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• Published: 03 November 2022

Resilient infrastructure

Communications Engineering volume  1 , Article number:  30 ( 2022 ) Cite this article

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Today we present a special issue of Communications Engineering exploring various ways in which engineering researchers are engaging with the challenge of building resilient infrastructure for a sustainable future.

The entire world is undertaking huge infrastructure projects. There are high speed rail lines being built in the UK 1 , China 2 , and Mexico 3 . The Biden-Harris administration has pledged $550 billion of investment into infrastructure to rebuild roads and bridges, modernize ports and airports, replace lead pipes to deliver clean water, and expand high-speed internet 4 . In Germany, sustainable infrastructure is changing the urban fabric of the capital, Berlin, in an 8 billion Euro redevelopment project 5 . These projects are immense political, technological, and economic drivers which will undoubtedly impact the health, mobility, connectivity, and comfort of billions of people worldwide. But how should we build such infrastructure?

Some say that things just aren’t made how they used to be. But sometimes the way we make things needs to change. Resilience is the capacity to withstand, prepare for, recover from and adapt following disruption. It is a central tenet of the Sustainable Development Goals, from safe settlements and built structures to the secure supply of energy, water and food. Thus it is a major challenge for engineers who need to re-think how we design and build infrastructure to achieve the sustainable world we want.

This special issue draws together the insights of researchers from different fields who think about resilient infrastructure in different ways. In a Viewpoint , four of our editorial board members offer their perspective on key challenges and research needs to achieve resilient water supply, built environment, communications networks and supply chains. In a Comment piece, our editorial board member Dr. Danielle Densley Tingley discusses the importance of circular economy thinking to create long lasting housing stock. In a Q&A  with Professor John Provis, we explore the future of cement technology, which touches on issues of durability for longevity and the use of local raw materials for more resilient supply chains. We also present two Research Highlights on papers published in the Nature Portfolio. One describes how extending power grids to increase capacity might counterintuitively place additional pressure on different parts of the network. The other Research Highlight looks at the importance of mapping local subsidence in coastal regions to identify a clearer picture of relative sea level rise, a critical issue to consider when planning urban development. Finally, a research paper from Thomas Matarazzo and colleagues published today in Communications Engineering explores the potential to use crowdsourced smartphone data to monitor the modal frequencies of bridges, as a route to cheap and continuous structural health monitoring of these vital components of transport infrastructure.

Some key challenges resonate across different parts of the Special Issue. One issue is the vulnerability of the poorest communities to weak infrastructure in the face of disaster. For example, during the Covid pandemic, breakdowns in supply chains meant that food and medicines were harder to source and access and more expensive to buy. And limitations in network connectivity in poorer communities meant children could not access online education. During natural disasters large or small, it is the poorer communities who suffer the greatest livelihood disruption. Also emergent is the importance of a systems approach to resilience considering the inter-dependence of different infrastructure systems. To take a simple example, a single building resisting an earthquake is not resilient if all the utilities supporting life within the building are destroyed. and the surrounding environment turned to rubble. A third strand is the importance of predicting the impact of resilience measures in dynamic systems to enable implementation of the most effective measures.

Emerging engineering opportunities for enhancing resilience are coming from exploiting data from communications networks. These data can be used to identify alternative supply chains or to monitor structural health. However, increasing the resilience of our communications networks to cyberthreats is also an important need. Technology integration is also an exciting opportunity, for example water treatment technologies are being developed which harness and even generate a sustainable energy supply.

One of our key goals for Communications Engineering is to leverage the journal’s multidisciplinary scope to bring together researchers working in different ways towards similar goals 6 , to create a sense of a shared mission, to look for synergies, and to create opportunities. With this content we have taken a first step in this direction. The articles will be gathered in a special collection on our Collections webpage and we will continue to add content as we publish more papers on this topic. We invite you to submit to Communications Engineering your engineering research into approaches to make infrastructure stronger, safer and more sustainable.

Highspeed 2 (HS2); https://www.hs2.org.uk/ (2022).

Jones, B. Past, Present and Future: how China’s high-speed rail network got built so fast. CNN Travel https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/china-high-speed-rail-cmd/index.html (2022).

