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• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

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In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

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Medicare Rights Center Launches Comprehensive Case Study Resource to Highlight Key Issues with Benefits Access and Coordination for Dually Eligible Individuals   

New York, NY  – The Medicare Rights Center (Medicare Rights) is proud to announce the release of an essential  n ew resource  aimed at guiding policymakers in making informed decisions to enhance benefits access and coordination for individuals eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid, often referred to as dually-eligible individuals or “duals.”  

Every year, Medicare Rights answers thousands of questions on its national helpline. This collection of case studies sheds light on the real-world challenges and successes faced by Medicare Rights’ dually eligible clients and their counselors, offering valuable insights into how improved collaboration between Medicare and Medicaid can make a significant difference in accessing affordable health care. 

“Our newly released case study series is designed to help policymakers understand the complexities and opportunities inherent in the coordination between Medicare and Medicaid,” said Fred Riccardi, president of the Medicare Rights Center. “By following the experiences of our clients and counselors, the case studies highlight how even simple changes can lead to substantial improvements in accessing benefits and care.”  

The case studies highlight the following real-life scenarios and form the basis of Medicare Rights’ policy recommendations, which aim to make Medicare, Medicaid, and Medicare Savings Programs (MSPs) more accessible, user-friendly, and sustainable for all beneficiaries. 

• Medicare Savings Program Enrollment : This case study focuses on how automatic enrollment in Medicare Savings Programs can remove many individuals’ barriers when enrolling. Simplifying the enrollment process is essential to increasing participation and ensuring that more people can benefit from these vital programs. 
• Medicare Savings Program Recertification : Medicare Savings Program recertification varies widely nationwide. This case study compares two experiences—one with automatic recertification and one with a more complex process—to illustrate the need for nationwide Medicare Savings Program recertification improvements. 
• Medicaid Renewal : Renewing Aged, Blind, and Disabled Medicaid is necessary to maintain benefits. This case study contrasts a complicated renewal process with one eased by COVID-19 public health emergency flexibilities, arguing for lasting reforms in Medicaid renewal procedures. 
• Medicare-Medicaid Integration : Coordinating benefits and services for dually eligible individuals is often complex and disjointed. This case study examines the challenges of poorly integrated care and offers recommendations for improving integration at both state and federal levels. 

The case study series also includes an  explainer video  that serves as a primer, providing context and explaining the terminology, systems, and challenges associated with Medicare, Medicaid, and Medicare Savings Programs. It is an ideal starting point for those looking to understand the broader issues in the case studies.

An  interactive case  study also immerses viewers in a client’s experience with MSP enrollment, allowing them to see the challenges through the client’s eyes. This digital tool emphasizes simplifying the MSP enrollment process for all eligible Americans. 

“We invite policymakers, individuals with Medicare, and advocates to explore these resources and join the effort to improve benefits access and coordination for dually eligible individuals. By making informed decisions based on the insights provided in these case studies, we can work together to create a more equitable and efficient system for all,” said Mr. Riccardi. 

Access the case study series here.  

Visit  www.medicarerights.org/policy  for more policy resources. 

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Parks and Public Gardens of Kazan

Main actors.

City Government

Project area

Whole City/Administrative Region

Ongoing since 2014

Creating green spaces and supporting local design talent

The Parks and public gardens of Kazan project is aimed at creating and beautifying public spaces for residents and visitors. The key principle of the project is to actively involve residents and urban communities with the beautification process via open public project discussions.

The goal of the project is to enhance the quality of life of the local population by improving the city environment and creating comfortable and safe conditions for leisure and recreation activities.

This study case has been elaborated on the basis of a good practice provided by the City of Kazan and promoted by the Committee on Culture of United Cities and Local Governments . The original document can be found here .

Sustainable Development Goals

In 2005, on the verge of celebrating its 1000th anniversary, the City of Kazan local government implemented a rapid and significant transformation strategy: among many initiatives, it addressed issues including dilapidated housing in the city center, opened its first underground railway stations, and due to hosting the XXVII World Summer Universiade it transformed the city's road network. Simultaneously, the historical center was reconstructed, and modern sports infrastructure emerged throughout the city.

