family earthquake preparedness homework questionnaire

DepEd Earthquake Readiness Questionnaire

• July 9, 2015
• Daddy Jinoe

The DepEd Earthquake Readiness Questionnaire aims to promote family preparedness for earthquakes as outlined in the DepEd Order 27, series of 2015  through school activities.  This is in connection with the National Disaster Conciousness Month observed annually every month of July.

As stated in the DepEd Official Website, “ DepEd stressed that disaster preparedness should be anchored in family readiness, not just in individual preparedness. The activities involve the following: (a) learners answering a series of questions highlighting family preparedness in the form of a homework to be done with their families; (b) all advisory teachers are expected to discuss the results and cull out the learnings appropriate for their respective communities; and (c) principals are required to discuss the summary of their findings with the parents-teachers associations and barangay officials for consideration in the school and community preparedness planning.”

Phivolcs has stressed the impending risk of a movement in the West Valley Fault line cutting across the Greater Manila Area, which could create a magnitude 7.2 quake if the entire stretch of the 100-kilometer fault moves.

DepEd Earthquake Readiness Questionnaire can be downloaded below. It is available in both English and Filipino versions.  There are separate questions for K-2 and SPED students and for Grades 3-10.

The key in the DepEd Earthquake Readiness Questionnaire is the involvement of the whole family.  It is not just an assignment or a homework for the students research and then submit.  It is designed to be answered by the whole family so that they can assess their vulnerability should an earthquake occur.

Once the questionnaire is complete, the students will submit it to the school.  The school will tabulate and summarize the answers.  The results shall be discussed by the parents, teachers and barangay officials for consideration in the school and community preparedness planning.

On July 30, schools in the National Capital Region are expected to participate in the metro-wide earthquake drill led by the Metro Manila Development Authority.

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How to Prepare Your Family for an Earthquake

Last Updated: September 22, 2021

wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 14 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. This article has been viewed 30,567 times.

The earth's tectonic plates are in constant movement. When that movement is blocked, energy accumulates until it is finally enough to break the plates free and allow them to continue moving. This sudden release of seismic energy is an earthquake. Earthquakes can destroy buildings and disrupt normal operations for days and weeks at a time. You might have to deal with power failures, contaminated drinking water and food shortages.

Making an Emergency Plan

• Picking a safe place to take refuge at home, school and work. Keep in mind that during an earthquake you'll have only seconds to get into a safe place, such as underneath sturdy furniture or against an interior wall, away from windows and unsecured furniture that could fall on you.
• Knowing what to do if you're not all together, including having communication methods and central meeting points. Identify a single meeting place for all family members to reunite, when possible, after an earthquake.
• Mapping escape routes to and from your home. This means making escape route plans for leaving work/school/other regularly visited places to your home and plans for leaving your home. Be aware of alternative routes and be aware that if the electricity and internet connections are down, you need paper maps and road guides. Keep the escape plans in your "go bag" or in a safe place at work/school, etc.
• Deciding who can help you if you need to leave the city or town for a while. Which family members or friends interstate or across the region might put you and your family up for a while if things are bad enough that you have to leave? Ask them in advance if they are prepared to be your refuge in such a situation and reassure them that you will cover costs, etc.

• Let all family members know that telephone lines tend to be overwhelmed after a natural disaster, as everyone tries to contact their loved ones. Prefer texting over calling, as it uses a lot less power and is more likely to get through to people. Let family members know that there may be a substantial amount of time when communications are impossible and that it is important to follow the plans and neither panic nor assume the worst. If your family knows the plan well, there is less need for worry.

Practicing for a Quake Situation

• Practice the "drop, cover, hold" drill in each selected safe place.
• Hunker down beneath the sturdy furniture or against the interior wall, cover your neck and head, and hold on.
• Make it a habit to hold quake drills once a month if you live in a quake-prone area. Make it fun, such as combining quake-drill night with takeout food or a movie together afterward. By making it a family affair and associating the rehearsal with positive things, being quake-safe becomes a fact of your everyday life, not something to be afraid of. Prepared people stay alive.

• If you're outside, get away from power lines, buildings, street lights and anything else that might fall on you. Be aware that glass windows shatter and can rain shards down onto the street, so buildings with large glass expanses are not safe to be under during a quake.
• If you're inside, do not try to run outside. If you do, you risk being hit by falling debris from awnings, glass shards, bricks, scaffolding, cement decorations forced off buildings, etc.

• Never cook indoors with fuel stoves or barbecues. Carbon monoxide is one of the by-products of burning fuels; it is odorless and colorless and it kills quickly. Always keep cooking gear outdoors and make sure every family member is aware of this need. Tell children that if they cannot operate the cooking gear safely should you not be there to help them during any emergency, that they should eat only cold food from cans, dried packages and (within 12 hours) things from the refrigerator.

Quake-Proofing Your Home Environment

• Bolt or brace water heaters, gas appliances, bookcases, china cabinets and other tall furniture to wall studs, so they're less likely to fall over.
• Hang pictures and other objects away from the bed, where they're less likely to fall on you during a night-time earthquake.
• Anchor or brace overhead fixtures such as lights and ceiling fans.
• Store heavy, breakable items on low shelves or in cabinets that lock shut, so there's less chance of them falling on you.

• Make sure that all family members are aware that they are not to turn utilities back on until given the all-clear by the utility or emergency authorities that it is safe to do so.

Putting Together a Quake Preparedness Kit

• A gallon of water, per person, per day. (Probably about 1 bottle a day) The United States Geological Survey recommends storing enough water for 2 weeks
• A water filter or purification tablets for purifying water
• A camp stove for cooking without electrical or gas power
• One week's worth of shelf-stable food for all family members, including pets. Remember to address any special dietary needs, such as diabetes or food allergies. The best food sorts are canned, dried (pasta, cookies, beans, etc.) and dehydrated foods (always add water to dehydrated food or you risk bloating internally and suffering injury)
• Mechanical can opener
• Portable crank radio, or radio with extra batteries
• Crank flashlight, or flashlight with extra batteries
• Any medications or personal hygiene supplies necessary for every member of your family. Keep each person's hygiene supplies/medication sealed in a large zip-close bag with their name on it, and check medication expiration dates at least every 6 months
• Toilet paper. Other useful sanitary items include wet wipes, alcohol-based hand sanitizer, and waterproof plastic bags; sawdust/kitty litter etc. can be used for keeping toileting sanitary (use a bin with liners and bury if possible)
• A fire extinguisher, and any necessary tools to shut off the gas and water lines to your home
• An emergency blanket and extra layers of clothing, including a waterproof poncho or pants and jacket
• Food, water and medication for your pets
• Shovel for digging (toilet waste, trenches for disposal of garbage, food gathering, etc.)
• Whistle for location
• Sewing kit for emergency stitches
• Pet crate, leashes, pet medication, etc.

