
• Delegate Tracker
• AP & Elections
• March Madness
• AP Top 25 Poll
• Movie reviews
• Book reviews
• Personal finance
• Financial Markets
• Business Highlights
• Financial wellness
• Artificial Intelligence
• Social Media

Judge expands Trump’s gag order after ex-president’s social media posts about judge’s daughter

Former President Donald Trump speaks during a press conference at 40 Wall Street after a pre-trial hearing at Manhattan criminal court, Monday, March 25, 2024, in New York. A New York judge has scheduled an April 15 trial date in former President Donald Trump’s hush money case. Judge Juan M. Merchan made the ruling Monday.(AP Photo/Frank Franklin II)

• Copy Link copied

NEW YORK (AP) — The judge in Donald Trump’s April 15 hush-money criminal trial declared his family off-limits to the former president’s rancor on Monday, expanding a gag order days after Trump assailed his daughter and made false claims about her on social media.

Manhattan Judge Juan M. Merchan amended a week-old ban on Trump making public statements about witnesses, jurors and others connected with the case after the presumptive Republican nominee lashed out at Loren Merchan, a Democratic political consultant in several posts on his Truth Social platform.

Trump is still free to criticize Merchan and another key figure in the case, Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg, an elected Democrat who’s leading the hush-money prosecution. But under the revised gag order, the D.A.'s family is now off-limits from his rhetoric, too.

“This pattern of attacking family members of presiding jurists and attorneys assigned to his cases serves no legitimate purpose,” Merchan wrote. “It merely injects fear in those assigned or called to participate in the proceedings that not only they, but their family members as well, are ‘fair game,’ for Defendant’s vitriol.”

A violation could result in Trump being held in contempt of court, fined or even jailed.

Trump’s lawyer, Susan Necheles, declined comment. A spokesperson for the district attorney’s office also declined comment.

Trump’s hush-money case, one of four criminal cases against him , centers on allegations that he falsely logged payments to his former lawyer Michael Cohen as legal fees when they were for Cohen’s work covering up negative stories about Trump during the 2016 campaign. That included $130,000 Cohen paid porn actor Stormy Daniels on Trump’s behalf so she wouldn’t publicize her claim of a sexual encounter with him years earlier.

Trump pleaded not guilty last April to 34 counts of falsifying business records , a felony punishable by up to four years in prison, though there is no guarantee that a conviction would result in jail time. He denies having sex with Daniels and his lawyers have said that the payments to Cohen were legitimate legal expenses, not part of any coverup.

Trump touched off a firestorm last Wednesday — the day after the original gag order was issued — when he suggested on Truth Social, without evidence, that Merchan’s rulings were swayed by his daughter’s political consulting interests and wrongly claimed that she had posted a photo on social media showing him behind bars.

Trump complained that the judge was “wrongfully attempting to deprive me of my First Amendment Right to speak out against the Weaponization of Law Enforcement” by Democratic rivals and that Loren Merchan “makes money by working to ‘Get Trump.’”

Trump’s posts put Merchan in an extraordinary position as a judge and a father. Just two weeks before jury selection in the historic first-ever criminal trial of a former president, Trump’s lawyers and prosecutors wrangled in a series of court filings over the bounds of the original gag order and whether Trump had overstepped them.

“It is no longer just a mere possibility or a reasonable likelihood that there exists a threat to the integrity of the judicial proceedings,” Merchan concluded Monday. “The threat is very real. Admonitions are not enough, nor is reliance on self-restraint.”

Merchan responded after prosecutors asked him Friday to “clarify or confirm” the scope of the gag order and to direct Trump to “immediately desist from attacks on family members.”

Assistant District Attorney Joshua Steinglass implored Merchan to “make abundantly clear” to Trump that the gag order protects the judge’s family, Bragg’s family and the family members of all other individuals it covers. He urged Merchan to warn Trump “that his recent conduct is contumacious and direct him to immediately desist.”

Trump’s lawyers fought the gag order and its expansion, citing constitutional concerns about restricting Trump’s speech further while he’s campaigning for president and fighting criminal charges.

On Monday, they said they would soon ask again for Merchan to step aside from the case — promising a court filing in the coming days seeking his recusal based on what they said were “changed circumstances and newly discovered evidence.”

