french revolution hunger assignment

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How Bread Shortages Helped Ignite the French Revolution

By: Una McIlvenna

Updated: July 14, 2023 | Original: September 30, 2019

Voltaire once remarked that Parisians required only “the comic opera and white bread.” But bread has also played a dark role in French history and, namely, the  French Revolution . The storming of the medieval fortress of Bastille on July 14, 1789 began as a hunt for arms—and grains to make bread. 

The French Revolution was obviously caused by a multitude of grievances more complicated than the price of bread, but bread shortages played a role in stoking anger toward the monarchy. Marie Antoinette 's supposed quote upon hearing that her subjects had no bread: "Let them eat cake!" is entirely apocryphal , but it epitomizes how bread could become a flashpoint in French history.

Poor grain harvests led to riots as far back as 1529 in the French city of Lyon. During the so-called  Grande Rebeyne (Great Rebellion), thousands looted and destroyed the houses of rich citizens, eventually spilling the grain from the municipal granary onto the streets.

Things only got worse in the 18th century. Since the 1760s, the king had been counseled by Physiocrats, a group of economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of land development and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Under their counsel the crown had tried intermittently to deregulate the domestic grain trade and introduce a form of free trade.

It didn’t work. In late April and May 1775, food shortages and high prices ignited an explosion of popular anger in the towns and villages of the Paris Basin. Over 300 riots and expeditions to pillage grain were recorded in the space of a little over three weeks. The wave of popular protest became known as the Flour War. The rioters invaded Versailles before spreading into Paris and outward into the countryside.

The problems became acute in the 1780s because of a range of factors. A huge rise in population had occurred (there were 5-6 million more people in France in 1789 than in 1720) without a corresponding increase in native grain production. The refusal on the part of most of the French to eat anything but a cereal-based diet was another major issue. Bread likely accounted for 60-80 percent of the budget of a wage-earner’s family in the ancien regime—so even a small rise in grain prices could spark tensions.

Arthur Young, an English agriculturalist who was traveling through France in the period leading up to the Revolution, could see that the seeds of revolution had been sown. 

“Everything conspires to render the present period in France critical; the want of bread is terrible; accounts arrive every moment from the provinces of riots and disturbances, and calling in the military, to preserve the peace of the markets.”

As the monarch was required to ensure the food supply of his subjects, the king was nicknamed “le premier boulanger du royaume” (First Baker of the Kingdom). His Finance Minister Jacques Necker claimed that, to show solidarity with those who lacked wheat, King Louis XVI was eating the lower-class maslin bread. Maslin bread is from a mix of wheat and rye, rather than the elite manchet , white bread that is achieved by sifting wholemeal flour to remove the wheatgerm and bran (and which meant one had enough wheat at one’s disposal to discard a bulk of it in the process).

But such measures were not enough, and bread (or the lack of it) was exploited as a weapon by revolutionary minds. A plot drawn up at Passy in 1789 to foment rebellion against the crown, allegedly proposed several articles, the second of which was to “do everything in our power to ensure that the lack of bread is total, so that the bourgeoisie are forced to take up arms.” Shortly thereafter the Bastille was stormed.

Bread may have helped spur on the French Revolution, but the revolution did not end French anxiety over bread. On August 29, 1789, only two days after completing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the Constituent Assembly completely deregulated domestic grain markets. The move raised fears about speculation, hoarding and exportation. 

On October 21, 1789, a baker, Denis François, was accused of hiding loaves from sale as part of a plot to deprive the people of bread. Despite a hearing which proved him innocent, the crowd dragged François to the Place de Grève, hanged and decapitated him and made his pregnant wife kiss his bloodied lips.

As Turgot , an early economic adviser to Louis XVI, once advised the king, “Ne vous mêlez pas du pain”—Do not meddle with bread.

