thesis topics for dnb emergency medicine

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• West J Emerg Med
• v.21(5); 2020 Sep

Resident Research in Emergency Medicine: An Introduction and Primer

James h. paxton.

* Wayne State University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Detroit, Michigan

Anne M. Messman

Nicholas e. harrison, adrienne n. malik.

† Kansas University Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas

Raina J. Burke

‡ Wheeling Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wheeling, West Virginia

Phillip D. Levy

Training in research methodology represents an important aspect of emergency medicine (EM) resident education, but best methods for design, implementation, and dissemination of resident research remain elusive. Here we describe recommendations and best practices from the existing literature on EM resident research, including helpful tips on how to best implement a resident research program.

INTRODUCTION

When René Laënnec, a French physician in 1816, failed to adequately percuss the thorax of a young woman with heart disease, he improvised. Laënnec wrote, “I rolled a quire of paper into a sort of cylinder and applied one end of it to the region of the heart and the other to my ear.” 1 After numerous revisions, his invention was revealed to the medical community, and quickly caught on. Within a few years, primitive stethoscopes could be found in medical shops throughout Paris. Had Laënnec stopped with that rolled-up piece of paper, his one-time improvisation would have been lost to the annals of history. Fortunately, he chose to build upon his initial discovery and, crucially, to share his breakthrough with the world. Laënnec’s journey charts an enduring and fundamental trajectory of medical innovation: from observation, through inspiration, refinement and testing, to dissemination.

Development of a research project can be especially daunting to physicians already engaged in an emergency medicine (EM) residency training program. But execution of a research project during residency remains a worthwhile experience, allowing participants to meaningfully contribute to medical knowledge and develop an investigative spirit. 2 Residents participating in research appear to attain greater job satisfaction, 3 and can objectively frame everyday questions and methodically seek answers 3 to problems including (among others) staffing issues, wait times, and communication barriers. 4 – 5

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Residency Review Committee for EM recognizes the importance of these efforts, mandating resident completion of a “scholarly project” prior to graduation. Their requirement cites the following as examples of qualifying activities: “…the preparation of a scholarly paper such as a collective review or case report, active participation in a research project or formulation and implementation of an original research project.” 6 These activities should include problem identification, data collection, analysis, and conclusion. 7 Performance and documentation of these projects are vital to the acceptance of a scholarly project, whether a case report, community project, development of medical software, or traditional research project. 7 Recent reports from within the EM community have emphasized the importance of scholarly activity to EM resident education. 8 – 9

Advancing the state of scientific knowledge is not a requirement for success in resident research, but it is a potential benefit of this exercise. It is the responsibility and privilege of those involved in residency administration to facilitate the training of EM resident researchers in the development and execution of research projects that support not only the professional careers of residents but also the advancement of our specialty. 8 – 9

What is Resident Research?

It has been suggested that “resident research” is, “research where a resident has a principal role in the implementation and completion of the project.” 10 We suggest that the resident research experience be defined by the engagement of the resident learner in the research process, focusing upon the educational value of the project rather than the resident’s official role or involvement in the design and execution of the project. Research studies are intended to create new generalizable knowledge that can be applied to other populations and settings. 11 Consequently, we propose that “resident research” be defined as any systematic investigation designed to yield new information that actively engages the resident-learner and facilitates the acquisition of a greater understanding of the scientific method. This is in distinction to quality improvement projects, which seek to apply existing knowledge to improve healthcare outcomes within a local healthcare institution or setting. 12

Setting Realistic Expectations

One purpose of resident research is to expose residents to the methods by which research is conducted, creating “educated consumers” of the medical literature. However, residencies hoping to establish a resident research program de novo must recognize the additional workload that resident research projects impose upon faculty. Mentors should be primarily responsible for guiding and supervising resident research, but should be adequately vetted to ensure that the research experience yields a positive result for all involved. Research directors should provide guidance relating to funding opportunities, deadlines for abstract submission to key research conferences, important institutional and federal regulations, and departmental resources. 13 Departmental leadership should create an environment in which research is actively promoted, providing appropriate funding and protected time for mentors and other research faculty. 13

Getting Started

Clinical experiences, journal club articles, or experiences with different teaching modalities may generate an appropriate resident research topic including relevant clinical or educational questions. 2 , 14 – 15 Additional ideas may come from the resident’s personal interests or experiences.