Expert Q&A

• Many emergency sites will suggest that you be prepared for 3 days of no utilities, no access to food and water, etc. The latest wisdom has raised this to one week, as it has become clear that, while government authorities will do their best to reach affected areas as quickly as they can, in nations with large populations it is now realistic to assume that you may be relying on your own resources for at least a week. Do not be afraid of this reality––accepting it and responding to it by being well prepared during a time of no-crisis is the best way of coping if something does happen. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 0

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• http://www.ready.gov/earthquakes – research source
• http://www.usgs.gov/faq/?q=taxonomy/term/9834 – research source

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Philippines

DepEd promotes family preparedness for earthquake through school activities

• Govt. Philippines

QUEZON CITY, July 3 -- The Department of Education (DepEd) has required all elementary and secondary schools to promote family preparedness for earthquakes As part of the observance of the National Disaster Consciousness Month.

This is outlined in the DepEd Order 27, series of 2015 through school activities.

DepEd in a statement said that disaster preparedness should be anchored in family readiness, not just in individual preparedness.

Among the activities involve are: (a) learners answering a series of questions highlighting family preparedness in the form of a homework to be done with their families; (b) all advisory teachers are expected to discuss the results and cull out the learnings appropriate for their respective communities; and (c) principals are required to discuss the summary of their findings with the parents-teachers associations and barangay officials for consideration in the school and community preparedness planning.

These activities support previous DepEd orders on school-based preparedness measures such as the conduct of drills, identification of risks, among others.

Aside from ensuring the structural integrity of classroom buildings, DepEd underscores the importance of the preparedness through proper information and proactive practices of its field offices and schools in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM). DepEd requires every school to form a DRRM team to ensure that proper DRR school policies and intervention measures are appropriate in their locality.

DepEd has been working closely together with Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology in relation to dissemination of proper information and preparedness measures for earthquake. DepEd continues to participate in the efforts of the government, led by the Metro Manila Development Authority and the Office of Civil Defense, in preparing for the Valley Fault System earthquake scenario. (DepEd)

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Wfp philippines country brief, april 2024, wfp philippines country brief, march 2024, philippines annual country report 2023 - country strategic plan 2018 - 2024, wfp philippines country brief, february 2024.

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Western Earthquake Hazards Program

Part of the Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country Series

U.s. geological survey general information product 41 version 1.0, protecting your family from earthquakes—the seven steps to earthquake safety (in spanish and english), developed by american red cross, asian pacific fund, california earthquake authority, governor’s office of emergency services, new america media, u.s. department of homeland security federal emergency management agency, and u.s. geological survey.

| Spanish | Chinese | Vietnamese | Korean |

Download this report as a 24-page PDF file (gip41.pdf; 1.9 MB). Request a hard copy of this handbook .

This book is provided here to share an important message on emergency preparedness. Historically, we have suffered earthquakes here in the San Francisco Bay Area that have caused severe hardship for residents and incredible damage to our cities. It is likely we will experience a severe earthquake within the next 30 years.

Many of us come from other countries where we have experienced earth- quakes, so we believe that we understand them. However, the way we prepare for earthquakes in our home country may be different from the way it is necessary to prepare for earthquakes here.

Very f w people die from collapsing buildings in the Bay Area because most structures are built to stand up to the shaking. But it is quite possible that your family will be without medical care or grocery stores and separated from one another for several days to weeks. It will ultimately be up to you to keep your family safe until help arrives, so we are asking you to join us in learning to take care of your family before, during, and after an earthquake.

The first step is to read this book. Everyone in your family, children and adults, can learn how to prepare for an earthquake. Then take advantage of the American Red Cross Earthquake Preparedness training courses offered in your community. These preparedness courses are free, and also offered in Spanish and available to everyone in the community regardless of family history, leg al status, gender, or age. We encourage you to take one of these free training workshops. Look on the back cover for more information.

Remember that an earthquake can occur without warning, and the only way that we can reduce the harm caused by earthquakes is to be prepared. Get Prepared!

Download this report as a 24-page PDF file (gip41.pdf; 2.1 MB)

Also of interest:

USGS General Information Product 42 , Protecting Your Family From Earthquakes—The Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety . This is this same book in English, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean.

USGS General Information Product 15 , Putting Down roots in Earthquake Country—Your Handbook for the San Francisco Bay Region . This is a fuller discussion of some of the topics covered here and for a complete list of sources and contributors.

For questions about the content of this report, contact Tom. Tom Brocher

Request a hard copy of this handbook .

Press-quality illustrations , original artwork you may use (CMYK).

Download a copy of the latest version of Adobe Reader for free .

This report is also available for free in paper form from:

U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25046 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0046 Telephone: (888) ASK-USGS

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Earthquake preparedness of households and its predictors based on health belief model

Masoumeh rostami-moez.

1 Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

2 Vice-chancellor for Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

Mohammad Rabiee-Yeganeh

Mohammadreza shokouhi.

3 Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center and School of Nursing & Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

Amin Dosti-Irani

4 Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai

5 Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Ave, Hamadan, Iran

6 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

Associated Data

The analyzed datasets during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural disasters in which many people are injured, disabled, or died. Iran has only 1 % of the world’s population, but the percentage of its earthquake-related deaths is absolutely higher. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of earthquake preparedness of households and its predictors using the Health Belief Model (HBM).

This observational descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 933 households in Hamadan province, located in the west of Iran, in 2019. Multi-stage cluster random sampling was used for selecting the participants. The inclusion criteria were being at least 18 years old and being able to answer the questions. A questionnaire was used for data collection including earthquake preparedness, awareness of earthquake response, predictors of earthquake preparedness based on the HBM, and demographic information. Analysis of variance, independent t-test, and a linear regression model was used.