In 2014, the City announced the Green Record program. 140,000 trees and 64,000 shrubs were planted in Kazan, and more than half a million square meters of new lawns were laid. As a next step, the Blooming Kazan program was implemented, seeing more than 6 million flowers planted in the city every year and encouraging local cafes and retail shops, businesses and social institutions to develop and design flowers-made art objects.

It became clear that the above measures were not enough and more professional approaches to design was required. Within the framework of the 100 Hundred Squares program, students from the Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (KSUAE) joined the project to design and create new art objects.

Finally, with the creation of a global program for the development of urban public spaces, a creative group of "Architectural Troopers" emerged in Kazan. The goal of the program was to have a significant impact on the quality of citizens’ life by changing the socio-cultural environment and building parks and public gardens instead of the usual shopping centers. 2015 was declared “Year of Parks and Public gardens” in the Republic of Tatarstan, 2016 - “Year of Water Protection Zones”, and 2017 - “Year of Public Spaces Development”.

From 2015 to 2017, 36 parks and public gardens were created in Kazan. Each with its own unique features and comfortable environment. The key issue in the design of these parks was to make them popular with the citizens of Kazan. In this context, principles for "participatory design" were developed, and residents, and activists in particular, were invited to discuss the tasks ready for implementation, and they were then fully involved in the design phase, together with architects in charge of technical development.

As a result, all park development projects are initially discussed during public meetings, as well as during workshops, focus groups and project seminars. After the final approval of the project by residents, the park design is approved for implementation. This participatory process guarantees significant community participation, business sector engagement, as well as a high number of quality of events and cultural programming in the parks.

In addition, at the design stage of the new parks and renewal of existing ones, each park was allocated cultural codes matching the historical context of the territory, the specific needs of visitors and events tailored to this specific context. For example, the Black Lake Park located in the very center of the city, was identified as a historical park, reflecting the city’s cultural heritage, and a dedicated place for Kazan’s intellectuals. It became a venue for events such as:

• The summer book festival, which attracted dozens of publishers, authors and more than 15,000 visitors over the weekend. The Open Food Market festival, where high-quality samples of the Kazan’s best gastronomic offerings were presented.
• The Pechin Bazaar national fair, with an emphasis on Tatar fashion and culture, organized by the Tatar youth community.

A charity market with the participation of the best designers in the city.

In 2015, the Kremlevskaya naberezhnaya, one of the main walking areas of the city, was opened. It hosts a large number of summer and winter events for tourists and citizens. During warm months, it holds art classes for adults, sports training, salsa master classes, bachata and kizomba, poetry readings accompanied by pianoforte, as well as various competitions and flash mobs, among other attractions. It is also possible to rent bicycles and velomobiles.

In addition, the park in Gorkinsko-Ometevsky forest was built from scratch in a record time of 9 months. For many years, only skiers would venture into this forest with an area of nearly 100 hectares. After the opening of the park, a large micro district for 350,000 inhabitants was built and equipped with a leisure area. The Park focuses on sports and environmental themes, with a unique author's playground "Chekharda", a 5 km long illuminated ski slope, an ecological area with red book plants, and a large festival stage which, on an evening as its peak, is attended by 20,000 visitors.

In December 2017, a second round of facilities at Gorkinsko-Ometyevsky forest was launched. This included a Container park for commercial facilities, as well as a “pump-track”, a unique and unparalleled circuit for cyclists.

Intensive work has also been carried out regarding the improvement of recreation areas, including city embankments. One of the largest projects undertaken in recent years is the eco-rehabilitation of the Lebyazhye lake system. Works on the lake are undertaken in close cooperation with environmentalists, biologists and geologists, and take recommendations from the Environmental Council into account.

Finally, the city’s first subbotnik (community workday) was held in the Gorkinsko-Ometevsky forest park, promoting autonomous garbage collection. Schoolchildren and their parents cleared Gorky Forest of household garbage, which was then subsequently sent for sorting and recycling.

Within the framework of the Year of Ecology, the Eco-Center "DOM" was opened in the park at  Gorkinsko-Ometevsky Forest. This Eco-Center is a new space that is aimed at increasing the ecological self-awareness of the population through its thematic educational culture.

