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Chapter 1 Computer Hardware.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

Mar 13, 2019

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2. Chapter. COMPUTER HARDWARE. Objectives of this chapter:. You can…. Define input and output. List the characteristics of input and output devices. Describe the components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle. Differentiate among the various types of memory.

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2 Chapter COMPUTER HARDWARE Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Objectives of this chapter: You can… Define input and output List the characteristics of input and output devices Describe the components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle Differentiate among the varioustypes of memory Differentiate between storage devicesand storage media Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Overview • This chapter covers • Input Device • Output Device • Central Unit Processing (CPU) • Memory Unit • Storage • Communications Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Introduction • What is computer hardware? • Computer devices in physical form • Comprised of 4 components: • Input devices • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Output devices • Memory Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Processor Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) InstructionsDataInformation InstructionsDataInformation Introduction (cont’d) Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Memory InputDevices OutputDevices Data Information StorageDevices Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Introduction (cont’d) • Bit and bytes • Bit (Binary Digit) is the basic unit of information in computers • 1 bit = 0 or 1  Computer binary system • Refers to transfer rate per second • Kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, and terabyte are terms that describe large units of data used in measuring data storage • Example: 100 GB hard drive 8 bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1,048,576 Bytes = 1 Megabyte (MB) 1,043,741,824 Bytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB) 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes = 1 Terabyte (TB) Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

2.1 Input Device Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device • What is input? • Data or instructions entered into memory of computer • Input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Two types of input: • Data • Unprocessed text, numbers, images, audio, and video • Instructions • Programs • Commands • User responses Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Keyboard allows the computer user to enter • Words • Numbers • Punctuation • symbols and • special function commands into the computer’s memory Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

mouse buttons wheel button ball mouse pad Input Device (cont’d) Pointing device controls movement of pointer, also called mouse pointer • Pointing Device Mouse • Pointing device that fits under palm of hand • Mechanical mouse has rubber or metal ball on underside Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Pointing Device (cont’d) Optical mouse • No moving mechanical parts inside • Senses light to detect mouse’s movement • More precise than mechanical mouse • Connects using a cable, or wireless Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Pointing Device (cont’d) Trackball • Stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side • To move pointer, rotate ball with thumb, fingers, or palm of hand Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Pointing Device (cont’d) Touchpad and a pointing stick • Touchpadis small, flat, rectangular pointing device sensitive to pressure and motion • Pointing stickis pointing device shaped like pencil eraser positioned between keys on keyboard Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Pointing Device (cont’d) Joystick and a wheel • Joystickis vertical lever mounted on a base • Wheelis steering-wheel-type input device • Pedal simulates car brakes and accelerator Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Pointing Device (cont’d) Touch screen • Touch areas of screen with finger • Often used with kiosks Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Sound and voice input MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) • External device, such as electronic piano keyboard, to input music and sound effects Microphone • Allow user to input their voice Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Video input • Process of entering full-motion images into computer • Video capture cardis adapter card that converts analog video signal into digital signal that computer can use • Digital video (DV) camerarecords video as digital signals Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Flatbed Pen or Handheld Sheet-fed Drum Input Device (cont’d) • Scanner • Light-sensing device that reads printed text and graphics • Used for image processing, converting paper documents into electronic images • Flatbed scanner – design to scan flat objects • Handheld scanner – capture small amounts of text • Sheet-fed scanner – scan one flat document at a time Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Step 1: Place the document to be scanned face down on the glass window. Using buttons on the scanner or the scanner program, start the scanning process. Step 2: The scanner converts the document content to digital information, which is transmitted through the cable to the memory of the computer. Step 3: Once in the memory of the computer, users can display the image, print it, e-mail it, include it in a document, or place it on a Web page. Input Device (cont’d) How does a flatbed scanner work? Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Input Device (cont’d) • Readers • Barcode Readers • Optical Mark Readers (OMR) • Radio frequency Identification (RFID) Readers • Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices • Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers • Biometric Readers Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

