community medicine research topics for undergraduates india

100+ ICMR Research Topics: Unlocking Health Insights

The landscape of healthcare research in India has been significantly shaped by the endeavors of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Established in 1911, the ICMR has played a pivotal role in advancing medical knowledge, informing health policies, and fostering collaborations to address pressing health challenges in the country.

In this blog, we embark on a journey through the corridors of ICMR research topics, shedding light on the council’s current and noteworthy research topics that are contributing to the nation’s health and well-being.

The Role of ICMR in Health Research

Table of Contents

The Indian Council of Medical Research operates as the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research. With a mission to nurture and harness the potential of medical research for the benefit of society, ICMR has become a cornerstone in shaping health policies and practices. 

By fostering collaborations with researchers and institutions across the nation, ICMR has emerged as a driving force in advancing healthcare knowledge and outcomes.

Understanding ICMR Research Methodology

The success of ICMR’s research lies not only in its expansive scope but also in its rigorous methodology and ethical considerations. ICMR has established guidelines that researchers must adhere to, ensuring that studies funded by the council are not only scientifically sound but also ethically conducted. 

This commitment to ethical research practices has been a cornerstone in building public trust and confidence in the findings generated by ICMR-funded studies.

100+ ICMR Research Topics For All Level Students

• Infectious Diseases: Emerging pathogens and control strategies.
• Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Diabetes, cardiovascular research.
• Maternal and Child Health: Strategies for mortality reduction.
• Biomedical Research: Molecular insights into diseases.
• Cancer Research: Innovative approaches for treatment.
• Epidemiology: Studying disease patterns and trends.
• Vaccination Strategies: Enhancing immunization programs.
• Public Health Interventions: Effective community health measures.
• Antibiotic Resistance: Combating microbial resistance.
• Genetic Studies: Understanding genetic contributions to diseases.
• Neurological Disorders: Research on neurological conditions.
• Mental Health: Addressing mental health challenges.
• Nutrition and Health: Studying dietary impacts on health.
• Health Systems Research: Improving healthcare delivery.
• Ayurveda Research: Integrating traditional medicine practices.
• Environmental Health: Impact of environment on health.
• Emerging Technologies: Utilizing tech for healthcare innovations.
• Pharmacological Research: Advancements in drug discovery.
• Global Health Collaborations: International health partnerships.
• Waterborne Diseases: Prevention and control strategies.
• Health Policy Research: Shaping evidence-based policies.
• Health Economics: Studying economic aspects of healthcare.
• Telemedicine: Harnessing technology for remote healthcare.
• Rare Diseases: Understanding and treating rare disorders.
• Community Health: Promoting health at the grassroots level.
• HIV/AIDS Research: Advancements in HIV prevention and treatment.
• Aging and Health: Research on geriatric health issues.
• Cardiovascular Health: Preventive measures and treatments.
• Respiratory Diseases: Understanding lung-related conditions.
• Zoonotic Diseases: Investigating diseases transmitted from animals.
• Stem Cell Research: Applications in regenerative medicine.
• Yoga and Health: Studying the health benefits of yoga.
• Gender and Health: Research on gender-specific health issues.
• Oral Health: Preventive measures and treatments for oral diseases.
• Health Informatics: Utilizing data for healthcare improvements.
• Health Education: Promoting awareness for better health.
• Drug Resistance: Research on antimicrobial resistance.
• Hepatitis Research: Prevention and treatment strategies.
• Telehealth: Remote healthcare services and accessibility.
• Diabetes Management: Strategies for diabetes prevention and control.
• Tuberculosis Research: Advancements in TB diagnosis and treatment.
• Fertility Research: Understanding reproductive health issues.
• Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Integrating AI for diagnostics.
• Health Disparities: Addressing inequalities in healthcare access.
• Mental Health Stigma: Research on reducing stigma.
• Mobile Health (mHealth): Applications for mobile-based healthcare.
• Vector-Borne Diseases: Prevention and control measures.
• Nanotechnology in Medicine: Applications in healthcare.
• Occupational Health: Research on workplace health issues.
• Biobanking: Storing and utilizing biological samples for research.
• Telepsychiatry: Providing mental health services remotely.
• Health Equity: Promoting fairness in healthcare delivery.
• Community-Based Participatory Research: Engaging communities in research.
• E-health: Electronic methods for healthcare delivery.
• Sleep Disorders: Understanding and treating sleep-related conditions.
• Health Communication: Effective communication in healthcare.
• Global Burden of Disease: Research on disease prevalence and impact.
• Traditional Medicine: Studying traditional healing practices.
• Nutraceuticals: Research on health-promoting food components.
• Health Data Security: Ensuring privacy and security of health data.
• Regenerative Medicine: Advancements in tissue engineering.
• Social Determinants of Health: Studying social factors affecting health.
• Pharmacovigilance: Monitoring and ensuring drug safety.
• Gerontology: Research on aging and the elderly.
• Mobile Apps in Healthcare: Applications for health monitoring.
• Genetic Counseling: Supporting individuals with genetic conditions.
• Community Health Workers: Role in improving healthcare access.
• Health Behavior Change: Strategies for promoting healthier habits.
• Palliative Care Research: Enhancing end-of-life care.
• Nanomedicine: Applications of nanotechnology in medicine.
• Climate Change and Health: Impact on public health.
• Health Literacy: Promoting understanding of health information.
• Antibody Therapeutics: Advancements in antibody-based treatments.
• Digital Health Records: Electronic health record systems.
• Microbiome Research: Understanding the role of microorganisms in health.
• Disaster Preparedness: Research on health response during disasters.
• Food Safety and Health: Ensuring safe food consumption.
• Artificial Organs: Advancements in organ transplantation.
• Telepharmacy: Remote pharmaceutical services.
• Environmental Epidemiology: Studying the link between environment and health.
• E-mental Health: Digital tools for mental health support.
• Precision Medicine: Tailoring treatments based on individual characteristics.
• Health Impact Assessment: Evaluating the consequences of policies on health.
• Genome Editing: Applications in modifying genetic material.
• Mobile Clinics: Bringing healthcare to underserved areas.
• Telecardiology: Remote cardiac care services.
• Health Robotics: Utilizing robots in healthcare settings.
• Precision Agriculture and Health: Linking agriculture practices to health outcomes.
• Community-Based Rehabilitation: Supporting rehabilitation at the community level.
• Nanotoxicology: Studying the toxicological effects of nanomaterials.
• Community Mental Health: Strategies for promoting mental well-being.
• Health Financing: Research on funding models for healthcare.
• Augmented Reality in Healthcare: Applications in medical training and diagnostics.
• One Health Approach: Integrating human, animal, and environmental health.
• Disaster Mental Health: Addressing mental health issues after disasters.
• Mobile Laboratory Units: Rapid response in disease outbreaks.
• Health Impact Investing: Investing for positive health outcomes.
• Rehabilitation Robotics: Assisting in physical therapy.
• Human Microbiota: Understanding the microorganisms living in and on the human body.
• 3D Printing in Medicine: Applications in medical device manufacturing.

Success Stories from ICMR-Funded Research

Highlighting the impact of ICMR-funded research is essential in appreciating the council’s contribution to healthcare in India. From breakthrough discoveries to successful interventions, ICMR-supported studies have led to tangible improvements in health outcomes. 

Case studies showcasing the journey from ICMR research topics and findings to real-world applications serve as inspiring examples of how scientific knowledge can translate into positive societal impacts.

Challenges and Opportunities in ICMR Research

While ICMR has achieved remarkable success in advancing health research, it is not without its challenges. Researchers face obstacles in conducting studies, ranging from resource constraints to logistical issues. 

Acknowledging these challenges is crucial in finding solutions and optimizing the impact of ICMR-funded research. Additionally, there are opportunities for collaboration, both nationally and internationally, that can further enrich the research landscape and accelerate progress in addressing health challenges.

The Future of Health Research in India: ICMR’s Vision

Looking ahead, ICMR envisions a future where health research continues to play a central role in shaping the well-being of the nation. Strategic goals include harnessing the power of technology and innovation to drive research advancements, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations, and addressing emerging health challenges. 

The vision extends beyond the laboratory, emphasizing the translation of research findings into practical solutions that can positively impact the lives of individuals and communities across India.

In conclusion, the Indian Council of Medical Research stands as a beacon in the realm of healthcare research, tirelessly working towards advancements that contribute to the well-being of the nation. 

By exploring ICMR research topics, understanding its methodology, and reflecting on success stories, we gain insight into the transformative power of scientific inquiry. 

As ICMR continues to forge ahead, the future of health research in India looks promising, guided by a vision of innovation, collaboration, and a steadfast commitment to improving the health of all citizens.

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• Published: 23 December 2021

Development of a community orientation program (COP) as a community-based medical education method for undergraduate medical students: an experience from India

• Bayapa Reddy Narapureddy 1 , 2 ,
• Shakeer Kahn Patan 2 ,
• C. Sravana Deepthi 2 ,
• Sirshendu Chaudhuri 2 ,
• K. R. John 2 ,
• Chandrasekar Chittooru 2 ,
• Surendra Babu 2 , 3 ,
• Khadervali Nagoor 2 ,
• Devika Jeeragyal 2 ,
• Jawahar Basha 2 ,
• Theo Nell 4 &
• Ravi Shankar Reddy 1  

BMC Medical Education volume  21 , Article number:  626 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Intra-regional cultural and linguistic differences are common in low- and middle-income countries. To sensitise undergraduate medical students to the social and contextual determinants of health to achieve the ‘health for all’ goal, these countries must focus on innovative teaching methods. The early introduction of a Community Orientation Program (COP) as a Community-based Medical Education (CBME) method could be a game changing strategy. In this paper the methods, evaluation, and implication of the COP in an Indian setting are described.