The mean age of participants was 38.24 ± 12.85 years. The average score of earthquake preparedness was low (approximately 30%). There was a significant relationship between earthquake preparedness and gender ( P  < 0.001), homeownership ( P  < 0.001), marriage status ( P  < 0.001), education ( P  < 0.001), and previous earthquake experience ( P  < 0.001). Regarding the HBM constructs, perceived benefits ( P  < 0.001), cues to action ( P  < 0.001), and self-efficacy ( P  < 0.001) were significant predictors of earthquake preparedness.

Conclusions

Earthquake preparedness was insufficient. Besides, perceived benefits, cues to action, and self-efficacy were predictors of earthquake preparedness. These predictors can be taken into account, for designing and implementing related future interventions.

Earthquakes are one of the most dangerous natural hazards that occur suddenly and uncontrollably. They cause physical, psychological, and social damages in human societies [ 1 ]. Over the past two decades, 800 million people have been injured by natural disasters. Besides, natural disasters have caused 42 million deaths in the world [ 2 ]. Iran is always at risk of earthquakes due to its geographical location on the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt [ 3 , 4 ]. More than 70% of the major cities in Iran are vulnerable to substantial damages. The earthquakes of recent decades have not only caused the deaths of thousands but also have caused massive economic damage and destroyed many cities and villages in the world [ 5 , 6 ]. Iran has only 1 % of the world’s population, but the percentage of its earthquake-related deaths is absolutely higher [ 7 ]. The disaster management cycle has four phases including mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Preparedness is the most important phase in the disaster management cycle. Previous research in Iran has shown that the role of people as the most important and largest group has often been neglected in disaster preparedness program planning [ 8 ].

The Health Belief Model (HBM) describes the decision-making process that individuals use to adopt healthy behavior. It can be an effective framework for developing health promotion strategies [ 9 ]. Theoretically, in the HBM, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy (the beliefs of individuals in their ability to prepare for disaster) predict behavior [ 1 , 9 , 10 ].

There are some studies on earthquake preparedness that have assessed the readiness of individuals based on their knowledge and skills [ 11 – 15 ]. Some studies have also considered structural and non-structural safety in some cities [ 16 ] and some studies have investigated students’ readiness [ 17 , 18 ]. There are a few studies that have used behavioral change models in the disaster area [ 5 ]. The Haraoka and Inal used the Health Belief Model to develop a questionnaire for earthquake preparedness [ 1 , 11 ].

Previous studies in Iran showed that most households did not have enough readiness and had a relatively high vulnerability to possible earthquake hazards [ 19 , 20 ]. Also, one study showed that improving the socio-economic status was correlated with improving the attitude of people about disaster preparedness [ 13 ]. In DeYoung et al.ʼs study, earthquake readiness was positively correlated with risk perception, self-efficacy, and trust in information about hazards through media [ 21 ].

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study in Iran that examines earthquake preparedness of households, using a behavior change model. Considering the importance of earthquake preparedness of households, this study aims to asses the level of earthquake preparedness of households and its predictors based on HBM.

Study design and participants

This observational descriptive and analytical study was carried out in all counties of Hamadan province, located in the west of Iran, in 2019. These counties includes Hamadan (the capital of Hamadan province), Malayer, Tuyserkan, Nahavand, Razan, Bahar, Kabudarahang, Asadabad, and Famenin. Based on the previous study [ 19 ], the estimated sample size was 600 households. Cluster sampling was used for this study and we used the design effect of 1.5 plus 10% attrition. Subsequently, the final sample size was calculated at 1000 households. The data were collected from February to July 2019. From each county, a university graduate person was recruited and trained for data collection. The supervision and training were done by the first author. The verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants before the data gathering. The participants were first provided a description of the study and they were informed that the participation in the study was voluntary, and all study data were anonymous and confidential. Then, if they gave verbal informed consent, they would participate in the study and fill out the anonymous questionnaires. A person aged 18 or above was randomly selected from each household and answered the questions. For illiterate people, questionnaires were filled out through interviewing them. The inclusion criteria were being at least 18 years old and being able to answer the questions. The exclusion criteria were an incomplete questionnaire.

Participants have been selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. First, stratified sampling was used for each county based on its urban and rural populations. Then, in urban and rural areas, a list of urban or rural health centers was listed and one health center was randomly selected in each county. After that, from the list of all households covered by the selected health center, one household was selected by simple random sampling and sampling started taking the clockwise direction of the selected household and continued until the required sample was collected. For selecting the sample of the urban population of Hamadan County, we selected one health center from each district by simple random sampling (in Hamadan city, there are four districts). In the next stage, from the list of covered households, one household was randomly selected and the sampling was started taking the clockwise direction until the required sample in each district was collected.

Measurements

The questionnaire used for data collection comprises four domains including 1) demographics, 2) earthquake preparedness 3) awareness on earthquake response, and 4) predictor of earthquake preparedness based on the HBM. Earthquake preparedness was response variable.