The lead agency for the project is the Kazan local government. The implementation of Parks and public gardens’ projects was carried with the support of Kazan City Mayor and Tatarstan Republic Assistant, Directorate of Parks and Squares. In addition, a new establishment within the Kazan City Hall was opened. Its scope of work includes maintenance and cultural programming of 14 renewed parks and public gardens. An open competition was held to pick up a Directorate team. As a result, 4 candidates were selected to fit the positions of park managers.

There are no specific evaluation mechanisms in place regarding this Initiative. However, it is to be noted that the number of events and holding applications from organizers in renovated public spaces has been increasing, generating higher business activities within park territories. During the summer season 2017, over 600 events were held in parks and public gardens. There was also an increase of the number of parks’ visitors, including in wintertime. During the winter holidays (from December 22, 2017 to January 8, 2018), 10 key park areas were visited by 178500 people.

Kazan was a candidate for the third "UCLG Mexico City – Culture 21 International Award" (November 2017 – May 2018). The jury for the award drew up its final report in June of 2016 and requested that the Committee on Culture promote this project as one of the good practices to be implemented through Agenda 21 for culture.

Local residents and activists in particular have shown an increased interest in the management of the city’s public parks through the “participatory design” process.

Parks are in a way the “lungs” of the city. Therefore, it is important to preserve them, as well as to educate citizens about environmental responsibility.

The tradition for organising open discussions with the residents of the city has persisted within the Park Administration Directorate, and the connections with nature and architectural and cultural concept of parks are still considered. The Directorate actively engages with a various range of stakeholders such as theaters, art unions, and musical bands.

http://obs.agenda21culture.net/en/good-practices/parks-and-public-gardens-kazan

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Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Heart Disease: A Case-Control Study

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Public and Maternal and Child Health, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
• 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
• 3 Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
• 4 Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
• 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
• 6 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, CIBEREHD, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain.
• 7 Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
• PMID: 39274297
• PMCID: PMC11396570
• DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175084

Objective : We analyzed the obstetric and cardiac characteristics and results of pregnant women with heart disease (HD) and compared their results with those of healthy controls. Methods : In this retrospective single-center case-control study, women with HD attended between 2010 and 2018 were matched at a 1:2 ratio (according to date of delivery, parity, and singleton or twin pregnancy) with controls without heart disease treated in the same referral center. Results : We identified 141 pregnant women with HD, of whom 132 reached 22 weeks of gestation and were paired with 264 healthy controls, for a total of 396 participants and 408 newborns. Most common HDs were congenital HD (53 women), arrhythmia (46), valvular HD (35), and cardiomyopathy (16), having women with more than one coexisting HD. During pregnancy or the puerperium, 19.9% of mothers experienced a major adverse cardiac event (MACE), with 5% requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The rates of cesarean section were 37.1% in the case group and 18.2% in the control group, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.66 (95% CI = 1.66-4.26, p < 0.001). We also found a higher use of general anesthesia, with an OR of 10.73 (95% CI = 2.32-49.75, p = 0.002); more prolonged hospitalizations, with an OR of 2.91 (95% CI 1.02-8.35, p = 0.023); and a higher incidence of low neonatal weight, with an OR of 1.96 (95% CI 1.09-3.52, p = 0.012). There were no differences between groups in terms of gestational age at delivery; however, we observed greater prematurity in women with HD, without reaching statistical significance. The rate of congenital heart disease among the newborns of mothers with HD was 13.2%. Conclusions : HD increases maternal morbidity during pregnancy and it is associated with higher rates of cesarean section and low birth weight.

Keywords: delivery; heart disease; parity; pregnancy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Flow chart of the study.