The curriculum of the COP was developed based on the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model for educational intervention. In this learner-centric and supervised educational program, the key aim was to focus on developing students’ communication skills, observation power and enhancing their motivation for learning through collaborative learning. To meet the objectives of the COP, a situated learning model under the constructivism theory was adopted.

Between 2016 and 2019, 557 students were trained through the COP by visiting more than 1300 households in ten villages. To supplement the students’ observations in the community, more than 150 small group discussions, a health education programme for the community and summary presentations were conducted. The students’ feedback indicated the need to improve the clinical examinations demonstration quality and increase the number of instruments for clinical examinations. More than 80% of students felt that the program would assist them to improve their communication skills, their understanding of the various socio-demographic factors associated with the common diseases, and it will enable them to respect the local culture during their clinical practice.

Conclusions

Early initiation of the COP as a CBME method in the undergraduate medical curriculum in an Indian setting has shown promising results. Further evidence is required to adopt such a program routinely for under-graduate medical teaching in the low- and middle- income settings.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Community-based medical education (CBME) is an integral part of the current undergraduate (UG) medical curriculum. It complements classroom and clinical teaching by introducing learning within the community [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Early introduction of CBME in UG medical education helps the students understand the social determinants of health and the contextual factors associated with various health conditions. It also enhances socio-humanistic skills like communication, collaboration [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], listening, observation, leadership, and clinical skills and supports decision-making abilities through group activities [ 7 , 8 ]. With CBME, the students get the opportunity to be exposed to the community they are going to serve in the future, develop rapport with the community, work as a team, and get the opportunity to learn about various local prevailing diseases [ 9 , 10 ]. CBME has an inherent ability to identify and adapt to the community’s changing characteristics, like- socio-political situation, environmental condition, and disease trend to remain as a pillar of undergraduate medical teaching.

Undergraduate medical teaching in India is often criticised for its knowledge-based learning rather than focussing on competency-based learning [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. However, the Medical Council of India (MCI) (Now National Medical Commission), the apex regulatory body for medical teaching in India, has restructured the undergraduate curriculum recently to develop core competencies amongst students [ 14 ]. The MCI has envisioned that every student should be a clinician, life-long learner, communicator, leader and should act professionally in his/her academic and professional life [ 14 , 15 ]. The MCI has also emphasised developing key sub-competencies like attitude, ethics, and communication skills amongst the Indian Medical Graduates (IMG) from commencing their undergraduate studies [ 15 , 16 ]. To meet this changing need in medical teaching, more innovative ideas in medical teaching should be fostered. Although CBME is commonly practised [ 17 ], these programs’ experiences are not adequately shared in the scientific literature.

The Community Medicine Department of a private medical college in South India started a CBME program, named the Community Orientation Program (COP) for the first semester students from 2016, which is also the inception year of the college. Since 2018, the COP became a part of the foundation course as laid down by the Graduate Medical Regulations laid down by the MCI. The college, situated in a semi-urban area, is supported by the government district hospital for clinical teaching. The college has a capacity of 150 UG medical students per academic year. The department runs various clinical, academic and research activities in its service area, having more than 0.1 million population. To date, the college has conducted four COPs up until the end of 2019. In this paper, the methods, evaluation, and implication of COP are described.

The Institutional Curriculum Committee allocated 60 h of training - 30 h theoretical and 30 h practical training - for the Community Medicine Department, as prescribed by the MCI. With inputs from both the Department’s teaching and non-teaching staff, a ‘Community Orientation Program’ (COP) was introduced to complement the classroom teachings. On completion of the COP, students are expected to 1) recognize the community structure, 2) observe the various cultures prevailing in the community, 3) develop communication skills, 4) perform basic clinical examinations, 5) recognize the various determinants of health, 6) identify the locally prevailing clinical conditions, and 6) describe the health needs of the community. Based on the ADDIE (Analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) model for educational intervention, the COP was divided into four stages, namely planning, preparation, implementation, and feedback [ 18 ].

Planning stage

The planning stage consists of the analysis of the students’ background, as well as designing the COP concept. All the stakeholders were also engaged before finalizing the plan. Based on the factors such as students have limited medical knowledge and different motivational level, and unknown teaching environment, students were provided with only the necessary theoretical knowledge before introducing them to the community. (Fig.  1 ) However, the community described here is fundamentally different to the typical CBME where the learning happens within a community-based clinical setting [ 2 ]. For the purposes of this study, community is defined as ‘a group of people (families) living in a defined geographic area with customised cultural practices’. The aim was to enhance the students’ communication skills, observation power, and motivation to learn new things through collaborative learning within a community setting.

Framework of the Community Orientation Programme, Chittoor, India, 2016–2019

The advantages and disadvantages of several adult learning theories were brainstormed, and it was concluded that the situated learning under constructivism theory could be the most appropriate model to deliver on all the objectives [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Based on the students’ needs, cultural differences, and varying motivational level, a micro-curriculum was prepared to provide structured feedback from the students to restructure the program in subsequent days. (Fig. 1 ) After multiple discussions with the Institutional Curriculum Committee of the college, the college administration, and the community leaders, the content of the COP was finalized (Table  1 ).

Preparatory stage

This stage included planning for the delivering of the educational model. The preparatory stage was divided into two parallel components, namely- 1) the administrative preparation and 2) the academic preparation. A logic model, which summarised the inputs, activities, outputs, and projected outcomes, was prepared (Table  2 ) to enable a clear understanding of the various indicators of the COP.

Administrative preparation

The villages included in the COP were purposefully selected based on the availability of permission from the local authorities and administrative support.

In addition to the teaching and administrative staff, other departments for instance Transport, Food, and Information Technology (IT) were included to ensure the program’s smooth coordination.

Academic preparation

Academic preparation includes- social mapping by the social workers with the help of key informants in the village and preparing the interview proforma in English and in local vernacular with instructions for completing the proforma. The proforma is divided into various sections, including- demographic characteristics, socio-economic conditions, environmental conditions (including housing conditions, water, kitchen, and sanitation), health condition (including- the presence of any known disease(s), disability, pregnancy status (if applicable)), and clinical examination of the family members. In 2018, the paper form was replaced with an android-based electronic form. Each year, a nominated senior faculty member divides the other teaching and non-teaching staff’s roles and responsibilities.

Implementation phase

The implementation phase was divided into three distinct phases, namely 1) the theory sessions 2) the field visits (Fig.  2 ) and 3) data entry, analysis, and presentation of the findings.

Implementation of the Community Orientation Programme, Chittoor, India, 2016–2019

Theory sessions

These included lectures with interactive sessions facilitated by two to three teachers in each session. In a few sessions like teaching clinical examinations, teachers demonstrated the methods along with the necessary theoretical knowledge. (Table 1 ) They also explained the field visit process, including the proforma and how to complete it. Students were encouraged to conduct one mock interview with one of their fellow students before visiting the villages to ensure familiarity with the proforma.

Field visits

The students were divided into fifteen groups of ten students per group under the supervision of one teacher. Five pairs within each group were pre-assigned, ensuring the availability of at least one student who is well-versed in the local vernacular. Each pair was allocated five houses to interview (Fig. 2 ).

Each pair conducted the interview sessions with the verbal consent of an adult interviewee of each allocated house. Additionally, they performed the clinical examination and provided health education about a balanced diet, the need for physical exercise, and the importance of regular medical care if someone was already diagnosed with lifestyle disease(s). The social workers and the teachers directly supervised the interview sessions. If required, the teachers ensured an extensive clinical examination and advised on medicines or additional medical care.

During the afternoon small-group sessions, each group of five pairs interacted with each other under the teacher’s guidance. They discussed the various observations made in the community and cleared their doubts by the allocated teacher for the group. The teachers also explained the relationship of various socio-demographic and cultural habits with the diseases they came across during interview sessions. Students were allowed to share their own experiences to help answer questions from their fellow students.

On the final day of the field visit, a selected number of students performed health education activities, which included a role-play and skit at a commonplace in the village to reinforce the health education provided at the family-level during the interview sessions.

Data entry and analysis

During 2016 and 2017, students entered data into excel spreadsheets in library computers under the supervision of a statistician and other teachers, facilitated by the IT Department and the library staff. After introducing the electronic questionnaire, the data was retrieved directly from the web and were ready for analysis only with minor corrections. Based on fifteen different themes, the assigned teacher in each group compiled the data on that topic from all 15 groups and analyzed the data; while students observed the analysis. The teachers explained the fundamental analyses (Like- proportion, mean) and interpreting the data.

Presentation of findings

Each group presented collective findings on the respective theme using a PowerPoint presentation. Some also used audio-visual modes to explain their observations. Anonymity of all the respondents during the presentations were ensured. After presenting each theme, a group, with their teacher’s aid, clarified questions posted by other groups and teachers. The COP-in-charge summarised the findings at the end of the session. Students were instructed to submit their collated findings to the Department.

A feedback mechanism for the COP through an online questionnaire was created and circulated among the students. The feedback was related to the selected inputs, process, outputs, and outcome indicators described in the logic model.