The Mayan Train; Government of Mexico; https://www.trenmaya.gob.mx/ (2022).

Lobosco, K. & Luhby, T. Here’s what’s in the bipartisan infrastructure package. CNN Politics https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/28/politics/infrastructure-bill-explained/index.html (2021).

Tegelprojekt GMBH; https://www.tegelprojekt.de (2021).

Editorial. Engineering solutions for a better world. Commun. Eng. 1 , 7 (2022).

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Resilient infrastructure. Commun Eng 1 , 30 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-022-00029-0

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Telecommunications research projects

We conduct research projects across a broad range of telecommunications areas. These include:  

Wireless and network communications 

The major research themes in wireless communications are: 

• Channel coding and iterative receiver techniques 
• Space-time coding and MIMO techniques 
• Cooperative and cognitive radio communications 
• Wireless positioning and vehicular wireless ad hoc networks.   

Major research themes in the data networks include:  

• Quantum coding for communications 
• Wireless sensor networks 
• Security and trust; Greening the internet 
• Networking for multimedia communications. 

Recently, there has been significant cross-pollination between these traditionally distinct research areas. Some of our ongoing research projects include: 

Recent research shows that with multiple antennas placed at both the transmitter and receivers, referred to as multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) systems, wireless communication can increase the data rate significantly. This is a breakthrough in communications system design, since the multipath reflection in wireless channel, traditionally a pitfall of wireless communications, can be turned into a benefit, in increasing the wireless link capacity.

Research is being conducted into novel transmission and multiple access signalling techniques with the aim of dramatically improving the reliability, throughput, and power efficiency of wireless downlink packet data services. This work is called the multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) spatial division multiple access (SDMA) technique and it will enable a breakthrough in multi-user multimedia services in the ICT industry sector. Potential applications of the project outcomes are in future 4G cellular mobile networks.

This Group is working on developing novel transmission and receiving techniques with the aim of dramatically improving the reliability and throughput of wireless packet data services. By exploring the space resource of multiple users, we develop cooperative multi-user communication techniques where multiple users or multiple base stations cooperate with each other to transmit their information.

This can thoroughly exploit the space resource of multiple-users and user cooperation diversity in wireless networks to improve the reliability and spectrum and power efficiency. With users cooperating with each other, we can significantly reduce the transmission power, making the systems “greener.” Potential applications of the project outcomes are in future wireless systems, such as mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA 802.20 or WiMAX 802.16).

The Wireless & Data Communications Research Group aims to develop novel spectrum agile radio communication techniques. These can opportunistically exploit the spectral resource of licensed systems and utilise the amount of unused spectrum in an intelligent way. Our School’s current research outcomes in this area include robust cooperative spectrum sensing and whispering radio technique. The aim of the research is to dramatically improve the network’s spectrum efficiency, power efficiency and reliability, without interfering with other incumbent devices in the same frequency bands.

The ICT sector consumed 156 GigaWatts, or about 8% of the world’s total electrical power consumption in 2007, of which 14% is attributed to network equipment. The increasing amount of power consumed by Internet routers is becoming a serious concern for router manufacturers and Internet Service Providers (ISPs). This is limiting the switching capacity router manufacturers can pack per unit space and bloating operational expense for ISPs due to higher electricity bills and cooling costs. In this research project our aim is to develop innovative methods for energy reduction in Internet routers. We are aiming to develop new router architectures that employ more optics, optimise the use of components such as packet storage memories and interface speeds, and integrate emerging standards such as Energy Efficient Ethernet.

Exposure to air pollution is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and exacerbate conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Current systems for air pollution monitoring have poor spatial resolution, and do not reflect actual exposures experienced by individuals. In this project, we are building a system based on participatory sensor networks, whereby users with mobile phones contribute pollution data that is then collected centrally in real-time and displayed as a map. We are also developing tools that allow accurate estimation of personal exposure to air pollutants. Our research will help gain an understanding of urban air pollution distribution, as well as benefit individuals in understanding their personal health risk index.