Learning Research Methodology

Most programs will offer training through didactic presentations, journal clubs or evidence-based literature discussions. However, a focused educational effort specifically targeting research methodologies has been shown to correlate with improved resident skills, knowledge, and research productivity. 16 Nearly one in four EM training programs offers a fixed rotation in research. 5 , 17 A more feasible format for the busy trainee might be the Advanced Research Methodology Evaluation and Design video series available from the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), including “how-to” webinars and podcasts produced by senior researchers. 18

The Research Question

A general research question must be formulated, which will generate a testable hypothesis. 3 , 19 All possible outcomes should be considered, and at least one of them must be worthwhile. 20 The FINER criteria may be used to assess the relative merits of the proposal: 14 – 15 , 21

Can the project be completed within the time allotted using the given resources? Can the proposed investigation enroll enough patients to demonstrate a difference in the proposed outcome measures?

Is the topic engaging enough to be worth the effort?

Is the proposed investigation different enough from what has been done before to add knowledge on the subject?

Does the proposed investigation respect the morals of the community, the patient, and the profession?

Are the results likely to be applicable to many patients? Will the results be useful and contribute to the greater good?

Formulating a Hypothesis

A suitably refined and meaningful research question will help in generating a hypothesis, providing a clear delineation of what the investigation will attempt to prove. Investigation of a well-designed hypothesis will be interesting even if a negative result is found.

A mentor experienced in the resident’s area of research interest can be an invaluable resource by offering hints at project scope, helping with setbacks, and tailoring the learning experience to the resident’s needs. 22 Most often, the mentor is an established researcher within the department but could include a specialist in another field, or even a non-physician investigator. 5 , 23 – 24 Goals and expectations should be discussed early on, to avoid frustration for both parties. 5 Terregino has shown that, in general, EM residents are relatively unfamiliar with what resources are available to them, which can lead to significant amounts of time wasted. 25 Most hospitals provide research support that is invisible to the outside observer, including project coordinators, departmental research directors, and biostatisticians. 25 The mentor should be aware of all available institutional resources.

The Literature Search

A valid research project must be informed by past work. Most literature reviews will begin with a search of PubMed.gov , the database of the National Library of Medicine, or OVID.org , which includes textbooks as well as journals. 26 Search terms used must be carefully selected, and the proper Boolean operators assigned. One study has shown physicians to be especially inept at crafting effective search strings. 27 Any doubts about the literature search process or its results should be referred to a librarian.

Each paper identified from the literature review should be thoroughly read. Investigators should avoid citing abstracts alone, as they are often incomplete in their data presentation. This process is labor-intensive but necessary to form a strong foundation for the research project. All references cited within each article should be assessed for relevance. The selected literature should be reviewed to better understand the subject matter and to develop context for the proposed work. If adequate data from existing sources are uncovered, one may consider a retrospective evaluation of prior results including a meta-analysis. 2 , 28 – 29

Research Design

The novice researcher should look to the existing medical literature for guidance in how to properly design a new study. Selection of the proper research methodology will depend upon multiple factors, including the research question, hypothesis, and predetermined outcome measures. A timeline should be implemented to ensure that all tasks are achievable within the allotted time. Resident physicians should develop a team approach, incorporating input from the faulty mentor as well as a staff epidemiologist or biostatistician. The required sample size will depend upon a variety of factors, including the acceptable level of significance, power of the study, expected effect size, underlying event rate in the population, and standard deviation in the population. 30 – 31 Efforts should be made to collect an inclusive and truly random sampling, to avoid convenience selection bias. 32 Early consultation with the biostatistician will also inform the researcher’s decisions on the most appropriate methods for the statistical analysis of data derived from the study. For further information about study design specifics, the reader is referred to several existing publications. 2 , 4 , 13 , 33 – 34