Survey results of the COP

From 2016 to 2019, 557 students enrolled in the program, of which 320 (57.5%) were female. In 2016, the inception year, the input-related lacunae were prominent. (Table  3 ) After completing the first COP, the team prepared the list of human and non-human resource required, which were partially fulfilled in the subsequent years by the college administration, based on the fund availability.

The students surveyed a total of 4923 people from 1370 households in ten villages till 2019. (Table 2 ) Out of the population surveyed, 2576 (52.5%) were female, 263 (5.4%) were under five-year-old children, and 559 (11.4%) were older people (> 60 years).

Four hundred and one people had chronic diseases, and fifty were pregnant women. Students could identify chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, physical disabilities (blindness, paralytic conditions due to poliomyelitis, Hansen’s disease, cerebrovascular accidents, and road traffic injuries), mental illnesses, and cancers of various origin. Among the acute cases, acute diarrhoeal and respiratory illnesses among under-five-year-old children. The acute conditions were either treated or referred after clinical examination by the teachers, and students played an observer role.

Feedback from the students (Fig.  3 )

The students indicated us to improve in a few areas during the feedback survey ( n  = 332, response rate 60%). These include- more efforts required from teachers in demonstrating clinical examinations (question 2) and inadequate instruments for clinical examinations. More than 80% of students felt that community exposure through this program would assist them to improve their communication skills, understand the various socio-demographic factors associated with the common diseases, apply the same knowledge in treatment, and will enable them to respect the local culture during their clinical practice (questions 12–15).

Feedback by the students, Community Orientation Programme, Chittoor, India, 2016–2019 ( n  = 332)

In this paper, the methods and results of adopting a relatively new community-based medical education model in an Indian setting, were presented. Students were exposed to learning experiences within their core subject in a real-life situation and in line with the guidelines laid down by the country’s apex educational body. The COP has provided a unique platform for the students to learn based on several complementary learning theories.

The COP has several implications. The students’ introduction to the community helped to get to know one another, which proved to be a critical first step in the bonding process between the two parties. It supported students’ understanding of various social factors, like norms, cultures, behaviours, income and expenditure, hygiene practice of community that indirectly influence the health of the people. This study also supports a similar finding that an early introduction of a CBME in the curriculum grows interest and better understanding of the subject by the students [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The small group teaching further consolidated their knowledge. A key benefit of the program was development of students’ motivation towards collaborative learning. For example, one pair observed a physically and mentally challenged child within the community. They learned from the family that the child had a rare genetic condition, as informed by their doctor, and the child often suffers from infections. Due to economic constraint, the family faced challenges to meet the child’s medical and social needs. The students also noticed the emotional state of the parents during the interview. In the group discussion, the pair shared their experience with their fellow students. The group learned from the teachers that there are national programs in existence that addresses such conditions. Subsequently, during the grand presentation, students presented a few more interesting clinical cases. Following the presentations, the village administrators and the local health workers were notified to assist in availing government health facilities by the families in need as identified during the program. This experience will enable students to understand the health conditions’ social background, the family’s distress, examine and treat the patient compassionately, and guide the family for further assistance during their clinical postings. In an Indian setting, the doctor-patient relationship is often experienced as difficult [ 27 , 28 ] and such an educational approach may help in the longer term to improve on that. In addition, the small group teaching, within the ambit of CBME, was found to improve the involvement of the learners and an in-depth interaction between the teacher and the learners [ 29 , 30 ].

Importantly, as students had limited subject knowledge, it would have been challenging to teach them new medical knowledge. Therefore, the topics were chosen so that only a little understanding of the medical subjects was required and focus on their understanding of social factors that influence the practice of medicine. For example, in the classroom situation, it is taught that ideally, new-born babies should be given only breast milk up to the age of 6 months (exclusive breastfeeding). During the survey, a pair came to know that a new-born baby was given honey and water as pre-lacteal feed instead of breast milk. They shared the experience in the small group session. Another student shared that this is a common practice in her native place as well. With a quality discussion amongst the students and the teacher, the students learned the importance and benefits of breastfeeding and the common myths in different communities. They were also informed about the harmful effects of pre-lacteal feeding. These collaborative learning experiences are not possible in classroom teaching at this early stage of their professional education.

Teaching simple clinical examinations empowered their learning mind. The benefits of the clinical examinations were two-folds. Firstly, the students gained confidence in examining a patient. Secondly, they understood the importance of interpreting their findings. For example, a pair found that a known hypertensive person’s blood pressure was within the normal range. They raised a question based on their classroom learning that blood pressure should be high among hypertensive patients. The teacher then explained the role of medicine and a healthy lifestyle in controlling blood pressure. Learning in such a way enhances their motivation to learn more clinical skills in future. Evidence from integrated educational programmes have shown that early introduction of clinical examination improves the skills during the prospective postings of the medical students [ 24 , 31 ].

The importance of data was also introduced to the students. Apart from understanding the individual or family-level information, they experienced the importance of interpreting collective data. With simple statistics, they came to know the community’s collective information, which they may not have understood if they would have been exposed only to the family-level observations.

Despite the successes described above, some challenges were experienced. Apart from the administrative challenges of insufficient logistics and instruments described before, academic hurdles were embedded within the teaching-learning process. Teachers need to be continuously trained and retrained to provide quality teaching with the growing change in teaching and learning methods. Although the apex educational body supports teachers’ training [ 32 ], the teachers’ adequacy is yet to be evaluated. The objectives of COP may get diminished over time unless horizontally integrated educational approaches support subsequent teaching in other subjects. Additionally, the lack of uniformity in the different universities’ curriculum can reduce such program’s applicability [ 13 ]. However, with the introduction of the Graduate Medical Education Regulations, it is expected that these diversified approaches will be addressed in the undergraduate programs. Lastly, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic reduces the applicability of the COP [ 33 ]. Unfortunately, online teaching, a current practice during the pandemic, cannot offer various learning experiences as provided by COP.

Early initiation of CBME in the UG medical curriculum in an Indian setting shows promising results. The COP is expected to touch upon most of the national- and institutional-level objectives envisioned by the Medical Council of India for the Indian medical graduates. Primarily, students will be able to conceptualize the “health for all” concept and all the citizens’ health rights within this framework of the teaching-learning process. As a part of the foundation course, and within a short time, the holistic approach of the COP showed a potential to facilitate the further learning process of the IMGs by imparting knowledge, attitude, skills, values, responsiveness, and the concept of ethics; and proposes to develop a sensitive and patient-orientated doctor in future. Nevertheless, all stakeholders – academic and non-academic - should collectively find solutions to overcome the various challenges and foster such programs to achieve their goals. Such a promising program can be adopted for UG medical teaching in other Low- and middle- income settings.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files ]. The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

• Community-based medical education

Community Orientation Program

Indian Medical Graduates

Information Technology

Medical Council of India

Undergraduate

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Bayapa Reddy Narapureddy & Ravi Shankar Reddy

Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor, India

Bayapa Reddy Narapureddy, Shakeer Kahn Patan, C. Sravana Deepthi, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, K. R. John, Chandrasekar Chittooru, Surendra Babu, Khadervali Nagoor, Devika Jeeragyal & Jawahar Basha

ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad, India

Surendra Babu

Connect To Grow, Yzerfontein, South Africa

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NBR, SPK, SC, and KRJ conceptualized the educational model. All the authors provided inputs to finalize the educational model. Data was collected by SDC, SC, CC, KN, and DJ. Data analysis and Fig. 3 were done by JB. Tables  1 and 2 , and Figs.  1 and 2 were prepared by SDC, SC, and TN. The main manuscript text was written by NBR, SC, TN, and SDC. All authors reviewed the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sirshendu Chaudhuri .

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All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The study was approved by institutional Review Board of Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (No.: IEC08/AIMSR/07/2019). Informed consent (written) was taken from all the participants.

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Narapureddy, B.R., Patan, S.K., Deepthi, C.S. et al. Development of a community orientation program (COP) as a community-based medical education method for undergraduate medical students: an experience from India. BMC Med Educ 21 , 626 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03069-w

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03069-w

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• Undergraduate medical education

BMC Medical Education

ISSN: 1472-6920

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Introduction of Interactive Teaching for Undergraduate Students in Community Medicine

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Community Medicine, Great Eastern Medical School, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
• 2 Department of Community Medicine, Balangir Medical College and Hospital, Balangir, Odisha, India.
• PMID: 32029988
• PMCID: PMC6985943
• DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_232_19

Background: There is lack of interest in the subject of community medicine among undergraduate MBBS students leading to poor understanding of community problems and drastic fall in preventive, promotive component of health care.

Aim: To evaluate effectiveness of interactive teaching learning (ITL) over traditional teaching learning (TTL) methods in creating interest in the subject.

Objectives: 1. To identify the need of interactive teaching among students. 2. To know the perception of students towards it.3. To know the views and opinion of faculties towards it.

Materials and methods: An interventional study at NRIIMS, Vishakhapatnam. After need assessment survey, under graduate MBBS students were randomly allocated to study (A) and control groups (B). 2 topics were taught using ITL 1& 2 in group A and TTL in group B. After a washout period of 15 days, 2 other topics were taught using ITL3 & 4 in group B and TTL in group A, which was followed by assessment. Feedback from students and faculties were taken at the end of session.