• Petrus A.H.J., Jongert B.L., Kiès P., Sueters M., Jongbloed M.R.M., Vliegen H.W., Schalij M.J., van Lith J., van den Akker T. Evaluation of mode of birth in pregnant women with heart disease. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2020;248:150–155. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.013. - DOI - PubMed
• Ramlakhan K.P., Malhamé I., Marelli A., Rutz T., Goland S., Franx A., Sliwa K., Elkayam U., Johnson M.R., Hall R., et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnant women with heart disease: The ESC EORP ROPAC Registry. Eur. Heart J. 2022;43:3749–3761. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac308. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
• Elkayam U., Goland S., Pieper P.G., Silversides C.K. How to Predict Pregnancy Risk in an Individual Woman with Heart Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018;71:2431–2433. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.492. - DOI - PubMed
• Regitz-Zagrosek V., Roos-Hesselink J.W., Bauersachs J., Blomström-Lundqvist C., Cífková R., De Bonis M., Iung B., Johnson M.R., Kintscher U., Kranke P., et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: The Task Force for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur. Heart J. 2018;39:3165–3241. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340. - DOI - PubMed
• Knypinski J., Wolfe D.S. Maternal Mortality Due to Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2020;63:799–807. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000564. - DOI - PubMed

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A case controlled study of risk factors for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients: single academic medical center

• ORIGINAL PAPER
• Published: 11 September 2024
• Volume 316 , article number  612 , ( 2024 )

Cite this article

• Cynthia F. Griffith   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0566-8611 1 ,
• Anthony Solhjoo 1 ,
• Luke Mahan 2 &
• Rajiv I. Nijhawan 1  

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at high risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) metastasis. Despite prior studies identifying risk factors, mortality remains high. Understanding additional risk factors may aid in reducing mortality in this population. This study aimed to investigate risk factors and predictive variables for metastatic cSCC in SOTRs. The primary goal was to accurately identify transplant patients at increased risk of metastatic cSCC. A retrospective case–control study in a single institution of 3576 cases of organ transplants were identified from January 1991 to July 2022. A cohort of metastatic cancer patients and two randomly generated age and organ matched control cohorts were identified. 16 SOTR patients developed metastatic cSCC. The majority were male, with high-risk tumor sites. Tumor depth varied and half exhibited perineural invasion. Cylex® (p = 0.05) and white blood cell counts (p = 0.04) were significantly lower in these patients compared to control. Lung transplants were at highest risk relative to other solid organ transplants. Voriconazole exposure was also associated with increased metastatic risk (p = 0.04). Small sample size at a single institution. Close monitoring of SOTR, especially those with lung transplants given their increased risk, reducing immunosuppression, and limiting exposure to voriconazole can improve outcomes in SOTRs with metastatic cSCC.

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De-identified data will be made available upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Thank you to Dr. Ahmed Shalaby for statistical analysis. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award Number UL1 TR003163. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH (National Institutes of Health). Thank you to Anusha Mithani, PA-C, Yadaris Bonilla, PA-C and Rafael Basa PA-C for data collection.

No funding sources for this study.

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Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA

Cynthia F. Griffith, Anthony Solhjoo & Rajiv I. Nijhawan

Department of Lung Transplant, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA

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Griffith, C.F., Solhjoo, A., Mahan, L. et al. A case controlled study of risk factors for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients: single academic medical center. Arch Dermatol Res 316 , 612 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-03284-7

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"Urban Regimes in Russia’s Northern Cities: Testing a Concept in a New Environment," Arctic 73, no. 1, 53-66, 2020

At a time when urbanization represents a major trend in human history and when the majority of the world's population lives in an urban environment, the urban regime theory, developed by Clarence Stone in the 1980s, offers an insightful framework for discussing how urban stakeholders are compelled to work together to achieve their goals. While research on urban regimes has historically focused mainly on democratic contexts, this article argues that it is time to use urban regime theory in authoritarian or semi-authoritarian countries in order to better understand how urban politics develop. With growing urban activism and huge territorial contrasts, Russia offers a good case study for testing the notion of "urban regime." This article focuses on three cities in Russia's Far North-Murmansk, Norilsk, and Yakutsk-that face common sustainability challenges in Arctic or subarctic conditions; it delves into the mechanisms of their urban regimes and categorizes them by type: instrumental, organic, and symbolic. Access Full Article Online

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The Best Things to Do in Kazan, Russia

Kazan, a city deriving its name from the Tatar word for cooking pot, is true to its name. Over a hundred years older than Moscow, a genuine stew of both Tatar and Slavic cultures makes the capital of the Tatarstan Republic a treasure to explore. Here are 10 recommendations for what to do in Kazan that will ensure you get the most out of the city.