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• CBSE Notes For Class 10
• Class 10 History Notes
• Chapter 1 The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Chapter 1 of CBSE Class 10 History deals with many of the issues visualised by Sorrieu and will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe. The topics covered in this chapter are the Rise of Nationalism in Europe, the French Revolution, Nationalism and Imperialism. Class 10 CBSE History Notes of Chapter 1 are prepared by our subject matter experts. By going through these notes, students can get a good grip and a clear insight into all the essential concepts. These CBSE Class 10 History Notes of Chapter 1 will help students to understand the chapter in a better way. It works as the best revision resource during board exams.

• Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
• Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World
• Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation
• Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World

CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The rise of nationalism in europe, frédéric sorrieu vision of the world.

Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, in 1848, prepared a series of four prints, visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and Social Republics.

• The first print shows the people of Europe and America marching in a long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass it. The torch of Enlightenment was carried by a female figure in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
• On the earth in the foreground lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
• In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.
• The procession was led by the United States and Switzerland, followed by France and Germany. Following the German people are the people of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia.
• From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene. They have been used by the artist to symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world.

During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought huge changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state.

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

• In 1789, Nationalism came with the French Revolution and the political and constitutional changes led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. Various measures and practices were introduced, such as the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen ( the citizen). A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former one.
• Democracy was destroyed in France by Napoleon, and the Civil Code of 1804, known as the Napoleonic Code, did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

The Making of Nationalism in Europe

Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.

The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

The Aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent politically and socially. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century. New social groups came into being: a working-class population and a middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals.

What Did Liberal Nationalism Stand For?

• The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
• In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

A New Conservatism after 1815

• In 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed in monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, and property and that the family should be preserved.
• A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
• In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met in Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
• The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
• The major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was the freedom of the press.

The Revolutionaries

• In 1815, secret societies were formed in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionaries opposed monarchical forms and fought for liberty and freedom.
• The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807, founded two more underground societies, the first being Young Italy in Marseilles.
• Secondly, he founded Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.

The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

In July 1830, Bourbon Kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1821, Greeks struggled for independence.

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

• Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories, and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
• Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
• The Russian language was imposed everywhere, and in 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place, which was ultimately crushed.

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

Europe faced economic hardships in the 1830s. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in towns and countries. In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.

The Revolution of the Liberals

In 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. Men and women of the liberal middle class demanded the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.

A large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.

The Constitution drafted for the German nation was headed by a monarchy, subject to a Parliament. The Crown was offered to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, but he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The Middle Class dominated the Parliament, and a large number of women participated in the liberal movement.

Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took part in

political meetings and demonstrations, but they were still denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.

In the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.

The Making of Germany and Italy

Germany – can the army be the architect of a nation.

Nationalism in Europe moved away after 1848, and Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states. Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for national unification. The architect of this process was its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, and it was carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor. An assembly was held to proclaim the new German Empire. The process of nation-building demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany were modernised.

Italy Unified

Italy was divided into seven states in the middle of the nineteenth century, and among all the seven states, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. All the regions were dominated by different kings. In the 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy.

The movement was led by Chief Minister Cavour. In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austrian forces. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

The Strange Case of Britain

Great Britain was the model of the nation, and prior to the eighteenth century, there was no British nation. The nation became powerful as it steadily grew in wealth, importance and power.

The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), and the English language – were actively promoted.

Visualising the Nation

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, artists represented a country as a person and nations as female figures. During the French Revolution, female figures portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. Liberty is represented as a red cap or the broken chain, and justice as a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.

Nationalism and Imperialism

Nationalism was no longer retained after the last quarter of the nineteenth century. After 1871, the most tensioned area was called the Balkans, a region comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.

Ottoman Empire made the Balkans region explosive, and all through the nineteenth century, they strengthened themselves through modernisation and internal reforms. Due to various conflicts, Balkan became an area of intense conflict.

During this period, intense rivalry built among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might, which led to a series of wars in the region and, finally, the First World War.

In 1914, Europe was disastered because of Nationalism, aligned with imperialism. Anti-imperial movements were developed, but they all struggled to form independent nation-states. But the idea of ‘nation-states’ was accepted as natural and universal.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

What is nationalism.

The desire/wish of a group of people who have similar races, cultures, and languages to form a country is termed nationalism.