Results: 82% of students felt significant need of interaction in classroom. There was an increase in performance of students in the intervention group in terms of better scores (>75% score) which was found to be statistical significant in all the four sessions ( P value are 0.0230, 0.0058, 0.0075, 0.0034 for TPS, BS, CBS, PTP respectively). Students were satisfied, so as the faculties with the implementation of ITL module.

Conclusions: Student performance was increased. Overall satisfaction was good among students and faculties.

Keywords: Buzz sessions; PowerPoint presentation; case-based study; interactive teaching and learning; pass the problem; randomized control trial; think-pair-share; traditional teaching and learning.

Copyright: © 2020 Indian Journal of Community Medicine.

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Such projects will be encouraged, provided they are accompanied by an industrial collaboration

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• Development and validation of a simple criteria for diagnosing neonates with sepsis. 
• Home-based management of neonates with sepsis.  
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• Surveillance of pathogens causing diarrhoeal diseases in children. 
• Epidemiology of childhood asthma.  
• Testing of efficacy of available interventions for asphyxia. 
• Home-based management of LBW neonates. 
• Care-seeking behaviour of families for their sick neonates and impediments to early  care-seeking.
• Studies on traditional beliefs and practices in newborn care in different communities.   
• Development of low-cost primary newborn care technologies : mouth-to-mask resuscitation and kangaroo mother care. 
• Impact of bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections on the incidence of prematurity/LBW. 
• Association of LBW with maternal energy expenditure, tobacco abuse, nutritional deficiencies, malaria and household smoke; and interventions(single or in combinations) aimed at reduction of LBW. 
• Prevalence of genetic disorders and birth defects in different communities. 
• Status of newborn care services at the secondary level. 
• Involvement of Panchayat raj institutions (PRIs) in implementation of the RCH programme.  
• Develop database for state and district profile  of  RCH indicators and services.
• Development of a foetal growth chart for classifying neonates as appropriate-for-date, small-for-date and large-for-date. 
• Room air resuscitation of neonates and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of babies thus resuscitated. 
• Risk factors and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among organisms causing hospital-acquired neonatal sepsis.
• Effect of early interventions (such as phenobarbitone therapy and brain cooling) among neonates with birth asphyxia on mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome. 
• Interventions for bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections to reduce the incidence of prematurity. 
• Development and validation of a simple tool for evaluating neurodevelopment status of at risk neonates. 
• Epidemiology of transmission of HIV through breast milk.                  
• Kangaroo mother care in the management of very low birth weight babies. 
• Burden of disease of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and interventions for its primary and secondary prevention.  
• Application of oil on skin as a method of energy supplementation and thermal. Protection. 
• Post-natal growth norms of LBW/preterm babies. 
• Norms for bilirubin levels among breast-fed neonates and predictors of hyperbilirubinaemia.
• Genetic/molecular epidemiology of pathogens of newborn sepsis.
• Development of low cost, simple diagnostic tests for genetic disorders. 
• Development of a low cost indigenous surfactant for RDS. 
• Basic research on  determinants of kernicterus. 
• Developmental biology of the newborn.
• Strengthening of the National Neonatal Perinatal Database.
• Training in epidemiology, research methodology and networking.
• Infectious disease diagnosis at the field facility and institutional levels and  molecular epidemiology of major pathogens of perinatal-neonatal disease.
•  Setting up genetics units aimed at prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.
• Clinical trials on newer non-surgical methods of MTP and comparative study of medical vs surgical methods (manual vacuum aspiration) for early termination of pregnancy.
• Epidemiological  studies on unwanted pregnancies and abortions.
• Database for morbidity of unsafe abortions.
• Operationalisation of safe abortion services at PHC level.
• KAP studies on awareness of doctors and paramedical workers for safe abortions.
• Develop indicators for quality and coverage of safe abortions for effective monitoring.
• Study of unwanted pregnancy and abortion: perceptions, problems, utilisation of services.
• Evaluation of functioning of existing laws for safe abortion and selective, gender based abortions.
• Enhancing awareness of the traditional birth attendants, ANMs/LHVs and RMPs and private medical practioners with regard to safe abortion services and prevention of complications of abortions.
• Study of factors responsible for underutilisation of safe abortion services.
• Enhancing utilisation of safe abortion services by the community.
• Need based operational research to improve efficiency of safe abortion services.
• Evaluation of MTP training programmes to improve the quality.
• Innovations in training programmes.
• Community needs assessment for unmet need for abortions.
• Pre- and post-abortion counselling.
• Barriers in accepting MTP services: social attitudes, confidentiality, lack of information and affordability.
• Ways and means of improving contraceptive acceptance, particularly spacing methods so that the chance of unwanted pregnancy can be minimised.
• Community based studies on post abortion morbidity of both legally and illegally induced abortions.
• Molecular  basis of STDs and RTIs.
• Diagnostic markers for RTIs/STDs.
• Studies on polycystic ovaries/syndrome.
• Simplified approach to diagnosis and management of infertility at the PHC level.
• Community based studies on magnitude, causes and psychosocial consequences of infertility.
• Magnitide, complications and prevention of teenage pregnancies.
• Susceptibility of infections in adolescents.
• Studies on the onset of puberty, wet dream and the adolescents attempts at self education in sex.
• Adolescent sex behaviour patterns and factors responsible for high risk sex behaviour in urban and rural areas , out of school, working group, street children etc.
• Develop culture-appropriate instruments to study the sex behaviour patterns in different age groups.
• Prevalence of STIs/HIV infection among adolescents.
• Intervention strategies for effective IEC programme to address the sexuality issues  and study its impact on behavioural/ attitudinal changes.

Low Birth Weight

    To determine the prevalence of LBW and pre-term deliveries across the entire population and to determine regional disparities where evident.     Identification of nutritional risk factors for adverse birth outcomes.    Identification of specific breast feeding and dietary needs of LBW infants.

Nutrition, Infection, and Reproductive Health

    To determine the prevalence of infections including RTIs in women and interaction with nutrition.     Studies for better understanding of the interactions of infection with nutrition on the development of the immune system.     Role of probiotics  in immune stimulation

Foetal Antecedents of Adult Disease

    Studies to assess the potential long-term consequences of foetal malnutrition/LBW.     Systematic evaluations of the concept of "programming" of metabolism and accelerated development of chronic diseases (diabetes, insulin resistance syndrome, obesity and cardiovascular diseases) in Indian population.     Evaluations of the potential role of specific macro- and micro-nutrients [lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), antioxidants, folic acid, iron, zinc and calcium] in the ontogeny of adult disease, and the impact of nutrition on gene expression.

Micronutrients

    To assess the prevalence of  multiple micronutrient deficiencies (iron, folic acid, vitamin A, zinc, riboflavin, calcium and others) during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation in Indian women, adolescents and  children.     Studies  on the causes and functional consequences of micronutrient deficiencies throughout India.     Identification of factors in indigenous foods of India which influence absorption and bioavailability of iron and other micronutrients.     Identification of micronutrient interactions associated with indigenous diets of Indian population that might influence bioavailability.     Methods for micronutrient delivery (food-based from regional diets, non-traditional foods, food fortification and evidence based micronutrient supplementation).     Development of improved methods for assessment of iron deficiency anaemia and other micronutrient deficiencies appropriate for field use under conditions found in India.     Identify factors influencing bioavailability of micronutrients in infants fed human milk (throughout lactation) and indigenous complementary foods in India.

Malnutrition

    Development, evaluation, and implementation of home-based management strategies for children with severe grade malnutrition.     Studies to validate reliable nutrition interventions  to improve growth, particularly in young girls and to determine optimal ages for maximum effectiveness of interventions.     To identify additional risk factors such as parasitic infections and their mediating effects on gastrointestinal function and subsequent growth and development.

Food Safety

    Assess the impact of nutritional status on susceptibility to food-borne infectious diseases.     Develop new and more rapid methods to detect food-borne pathogens.     Studies on the effects of food contaminants and adulterants on human health.

Environment and Nutrition

    Investigate the interactions between environmental pollutants like lead and nutritional status and the impact of these interactions on outcomes such as cognitive and behavioural development of children and adolescents.

Nutrition and Non-communicable Diseases

    Determine factors that would increase the effectiveness of life-style and motivational approaches to sustain (or increase, as appropriate) physical activity to decrease the risk of non-communicable diseases associated with increased caloric intakes consequent to urbanization and rapid technological change.

Food analysis

    Nutrient composition of indigenous foods including analysis of phytochemicals and other bioactive components.

Nutritional Problems of Ageing

    Studies on the prevalence of osteoporosis and possible interventions.

Genetically Modified Foods

    Studies on the health effects of GM foods.