This research develops energy-efficient communication protocols for body-wearable wireless sensor devices to be used in pervasive medical monitoring. Today’s healthcare systems are struggling to cope with the needs of an ageing population exhibiting an earlier onset of chronic conditions that need long-term monitoring. Wearable wireless sensors can relieve this pressure by providing intelligent, non-intrusive, continuous monitoring at dramatically reduced cost, with round-the-clock diagnostic and intervention capability. Our work in this area is developing the highly energy-efficient, lightweight, flexible, and robust communication protocols that are an integral part of such a system.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), or Vehicular Communication (VC) systems, have potential to provide solutions to minimise traffic accidents and are likely to be ubiquitous in the not-too-distant future. In such systems, equipment exists on board the vehicles as well as in road-side infrastructure. DSRC is the method of communication for this network. DSRC is an alternative solution to a GPS-only-based solution, where the GPS in the vehicle may have access to an INS. By using DSRC, it can also use positioning information from other nearby cars and road-side infrastructure to enhance its own position accuracy and availability.

Quantum Communications is an emerging cross-disciplinary field of growing global significance. Research into advanced quantum protocols is being pursued that will dictate the key operations of emerging quantum networks. Specifically, we are investigating the optimal quantum repeater protocols for a range of network architectures in which quantum information transfer through a multihop environment occurs. We will also determine near-optimal versions of our protocols that will give engineers the ability to trade off quantum complexity with communication throughout. New applications of quantum communications are also being researched that will bring enhanced security and communications advantages not possible in classical networks. Our work will result in new applications and services that will have a major impact on the ongoing global efforts to develop the quantum internet.

The major themes in Photonics research are:  

• Photonic fibre devices 
• Fibre based sensors 
• Planar photonic components and optical circuitry 
• New photonic materials for sensing, display and difficult environments 

Some of our ongoing research projects include: 

This work develops highly multiplexed fibre sensor systems for structural health monitoring and risk assessment of critical transport infrastructures. This work is in collaboration with Sydney University and industry partner RTA.

Fibre laser-based sensor systems have immense potential for high sensitivity gas and chemical detection. We develop fibre ring laser-based sensor systems in collaboration with Tianjin University, China.

This research looks to address issues faced by solar induced photocatalysis. This is through integrating improved particle and optic systems to increase photon efficiencies and harness a greater portion of solar/visible light. In collaboration with researchers in Chemical Engineering and Industry Chemistry, we develop an optical fibre photoreactor system that would effectively allow for improved utilisation of photons by the semiconductor surface.

Polymer optical fibre Bragg gratings are useful for strain sensor applications for large dynamic range. We develop polymer optical fibres with higher photosensitivity and fabricating POF gratings for various industrial applications.

This project works on the next generation of “extreme” gratings and chemical sensors, both passive and active, primarily for applications in sensing within the petroleum and gas industries (but applicable across the mining industry). This is an international collaboration project in partnership with University of Sydney, Institute of Photonic High Technology, Germany and the Federal University of Technology, Brazil.

Prof Ladouceur directed the research effort at UNSW that led to the first scalable all-diamond integrated circuits using a combination of photolithography, reactive ion etching (RIE) and focused ion beam (FIB) techniques with important application in Quantum Key Distribution and Quantum Computing. This important work has been highlighted in New Scientist: “Diamond 'wires' – quantum computing's best friend”.

Prof Ladouceur’s research effort is centred on the development of new photonics materials for display, biomedical and telecom applications. Of particular interest is the development of hydrogel-based electronics ink for conformal (flexible) displays, chiral (co)polymers for polarisation control and manipulation of polarisation in optical fibres, self-assembly of polymer for photoreceptors (pixels) definition in artificial retina and semiconducting polymers for artificial skin (tactile sensors).

Terahertz communication, imaging, sensing and localisation

The major themes in Terahertz communication research are:  

• 3D printed couplers and waveguides for terahertz communication
• Design of components and devices for terahertz communication, sensing and localisation
• Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging 

Clink here for some of our ongoing research projects.  