• Demographics included age, sex, occupation, education, economic status, family size, number of individuals over 60 years old and under 16, earthquake experience, homeownership, marital status, and having a person with a disease that needs medication at their home.
• We measured earthquake preparedness by an earthquake preparedness checklist [ 22 ]. This checklist was developed and validated by Spittal et al., in 2006. It consists of 23 questions with yes or no answers. The questions are about: having a working torch (flashlight), a first aid kit, a working battery radio, a working fire extinguisher, etc. [ 22 ]. We adapted this checklist by adding two items according to the context of the study. These two questions were: 1) do you know the necessary contact numbers such as fire station, police, and emergency so that you will be able to call them if needed?; 2) are you familiar with the phrase, “Drop, Cover, and Hold”? Also, we adapted it with some minor changes. We added “have learned first aid” to “have purchased first aid kit” statement. We added “and extra cloths and blankets” at the end of” put aside extra plastic bags and toilet paper for use as an emergency toilet” statement. We replaced “roof” with “my way” in “ensuring that the roof will probably not collapse in an earthquake. We added some examples to “take some steps at work” statement such as attending an earthquake preparedness class and having fire insurance. The content validity of the Persian checklist was tested by 10 experts. We calculated CVI and CVR equal to 0.92 and 0.95, respectively. Also, the face validity and reliability of this checklist were examined in a pilot study on 40 adults. According to their recommendations, minor revisions were made to increase the transparency and understandability of the statements. Likewise, the reliability of this checklist was measured by internal consistency (Chronbach α = 0.858). The total score of this checklist was ranging from 0 to 25 and the higher score reflects more preparedness.
• The awareness on earthquake response questionnaire included seven questions with true/false answers (In an earthquake: you should get down close to the ground; you should get under a big piece of furniture such as a desk or other covers; you should hold on to a firm object until the end of the shaking; you should stand in a doorway; If you are indoors during an earthquake, you must exit the building; If you are in bed during an earthquake, you should stay there and cover your head with a pillow; next to pillars of buildings and interior wall corners are the safe areas). One point was given for each correct answer. Therefore, the total score of this domain was seven points.
• The adapted questionnaire of earthquake preparedness based on the HBM was used. The original questionnaire has been established and validated by Inal et al. [ 1 ] in Turkey. The forward and backward translation method was used for translating the original questionnaire. According to the experts’ opinions, some minor changes were made to adapt the items of the questionnaire for the study population in the present study. Thereby, three questions were added to the questions of the cues to action (Radio and TV encourage me to prepare for disasters, I usually seek information about disaster preparedness from Radio and TV, and I usually obtain information about disaster preparedness from health providers). Besides, one question was added to the questions of perceived benefits (preparedness for disaster will reduce financial losses and injuries). Then, the content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by a panel of experts including 10 Health specialists in the field of health in disasters, health education, health promotion, and safety promotion (CVR = 0.92 & CVI = 0.85). Next, the face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were measured in a pilot study on 40 people over 18 years old. The reliability was calculated by using internal consistency. One question from the perceived severity (emergency and the experience of disasters does not change my life) and one question from self-efficacy (I cannot create an emergency plan with my neighbors) was excluded based on the results of Cronbach’s alpha. In Iran, neighbors don’t share their plans; therefore, it was logical to exclude these items. Finally, the questionnaire consisted of 33 questions, including perceived severity (2 questions, α = 0.709), perceived susceptibility (6 questions, α = 0.664), perceived benefits (4 questions, α = 0.758), perceived barriers (6 questions, α = 0.822), self-efficacy (7 questions, α = 0.677), cues to action (8 questions, α = 0.683), and total questions (33 questions, α = 0.809). All of the items were assessed by a 5-point Likert scale ranging from ‘completely disagree’ (one point) to ‘completely agree’ (5 points). Some items were scored reversely.

Statistical analysis

We used the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test to determine the relationship between variables. Besides, the multivariate linear regression model was used to determine the predictors of household earthquake preparedness. The Stata 14.2 software was used to analyze the data.

In this study, 933 questionnaires were analyzed (response rate: 93.3%). The mean age of participants was 38.24 ± 12.85 years. Besides, 228 (24.44%) participants were male and 656 (70.31%) were female. About 80% of the participants did not have an academic education and had a diploma degree or less than a diploma degree. Also, 573 (61.41%) participants were homeowners (Table  1 ).

Basic and demographic characteristics of participants of earthquake preparedness study

The earthquake preparedness of the participants was low. The household preparedness score was 7.5 out of 25. In other words, the average earthquake preparedness of households was approximately 30%. Besides, the self-efficacy score was 60.79 ± 0.55 and the score of cues to action was 66.57 ± 0.45 (Table  2 ).

The mean scores (in percentage) of earthquake preparedness, constructs of Health Belief Model, and earthquake performance awareness of participants

The participants’ preparedness for the earthquake had a significant relationship with gender ( P  < 0.001), homeownership ( P  < 0.001), marital status ( P  < 0.001), and previous experience of a destructive earthquake ( P  < 0.001). Also, the mean score of earthquake preparedness was higher in those who reported moderate or good economic status. The mean difference was statistically significant by the Scheffe test ( P  < 0.001). Furthermore, the one-way ANOVA/Scheffe’s test showed that there was a significant difference between illiterate people and those who had either university education or diploma degree and similarly, a significant difference in earthquake preparedness was observed between primary education and those who had either academic education or diploma degree ( P  < 0.001) (Table  3 ).

The relationship between earthquake preparedness and demographic variables of participants by Independent T-Test and Analysis of Variance

The crude regression analysis showed that all constructs of the HBM except perceived severity were significant predictors of earthquake preparedness (P < 0.001) but after using stepwise regression, only perceived benefits ( P  < 0.006), cues to action ( P  < 0.001), and self-efficacy ( P  < 0.001), significantly predicted the earthquake preparedness (Table  4 ).

The relationship between earthquake preparedness and study variables, using Stepwise Linear Regression

In this study, we determined the level of earthquake preparedness of households and its predictors based on HBM. The earthquake preparedness of the participants was low. The participants’ preparedness for the earthquake had a significant relationship with homeownership, education, and previous experience of a destructive earthquake. Also, perceived benefits, cues to action, and self-efficacy significantly predicted the earthquake preparedness.

Despite the strong emphasis on earthquake preparedness to prevent its damaging effects, the findings of this study showed that most people had low preparedness for earthquakes which is similar to the findings of previous studies [ 18 , 23 – 25 ]. This can be very dangerous in areas that are vulnerable to earthquakes. Earthquake preparedness is related to the previous experience of destructive earthquakes and their damaging consequences. Households that had previously experienced destructive earthquakes were more prepared than those who had not previously experienced this event, which is similar to previous finding [ 26 , 27 ]. People who live in earthquakes zones and understand the potential losses from earthquakes are more likely to be prepared in comparison to people living in other areas [ 18 ]. This could be due to recalling previous injuries as well as the fear of recurrence of similar injuries in future earthquakes. This goes back to the culture of societies that their members don’t believe that they are at risk of the occurrence of hazards and their consequences until they experience these hazards. Regarding the high frequency of earthquakes in the Hamadan province, most of the participants in this study had previous earthquake experience but they were not prepared for earthquakes. Perhaps this is because most of the recent earthquakes in Hamadan did not result in deaths and as a result, these households do not take the risk of earthquakes seriously and do not find it essential to hold earthquake preparedness [ 28 ].

Besides, education was significantly correlated with households’ earthquake preparedness, which is similar to the results of the studies by Russell et al. and Ghadiri & Nasabi [ 29 , 30 ]. One explanation can be that people with higher education are more knowledgeable, more aware of earthquakes danger, and more inclined to acquire new skills [ 28 , 31 ].