Merchan refused the defense’s demands to exit the case last year when they first made an issue of his daughter’s consulting work and questioned $35 worth of donations he’d made to Democratic causes during the 2020 campaign, including $15 to Biden.

Merchan said then that a state court ethics panel found Loren Merchan’s work had no bearing on his impartiality. He ruled last September that he was certain of his “ability to be fair and impartial” and that Trump’s lawyers had “failed to demonstrate that there exists concrete, or even realistic” reasons for recusal.

Trump’s original gag order, issued last Tuesday, had barred him from either making or directing other people to make public statements on his behalf about jurors or potential witnesses in the hush-money trial, such as his lawyer-turned-nemesis Michael Cohen and porn star Stormy Daniels.

The order, echoing one in Trump’s Washington, D.C., election interference criminal case, also prohibits any statements meant to interfere with or harass the court’s staff, prosecution team or their families. Those prohibitions still apply, along with the newly minted ban on comments about Merchan’s and Bragg’s families.

Merchan, in expanding the gag order, also warned Trump he’ll forfeit his right to see the names of jurors — which are otherwise being kept from the public — if he engages in conduct that threatens their safety or integrity.

“Again, all citizens called upon to participate in these proceedings, whether as a juror, a witness or in some other capacity, must now concern themselves not only with their own personal safety, but with the safety and the potential for personal attacks upon their loved ones,” Merchan wrote. “That reality cannot be overstated.”

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Citing sources
• How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

Published on March 5, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.

To cite a page from a website, you need a short in-text citation and a corresponding reference stating the author’s name, the date of publication, the title of the page, the website name, and the URL.

This information is presented differently in different citation styles. APA , MLA , and Chicago are the most commonly used styles.

Use the interactive example generator below to explore APA and MLA website citations.

Note that the format is slightly different for citing YouTube and other online video platforms, or for citing an image .

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

Citing a website in mla style, citing a website in apa style, citing a website in chicago style, frequently asked questions about citations.

An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author’s name , the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL.

The in-text citation usually just lists the author’s name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to locate the specific passage. Don’t use paragraph numbers unless they’re specifically numbered on the page.

The same format is used for blog posts and online articles from newspapers and magazines.

You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to generate your website citations.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Citing a whole website.

When you cite an entire website rather than a specific page, include the author if one can be identified for the whole site (e.g. for a single-authored blog). Otherwise, just start with the site name.

List the copyright date displayed on the site; if there isn’t one, provide an access date after the URL.

Webpages with no author or date

When no author is listed, cite the organization as author only if it differs from the website name.

If the organization name is also the website name, start the Works Cited entry with the title instead, and use a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation.

When no publication date is listed, leave it out and include an access date at the end instead.

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

An APA reference for a webpage lists the author’s last name and initials, the full date of publication, the title of the page (in italics), the website name (in plain text), and the URL.

The in-text citation lists the author’s last name and the year. If it’s a long page, you may include a locator to identify the quote or paraphrase (e.g. a paragraph number and/or section title).

Note that a general reference to an entire website doesn’t require a citation in APA Style; just include the URL in parentheses after you mention the site.

You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to create your webpage citations. Search for a URL to retrieve the details.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Blog posts and online articles.

Blog posts follow a slightly different format: the title of the post is not italicized, and the name of the blog is.

The same format is used for online newspaper and magazine articles—but not for articles from news sites like Reuters and BBC News (see the previous example).

When a page has no author specified, list the name of the organization that created it instead (and omit it later if it’s the same as the website name).

When it doesn’t list a date of publication, use “n.d.” in place of the date. You can also include an access date if the page seems likely to change over time.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style, footnotes are used to cite sources. They refer to a bibliography at the end that lists all your sources in full.

A Chicago bibliography entry for a website lists the author’s name, the page title (in quotation marks), the website name, the publication date, and the URL.

Chicago also has an alternative author-date citation style . Examples of website citations in this style can be found here .

For blog posts and online articles from newspapers, the name of the publication is italicized. For a blog post, you should also add the word “blog” in parentheses, unless it’s already part of the blog’s name.