Signal processing

The major research themes in signal processing are:  

• Image and video compression 
• Estimation and modeling of motion, depth and other multimedia features 
• Efficient and flexible multimedia communication 
• Paralinguistic speech processing to recover emotion, language and speaker information 
• Cochlear speech processing 
• Sound field acquisition, compression and synthesis 
• Radar signal processing 
• Signal processing for biological, biomedical and health monitoring applications. 

Our School has been conducting world-leading research in compression of digital media. One focus of this work is scalable compression technologies, which generated embedded bit-streams whose subsets can simultaneously target numerous resolutions, bitrates and regions of interest. Another focus is efficient representation and estimation of structural information, including motion, depth and geometric structure. Work in this area has contributed and is continuing to contribute to several major international image and video compression standards.

We have also been active in the development of efficient methods for image and video communication over networks. One focus of this work is the development of highly efficient and computationally tractable hybrid-ARQ protection strategies for scalable compressed multi-media over lossy packet networks. A second focus has been the development of algorithms and standards to facilitate efficient and flexible access to remotely located image and video. Major outputs from our work include the core paradigm that underlies the JPIP standard (IS15444-9), a family of hybrid-ARQ protection algorithms collectively known as LR-PET (Limited Retransmission Priority Encoding Transmission), and commercial deployment of some of these research outcomes through the Kakadu software toolkit.

Our collaboration with a team from the Institute for Digital Communications at the University of Edinburgh (UoE), under the Biologically Inspired Signal Processing (BIAS), aims to develop novel algorithms for the study of non-stationary signals in general and bat echolocation calls. Many of the engineering (and more specifically signal processing problems) we face have been addressed in nature, sometimes with astonishing degrees of specialisation and success. It is hoped that an improved understanding of natural systems would inspire novel technologies.

This project is a collaborative effort with a group from the department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge and more recently with the Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering. It has the goal of investigating novel approaches for the processing of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy data to enhance the detection and study of biologically active compounds such as metabolites and heparin. This can lead to the unmasking of low concentration metabolites in a biological sample thereby contributing to the study of disease, toxicity, gene expression as well as drug development.

Processing and recognition of the linguistic content of speech has been a major focus for speech processing research for some decades. However more recently attention is shifting towards non-linguistic speech information, such as speaker identity, emotion and cognitive load. Our research effort aims to characterise this information towards improving recognition accuracies in a range of applications. Collaborators include the Institute for Infocomms Research (Singapore), the Australian National University, and National ICT Australia.

This project concentrates on developing new period estimation techniques and significance measures for characterising structure within symbolic sequences such as DNA, in particular the nucleosome, whose function in evolutionary dynamics is a current area of major research interest in biology. Jointly with the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU, the new approaches are being evaluated on whole-genome data.

In this project, models and analysis methods are developed for automatically determining the type of terrain and gradient being traversed by a subject wearing a triaxial accelerometer. This information is critical to the accurate determination of the energy expenditure of the subject, which in turn has important applications in biomedical engineering and clinical medicine.

Published  12  issues per year

ISSN Print: 0040-2508

ISSN Online: 1943-6009

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Telecommunications Engineering Research Papers/Topics

5g mobile communication applications: a survey and comparison of use cases.

Abstract: The mobile demands and future business context are anticipated to be resolved by the fifth-generation (5G) of mobile communication systems. It is expected to provide an utterly mobile device, connected society, and support the demanding services of various use cases (UCs). This is intended to meet the demand requirement by providing services at tens of Gbps in terms of data rates, higher mobility range, lower latencies, and massive connectivity density devices per square kilometer....

Multiband reconfigurable antennas for 5G wireless and CubeSat applications: a review

Abstract: The rapid development of wireless technology has sparked interest in multi-band reconfigurable antennas as devices and satellites are innovating toward miniaturization. With limited space, reliable and efficient high bandwidth antenna systems are needed for current and next-generation wireless technology as well as for the revolutionary small satellites. The fifth generation of mobile communication technology promises high data rates, low latency and good spectrum efficiency. O...