2.2 Output Device Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device • What is output? • Data that has been processed into a useful form, • Output device is any hardware component that can convey information to user Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Devices (cont’d) • Display device • Output device that visually conveys information • Information on display device sometimes called soft copy • Monitorhouses display device as separate peripheral Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Devices (cont’d) • Display device LCD monitor • Uses liquid crystal display • Have a small footprint • Mobile devices that contain LCD displays include • Notebook computer, Tablet PC, PDA, and Smart Phone Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Transparent electrodes Alignment layer Color filter Polarizing glass filter Fluorescent tube panel Output Device (cont’d) • Uses liquid compound to present information on a display How does LCD work? Step 2.As light passes through liquid crystal, electrical charge causes some of the cells to twist, making light waves bend as they pass through color filter. Step 1.Panel of fluorescent tubes emits light waves through polarizing glass filter, which guides light toward layer of liquid crystal cells. Liquid crystal cells Step 3.When light reaches second polarizing glass filter, light is allowed to pass through any cells that line up at the first polarizing glass filter. Absence and presence of colored light cause image to display on the screen. Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) • Display device Plasma monitor • Displays image by applying voltage to layer of gas • Larger screen size and higher display quality than LCD, but are more expensive Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application p. 306 Fig. 6-7

Output Device (cont’d) • Display device CRT monitor • Contains cathode-ray tube (CRT) • Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material • Each dot consists of a red, blue, and green phosphor • Common sizes are 15, 17, 19, 21, and 22 inches • Viewable size is diagonal measurement of actual viewing area Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

portrait landscape Output Device (cont’d) • Printer • Output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium • Result ishard copy, orprintout • Two orientations:portraitandlandscape Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) • Depends on printing needs • How do you know which printer to buy? Budget Speed Color orblack and white Cost per page Multiple copies Graphics and photo printing Paper typesand sizes Systemcompatibility Future needs Wirelesscapability Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

300 dpi 600 dpi 1200 dpi Output Device (cont’d) • Printer • Two basic types: • Impact • Non-impact • What is the resolution of a printer? • Sharpness and clarity • Measured by number of dots per inch (dpi) printer can output Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) • Impact printer • Characters/graphics are formed on the paper by physical striking contact between ink ribbon and paper • Examples are • dot-matrix printer (continuous paper), • line printer (mainframe/minicomputer) Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) • Nonimpact printer • Forms characters and graphics without striking paper Ink-jet printer • sprays tiny drops of liquid ink onto paper • Prints in black-and-white or color on a variety of paper types Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) Photo printer • Color printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures • Many photo printers have a built-in card slot Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) Laser printer • High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer • Prints text and graphics in very high-quality resolution, ranging from 1,200 to 2,400 dpi • Typically costs more than ink-jet printer, but is much faster Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) Thermal printer • Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper • Dye-sublimation printer (also called a digital photo printer) uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated paper Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) Mobile printer • Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows mobile user to print from notebook computer, Tablet PC, or PDA while traveling Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) • Small printer that prints on adhesive-type material Label printers and Postage printers • Most also print bar codes • Postage printer has built-in digital scale and printspostage stamps Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) Plotter • Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings • Large-format printercreates photo-realistic-qualitycolor prints Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) • Audio output device • Computer component that produces music, speech, or other sounds • Speakers and headsets are common devices Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output device (cont’d) • Data projector • Device that takes image from computer screen and projects it onto larger screen Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Output Device (cont’d) • Sends resistance to joystick or wheel in response to actions of user • Force feedback Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Processor Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) CPU • What is the central processing unit (CPU)? • Also called theprocessor • Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) • Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Memory Processor ALU Control Unit CPU (cont’d) • Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle • Machine cycle Step 1. FetchObtain program instruction or data item from memory Step 2. DecodeTranslate instruction into commands Step 4. StoreWrite result to memory Step 3. ExecuteCarry out command Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

CPU (cont’d) • Register • Temporary high-speed storage area that holds data and instructions Stores location from where instruction was fetched Stores instruction while it is being decoded Stores data while ALU computes it Stores results of calculation Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

CPU (cont’d) • System clock • Controls timing of all computer operations • Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set operating pace of components of system unit Each tick is a clock cycle Pace of system clock is clock speed Most clock speeds are in the gigahertz (GHz) range (1 GHz = one billion ticks of system clock per second) Processor speed can also be measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS) Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

Processor 1 Processor 2 Processor 3 Processor 4 Memory Memory Memory Memory CPU (cont’d) Control Processor • Parallel processing • Using multiple processors simultaneously to execute a program faster • Requires special software to divide problem and bring results together Results combined Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

2.4 Memory Unit Chapter 2 SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application

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