When a web source doesn’t list an author , you can usually begin your bibliography entry and short note with the name of the organization responsible. Don’t repeat it later if it’s also the name of the website. A full note should begin with the title instead.

When no publication or revision date is shown, include an access date instead in your bibliography entry.

The main elements included in website citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the date of publication, the page title, the website name, and the URL. The information is presented differently in each style.

In APA , MLA , and Chicago style citations for sources that don’t list a specific author (e.g. many websites ), you can usually list the organization responsible for the source as the author.

If the organization is the same as the website or publisher, you shouldn’t repeat it twice in your reference:

• In APA and Chicago, omit the website or publisher name later in the reference.
• In MLA, omit the author element at the start of the reference, and cite the source title instead.

If there’s no appropriate organization to list as author, you will usually have to begin the citation and reference entry with the title of the source instead.

When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)

In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.

For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-website/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, how to cite an image | photographs, figures, diagrams, how to cite a lecture | apa, mla & chicago examples, how to cite a youtube video | mla, apa & chicago, what is your plagiarism score.

Prosecutors say Trump 'stoked and encouraged' the publicity he's now citing as a reason to delay his hush money trial

Prosecutors in New York on Wednesday urged a judge to reject Donald Trump 's bid to delay his impending criminal trial because of pre-trial publicity, arguing the former president "has constantly stoked and encouraged such publicity."

Trump's "own incessant rhetoric is generating significant publicity, and it would be perverse to reward defendant with an adjournment based on media attention he is actively seeking," Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg's office said. The filing was in response to a request by Trump's lawyers to delay the trial for the foreseeable future because of "prejudicial" publicity around the case.

"Defendant here has done much more than simply give occasional statements: instead, he has repeatedly invited public attention to this criminal trial through campaign rallies, online social media posts, television interviews by himself and his counsel, and frequent press conferences — including in the very hallway of the courthouse just steps away from the courtroom before and after court appearances," the DA's filing said.

An attorney for Trump did not immediately respond to NBC News’ request for comment.

Trump's attorneys contended in a court filing last month their client "cannot get a fair trial in New York County right now" because of the large amount of negative press coverage, as well as repeated public statements by two key witnesses in the case, former Trump attorney Michael Cohen and adult film star Stormy Daniels .

Cohen paid Daniels $130,000 in the closing days of the 2016 presidential campaign for her silence about her claims that she had a sexual encounter with Trump years earlier. Trump has denied Daniels' claim, but prosecutors maintain he directed Cohen to make the payment and then repaid him in disbursements that were falsely classified as legal expenses. Trump has pleaded not guilty.

Trump's filing said Cohen "has and will continue to spew vitriol into the public sphere regarding President Trump," and Daniels has made remarks critical of the president while a new documentary about her on NBCUniversal's streaming platform Peacock includes her "prejudicial, false commentary about this case and President Trump." (NBCUniversal is the parent company of NBC News.)

The DA's office said it has no real "means of enforcing restrictions on the speech of Cohen and Daniels, who are private citizens. In any event, there is no indication that their public statements have materially affected the overall level of publicity attached to this case, especially compared to the extensive national press coverage of defendant’s own provocative remarks. Nor is there any reason to think that an adjournment would make a difference: the press is likely to seek comment from these individuals whenever defendant’s trial occurs, regardless of whether the trial begins on April 15 or on a later date."

Prosecutors also noted there will always be publicity swirling around the case.

"Because this trial is a criminal proceeding against a former president, the press attention will be substantial regardless of when (or, for that matter, where) this trial is held," the filing said.  

The DA noted that the judge rejected a similar request by Trump's lawyers in February, and that there's no reason for him to change his position. They also told Judge Juan Merchan the effort is the eighth time Trump has moved to adjourn the trial, which is scheduled to begin jury selection in less than two weeks.

"Defendant simply cannot have it both ways: complaining about the prejudicial effect of pretrial publicity, while seeking to pollute the jury pool himself by making baseless and inflammatory accusations about this trial, specific witnesses, individual prosecutors, and the Court itself," the filing argued.

Tom Winter is a New York-based correspondent covering crime, courts, terrorism and financial fraud on the East Coast for the NBC News Investigative Unit.

Dareh Gregorian is a politics reporter for NBC News.