Rub shoulders with the locals in bauman street.

Bauman Street, the main pedestrian thoroughfare, pumps life through the city centre both day and night. Alongside souvenir shops sit cafés, shops and museums with street performers and buskers out to entertain. At night people who are out looking for a good time fill up the restaurants, clubs, and bars that the strip has to offer. One of the oldest streets in Kazan, even a casual stroll down it will take you past beautiful sights such as the iconic bell tower for the Epiphany Church and the unique Monument Cat Kazan.

Get a culture hit at the Hermitage-Kazan Center

Art Gallery, Building, Museum, School

Explore the Kremlin

Building, Mosque

World Heritage-listed, the Kazan Kremlin is the only surviving Tatar fortress in Russia , parts of it dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries. Built at the request of the Ivan the Terrible, the bright white sandstone walls encircle the city’s historical centre filled with age-old buildings. Highlights include the Kul Sharif Mosque, the Hermitage and the Tatarstan Museum of Natural History.

Gaze at the Kul Sharif Mosque

Church, Mosque

Eat Tatar food

Become a Culture Tripper!

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Be inspired by the Temple of All Religions

Ponder matters of the heart at Syuyumbike Tower

Visit the Soviet Lifestyle Museum

Catch a match at the Kazan Arena

Soak up the local atmosphere at the Central Market

Market, Russian, Vegetarian

Echoing Tatar bazars of yore, Kazan’s central market is a vibrant reminder of life in bygone times. Vendors push their wares and rub shoulders with babushkas selling produce straight from their garden, or berries and mushrooms foraged from nearby forests. An onslaught of smells, tastes and sights, the central market is the place to be to soak up local atmosphere, buy souvenirs, or get stuck into a tasty lunch.

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The Politics of the City Image: The Resurrection of the Kul-Sharif Mosque in the Kazan Kremlin (1995-2005)

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Category of Astronomical Heritage:   tangible immovable Kazan Observatory, Russia

Description, geographical position .

Old Kazan Observatory of Kazan Federal University (KFU), (Kazanskaya Gorodskaya Astronomicheskaya Observatoriya), founded in 1810, built 1837, Kremlin Str. 18, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, 420111.

See also modern observatory: Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory (EAO) of the Kazan Federal University (KFU) (1901) -- IAU code 136, 55°49’50’’ N, 49°03’58’’ E, Elevation 94m

Location 

Latitude 55°47’27’’ N, Longitude 49°07’09’’ E, 76m above mean sea level

IAU observatory code 

Description of (scientific/cultural/natural) heritage .

Fig. 1 . Old Observatory in Kazan (founded in 1810, built 1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Fig. 2a . Old Observatory in Kazan (founded in 1810, built 1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Fig. 2a . Ivan Mikhailovich Simonov (1794--1855), around 1822 (Wikipedia)

Fig. 3 . 9-inch-refractor (24.3cm), Utzschneider & Fraunhofer, Merz & Mahler of Munich (1835/38), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Fig. 4a . Admiral Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen (1778--1852) and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788--1851) - Russian circumnavigation of the globe (1819--1821) with the discovery of the continent of Antarctica in 1820 (Wikipedia)

Fig. 4b . Marine chronometer, Armold (1807) and Aneroid Bbarometer,  collection of Helsinki University Observatory (Wikipedia)

Main topics of research of Kazan Observatory -- besides the expeditions and magnetic studies -- were astrometry, stellar catalogues, celestial mechanics, investigation of the variability of latitude, and lunar studies, made by Matvey Matveyevich Gusev (1826--1866). The physical libration of the moon was studied by Alexander Krasnov (1866--1911) with the heliometer.