Centre for Advanced Research & Excellence

• Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Clinical Pharmacology
• Virtual Autopsy
• Young Diabetes
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Pancreatic Disorders
• Exhaled breath condensate
• Upper Limb Post-Stroke Rehabilitation
• Centre for Advanced Research & Excellence in mHealth

Cardiovascular Diseases Ongoing

•  Hypertension
• Myocardial infarction
• Heart Failure
• Cardiac rehabilitation
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Cardiac channelopathy
• Digoxin in Rheumatic heart diseases
• Congenital heart defects
• District level Integrated NCD observatory
• Exosomes&MiRNA as biomarker
• Health economics
• Clinical trials
• Myocardial infarction in young adults

Neurological Disorders Ongoing

• Stroke registries
• Indian Stroke Clinical Trial Network
• Indian Stroke Research Network
• Acute Stroke care pathways  / Mobile Stroke Units
• Dementia – Skill based Neuropsychological Test Battery
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Multiple Sclerosis registry
• Brain bank network
• District level observatories for neurological disorders
• Integrating neurological diseases in primary care
• Cost effective/affordable methods for neurological healthcare delivery
• Culturally appropriate strategies and policies for

-    stroke rehabilitation -    epilepsy care

Oncology Ongoing

• Cancer Screening and Early DetectionBiomarkers
• Cancer Prevention
• Cancer Genomics
• Hereditary Breast and Ovarian cancers
• Management of Cancer
• Cancers in North East
• Pattern of Care and Survival studies
• Oral Cancer
• Lymphoma Subtypes in India
• Urological Cancers
• Cancers and Infection
• Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Chemoresistance
• ICMR/NCI/DBT Collaborative Programme
• ICMR-EU Collaborative Programme

Endocrinology

• Epidemiology
• Impact of Yoga
• Registry of Young Age at Onset
• Diabetes Cohort Study
• Diabetes and COVID-19

Community Based Behavioral Change for Reducing Diabetes Secular Trends in Prevalence and Prevention of Diabetes Mutations in MODY and NDM by Translational Genome Research.

Oral Health Proposed

• Geriatric Oral Health
• Dental Caries Research
• Temporomandibular Joint disease
• Periodontal Disease
• Oro-dental & maxillofacial Injuries
• Dental Biomaterials
• Saliva Immunology

Gastroenterology Ongoing Task Force

• Insulin resistance in overweight adolescents
• Liver Disease
• Pancreatitis
• Chronic Pancreatitis registry in India
• Asymptomatic Gallstones

Ongoing    

• Capacity building of health system
• Setting up of “ICMR-Centre for Advance Research for Snakebite” abbreviated as “I-CARE for Snakebite”.

Nephrology & Urology

• Dialysis registry for CKD
• Role of urinary exosomes
• Biomarkers for predicting kidney damage.
• Genetic susceptibility to CKD
• Nonproteinuric phenotypes in diabetic kidney disease.
• Tubulointerstitial kidney diseases.
• Acute Kidney Injury

Muscular Dystrophy

•    Human skeletal muscle disease biobank. •    Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Mental Health

• Implementation research –NMHP
• Neuromodulation
• Development of  Indian version of mental health screening tools
• Mental illness trajectories
• Use of technology to improve access to care
• Intimate partner violence and sexual abuse
• Screen addiction
• Substance use disorders

Geriatric Medicine

• Molecular biology studies
• Care giver training programs
• Health systems research.

Environment, Climate Change and Pulmonary Medicine

• ICMR’s Network Of Pulmonary Fibrosis (INPF)

Proposed Task Force Project

• Epidemiology of Chronic Respiratory Illness
• Air pollution
• Air Quality, Microenvironment & Infectious Diseases

Disability, Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology

• Hearing Impairment and Deafness
• Learning disabilities among school children

Opthalmology Proposed

• Optic nerve and neural retina regeneration
• Rapid diagnosis of fungal keratitis

Trauma , Injuries , Emergencies and Burns : Ongoing:

• House hold Burns
• Standardisation of Emergency Care Module
• Trauma Quality Improvement Program
• Road Traffic Injuries
• Sports related injuries
• National Burns Registry
• Variation in the structure of organs, their nerve; blood supply   and musculature.
•  Developmental Anatomy and Teratological studies for studying effects of chemicals/drugs on developing fetus at gross and microscopic level.
•  Research on special stains for immunohistochemical localisation and confirmation of morphological changes using electron microscopy.
• Neuroanatomy/Neurobiology : Application of molecular methods ,  confocal microscopy, imaging etc.
• Anthropometric measurements at various stages of fetal development;
• Placental changes in normal and abnormal conditions.
• Microscopies - Electron microscopy  (TEM & SEM), confocal microscopy and imaging; data base for prevalence of congenital malformations in various states and their categorization; developing computer programmes/multimedia in Anatomy and  Plastination of human body parts.
• Role of proteases in regulating different biochemical processes;
• Biochemical and structural biological aspects of substrate-inhibitor interactions; and
• Lipid biochemistry pertaining to biomembranes in the areas related to phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism, lipid rafts and second messenger generation in health and disease.
• Signal transduction pathways related to G proteins, phsopholipases, protein kinases, phosphatases and phosphorylases in health and disease.
• Protein modification and structural changes by acetylation, palmitoylation, phosphorylation etc. in health and disease.
• Role of transcription factors in health and disease.
• Identification of enzymes of clinical significance for diagnosis and monitoring of disease.
• Regulation of expression of gene expression at mRNA and protein levels in health and disease.
• Research in basic biochemistry as well as molecular biology of following pathogenic organisms with special reference to cloning the genes having potential for vaccine development:
• Developing epitope based immunogen against different stages of P. falciparum using inbuilt immumoadjuvants and novel delivery system
• Identification of mycobacterial proteins (secretory/cell wall/ M.tuberculosis complex specific) on the basis of their reactivity to T cells of healthy and tuberculous human population.
• Evaluation of a subunit vaccine (single/multicomponent) consisting of mycobacterial proteins best recognized by human population, in mouse in a suitable adjuvant system. 
•   To establish best animal model as well as route of infection for protection studies. 
• Development of DNA vaccine i.e. DNA encoding gene(s) for immunodominant mycobacterial protein(s) .
•   Pre-clinical and clinical studies with optimized subunit/ DNA vaccine.
• Development of systems to express M. leprae genes in M.smegmatis and other mycobacterial hosts. 
• To investigate special features of M.leprae biology deduced from gene sequencing. 
• To produce improved antibiotics using rDNA techniques.
• Studies on protective immunity in parasitic diseases.
• Immunosuppression and immune deviation in parasitic diseases. 
• Studies on immunobiology of parasites.
• Studies on the kinetics of immune response in parasitic diseases.
• Development on DNA vaccines against parasites.
• Immunoepidemiology and mathematical modeling of parasitic infections     (including concomitant parasitism) in human communities.
• Studies on immunity in vectors.
• Studies on targeting parasite enzymes for immunological intervention. 
• Identification of molecules of filarial parasites that play key role in the survival and development in the vector and as well as in the human host.  
• Development of holistic animal models.
• Establishment of a network of pre-clinical toxicology centers for carrying out animal toxicology studies using good laboratory practices (GLP) protocols.
• Identifying special centers for conducting mutagenicity, teratogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies on new molecules using good laboratory practices (GLP) protocols.
• Identification of clinical pharmacology units to undertake pharmacokinetics and bioavailability studies using good laboratory practices (GLP) protocol.
• Good clinical trial centers following national and international good clinical practice (GCP) protocols for effective and well-monitored controlled trials.
• An appropriate  national mechanism for monitoring adverse drug reactions and post marketing surveillance.
• Establishing clinical trial methodology for traditional medicine research.
• Issuing ethical guidelines for biomedical research with special emphasis on clinical trials on drugs/diagnostics/vaccines and herbal remedies.
• replacement of in vivo models.
• Targets for screening and basic studies on cell cultures, cell lines, isolated receptors, enzymes etc.
• Re-perfusion injury heart, brain, kidney.
• Thrombosis and sequelae.
• Microvascular disorders decubitus ulcer, retinal disturbances CNS.
• Clinical trials of traditional remedies with GCP Norms.
• Pharmacovigilance.
• Pharmacoeconomics Drug prescribing and compliance.
• Degnerative and geriatric disorders like osteoporosis, arthritis, memory and learning.
• Metabolic diseases like diabetes, hyperlipidemia.
• Bioenhancers.
• Hepatoprotective.
• Immunostimulant and adaptogen.
• Oppurtunistic and resistant infections.
• Interaction with modern drugs, concomitant use.
• Antimutagenic agents.
• Apoptosis and drugs modifying it.
• New delivery systems for targeting alternate routes of administration, altered duration of action.
• Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolizing enzymes.
• Toxicogenetics including gene environment interaction.
• Genetic epidemiology to document the prevalence and distribution of genetic disorders in  different geo-ethnic groups in the country.
• Identify genes predisposing to complex multifactorial disorders in the Indian population including adverse drug reactions and susceptibility/ resistance to toxic substances, food substances and infections.
• Control of thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies.
• Primary prevention of Downs syndrome.
• Study the genetic heterogeneity of disease patterns.
• Investigate the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of various diseases  by identification of genetic variants.
• Identification of mutations in the Indian population.
• Identification and characterization of new disease genes, particularly of those diseases which are unique to India e.g. Handigodu disease, calcific pancreatitis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy etc.
• Carry out in-depth analysis of genotype phenotype correlation and study gene-gene, gene-environment interactions to understand heterogeneity of genetic disorders.
• Study of patho-physiology of genetic diseases  which may identify new targets for drug discovery.
• Study of genetic polymorphisms and their disease susceptibility/drug response association in various genetically identifiable groups in India .
• Development of nucleic acids ( DNA /RNA/Oligo) probes for early diagnosis and molecular epidemiology (by eliciting gene polymorphism) of both hereditary and acquired diseases including a wide variety of infectious diseases.
• Molecular cloning, sequencing and characterization of genes/genomes of pathogens and vectors that are associated with diseases most prevalent in India .
• Early detection and molecular epidemiology of cancer, cardiovascular, neurological and other diseases.
• Development of highly specific monoclonal/polyclonal antibodies for immunodiagnosis of infectious diseases and cancers.
• Understanding gene expression and mechanisms of different diseases particularly of cancers and genetic diseases.
• Molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interaction, immune response and development of vaccines as well as immuno-therapeutics
• Drug designing, drug delivery, chrono-pharmacology and pharmacogenetics.
• Molecular basis of drug resistance. 
• Control of gene expression
• Development and standardization of in vivo somatic gene therapy and development of DNA vaccines for treatment of various diseases.
• Development of appropriate antisense nucleotides (RNA/Oligo) for treatment of diseases with defects in DNA sequences.
• Research and development of recombinant immuno-therapeutic vaccines and molecular therapeutics.
• Studies on transgenic animals, vectors and gene knock-out animals for understanding the mechanism of host resistance etc. 
• Gene transfer and expression of b globin gene in haemopoietic stem cells as well as in umbilical cord stem cells so as to pave the way for successful somatic gene therapy of b thalassaemia and sickle cell disease.
• Non-invasive method of prenatal diagnosis of b -thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia by DNA technology utilising foetal cells obtained from maternal circulation.
• Introduction of antisense form of gene C-myc to proliferating smooth muscle cells to allow the regeneration of the endothelial layer.
• Prenatal diagnosis by DNA technology of von Willebrands disease, platelet disorders like Glanzmanns thrombasthaenia, Bernard-Soulier disease etc.
• Establishment of genotype of platelets in cases of neonatal alloimmune thromobocytopaenia and their prevention by prenatal diagnosis using DNA analysis of chorionic villi.
• Detection of genome diversity by haplotype and VNTR analysis in different tribal and caste population groups.  
• Production of recombinant proteins such as insulin, human growth hormones, erythropoetin, interferons, interleukins, colony stimulating factors, tissue plasminogen activator, hepatitis B vaccine.