How to induce patriotism in a person?

Children and young adults must be taught at a young age about the importance of patriotism. Love for one’s own country must be instilled in every child’s mind and heart.

How to protect our nation from criticism?

1. Do not speak ill of your country 2. Do not misuse your national flag 3. Be polite and convey your positive thoughts about your country to other nationals.

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French Revolution (1789-1799)

Last updated on September 14, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

The French Revolution was the watershed event in modern European history that brought about the enlightenment principles and democracy, creating a rational and egalitarian society. It started in 1789 and ended in 1799.

The French Revolution was a time of social and political upheaval in France and its colonies. The liberal and radical ideas overthrew the Monarchy and influenced the decline of absolute Monarchies in other parts of Europe.

This was the revolution that led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as well.

Table of Contents

France in 1789:

France was the most populated nation in Europe during this time and had been growing in wealth and prestige since the time of King Louis XIV. But this economic growth wasn’t visible as the country was still very backward socially and politically.

The social divide was because it was still divided into feudal classes of people clergy, those who pray, nobles, those who fight, and the peasants, the working class. And political backwardness was because they were still ruled by an absolute monarch who believed in the divine right of kings.

But the French involvement in the American Revolution of 1776 was a costly affair and the extravagant lifestyle of King Louis XVI and the royal family was draining the coffers. The empty royal coffers, poor harvests, and rise in food prices had created feelings of unrest among the poor rural and urban populace. The matter was further worsened by the imposition of taxes that provided no relief. As a result rioting, looting and general strikes became the norm.

The major causes that led to the French Revolution:

• The clergy and the nobility formed the first two Estates and were the most privileged classes. They were exempted from payment of taxes to the State.
• The Third Estate consisting of peasants and workers formed the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no political and social rights. As a result, they were extremely discontent.
• Louis XVI waged many wars making the State coffers were empty.
• The situation was made even more complex by France’s involvement in the American War of Independence and the faulty system of taxation.
• The extravagant lifestyle of the royals added to the financial burden.
• The unstable political situation: The situation was very unstable because the Bourbon king of France, Louis XVI was an extremely autocratic and weak-willed king who led a life of excessive luxury. This caused anger among the masses who were leading lives of extreme poverty and widespread hunger.
• Philosophers like Rousseau rejected the paradigm of absolute monarchy and promulgated the doctrine of equality of man and sovereignty of people.
• They played a pivotal role in exposing the fault lines of the old political system- ‘ the ancien regime’ , thus adding to the popular discontent.
• The American Revolution also triggered the ideas of enlightenment and liberty among the intellectuals of the French society.

Timeline of the French Revolution:

1789: the meeting of the estate generals.

• The Estates-General was an assembly that represented the French nobility clergy and the middle class. They were called by Louis XVI to discuss the new tax measures in May 1789.
• The third estate was already gathering support for their involvement in the decision-making body and voting rights during this time.
• The middle class was in favour of the political and judicial reforms while the nobles did not want to give up their privileges. The talks with the third estate also failed.
• The Tennis court oath: The third estate and their support formed the National Assembly and took an oath of office in June 1789 and vowed not to disperse until reforms have been initiated.
• Seeing no other option Louis XVI had to absorb the three assemblies into the new order.

1789-92: The revolution

• The national assembly continued in Versailles as the nation was gripped in fear and uncertainty which led to the insurgency.
• This resulted in the taking of Bastille fortress on July 14, 1789. This event marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
• The peasants revolted, attacked the houses of nobles and tax collectors, and the upper class was forced to flee for their lives. This period is called the period of Great Fear.

1789: The Declaration of Rights of the Man

• The National Assembly adopted the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 4, 1789. The charter was based on democratic principles, drawing from philosophical as well as political ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Jena-Jacques Rosseau.
• The French constitution was adopted on September 3, 1791. It was moderate in its stance by limiting the powers of the king, but it was not enough for the more radical members of the assembly, Robespierre who wanted Louis XVI to stand trial.