In this study, we found that the preparedness of participants has a significant relationship with homeownership. Two previous studies showed homeowners were more prepared for earthquakes than renters [ 32 , 33 ], whereas a study in Ethiopia in 2014 showed that homeownership had no relationship with disaster preparedness [ 28 ]. One of the explanations is that owners can make the necessary changes despite preparedness costs due to place attachment, but more studies are required to confirm the role of homeownership.

We adjusted for multiple possibly confounding factors in our analysis. After adjusting the model, perceived benefit, cues to action, and self-efficacy had significant predictors of earthquake preparedness. It is more possible that people’s earthquake preparedness increases when they are aware of the benefits of earthquake preparedness. Furthermore, people with high self-efficacy feel they can prepare for earthquakes [ 34 ]. On the other hand, people may find the earthquake hazardous but if they feel enough confident to reduce damages of earthquakes, they will engage in preparedness. If people perceive the benefits of a healthy behavior higher than the barriers of it, they will engage in that healthy behavior. Therefore, people may perceive earthquakes as a high threat but it can be expected that higher perceived benefits and self-efficacy among them result in higher preparedness. One possible explanation is that the perceived benefits motivate people to perform a specific behavior and adopt an action [ 10 ]. Besides, the significant association of self-efficacy with preparedness at the household level for earthquakes could be explained by the positive and strong association of cues to actions with earthquake preparedness at the household level. Self-efficacy can be improved by observational learning, role modeling, and encouragement. Self-efficacy affects one’s efforts to change risk behavior and causes the continuation of one’s safe behavior despite obstacles that may decrease motivation [ 10 ]. Moreover, cues to action associated with earthquake preparedness [ 1 ]. Cues to action mention to influences of the social environment such as family, friends, and mass media. Mass media can play a vital role in educating the public about earthquake preparedness.

This study has several limitations. Firstly, using a self-reporting approach for data gathering, and secondly, due to the low number of relevant studies on earthquake preparedness based on behavioral change models, it was less possible to compare different studies with the findings of this study. Third, it should be noted that the results of this study can be generalized in the study population and setting, but for other settings it should be done with caution. Despite these limitations, this study had some strengths, we use a theoretical framework for identifying factors that influence earthquake preparedness with a large sample size. Also, the findings of this study are useful for emergency service providers, health authorities, and policymakers in designing and implementing earthquake preparedness programs. This research is also useful for researchers as it can be used as a basis for future researches. It is recommended to design and implement interventions to improve household preparedness for an earthquake based on self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and cues to action.

Households’ earthquake preparedness was insufficient and low. Controlling the damaging consequences of earthquakes is related to the preparedness for earthquakes and can prevent its devastating effects. Perceived benefits, cues to action, and self-efficacy had a significant relationship with earthquake preparedness. The possibility of people being more prepared is increased when they are aware of and understand properly the benefits of being prepared for earthquakes and other disasters. People with high self-efficacy also feel more empowered for taking better care of themselves and their families during disasters. Cues to action would also encourage earthquake preparedness. Since health centers and TV and radio programs were the primary sources of learning about earthquakes for the people, it is recommended that broadcasting provides related programs and educates people about earthquake preparedness. The predictors that were assessed in this study can be taken into account for designing and implementing proper interventions in this field.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully thank all of the participants in this study.

Abbreviations

Authors’ contributions.

MRM has made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, took responsibility for and coordinated the acquisition of data and contributed actively in the analysis of the data and the writing of the manuscript. FRS has made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, interpretation of the data, and writing up the manuscript. MS contributed to the design of the study and preparation of the manuscript. MRY was involved in the design of the study and the data gathering process. ADI contributed to the study design, data analysis, and interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This study was approved and financially supported by the Deputy of Research and Technology of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (number: 9707174168). The funder of this study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (approval code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1397.359). This study was an observational questionnaire study and the anonymous questionnaires were used to collect data. Therefore, the verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation in the study and filling out the questionnaires. The form of consent was approved by the ethics committee.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Resilient Schools and Youth

Family Preparedness for Earthquakes

This promoted preparedness steps specific to where people live, and in plain language explained the science behind local risk. Outreach in Kreyol, French, Spanish, and English.

Plate motions from Prentice et al, 2003

Hispaniola Earthquake Faults

Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated along the boundary of two major tectonic plates. The Caribbean plate is steadily pushing northeast, relative to the North American plate pushing westward. This results in Hispaniola’s geologic “battle ground.” The plates must slide past each other, but they also are forced together, or compressed. Slip along the faults accommodate the squeeze; and each abrupt movement produces an earthquake. The bigger the area that slips, the larger the earthquake (and tsunami). Tsunamis are triggered when a fault moves under the ocean or by submarine landslides, which themselves can be triggered by earthquakes.

Hispaniola has many active faults, but four fault zones are likely to produce the largest earthquakes: the Septentrional fault, Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault, North Hispaniola fault (a continuation of the Puerto Rico trench), and the Muertos trough. Through understanding where large earthquakes and tsunamis are likely to occur, we know where the impacts to people will be most damaging, and where taking action to prepare will protect lives.

Many families in Haiti and Dominican Republic live in areas where a damaging earthquake, and the landslides it could trigger, will occur suddenly without warning. A powerful offshore earthquake near the north coast could also quickly generate a lethal tsunami.

The two nations together comprise Hispaniola, a large island in the northeastern Caribbean. Residents generally take steps to be safer from hurricanes and tropical storms that strike every year, but they lack information about how to prepare for earthquakes and tsunamis, which strike at intervals of decades to centuries.

Our program is explaining how an earthquake will affect communities, and how people can better protect their families from harm. With input from local safety committees that GeoHazards International initiated, our in-country staff will develop new public messages. Preparedness stories and graphics may circulate via radio spots, social media, t-shirts, contests and street plays, or even from sound trucks during festivals.

Earthquake preparedness activities will be introduced in schools, churches and in door-to-door campaigns. For example, families can learn practical steps to make their homes more disaster resistant and make a family emergency plan. They can secure heavy objects from falling during an earthquake, and coastal residents can practice safe tsunami evacuation with their children. This outreach will show residents that their actions now can change the outcome in a future disaster.

Communities will at last have actionable earthquake information specific to where they live and in plain language. Working with our technical partner, the U.S. Geological Survey, we will combine best-available science and preparedness information in sourcebooks written in Kreyol, French, Spanish, and English, which everyone working to improve safety can use.