Spectrum handoff in cognitive radio based smart grid network

Abstract: The Smart Grid (SG) as an intelligent power network, depends on a reliable and efficient communication network to provide two-way communication, which is a prime feature of the smart grid. Many researchers have proposed cognitive radio (CR) as a viable wireless communication technology that can be adapted for smart grid communication in order to improve spectrum utilisation and address communication challenges being faced by conventional wireless communication technologies. A major...

Improvement of cell edge user admission using a user centric approach

Abstract: The increase in the number of linked technological devices, coupled with devices with new multimedia based services has resulted in the growing demand for high data rate communication and a spectrum crisis. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising candidate for better utilisation of spectrum and to address the high data demands in current and future communication systems. This work addresses the utilization of NOMA under power minimization and user admission strategies....

Vertical cavity surface emiting laser for optical communication systems

Abstract: The minimal cost, high efficiency and low power consumption of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) gives it an additional advantage when used in applications like fibre optical communication systems to meet the growth of data communication traffic. However, development of VCSELs working at longer wave lengths (1.3- 1.55 µm) has been limited by the inherent material problem making VCSELs longitudinal single-modes emitters. These problems among commonly used fibre opt...

Design and implementation of a reconfigurable metasurface antenna

Abstract: The use of the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum and further exploration of sub mmWave has led to a new era in wireless communication, as the need for higher data rates grows. High frequencies, on one hand, incur a higher path loss, requiring an increase in antenna gain requirements. Metasurfaces, which emerge as a promis ing technology for mitigating path loss effects by utilizing 2D arrays of engineered meta-atoms resembling metamaterials that control the surface’s electromagne...

Terrestrial free space optical communication systems availability based on meteorological visibility data for South Africa

Abstract: In spite of the numerous advantages of employing free space optical (FSO) communication systems as viable complementary platforms for next-generation networks, the presence of atmospheric disturbances such as fog and scintillations are major sources of signal impairment which degrade system performance. Consequently, it becomes imperative to investigate and contextualize the unique climatic conditions in those locations where FSO links are to be deployed. Statistical evaluation of ...

LoRa network planning and deployment: a terrestrial navigation application

Abstract: Long Range (LoRa) is a popular low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology which operates in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency band transmitting information over ranges in excess of 20 km and 5 km in rural and urban landscapes respectively. This is of significance in applications where LoRa may be used as a terrestrial navigation system, or in any wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. A key system performance parameter for network planning and covera...

Assessing repeatable accuracy potential of LoRa: a navigation approach

Abstract: Two main classes of radio navigation systems are satellite and ground-based systems. Examples of such systems are eLoran deployed as a terrestrial system, and BeiDou, Galileo, GPS and Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) deployed as satellite Navigation Systems. These systems have been investigated in different navigation use-cases using a hybrid receiver capable of receiving any navigation signal. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate LoRa’s capability as a signal of opportun...

Improving energy detection in cognitive radio systems using machine learning

Abstract: Research has shown that a huge portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is underutilized. Over the years, cognitive radio has been demonstrated as an efficient dynamic spectrum management technique. Energy detection is one of the widely used spectrum sensing techniques. However, its performance is limited by factors such as multipath fading and shadowing, which makes it prone to errors, particularly in low signal-to-noise ratio conditions. Yet, it still has a low computational cost,...

Systematic literature survey: applications of LoRa communications

Abstract: LoRa is a communication scheme that is part of the low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology using ISM bands. It has seen extensive documentation and use in research and industry due to its long coverage ranges of up-to 20 km or more with less than 14 dB transmit power. Moreover, some applications report theoretical battery lives of up to 10 years for field deployed modules utilising the scheme in wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Additionally, the scheme is very r...

Network capacity enhancement in HetNets using incentivized offloading mechanism

Abstract: This paper investigates distributed algorithms for joint power allocation and user association in heterogeneous networks. We propose auction-based algorithms for offloading macrocell users (MUs) from the macrocell base station to privately owned small-cell access points (SCAs). We first propose a simultaneous multiple-round ascending auction (SMRA) for allocating MUs to SCAs. Taking into account the overheads incurred by SCAs during valuation in the SMRA, further improvements are p...