The Institutional Review Board

Any research project that involves human participants or their data requires submission to the local institutional review board (IRB). Research protocols submitted to the IRB can fall into one of three categories: full submission; expedited; or exempt. Research involving greater than minimal risk to human subjects will require a thorough review by the IRB and development of an informed consent document. Prospective projects involving only minimal risk may be approved via the expedited process, where a single reviewer may approve the work in lieu of the convened board. Studies that include only retrospective data from the electronic health record may be exempt from IRB review, but this determination should be made by the IRB, rather than by the investigator. Investigators should confer with their local IRB to confirm what level of IRB review is required before beginning data collection.

Conducting the Study

After the research protocol has been IRB-approved or exempted, data collection can commence. Prior development of a data collection tool will greatly enhance the efficiency of this process, facilitating both IRB approval and the subsequent data analysis. Subject enrollment can also be improved with use of a trained research assistant. This problem may be circumvented through creation of an “academic associate program,” which integrates EM research with undergraduate education. 35

Research Funding

Resident research projects usually require little external funding. On occasion, additional costs may be incurred to help pay for statistical analysis, or the purchase of required equipment. 36 Internal sources, as well as the Emergency Medicine Foundation 37 and the SAEM Foundation 38 represent potential sources for funding.

Presentation and Publication

Once the data have been collected and analyzed, the researcher should consider how the results will be disseminated. The annual meeting of SAEM, the Research Forum at the American College of Emergency Physicians’ annual scientific assembly, and the Annual Assembly of the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine (CORD) represent the premier locales for presentation of EM research. 39

Ideally, the resident research experience should lead to a manuscript, although the lack of immediate publication must not be interpreted as failure. Only 40% of EM abstracts go on to become full article publications. 15 , 40 Most manuscripts are published 1–2 years after initial presentation. 17 Appropriate journal selection for submission enhances the likelihood of success, as does a thorough understanding of manuscript preparation techniques and review criteria. 41 – 43

While any research resultant from a resident’s scholarly project is unlikely to have the impact of Laënnec’s stethoscope, EM residents may still gain much from engaging in clinical research. For some, it will light an investigative fire that will burn for an entire career. At the least, resident research projects can provide an opportunity to explore issues central to the practice of EM, helping the resident to become a more well-rounded physician.

Section Editor: Whitney Johnson, MS, MD

Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_westjem

Conflicts of Interest : By the West JEM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. No author has professional or financial relationships with any companies that are relevant to this study. There are no conflicts of interest or sources of funding to declare.

• THESIS ABSTRACTS

Association of Emergency Physicians of India (AEPI) is a national organisation registered under Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 on 28th of October, 2019 with registration no. S/2179/2019 headquartered at New Delhi, India. For more information, please mail to: [email protected]

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Olsson, Thomas. "Risk Prediction at the Emergency Department." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4632.

Carney, Nancy Ann. "Patient-Guided Investigation of the Restoration of Health Following Traumatic Brain Injury." PDXScholar, 1998. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2697.

Rööst, Mattias. "Pre-hospital Barriers to Emergency Obstetric Care : Studies of Maternal Mortality and Near-miss in Bolivia and Guatemala." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-112481.

Barakat, Soraia Fatima Coelho. ""Caracterização da demanda do Serviço de Emergências Clínicas de um hospital terciário do município de São Paulo"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5159/tde-07112005-174138/.

Ott, Kenneth Brad. "The Closure of New Orleans' Charity Hospital After Hurricane Katrina: A Case of Disaster Capitalism." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1472.

Moolla, Zuraida. "Case mix and workload of patients seen at three private emergency centres in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25467.

Nentrup, Randall. "Emergency Hazardous Materials Incidents: Case Studies for EPA Federal OnScene Coordinators." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1989. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8562.

Bowen, Mariya. "Development of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses: A Case Study." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27858.