There is an urgency for people in Hispaniola to understand their earthquake risk and prepare. Large cities (Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien and Port-de-Paix in Haiti; Santiago in Dominican Republic) continue to expand in areas of very high seismic risk. Smaller cities in Dominican Republic’s densely populated Cibao Valley and in Haiti’s southern peninsula are also threatened.

This joint U.S. Geological Survey and GeoHazards International program is funded by the generous support of the American people, through USAID and the U.S. Geological Survey.

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• Defence and armed forces

Deputy Prime Minister speech on resilience: 22 May 2024

Deputy Prime Minister makes a speech at the London Defence Conference on resilience.

INTRODUCTION/COVID CONTEXT

Four years ago – almost to the day – I was standing in 10 Downing Street giving the daily press conference during the early months of the COVID pandemic.

It was a terrifying time.

An unknown – unforeseen – entity had upended our way of life…

… was taking the lives of thousands…

… and endangering the livelihoods of millions more.

Britain’s response to such a pandemic – and indeed our wider resilience – was under the spotlight.

We quickly discovered where our strengths and weaknesses lay:

We turned to business and civil society to augment our capabilities – from the ventilator challenge to the vaccine army.

While Rishi Sunak deployed our hard-won economic heft…

…to protect jobs, through the unprecedented furlough scheme…

…and to protect businesses and national institutions…

… including through the £2 billion cultural recovery fund that I led as Culture Secretary.

I’ll leave it to others – including the COVID Inquiry – to make judgements on our relative performance…

… but I am hugely proud of the way the whole of society…

…the NHS, Government, businesses, civil society and individuals….

… came together in response to the generational crisis of COVID.

We were able to effect the fastest vaccine rollout…

…a speedy end to lockdowns…

… and one of the quickest economic recoveries.

RESILIENCE SINCE COVID

Although the virus is still amongst us - and continues to affect particularly those with long Covid…

…we have, largely, returned to normality.

And as much as many of us would like to forget those dark days…

… it is right that Government ensures that we are prepared for the next crisis.

That’s why, on day one in this role, I turned my focus to exactly that.

In the last 18 months we have launched a new Resilience Framework – outlining ambitious plans through to 2030…

…a dedicated Resilience Directorate – constantly scanning the horizon for future threats…

…and an Emergency Alerts system – ready to notify people if lives are at risk.

We have bolstered our Local Resilience Fora…

…developed a dedicated programme to assess and act early upon chronic risks…

… we have harnessed the transformational power of data through our world leading National Situation Centre…

…and published the most transparent-ever National Risk Register.

We have also recognised that crises have a disproportionate effect on vulnerable people…

… and so we are taking specific actions to better protect those groups.

The work we do is now independently reviewed and genuinely cutting-edge.

These reforms amount to the biggest overhaul of resilience in the UK for decades.

INCREASING THREATS

But as we have been increasing our defences, the threats we face have been proliferating.

Geopolitical tensions have risen to heights not seen for decades …

… climate change has compounded the risk from natural disasters…

… and – as became all-too-real with COVID – biosecurity hazards pose potentially existential threats to our lives and livelihoods.

All the while we become increasingly dependent on digital technology which brings extraordinary opportunities…

… but also creates new vulnerabilities and threats.

In particular, generative AI has lowered the barrier to entry for malign on-line actors…

…making the UK’s leadership on frontier AI risks essential.

GOVERNMENT POSTURE/WHOLE OF SOCIETY

And as the Prime Minister said last week, more will change in the next five years than in the last thirty.

So it is right that we take stock and consider how we make sure we are as resilient as possible.

There are currently around 100 risks on the Government’s risk register, ranging from cyber attacks to solar flares.

It is important at this stage to say that it is not the job of Government to be optimally prepared for just one of these risks manifesting…

… rather it is our job to position our finite resources so that we can prevent risks where we can…

…have plans in place for where we cannot…

…and are able to put those plans into practice as quickly as possible in a crisis.

It’s a trade-off.

You cannot be fully prepared for one and sensibly prepared for all.

One thing that COVID made clear – and that remains clear – is that crises can hit us all…

…in ways we might not be able to anticipate…

… and that resilience requires us all to be ready.

It is this ‘whole of society’ approach that – ultimately – saw us overcome the pandemic.

Now, none of us want to spend disproportionate time dwelling on the ‘what ifs’ or the ‘worst-case scenarios’…

… but we do ourselves a disservice – indeed we put ourselves at risk – if we don’t put sensible precautions in place.

And so today, I want to outline both the steps the Government is taking…

… and the steps we urge others to take, to strengthen our collective, national resilience.

INDIVIDUALS

That resilience begins at home.

After the reaction to my intervention on preparedness last Autumn…

… where I was painted as either alarmist…

… or as some sort of doomsday prepper…

… I want to take head on the suggestion that we shouldn’t talk about this issue.

Who can forget the empty supermarket shelves in the early days of the pandemic?

And how many of us have since acted so we’d be prepared if it happened again?

If there was a national power outage, how many of us have torches and batteries?

If the water went off, how many of us have a few bottles stored away?

And if there was a cyber attack, how many of us have the means to listen to the radio without mains power or wi-fi?

A poll released today by our hosts - the London Defence Conference - shows that just 15 per cent of people have an emergency supply kit in their homes…

… while more than 40 per cent of people do not have three days’ supplies of non-perishable food and water.

It is still the case, I make no apologies for reinforcing my recommendations that all households take a few minutes to consider their preparedness.

I am determined to make this as easy as possible, and to offer clear guidance.

This is not about stockpiling, this is about sensible safeguards.

And so, I can announce that today we are launching a new gov.uk website, based on the National Risk Register, that offers practical information for households to make those preparations.

This is about being prepared ahead of events…

…small things we can do today that might make a big difference tomorrow.

INTERNATIONAL COMPARATORS

Perhaps it is the legacy of the old ‘stiff upper lip’ mentality that means it is unusual for a British minister to talk about resilience…

… certainly there is far more of a culture of doing so around the world.

In Finland they have a ’72 hours campaign’ which encourages everyone to be self-sufficient in the first three days of any crisis…

… as well as an annual ‘National Preparedness Day’.

Meanwhile, I recently visited the earthquake preparedness centre in Tokyo…

… where they have an entire crisis management centre ready to go when the next big quake hits.

And although we are fortunate not to have to worry too much about the UK’s earthquake resilience…

… I do want to embrace that spirit of openness around national preparedness…

… and to share lessons from our respective training and exercising programmes.