1793-95: The Reign of Terror

• A group of insurgents attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested  Louis XVI on August 10, 1792
• The following month many who were accused of being the ‘enemies of the revolution’ were massacred in Paris. The Legislative Assembly was replaced by the National Convention which proclaimed the establishment of the Republic of France and the abolition of the Monarchy.
• King Louis XVI was condemned to death on January 21, 1793, and executed for treason. His wife, Marie Antoinette was also executed nine months later.
• The execution of the king marked the beginning of the most violent and turbulent phase of the French Revolution – the Reign of Terror.
• The National Convention was under the control of an extremist faction led by Robespierre. Under him, thousands were executed for suspected treason and counter-revolutionary activities.
• The Reign of Terror ended after Robespierre’s execution on July 28, 1794.

1795: The end of the French Revolution

• On August 22, 1795, the National Convention composed of moderates approved the creation of a new constitution that created France’s bicameral legislature.
• A Directory, a five-member group was formed by the parliament, and an army was groomed under General Napoleon Bonaparte.
• The Directory became corrupt and the army had more powers with them. A coup d’état was staged by Napoleon himself, toppling them from power.
• Napoleon appointed himself “first consul”. The French Revolution was over and the Napoleonic era was about the begin.

Role of women in the French Revolution:

Women in the Third Estate worked for a living and didn’t have access to education or training. Only daughters of the noblewomen and richer sections of society had access to any education. The wages for women were lower than those of men. Women were also mostly homemakers, hence they had to do all the housework, care for children.

But during the Revolution, women played an active role in revolutionary activities. They started their own clubs and newspapers. One of the most famous political clubs was the Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women and they were disappointed by the Constitution of 1791 which designated them, passive citizens. This Society demanded equal political rights as men. They wanted to vote and stand in elections for political office.

After the end of the revolution, the early revolutionary governments introduced many laws that improved the lives and status of women in society. Schools were created, and education was made compulsory for all girls. Marriage without consent was made illegal and divorce was made legal. Women were also allowed to be artisans and run small businesses.

Impact of the French Revolution:

The French revolution brought fundamental social, political, and economic changes in the history of France.

• End of the social divide: The French Revolution destroyed the social discriminative class system in France and declared equality for all. This led to the rise of the middle class who had acquired education to positions of responsibility.
• Declaration of rights of man: The constitutional assembly came out with the document of human rights which granted political liberty, like freedom of speech, press, association, worship, and ownership of property.
• Revolutionary ideas: The revolution gave birth to the revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These ideas started in France and spread to other areas like Italy, Germany, etc. promoting equality, freedom and democracy, and good governance. France became the birthplace of democracy.
• End of Monarchy: The Bourbon monarch that had ruled France for over 400 years came to end by the French revolution. The monarchy rule was abolished in 1792 and replaced it with the Republican form of Government. Although the Bourbon monarch was restored by the great powers after the downfall of Napoleon, it could not survive beyond 1830 because the monarchs were already weakened by the changes caused by the French revolution.
• Political Parties: France became a multiparty state as a result of the revolution. The freedom of association led to the rise of political clubs such as the Jacobins, Cordeliers, etc that competed for power. These parties kept the government under check and balance by criticizing bad policies.
• Parliamentary Democracy: The French revolution led to the revival of the parliament which was abandoned for a period of over 175 years. The revolution gave France a functional parliament with representatives who are democratically elected.
• Constitution and Rule of Law: The French revolution introduced the rule of law. Before 1789, France had no constitution to safeguard people’s rights and freedom. The constitution clearly separated the executive, the judiciary, and the legislature.
• Land ownership: The revolution brought new reforms and changes to land ownership in France. Before the revolution, the land was dominated by the clergy and the nobles who exploited the peasants. The working class was given equal rights to possess the land.
• National Guard: There was the formation of the National Guard that replaced the royal guard of the Bourbon monarchy. National Guard was the revolutionary army whose role was to protect the achievements of the French revolution.