History 

Fig. 5 . The cylindrical dome of the Old Observatory in Kazan (1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Fig. 6a . Footprint of the Old Observatory building in Kazan (1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Fig. 6b . Vienna Meridian circle of the Old Observatory in Kazan (1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Fig. 7 . Ivan Mikhailovich Simonov (1794--1855), observing with the Fraunhofer-Merz refractor (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Ivan Mikhailovich Simonov (1794--1855), Russian astronomer and member of the Russian circumnavigation of the globe expedition (1819 to 1821) of Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen (1778--1852) and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788--1851), discovered Antarctica. Simonov developed methods for astronomical observations, for example he designed a reflector. In addition he was among the first persons in Russia who studied terrestrial magnetism, also inspired by Alexander von Humboldt (1769--1859), who visited Kazan University. On his initiative, two observatories were established in Kazan: the astronomical observatory in 1833 and an observatory for the study of magnetism in 1843.

State of preservation 

Fig. 8 . Old Observatory in Kazan (founded in 1810, built 1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Concerning preservation and restoration: The observatory building and the whole University ensemble are well preserved - in good condition.

Comparison with related/similar sites 

Instruments:

The 24-cm-Fraunhofer-Merz-refractor (1838) reminds of the first famous original 24.4-cm-Fraunhofer achromatic refractors in Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia), 1824, and Berlin (1829) (now in the Deutsches Museum in Munich) observatories. The Kazan heliometer, A. Repsold & Sons of Hamburg (1874), should be seen in the context with the famous first Fraunhofer heliometer in Göttingen (7.7cm, 1815), and the large one in Königsberg (today Kaliningrad), Utzschneider & Fraunhofer, Merz & Mahler of Munich (15.8cm, 1826/29). For the Venus transits in 1874 and 1882, several small 7.7-cm-heliometers were constructed by Repsold of Hamburg, e.g., Berlin, Breslau (today Wrocław) and Gotha.

Fig. 9 . Old Observatory in Kazan at night (founded in 1810, built 1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Architecture:

Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander (1799--1875) designed after the great fire in Turku (Åbo) in 1827, together with the architect Carl Ludwig Engel (1778--1840), a friend of Schinkel, the Helsinki Observatory, which was finished in 1834; it was among the most modern observatories of its time. The largest instrument was a meridian circle on stone pillars with a three foot graduation circle, made by Utzschneider of Munich. The good design principles of Helsinki Observatory were adopted in Russia for the design of the Pulkovo Central Observatory. In 1984 was Helsinki Observatory renovated to celebrate the 150th anniversary and an astronomical museum was added to the Department of Astronomy of the University.

Turku University Observatory (1819--1833), where Argelander became in 1823 director of the observatory, is now a museum. The old observatory of Kazan, founded in 1810, was the first university observatory in Russia, it is an impressive building with three "domes" of cylindrical shape, erected in 1833--1837.   Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, with its three dome facade (in the beginning also cylindrical shape) and the cross shape floor plan became a model for the rest of the 19th century. It was designed by Alexander Brüllow (1798--1877) for the first director Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (1793--1864). Besides the dominant central dome with the 15-inch refractor (Merz of Munich, 1839) there were two smaller domes, for a refractor and a heliometer, and in between there were the slits for the meridian circles (transit instrument, an Ertel mural circle, and a Repsold meridian circle). After Pulkovo Observatory was badly damaged in WW,II it was reconstructed by architect Alexey Shchusev in 1952. The domes were in the beginning cylindrical, later spherical.   Pulkovo, an outstanding example for classical astronomy, was the leading observatory in that field and served as a model observatory for the architecture of observatories in the 19th century. Later Examples are among others Lisbon, Portugal, founded in 1861, or Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory (1879), and in the United States Yerkes Observatory (1897) and some smaller university observatories like Barnard Observatory of Lafayette Oxford University, Mississipi, constructed 1857--1859, or Georgetown College Washington, D.C. (1841--1844).

Threats or potential threats 

Present use .

Still in use for the Astronomical and Cosmic Geodesy Department of Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, founded in the 1930s for teaching students in geodesy, who would participate in the future geodetic and gravimetrical expeditions in different regions of Russia. The new astronomical direction was founded in 1960s with the main goal to determine fundamental stellar parameters based on modeling stellar spectra formation. For these purposes, space observation were used (TD-1A, BUSS, Copernicus, IUE).