That is why I am pleased that resilience and crisis-management officials are actively engaging with their counterparts in these and other countries.

Indeed many of them are represented here at this conference.

Of course, when it comes to our international partnerships, the bedrock of our resilience is the NATO alliance…

… which is why our commitment to spend an additional £75 billion over the next six years - increasing defence spending to 2.5 per cent of GDP by 2030…

… is so important.

It is also right that we consider our resilience and our defence together…

… and so - working with NATO and other partners - we are bringing forward a comprehensive National Defence and Resilience Plan…

… based on the very latest threat assessment and bringing together both civil and military planning.

Although crisis-response is so often considered through the prism of central government or individuals…

… the truth is, it is communities that make the difference between success and failure.

It is the response of public services, businesses, local resilience fora and the voluntary sector that determines the extent to which services, and economic output, are hit.

In these moments we look to local leaders…

…as much as to national government.

And we want to offer all of these individuals appropriate training.

We have already announced the new national Resilience Academy… 

…which will see several thousand people trained to deal with crises

this year and next year.

And I can announce today that, for the first time, we will create bespoke training offers for both ministers and MPs…

… and I am looking forward to attending the early pilot of these courses.

It is also important that we stress-test our response…

… putting both our training and our plans into action…

… and being candid about where we find vulnerabilities.

Although those on the resilience frontline are constantly working to iterate their own preparations…

… we can only assess their efficacy when we bring them together and practise them in concert.

So I am also pleased today to launch the new National Exercising Programme.

This plan schedules training over the next 4 years…

… and is designed to test as many of the common knock-on effects of crises as possible.

Importantly, next year – five years on from the heart of the first lockdown – we will conduct a major ‘Tier 1’ exercise, testing our response to a major pandemic…

… this will be the largest ever simulation of a pandemic in the United Kingdom…

… and will involve thousands of people from across Government and public services.

LGD MODEL/RESOURCING

At the heart of our resilience systems is the ‘lead government departmental’ model…

…where risks are delegated to those departments which already cover the relevant areas.

I am aware that the model has been called into question…

… but I believe it is still the right foundation to build on.

The alternative is to create a huge new centralised government agency…

… simultaneously duplicating sector-specific expertise…

… and potentially ignoring the expertise that departments have built up over years.

But that does not mean that we should not look to improve our current approach.

I believe we need to do so in three crucial ways:

… in our approach to central oversight…

… our approach to resourcing…

… and our approach to catastrophic risks.

CENTRAL OVERSIGHT

When it comes to oversight, it is not right that departments are able to ‘mark their own homework’…

… nor can the centre absolve themselves of responsibility for making sure those plans are robust.

And so, through the new Resilience Directorate, the Cabinet Office is being more active in embedding a culture of resilience right across Whitehall…

… developing critical cross-cutting capabilities …

… and ensuring that the join-up between departments is as seamless as it needs to be.

As part of this, we will use some of the £10 million ‘Economic and Fiscal Risks Fund’ announced at the Autumn Statement last year…

… to fund necessary proactive mitigations.

That fund will also be used for research into how we embed a culture of resilience into our public spending decisions.

When money is tight, the concept of spending to save falls out of favour…

… and although it is right that we have a rigorous value-for-money criteria…

… it is also true that every penny we spend on resilience today…

… saves pounds when a crisis strikes.

It is estimated that the entire cost of COVID to Government was around 350 billion pounds…

… that’s well over £10,000 for every household. Money that will have to be paid back.

And yet the cost of Covid in lives would have been far greater had we not invested in our health services and life science industry in the preceding decades…

…and the cost to livelihoods would have been far greater if we hadn’t had the prudent financial management that meant we could fund schemes like furlough.

Because for me there is no greater source of resilience than a strong economy.

Of course, that hindsight was impossible then… but it can – and should – improve our foresight now.

And so, as we approach the next Spending Review, I have asked all departments to consider these lessons as they look to submit their bids for resilience spending…

… and, in some critical areas, such as biosecurity and cybersecurity, the Cabinet Office is working with all relevant departments to generate consolidated bids…

… reflecting the pervasive, cross-departmental nature of these challenges.

Allocating the proper resourcing is one thing, but ensuring it is subsequently spent as planned is another.

It is understandable that, when times are tight, or unforeseen pressures emerge, you might raid the rainy day fund…

… but for too long departments have cannibalised long-planned resilience spend to ease day-to-day pressures.

There are always urgent, immediate spending priorities.

It’s the job of the centre to ensure that some areas are protected from those shorter-term decisions.

And so, I can also announce today, that in the critical area of biosecurity we have agreed that all spend will be ring-fenced through the next Spending Review period…

… and I am working with the Chancellor to consider how we can extend this protected approach to all resilience spending.

CATASTROPHIC RISKS

Of the 100 risks on the National Risk Register, we consider only a handful as catastrophic in scale….

…events that would have a profound effect on all our lives and that pose an existential threat to our national security, our society, even our lives.

When it comes to these risks…

…which have cascading impacts affecting other departments and their sectors…

…the lead government department model on its own is not sufficient to either make preparations, or to manage the response.

In these instances, I believe the Cabinet Office at the heart of government should play a much fuller role in coordinating our response.

For these risks, I also think it is right to look at the interaction between the devolved administrations and central Government.

It is my belief that when catastrophic crisis have nation-wide impact, it deserves a nation-wide response.

During COVID we saw the confusion that arose when the various administrations pursued different policies…

… and even descended into political game playing in tit-for-tat announcements.

And so, where a crisis meets the threshold of having catastrophic impact…

… we will work to ensure that, in future, we reduce policy divergence in our response…

…and deliver a consistent and coordinated approach across the whole of our United Kingdom.

BIOSECURITY

The area that gives rise to the most likely, and most severe catastrophic risk, is biosecurity.

This might be naturally-occurring infections, such as epidemics, pandemics or antimicrobial resistance…

…it might be biological attacks…

…or new threats from AI.

In every scenario we are strengthening our collective defences and doubling down our delivery of the UK’s world-leading Biosecurity Strategy…

…and today I can confirm we are committing to increasing our investment to mitigate these risks…

…and will be setting out the details of this in my first annual statement on its implementation to Parliament at the end of June.

Resilience is a ministerial portfolio unlike any other.

It is the only part of government where you hope that the plans you work so hard to develop never have to be put into practice.