Exercise Physiology - Training of sports people. - Aerobic exercises in swimming pools and on land. - Under water problem in stimulated diving in chambers.

• Pain : Biopsychosocial and cultural dimensions of pain problems and perception; chronic pain autonomic and visceral parameters, neurophysiological basis of management strategies including CAM .
• Ageing : Neuropsycho-electrobiological indices of brain cognitive inflexibility / impairment, memory, attention defects etc., - the Indian setting.
• Stress, life style and its impact on mind body interactions; linkage to conditions like hypertension IHD, Diabetes, Asthma, other stress conditions and immunological profiles; effect of yoga, meditation, pranic healing, Yoga & Mind-body relationship
• Nutrition Physiology : Sensory metabolic interactions in control of food intake, hedonic matrix, ontogeny of food habits and food preferences socio economic and cultural influences, Nutrition based problems in tribal areas of India
• Environmental Physiology : High altitutde, Pollution (noise, electro-magnetic and others) cardio-respiratory parameters, brain indices, systemic effects. Adaptation to high temperature, Lung functions in children and Indian standards along with effects of environmental pollution and incidence of wheezing/Bronchial asthma
• Neurobiology of addictive diseases. Alcoholism and childhood conduct disorders-use of recent technologies,
• Sleep disorders, QEEG and Yoga
• Chrono-biology and circadian rhythms
• Validation of traditional knowledge in the areas of diabetes, filariasis, benign hypertrophy of prostate, coronory artery disease, cancer, HIV/AIDS etc.
• Finger printing of selected herbal preparations.
• Agrotechnology of selected plants for various clinical trials e.g.   Picrorhiza kurroa and Pterocarpus marsupiam.
• Development of new molecules from plant sources.
• Study of risk factors for life-style diseases among primitive tribal and non-tribal populations.
• Prevalence and clinical profile of haemoglobinopathies.
• Studies related to communicable diseases using tools of molecular biology.
• Socio-demographic and socio-economic studies.

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• v.42(4); Oct-Dec 2017

Textbook of Community Medicine – Preventive and Social Medicine

Rashmi sharma.

Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College Sola, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India E-mail: moc.oohay@msp_imhsarrd

CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt., Ltd : New Delhi, India. INR 895. 2017. 5th edition. Sunder Lal, Adarsh, Pankaj, editors. 807. ISBN: 9789386217554.

The National body of IAPSM is working on removing the deadwood and reforming the syllabus of Community Medicine for undergraduate as well as postgraduate students. To keep pace with the ever-changing public health scenario, it is very necessary to revise and update the facts and figures in the textbook(s), while keeping it simple and reader-friendly to generate and maintain interest in the subject among the end users. Gone are the days when the under and postgraduate students of Community Medicine had to rely solely on a textbook of a particular author. Several books by different Indian authors are now available in the market to choose from.

One such book is the latest edition of the Textbook of Community Medicine authored by Drs. Sunder Lal, Adarsh and Pankaj. It is divided into two parts – Part 1 covers basic sciences related to the discipline of Community Medicine – application of social and behavioral sciences, health policy, demography applied nutrition, environmental health etc., and Part II covers epidemiology of Communicable and noncommunicable diseases, National Health Programmes, health management, health-care delivery system, Health management functions, hospital statistics etc. This distribution largely matches the distribution of topics covered in Papers 1 and 2 of University examination in Community Medicine. A much-appreciated point is the unified approach adopted by the authors, whereby the policies and national programs are integrated with relevant topics to avoid fragmentation and increasing holistic understanding and learning of the topic.

Principal author – Dr. Sunder Lal, having a rich of experience in Teaching, Training, and research in Community Medicine, spanning almost half a century, has also served as the President–Secretary General IAPSM as well as Chief Editor of IJCM for 9 years. A recipient of various awards including the prestigious Amrut Mody Unichem Prize (Indian Council of Medical Research) for his work on maternal and child health; his mastery is evident in the book sections dealing with reproductive and child health, malnutrition, communication, and health management. Health Economics, Hospital statistics, Infection management, Environment plan are few topics which are covered better than most other Indian textbooks. One more highlight of the book is its India specific illustrations and inclusion of field experiences, simple figures, and sketches which makes even the prosaic text, interesting and understandable. The book has been updated to reflect recent information and advances. However, certain sections are information intensive and might overburden the undergraduate readers. Chapters may benefit with the inclusion of some important questions in general and few MCQ specifically at the end, making it more examination friendly in general and NEET particularly.

In my opinion, this book is one of the better ones in the market and strongly recommended for both under and postgraduate students. It not only provides insights and better understanding of the subject but also the updated information which is often asked in entrance examinations. It can also serve as a guide while dealing with public health urgencies and issues. The book makes a sincere attempt to fulfill the tenets of Miller's pyramid.

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India is a country which contains hundreds of medical colleges and thousands of medical students graduating each year. A fair number of students actively involve themselves in research at a local or national or even international level. INFORMER, The Forum for Medical Students' Research, India is a step towards bringing those interested in research to a common platform.

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Journal of Community Medicine and Health Research

Issn : 2694-5843, doi : 10.36266 | impact factor : 2.6* | cite factor: 1.9, contact editorial assistan at : [email protected].

Home Journal of Community Medicine and Health Research

About Journal

Journal of Commu nity Medicine and Health Research (JCMHR) is an International Peer Reviewed Open Access Journal publishing original research contributions and advances in the field of Community Medicine and Health Education. Covering all broad research areas, our journal aims to promote information in Community Medicine and enhance standards of scientific literacy among peers, which could in turn aid in providing improved healthcare. It also serves as a platform to promote meetings and news relating to Community Medicine and its related researches.

Pubtexto Journal of Community Medicine and Health Education helps students, researchers, clinicians, medical practitioners and other healthcare professionals find up-to-date information about on-going researches in the field of community medicine.

JCMHR welcomes your efforts in the form of research, review papers, short communications, editorials, Book reviews, commentary, or any other type of articles relating to all aspects of Community Medicine and Health Education.

The following classifications and topics related to it will be considered for publication in the Journal of Community Medicine and Health Research but, not limited to the following fields  

ISSN: 2694-5843

Area: Medicine and Health research

Frequency: 4 Issues per Year

Language: English

Review Process: Double blinded peer review process

Publication Timeline: 15 Days peer review process

Note: We will process your article under fast track review process on your special request.

Open Access Policy:

This is an open access journal which allows all content available freely without any charge to the individual user or any Institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without any prior permission from the publisher or the author. This journal has a publication fee which needs to be met by the authors or their research funders for each article published open access. 

The journal follows double blinded peer review process where our expert reviewers provide comments on the quality and content of the submitted articles. The journal’s editorial board considers the peer reviewers’ reports and makes the final decision to accept or reject the manuscript for publication.

Pubtexto Open Access is dedicated to follows policies and ethics based on  COPE (Committee on Publishing Ethics)

License and Copy right

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Review Process Policy

This is an open access journal which allows all content available freely without any charge to the individual user or any Institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without any prior permission from the publisher or the author. This journal has a publication fee which needs to be met by the authors or their research funders for each article published open access.

The journal follows double blinded peer review process where our expert reviewers provide comments on the quality and content of the submitted articles. The journal’s editorial board considers the peer reviewers’ reports and makes the final decision to accept or reject the manuscript for publication

Plagiarism Policy

The articles submitted by authors must contain a minimum of 80% unique content (Which should be unique and must not copy from any other web sites). The authors must maintain 100% uniqueness in the Results and conclusion part of the text. We will resend the articles, which have below 80% uniqueness to the authors for revision and asked for resubmissions with uniqueness (as per guidelines).