Astronomical relevance today 

Fig. 10 . Library of the Old Observatory in Kazan (1837), (Photo: G. Wolfschmidt)

Astronomy is in addition at a new site: IAU code 136 Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory (EAO) of the Kazan University Observatory, but the old building is still used by the university for teaching astronomy and geodesy, including the library.

Astronomical research is in addtion at a new site: IAU code 136  Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory (EAO) of the Kazan University Observatory.

Bibliography (books and published articles) 

• Bukharaev, Ravil: Tatarstan: A Can-do Culture - President Mintimer Shaimiev and the Power of Common Sense. Global Oriental Ltd 2006.  
• Geyer, Edward H.: Heliometer -- Fraunhofers Beitrag zu einem fast vergessenen Instrument. In: Mitteilungen der Astronomischen Gesellschaft 70 (1987), p. 311 (1987MitAG..70..311G).  
• Nefediev Y.A.: Kazan Observatory as Astronomical Heritage. In: Astronomy and World Heritage: Across Time and Continents, ed. Mikhail Ya. Marov. Kazan: Publishing House of Kazan University 2015, p. 225-231.  
• Nefediev, Y.A.; Sakhibullin, N.A.; Bikmaev, I.F. & A.O. Andreev: Astronomical Researches and Space Heritage in Kazan University. Kazan: Kazan University Press 2019.  
• Rosenfeld, B.A.: Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich. In: Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.): Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Band 8: Jonathan Homer Lane - Pierre Joseph Macquer. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1973, p. 428--435.

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Kazan: Where Europe Meets Asia

A night view of Kazan, Russia. Source: Itar Tass

If you left the ancient metropolis of Kazan in Tatarstan a decade ago, you would hardly recognize it upon returning today. The city’s signature white-and-blue kremlin with minarets and Orthodox onion domes still stands majestic, elevated on the bank of the Kazanka River, but an infrastructure overhaul has added whole new neighborhoods to the city in a little more than half a decade.

Low-scale crumbling homes of brick and stone are being restored, coated with fresh paint and, in some places, are giving way to steel and glass high-rises. The vibrant, pulsating city, which celebrated its millennium in 2005, added a metro, several sports arenas, one of the largest technoparks in Europe — Idea — and thousands of square meters of residential and office space since the early 2000s. “The city is changing so quickly,” said lifelong Kazan resident Khaidar Khaliullin, 57. “New projects are growing like mushrooms.” New projects, especially those related to sports, have sprouted up around the city, situated at the intersection of the Volga and Kazanka rivers. Kazan is preparing to host the 2013 Summer Universiade (kazan2013.com), when 10,000 university athletes from around the world will participate from July 6 to July 17 in 26 events with a total of 341 medals. In 2018, Kazan will be one of the cities to host the football World Cup. Readers of the Sovietsky Sport newspaper named Kazan as the sports capital of Russia in 2009. But the city itself prefers to be known as the country’s “third capital” — and in 2009 registered the right to brand itself as such with the Russian patent office.

The tourism industry is rapidly developing in the city where Tolstoy and Lenin spent their student years. Some new projects include a water taxi station on the historic Sviyazhsk Island and Kamskiye Fields campground and spa.

Billions of rubles have been invested into the republic, known as a manufacturing hub. The region’s major industries include mining, oil, chemical and agricultural production as well as factories that pump out helicopters and boats.

Small businesses involved in trade, like shops and distributors, are flourishing, accounting for 25 percent of the region’s economy, significantly higher than the 20 percent national average. Their local share will swell to 34 percent over the next four years, according to Tatarstan President Rustan Minnikhanov.  “It is necessary for us to form a business atmosphere where every economically active person can open and successfully operate their own business,” Minnikhanov said at a conference March 16.

Kazan ranks first out of Russian cities with the most favorable climate for entrepreneurs in a recent study by the New Economic School and consulting firm Ernst & Young.  But small businesses have much room to develop, said Khaliullin, who is president of the Association of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses of Tatarstan. “I can’t say small business development is on a high level here,” Khaliullin said. “It could grow provided that the president continues to act the way he does.” The city and the republic have been actively trying to attract foreign investment. Sukuk, or Islamic no-interest bonds, will most likely debut in Kazan this year.