It can feel overwhelming when you’re confronted with a vast array of constantly changing doomsday scenarios.

But I approach the agenda with a deep sense of confidence and optimism.

Because while the risks are great…

…the resources and resolve we have are greater – and growing by the day.

Since the Covid pandemic – and specifically within the last year – we have seen the single biggest transformation of preparedness in a generation…

…creating an approach that is copied around the world.

We have changed resilience from something that is tucked away in government…

…into something that is a part of our everyday lives.

In many ways, we came through Covid because of the goodwill of our people.

The nurses, doctors and other clinical staff who cared for our sick.

The world-class civil servants who coordinated the government’s response.

The scientists who developed the vaccine that freed us.

And good neighbours, good sons and daughters, and good citizens up and down the country who played their part.

It was a whole of society effort, underpinned by a strong economy.

But we cannot take those things for granted.

We are working ahead of time to equip the whole of society to prepare for - and even prevent - the next shock…

…while delivering a clear and robust plan that is so vital to our national defences.

And so the new measures I have set out today give us yet more tools in our armoury - whenever - if ever - we need them.

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Cluster of earthquakes shakes south of US-Mexico border, felt in San Diego County

The strongest temblor had a magnitude of 4.9 and struck about 9 kilometers north-northwest of delta, baja california, mexico, according to the u.s. geological survey, by danielle smith • published may 12, 2024 • updated on may 12, 2024 at 7:11 pm.

A series of earthquakes hit south of Mexicali on Sunday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

The strongest quake had a magnitude of 4.9 and struck about 9 kilometers north-northwest of Delta, Baja California, Mexico, around 11:22 a.m., the USGS' website reports.

24/7 San Diego news stream: Watch NBC 7 free wherever you are

Relevant content:

California earthquakes: What to do before, during and after

Earthquake Preparedness Month: How to prepare a plan for your family

In San Diego County , people as far north as Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego's North County reported feeling the temblor, according to the USGS' Did You Feel It tool. It was also felt by some in Lakeside, Spring Valley, El Cajon, Chula Vista, Bonita, Imperial Beach and Campo.

Get San Diego local news, weather forecasts, sports and lifestyle stories to your inbox. Sign up for NBC San Diego newsletters.

A magnitude-4.6 quake rattled near Delta again at 12:04 p.m. and was felt by some residents in La Jolla, La Mesa and Potrero, the agency said.

The USGS' website shows that most of the other reported quakes in the area had magnitudes around 3.

This is a developing story. Please refresh for updates.

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Explosions in occupied Shakhtarsk, Donetsk Oblast: 12 destroyed tanks

The explosion that occurred in occupied Shakhtarsk in Donetsk Oblast destroyed 12 Russian railway fuel tanks on the evening of 26 October. Source: Petro Andryushchenko, the adviser to the mayor of Mariupol, on Telegram

Quote from Andryushchenko: "Shakhtarsk, Donetsk Oblast. The aftermath of ‘cotton’ [Russian propaganda, initially refusing to use the word ‘’ (explosion), used ‘’ (a bang) instead. However, ‘’ also means ‘cotton’, and this has since become a meme - ed.] burning on the railway. As you can see, not only 12 railway tanks with fuel were destroyed. There were also carefully hidden freight cars in which something was transported for the needs of the front. That’s a definite loss for the occupiers, and positivity for us."

, . 26 . Telegram pic.twitter.com/Mqi9NaKfFr — ✌️ (@ukrpravda_news) October 27, 2022

Details: Andryushchenko published a video of the aftermath of the strike. It shows damaged tracks, burnt and punctured tanks, which are still leaking liquid (probably fuel).

Background: Around 21:30 on 26 October, after several explosions, a large fire broke out near the Postnikovo railway station in occupied Shakhtarsk, Donetsk Oblast. Fuel and lubricants were burning.

Journalists fight on their own frontline. Support Ukrainska Pravda or become our patron !

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Did you feel it? 4.1 earthquake strikes south of Coachella Valley Monday

A magnitude-4.1 earthquake struck at 5:17 a.m. Monday south of the Salton Sea, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

The earthquake was reported around 11 miles southeast of Ocotillo Wells with a depth of around 7 miles.

Shaking could be felt in the Coachella Valley early Monday morning, and as far as San Diego and Long Beach.

There were no immediate reports of damage. The quake follows a swarm of smaller shakers over the weekend in the Brawley area. Experts have warned southern California is long overdue for a catastrophic quake , which could kick off at the southern end of the San Andreas Fault near the Salton Sea, where the spate of current jolts has occurred, or in the highly fractured San Gorgonio Pass area.

Emergency management experts say the activity is a good reminder to be ready for "the Big One" or other potentially damaging earthquakes. Carla Sullivan-Dilley, executive director of the Coachella Valley Disaster Preparedness Network, in October recommended several simple steps for a basic level of preparedness:

• always keep your gas tank at least half-full;
• have 1 gallon of water per day on hand for each family member, pet or employee, for at least 10 days
• have non-perishable, canned and dehydrated food, plus food for infants and pets; a manual can opener; battery or hand-crank flashlights;
• have extra prescriptions and reading glasses; a flashlight with spare batteries; a standard first-aid kit; copies of all important documents on a flash-drive; bedding and blankets;
• Many of the items can fit into a large, sealable garbage can, which should be located outside of your home or business.
• Take a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) class, set up and practice an escape plan, and a designated place for your family to meet should that be necessary.

This story will be updated.

Ema Sasic covers entertainment and health in the Coachella Valley. Reach her at [email protected] or on Twitter @ema_sasic. Janet Wilson is senior environment reporter for The Desert Sun. She can be reached at [email protected]

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Russians report explosions in occupied Shakhtarsk, Donetsk Oblast

FRIDAY, 8 JULY 2022, 07:56

There were explosions in occupied Shakhtarsk in Donetsk Oblast.

Source: Russian state-owned news agency TASS, local "mass media", Russian-aligned militant channel Tipichnyi Donetsk

Details: The explosions began around 02:30 outside the city, with a plume of smoke rising several hundred metres high. Sirens are sounding in the city.

Tipichnyi Donetsk reports that there was an evacuation.

It is claimed that the city was allegedly shelled by the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

# . #Shachtyorsk # pic.twitter.com/NhC87oGHt3 — (@typicaldonetsk) July 8, 2022

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