Benefits to authors

We provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, social media optimization which improve citations and help readers to connect with potential collaborators and correspondents with a platform to publish their research work and update the recent advances.

Submission works:

Submit your manuscript through     online or an e-mail:   [email protected]  

Publication charges:

All articles published in Journal of Community Medicine and Health Research (ISSN: 2694-5843) are published in full open access. In order to provide free access to readers, and to cover the costs of peer review, copyediting, typesetting, long-term archiving, and journal management, an article processing charge (APC) applies to papers accepted after peer review. In addition to Swiss Francs (CHF), we also accept payment in Euros (EUR), US Dollars (USD), British Pound Sterling (GBP), Japanese Yen (JPY) or Canadian Dollars (CAD).

Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Note that many national and private research funding organizations and universities explicitly cover APCs for articles resulting from funded research projects. Discounts are also available for authors from institutes.

Ethics and Policies:

Ethics and policies are required to achieve quality and trust in scientific publications, to evoke better growth in scientific findings and to give people credit for their findings.

COPE LINK -  https://publicationethics.org/resources .

Aim and Scope

Journal of Community Medicine and Health Research aims to disseminate the advanced research of community medicine and public health globally. It includes a wide range of fields in its discipline to create a platform for the authors to make their contribution towards the journal and the editorial office. Our journal promises a peer review process for submitted manuscripts and ensures quality in publishing. 

The scope of the journal embrace a broad range of topics including translational science research, genetics, immunology, nutrition, psychosocial research, epidemiology and multidisciplinary team approaches towards imparting quality healthcare services. The journal also welcomes articles written by doctors, physicians and medical giants that present their personal perspectives in treating commonly as well as rarely occurring diseases.

The main objective of the journal is to deal with the health issues related to the public and community as a whole which involves efforts to control infection, maintain proper sanitation, imparting health education and enhancing the provision of health care services to the communities and related research which is in need to take the research at an international level. In order to achieve this, it is important to bring the research to the scientific community across the globe in order to advance the knowledge and understanding of the health sector with a bias to community medicine and primary health care from all stakeholders.

The journal is intended to share and explore wide range of topics including but not limited to adolescent and child health, basic epidemiology, behavioral health, biostatistics and health services, community health, community medicine, community mental health service, environmental medicine, essentials of management, gender and health, health economics, immunization, insurance medicine, issues in public health, media in public health, nutrition and health, occupational health, occupational medicine, population health, public health, public policy, research methodology, scientific communication & aids, social awareness, social health, strategic management, etc.

All the quality submissions submitted shall be screened under the stringent peer review process and selectively published upon acceptance by the editorial team.

Instructions for Authors

Before submission of manuscript to the journal, kindly check the below mentioned guidelines

Authors Information

All persons who qualify for authorship should be listed as authors. However, the corresponding author must ensure that each author listed has substantially contributed or participated sufficiently in the work and is responsible for that particular portion of the manuscript. However, people who do not qualify for authorship should be listed in acknowledgments.

• First name and last name
• Complete affiliation, along with the country
• E-mail address (mandatory for the corresponding author)

Submission Format

Submissions to Pubtexto journals should include the following:

• Cover Letter

Figures and Tables

• Supplemental Materials

Authors are encouraged to submit all the components as 'zip file' while submitting on our online system or via email as an attachment.

Cover Letter should:

• briefly summarize or provide an outline of your manuscript, and why it is a worthy contribution to the concerned journal;
• specify the Pubtexto journal that your manuscript best pertains to;
• indicate, if applicable, that it is submitted as a part of Special Issue;
• specify the manuscript type (original research, review, etc.)
• detail any previous interaction(s) with Pubtexto Publications (previously submitted)
• specify all authors' information, including affiliation
• include acknowledgments and funding information (if applicable) and any competing interests

Manuscript Layout

The word count for original research is 3500–4000 words and up to 5500 words for studies involving meta-analysis. Authors are encouraged to employ a standard and concise writing style. If you are not a native English speaker, we encourage you to utilize our language editing services-or ask a native English speaking colleague for assistance.

Title:  The title should not exceed 200 characters and set in title case. The title should be concise, specific, and easily comprehensible to readers.

Abstract:  The abstract should not exceed 300 words and may or may not be unstructured (without sub-heading such as objective, methodology, results, discussion, etc.). It should provide a clear description of the objective(s) of the study, demonstrate the methodology used, and summarize the study's prime conclusion(s). In the end, a statement regarding the study's significance to a potentially wider audience should be included.

Keywords:  Authors can provide 4-6 keywords. The first letter of each keyword should be upper case, and keywords should be separated by a semicolon (;)

Introduction

The introduction should set the tone of the paper by providing a clear statement of the study, the relevant literature on the study subject and the proposed approach or solution. The introduction should be general enough to attract a reader's attention from a broad range of scientific disciplines.

Materials and methods

This section should provide a complete overview of the design of the study. Detailed descriptions of materials or participants, comparisons, interventions, and types of analysis should be mentioned. However, only new procedures should be described in detail; previously published procedures should be cited and important modifications of published procedures should be mentioned briefly. Capitalize trade names and include the manufacturer's name and address.

Results and Discussion

The results section should provide complete details of the experiment that are required to support the conclusion of the study. The results should be written in the past tense when describing findings in the authors' experiments. Previously published findings should be written in the present tense. Results and discussion may be combined or in a separate section. Speculation and detailed interpretation of data should not be included in the results but should be put into the discussion section.

Conclusion:

This section should provide to adhere to support the study conclusions. This section included briefly detailed conclusive parameters of the whole study.

Acknowledgments:

This should include all the people who have contributed toward the work in one way or the other. However, authors are required to ensure that people acknowledged should agree to be so named.

Funding Information

List all the sources of funding, including relevant research grant numbers, as applicable. Also, authors are encouraged to list all the contributing authors associated with specific funding, if applicable.

Optional information

While we are not obligated to use these or recommend to the concerned Editor(s), we do encourage authors to provide names and contact information of 2-4 external reviewers and, if applicable, 1-2 opposed reviewers.

Published work along with any citable items should be cited in the reference list. While we follow very stringent reference formats, authors need not to spend time formatting their reference. They can submit the manuscripts formatted in any reference style (style will be formatted once the manuscript is accepted for publication), but it is preferable that they adhere to the journal format.

Reference format:

Pubtexto uses the following style. Items are listed numerically in the order they are cited in the text.

Example journal article (2-6 authors): Salwachter AR, Freischlag JA, Sawyer RG, Sanfey HA, Fukushima H, Cureoglu. The training needs and priorities of male and female surgeons and their trainees. J Am Coll Surg. 2005; 201: 199-205.

Example journal article (more than 6 authors): Fukushima H, Cureoglu S, Schachern P, et al. Cochlear changes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005; 133: 100-6.

Example book: Modlin J, Jenkins P. Decision Analysis in Planning for a Polio Outbreak in the United States. San Francisco, CA: Pediatric Academic Societies; 2004.

Example book chapter: Solensky R. Drug allergy: desensitization and treatment of reactions to antibiotics and aspirin. In: Lockey P, ed. Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2004:585-606.

Example online article: Wolf W. State's mail-order drug plan launched. Minneapolis Star Tribune. May 14, 2004:1B

Example article from any database: Calhoun D, Trimarco T, Meek R, Locasto D. Distinguishing diabetes: Differentiate between type 1 & type 2 DM. JEMS [serial online]. November 2011; 36(11):32-48. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 2, 2012.

In-text citation: For referencing an article, a number is used. This is different from in-text citations in AMA—author's last name is not used. The order of numbering will be contingent on the order in which you use that reference within your paper. For example, the first article referenced will be given number one in superscript (1) followed by the second and third articles as 2,3. In the references section, the articles should appear numerically in the order they are cited within the text.

Figures and tables should be included in the main text (manuscript) to aid in the review process. However, for larger files (size exceeding 10 Mb) must always be submitted separately (should be properly mentioned in the main text, wherever applicable). 

Figure captions and legends

Figure files should be included in the main document, and not as supplemental materials. Figure caption should be preceded by the figure, while figure legends should immediately follow the figure. Figure captions should be concise (not to exceed 18 words) and set in bold type. All figures should be numbered in sequence, using Arabic numerals, for example, Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.

Table captions and legends

Tables should be cited in ascending numeric order. Each table should be preceded by a table caption (brief and specific; not to exceed 18 words), and immediately followed by table legends, if applicable, used to explain abbreviations and other supporting information about the data. Larger tables, however, can be submitted as supplemental materials.

Review Comments and Revision

Submission Instructions

While submitting a revised manuscript, the authors should include the following:

Revised manuscript (clean copy): Prepare a clean copy of your revised manuscript that does not show track changes. Rename this file as "Main Document".

Revised manuscript (marked-up copy): Include a copy of your manuscript file showing the changes you have made (track changes). Rename this file as "Manuscript with Track Changes".

Response to reviewers: Address the specific points made by each Reviewer and/or Editor. Include your responses to all the reviewers' and editor's comments and list the changes you have made to the manuscript. Rename this file as "Response to Reviewers".

Supplementary Information

Information integral to the comprehensive understanding of the manuscript, but is either too large to be included in the main document or due to any other reason, should be submitted as support materials, such as 3-D visualizations, interactive graphics, large tables and/or figures, and so on. However, authors should note that normal figures and tables should not be included under supplemental materials.