Despite Tatarstan’s traditional Muslim roots, Kazan is a multicultural city with a surprisingly harmonious mix of mosques, Orthodox churches, narrow European-style streets with Baroque architecture, large Soviet blocks and modern high-rises. The local kremlin includes both a mosque and a Christian Orthodox church, and crosses are sold alongside Islamic rings at jewelry stores. All signs are in Russian and Tatar, and both languages can be heard with equal frequency. Unlike some parts of Russia, locals exhibit a high level of tolerance toward foreigners — both light- and dark-skinned.

What to see if you have two hours Drop by the majestic local kremlin (+7 843-292-7883; kazan-kremlin.ru/main ), a UNESCO site since 2000, to admire structures from the 16th to 19th centuries. The site, where some elements date back to the 1200s, includes one of the oldest Russian Orthodox cathedrals alongside the newly constructed Kul Sharif mosque, the largest mosque in Europe, as well as Islamic, Tatar and art museums and government buildings. Take a lazy walk down Ulitsa Baumana, Kazan’s equivalent of Moscow’s Arbat, which stretches 1.3 kilometers from the kremlin to Tukai Square in the city center. The city’s oldest street is a monument of architecture from different historic periods, as well as a main thoroughfare with shops, cafes, restaurants and clubs. To learn about the unique Tatar culture, history and scientific achievements, visit the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan (2 Kremlyovskaya Ulitsa; +7 843-292-7162; tatar.museum.ru ). The museum, founded in 1895, is the largest in Tatarstan and houses a collection of more than half a million items on the natural history of Tatarstan, Egyptian and antique artifacts, and collections of golden coins, ancient books and folk art of the Tatar people. Admission costs 100 rubles ($3.50), while tours in English are priced at 2,000 rubles ($70).

What to do if you have two days

Visit Lenin and Tolstoy’s alma mater, Kazan State University (18 Kremlyovskaya Ulitsa; +7 843-292-7600; ksu.ru ). Founded in 1804, the university is one of Russia’s oldest and largest cultural centers and known for its science and math studies. Among its other well-known alumni is mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky, who enrolled just three years after the university opened and made a name for himself with his pioneering work in hyperbolic geometry. A short ride northeast of the city is Raifa Monastery, Kazan’s largest operating monastery. The monastery is known for miracles. According to locals, the place is so holy that frogs living in the adjacent lake don’t croak when perched on the bank nearest the monastery.  

What else is good to know

Everything in Kazan is written is in two languages, Tatar and Russian, although occasionally you see some English. Tatars are Muslim, while most Russians living in Kazan are Orthodox Christian. There are many intermarriages, and Tatars are considered more family-oriented than Russians.

Because much of the city is being rebuilt, many of the roads are closed, creating traffic that almost rivals Moscow’s standstills. Residents like to complain about the traffic jams as much as they praise all the changes happening in the city. Get a smile from the locals by mentioning the upcoming Universiade, a source of pride for many in Kazan.

How to get there

The Kazan International Airport (+7 843-267-8807; airport.kazan.ru ) receives direct flights from all three main Moscow airports and an eclectic mix of foreign destinations, including three cities in Uzbekistan, Tel Aviv, Istanbul and Frankfurt. Lufthansa and Turkish Airlines are among the foreign airlines that fly directly to the city. A round-trip ticket for the 90-minute flight from Moscow starts at $150 to $200.

A taxi is the best way to get into the city since the airport is about 27 kilometers southeast of Kazan. The airport’s official taxi service is Taxi-S (+7 843-500-0005; taxikazancity.ru ), and a car can be ordered at the terminal or by phone. The fare is 800 rubles ($28) for the 30-minute ride to downtown Kazan. Aeroexpress, the airport express train service in Moscow, is expanding to Kazan and plans to build a train from the airport to the city.

A train from Moscow’s Kazansky Station takes about 12 hours and arrives at Kazan’s train station near the city center. Plans to build a high-speed rail line to connect Moscow with the city for the 2018 World Cup are in the works, with construction expected to start in 2013.

Read more on the topic: India interested in cooperation with Tatarstan

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