The revolution achieved the good through a path of negatives nevertheless. There were losses of lives and properties, the reign of terror saw violence, the economy further declined to make the poor even poorer. The relationship between the church and the state deteriorated as the radical new laws and nationalization of church properties became a sour page.

The revolution also led to poor relationships between France and other states. Revolutionary ideas of the french revolution were threats to other powers and monarchs in Europe, hence, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and other countries allied against France in order to prevent the spread of revolutionary ideas to their countries.

Also read: Bastille Day

Global impact of the French Revolution:

The French Revolution changed modern history forever and many nations took inspiration from the ideologies it gave birth to.

The suppressive monarchies were being challenged everywhere by the people.

The ideas of liberty and equality spread all around the world over the years through the French armies.

The French became the dominant force to be reckoned with as it radicalized the political and social system of the 18 th century.

The French Revolution ended feudalism and made a path for future advances in individual freedoms, democratic principles, and equality of life.

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French Revolution Storybook Project - Mod. World History: Home

Assignment Part 1: Graphic Organizer

For your final project, you will create an illustrated storybook that synthesizes the information you've learned about the French Revolution. You will also assess whether or not you believe the French Revolution led to advancing democracy in France. For specific project requirements, refer to the assignment guidelines and grading rubric above.

Before you can create your storybook, you will use  this graphic organizer  to decide what topics you will focus on as well as write out the script for your storybook.

• Friday, 12/9, end of day: Graphic organizer (submitted to Canvas)
• Tuesday, 12/13, end of day: Storybook (link submitted to Canvas)

Storybook Submission Instructions

Once you have completed your storybook, you will submit the link to Canvas. Follow these steps:

1. Click "Share."

2. Scroll to the "Share with family and friends" option and click "Copy Share Link."

3. Paste this link into the assignment on Canvas.

Storybook due end of day Tuesday, 12/13

Assignment Part 2: Storybook Creation

You will create an illustrated storybook using StoryJumper. Your storybook must include the following features:

• A visually appealing cover with an appropriate title
• An illustration(s) of the event
• Thought or voice bubbles coming from the characters in the picture
• Story narrative using what you've compiled in your graphic organizer
• One spread per topic (meaning 2 pages!)

Don't forget that your teacher is expecting you to  fully explain and detail  the information you are addressing in your book! (Refer to assignment guidelines and project rubric to see specific requirements!)

Click here to see an example.

StoryJumper

You will create your storybook using StoryJumper. Follow these instructions to create your account:

• Click on your teacher's picture below and enter the appropriate password.  Pay attention to who you click on! Each class has a different link!
• Click "NO" when it asks if you already have an account.
• Click "Sign in with Google" and choose your Blue Valley account.
• Click "Skip" when it asks if you want to independently own your account.
• You should now see a dashboard called "My Classes," and see your teacher's class listed.
• You can now create your book!

(Note: It makes you create a practice picture book. When this opens, click "Save and exit." Go back into your teacher's class, and you can delete that practice book and create a new one.)

• Last Updated: Dec 7, 2022 7:15 AM
• URL: https://bluevalleyk12.libguides.com/frenchrevolution

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FRENCH REVOLUTION

Rousseau, Burke, and Revolution in France, 1791

by  Jennifer Popiel, Gary Kates and Mark C. Carnes

Portions of this page are still under construction, pending more details from the Game Authors. Reacting Consortium Members can download game materials below .

Using the Game

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GAME MATERIALS

Reacting Consortium members can access all downloadable materials (including expanded and updated materials) below. You will be asked to sign in before downloading.  Basic game materials (Gamebook, Role Sheets, Instructor's Guide, and Handouts) are available to any instructor through the publisher. 

Additional Resources 

Please note that these forums are in a beta phase and that functionality may be limited. Game authors have discretion when deciding what community materials can be publicized on the Reacting website.

Jennifer Popiel

Members can  contact game authors directly .  We invite instructors join our Facebook Faculty Lounge , where you'll find a wonderful community eager to help and answer questions. We also encourage you to submit your question for the forthcoming FAQ , and to check out our upcoming events . 

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