Ethical Guidelines

For manuscripts reporting medical studies that involve human or animal subjects, the ethics committee that approved the study must be identified in the manuscript. For studies involving human subjects, all work must conform to the recognized standards as per the "Declaration of Helsinki". In case of any experiments involving animals, authors must provide a declaration that all measures were taken to avoid animal suffering at each stage and also must furnish a detailed description of the procedures used.

Patient Consent

In manuscripts reporting patient cases, patient anonymity must be preserved. Case reports submitted to Pubtexto Publications should conform to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors' (ICMJE) recommendations. Patient privacy should be taken care of, and personally, identifiable information should not be revealed without informed consent. If informed consent has been obtained, the details must be mentioned in the manuscript.

For live patients, signed consent is mandatory if the authors wish to reveal the patient's identity. In the case of deceased patients, consent must be taken from the patient's next of kin. If a patient's consent was not obtained, the patient's details should be anonymized as much as possible. Patient's photographs need to be cropped sufficiently to prevent the revelation of identity.

Authors are not required to submit the copy of the patient's consent while submitting their manuscript for consideration in Pubtexto Publications. However, they should confirm in the Cover Letter that the patient's consent has been obtained. In certain instances, the Editorial Office might request the authors to provide a copy of the same.

Current Issue

Research article.

Appling Generalized Linear Models to Measure the Influence of Road Traffic Accidents; the case of Kembata Tembaro Zone, Ethiopiae --> Appling Generalized Linear Models to Measure the Influence of Road Traffic Accidents; the case of Kembata Tembaro Zone, Ethiopiae

Handiso a and mekebo g.

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Postgraduate Course the Economic Policy for the Smoking Control --> Postgraduate Course the Economic Policy for the Smoking Control

Hernandez ff and gonzalez se.

Recognizing Self-Medication Behaviour as a Potential Threat --> Recognizing Self-Medication Behaviour as a Potential Threat

Khan nt and habib h.

The Role of Strategy Maps in Strategic Management in Hospitals --> The Role of Strategy Maps in Strategic Management in Hospitals

Jasinska j and hab j.

Appropriateness of Medical Devices Use in ICU: Nurses’ Perceptions in Riyadh General Hospitals --> Appropriateness of Medical Devices Use in ICU: Nurses’ Perceptions in Riyadh General Hospitals

Medicine: J Community Med Health Res 2021, 3: 3

Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practice in Southern Ethiopia --> Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practice in Southern Ethiopia

Ermancho b, ermeko t, lette a and tamirat a.

Accuracy of the Novel Entraview Mobile Device to Increase Access to Conduct Hearing Loss Screening In Underserved Communities in India --> Accuracy of the Novel Entraview Mobile Device to Increase Access to Conduct Hearing Loss Screening In Underserved Communities in India

Deshmukh bg, bhisegaonkar da, phatak p, sachdeva s, kueffer f, sahai g and bhatnagar k.

Development and Characterization of Herbal Formulation containing Aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Flowers) for the treatment of Vaginal Infection --> Development and Characterization of Herbal Formulation containing Aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Flowers) for the treatment of Vaginal Infection

Technology-Facilitated Abuse gets Smarter: Evolving Power Dynamics and Consequences for Sexual Violence Policies --> Technology-Facilitated Abuse gets Smarter: Evolving Power Dynamics and Consequences for Sexual Violence Policies

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Students of Pharmacy in a Tertiary Institution in Rivers State, Nigeria, Towards the Covid-19 Pandemic --> Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Students of Pharmacy in a Tertiary Institution in Rivers State, Nigeria, Towards the Covid-19 Pandemic

Chidera vo and ebong oo.

Medicine: J Community Med Health Res 2021, 3: 4

Van Lohuizen Syndrome, A Late-Diagnosed Case in an 18 Years-Old Female Case Reports in Orthopedic Research Clinical Trials in Orthopaedic Surgery --> Van Lohuizen Syndrome, A Late-Diagnosed Case in an 18 Years-Old Female Case Reports in Orthopedic Research Clinical Trials in Orthopaedic Surgery

Aljayar a, furnari d, stoxen j, hamlaoui k and khan n, review article.

A Hypothesis and Evidence That Mercury May Be an Etiological Factor in Parkinson’s disease --> A Hypothesis and Evidence That Mercury May Be an Etiological Factor in Parkinson’s disease

Siblerud r and mutter j.

Analysing Chronic Kidney Disease by Using Matlab --> Analysing Chronic Kidney Disease by Using Matlab

Akhilsai p, pavani v, dinesh ms and murali pb.

Medicine: J Community Med Health Res 2022, 4: 1

Prevalence of Migraine among Life Sciences Students at Buitems --> Prevalence of Migraine among Life Sciences Students at Buitems

Khan nt and ijaz a.

The Combination of Acetyl L-Carnitine, Alpha Lipoic Acid and Ribes Nigrum in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation --> The Combination of Acetyl L-Carnitine, Alpha Lipoic Acid and Ribes Nigrum in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

Piccirilli m, tropeano mp, arif z and scafa ak.

Governance, Prevention, and Treatment with Implications for an Intervention from Dermatological Health in the COVID-19 Era --> Governance, Prevention, and Treatment with Implications for an Intervention from Dermatological Health in the COVID-19 Era

Morales fe, guillen jc, sanchez as, gracia tjh, munoz em, lirios cg, campas cyq, velazquez lmg and ornelas rmr.

Analysing Chornic Kidney Disease by Using Matlab --> Analysing Chornic Kidney Disease by Using Matlab

Sai pa, pavani v, madasu sd and murali p.

Resilience and Vulnerability during the Pandemic: The Effect of New Media Use --> Resilience and Vulnerability during the Pandemic: The Effect of New Media Use

Medicine: J Community Med Health Res 2022, 4: 2

The Interaction between Locus of Control and Obesity - A Review --> The Interaction between Locus of Control and Obesity - A Review

Lawson ei and glenister k.

Trends of Concurrent Use of Anticholinergics with Antipsychotics, And the Associated Factors for the Current Practice --> Trends of Concurrent Use of Anticholinergics with Antipsychotics, And the Associated Factors for the Current Practice

Bwalya ft, mwanza j and paul r.

Is Fractionated exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) useful as a biomarker in eosinophilic esophagitis? --> Is Fractionated exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) useful as a biomarker in eosinophilic esophagitis?

Gomez arg, canas ap, sotomayor jvm, castello mc, rodríguez jrm and torrijos eg.

Novel Mechanisms of Rotavirus Replication --> Novel Mechanisms of Rotavirus Replication

Report a Rare Case of Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst Whichpresentas Massive Pleural Effusion --> Report a Rare Case of Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst Whichpresentas Massive Pleural Effusion

Aghajanzadeh m, foumani aa, tangestaninejad a, fakher mosavi sab, ashori n, mosafaee o and ildari s.

Medicine: J Community Med Health Res 2022, 4: 3

Investigation of Phytochemical Constituents and Biochemical Properties of Peel of Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L) --> Investigation of Phytochemical Constituents and Biochemical Properties of Peel of Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L)

Hiroshi y, daiki nn and hana h.

Life of an Elderly Widow within Four Walls – A Case Study from Madurai, India --> Life of an Elderly Widow within Four Walls – A Case Study from Madurai, India

Meenakshi jr, arulmozhi j, madhavan r and malar j.

Development and Validation of the self-Rated Health and Self-Medication Questionnaire for Adults in Greece --> Development and Validation of the self-Rated Health and Self-Medication Questionnaire for Adults in Greece

Velissari joanna, ioanna chatziprodromidou, maria psilopoulou and apostolos vantarakis.

Medicine: J Community Med Health Res 2023, 5: 1

Minireview Article

Chemo-Biological Therapy of Cancer (New Strategy for an Optimum Cancer Treatment) --> Chemo-Biological Therapy of Cancer (New Strategy for an Optimum Cancer Treatment)

Comparison of Symptoms in Covid-19 Acute Infection and Long Covid-19 --> Comparison of Symptoms in Covid-19 Acute Infection and Long Covid-19

Turabian jl.

Impact of Immune Cell Derived Exosome Mimetic Containing I131 Pyruvate Kinase M2on Cold Tumors --> Impact of Immune Cell Derived Exosome Mimetic Containing I131 Pyruvate Kinase M2on Cold Tumors

Trends in Japanese University Education Digital Transformation (DX) and Case Study of Hybrid Group Work Exercisesin Aoyama Gakuin University: --> Trends in Japanese University Education Digital Transformation (DX) and Case Study of Hybrid Group Work Exercisesin Aoyama Gakuin University:

Tamaki k and arame m.

Parasites and Microbeson the Bodies of Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review Based On The Tafsir Ofsurat Al-Baqarah, 2:26and Signs In Modern Medicine --> Parasites and Microbeson the Bodies of Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review Based On The Tafsir Ofsurat Al-Baqarah, 2:26and Signs In Modern Medicine

Medicine: J Community Med Health Res 2023, 5: 2

Case Report

Case Report of a Patient with an Exacerbation of Rheumatoid Arthritis --> Case Report of a Patient with an Exacerbation of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Kocur s and noppenberg m.

Cervical Cancer Screening: Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Automatic Diagnostic Support --> Cervical Cancer Screening: Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Automatic Diagnostic Support

Mirugwe a and ashaba c.

Research on Japanese Opinion on Globalization of Blood Services --> Research on Japanese Opinion on Globalization of Blood Services

Sugawa m, kawahara k and doi t.

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