Design and Implementation of Android Base Automatic Phase Selector and Overload Protector Using Gsm

ABSTRACT The project is designed to automatically supply continuous power to a load through one of the three sources of supply that are: solar, mains and generator or to combine the sources to supply the load all together at the same time. The three socket outlets represent the three sources. The sockets outlets are connected to three step down transformers which reduce the input 230V or 240V to 12Vac. These 12Vac are rectified and regulated to 5Vdc which act as an input to the microcontrolle...

Design & Implementation of Spy Robot System (Case Study: Army Barracks)

TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. iAPPROVAL ....................................................................................................................................iiDEDICATION................................................................................................................................iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................

Design & Implementation of an Automatic School Dormitory Safety Monitoring and Evacuating System Using Atmega328p.

TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION....................................................................................................................................iDEDICATION.......................................................................................................................................iiACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................................iiiAPPROVAL................................................

Popular Papers/Topics

Fading issues in wireless communication systems: a case study of airtel tanzania limited, the design of an electronic voting machine with a gsm module, performance analysis of mitigation techniques for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting services and aeronautical communication systems, radar targets detection under complex environment, investigating the impact of ftm and idm-immobility models on the performance of voice codecs in vanet, handover algorithm for machine type communication in lte network, gsm based transformer protection monitoring and control, design of an fm bugger circiut, performance evaluation of coding techniques in power-line communication channel, quality of service measurement and evaluation in telecommunications: a case study of africom (private) limited, the effects of security mechanisms on voip communication quality of service, automated fish feeder using internet of things (iot), design and construction of an automatic bird and animal repellant scarecrow, micro-controller based access control lock using fingerprint biometrics and passcode authentication, web based home automation system using arduino.

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Jamshidi earns recognition for most influential paper

When someone in academia publishes a research paper, one of the goals is to have the paper cited by other professors and researchers. A paper published 10 years ago by Computer Science and Engineering Assistant Professor Pooyan Jamshidi was recently recognized for its significant impact.

Jamshidi received the Most Influential Paper Award in April at the 19th International Conference on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS) in Lisbon, Portugal. Jamshidi’s paper, “ Autonomic Resource Provision for Cloud-based Software ,” was submitted, accepted and published just prior to earning his Ph.D. from Dublin City University in Ireland in 2014. It was presented at the 2014 SEAMS Conference in India.

For the most influential paper award, a select committee considers conference publications published approximately 10 years previously and selects those that have made the most impact according to several criteria, including the number of citations, practical applications and industry adoption, and influence on subsequent research. The most influential award is selected from this short list.

“I wanted to publish the most important part of my Ph.D. research at SEAMS because it was a special community, and their work was close to mine,” Jamshidi says. “Receiving this award is important because this was my first paper with the community. I kept publishing with SEAMS and remained engaged.” 

The paper’s title referred to a groundbreaking approach to fundamentally transform how resources are managed and allocated in cloud environments. The key innovation was to enable multiple tenants to describe their adaptation rules for cloud and multi-cloud resource provisioning using a specific language that enables the incorporation of reasoning, inference and resolution of conflicting adaptation rules.

Since the paper was published, it has received 188 citations according to Google Scholar . In addition, the autonomic resource provision technique has been integrated with Microsoft Azure and OpenStack . The concepts and methods introduced in the paper have also led to follow-up research in cloud autoscaling, Edge-and-Internet of Things resource scaling, and networking and autonomous driving.

The paper has impacted the field of software engineering, especially in the context of adaptive and self-managing systems in the cloud, research, industry practices and the broader technological landscape.

While Jamshidi admits that autonomous autoscaling system for cloud-based software is not as a hot topic as it was when his paper was published, it is still a relevant research area that is leading to new ideas, methods, and approaches.

“The most exciting direction in cloud auto-scaling and resource provisioning overall is sustainability-aware approaches to enable sustainable computer usage for modern applications, such as AI systems,” Jamshidi says. “We plan to continue this line of research. For example, thanks to funds provided by the National Science Foundation and collaborators from Carnegie Mellon University and Rochester Institute of Technology, we are investigating software-driven sustainability.” 

Challenge the conventional. Create the exceptional. No Limits.