Andrews, Stephen P. "Computer-assisted emergency evacuation planning using TransCAD case studies in Western Massachusetts /." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/345/.

Roberts, Rebecca Kate. "Studies in the periphery of spelling : six patient case studies of graphemic buffer disorder." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269849.

Bosman, Justice Selvyn. "Principles of physics implicit in emergency medical rescue education and operational practice: a case study of motor vehicle related rescue." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2967.

Engvall, Mikael. "BARNPERSPEKTIV VID UTFORMNING AV REGIONAL KATASTROFMEDICINSK BEREDSKAP I SVERIGE : EN NATIONELL STUDIE BLAND REGIONALA BEREDSKAPSSAMORDNARE." Thesis, Röda Korsets Högskola, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:rkh:diva-279.

Marshall, Jane. "Sentence processing in aphasia : single case treatment studies." Thesis, City University London, 1994. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7424/.

Solebo, Colette. "The first 24 hours : mortality and other outcomes of paediatric emergency care in Lagos : a case study." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/61795/.

Leung, Wing-sze Grace, and 梁穎詩. "Emergency and crisis management: a case studyof Hau Tak Market fire incident and its impact on the Link and thesociety." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4440315X.

Onder, Ozdemir Neslihan. "Writers in pursuit of scholarly publications : case studies from the discipline of medicine." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18563/.

Van, Woerden Hugo. "Atypical organisms affecting the respiratory tract and their sequelae – a series of case studies." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/39357/.

Locke, Eward P. "The use of military forces for emergency management| A comparative case study of the United States and Israel." Thesis, Capella University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3603822.

Military organizations are often called upon to assist with emergency management missions, so it is critical that they have appropriately established and well understood organizational perceptual factors. Military organizations are often unique within a nation, which increases the challenge for scholars to effectively analyze how organizational factors are influenced by the dynamics of national use of military forces for emergency management missions. There are several disparate theories of government organization, but the most recent and relevant is Keith James' organizational science of disaster and terrorism prevention and response theory. James' theory identified several important organizational factors specific to emergency management organizations. These factors include organizational structure and networks, processes, teams, leadership, and technology. James' organizational factors guided the development of this qualitative comparative case study's interview protocol with 24 members from the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of the United States National Guard and Israeli Homefront Command. Results revealed why two nations use their military forces for disaster response as well as provided a description of how each organization is used within their respective nation. The data affirmed aspects of James' theory, including relevant structural, networking, and procedural factors and identified the other organizational factors within James' theory as possible areas for future research. Finally, based upon interview participant perceptions, recommendations were made to the leadership of the Homefront Command and National Guard regarding areas of potential organizational emphasis to include internal messaging, additional doctrine, and clarified organizational structures for disaster response.

Downing, Christopher. "Black populations in epidemiological Alzheimer's disease case-control and cohort studies : a discussion and review." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1076.

Grimsley, Christina, and Stephen B. MD FAAEM Blankenship. "Case Report: Tension Pneumothorax Complicated by Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/113.

Morrow, Susan Elizabeth. "Research strategy in UK academic medicine : four case studies in the University of London." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262717.

Jarman, Lisa Charlotte. "Galen in Early Modern English medicine : case-studies in history, pharmacology and surgery 1618-1794." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15279.

Van, Pinxteren Myrna. "Tracing ‘paper', discovering people: three ethnographic case studies exploring the use of health information to improve health services in Gugulethu." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32367.

Hallberg, Anneli. "SOS 112– vad har inträffat? : En studie av framgångs- och riskfaktorer i nöd-samtalet utifrån ett förbättringsarbete för att öka säkerställandet av vitala parametrar genom reflektion." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, The Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40755.

Grajales, III Francisco Jose. "Social media : a comprehensive knowledge synthesis and case studies of applications in medicine and health(care)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42806.

Linden, Luan Paula. "Pharmaceutical industry perspectives on factors that influence the adoption and diffusion of drugs in the UK : four case studies." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4897/.

O'Brien, Siobhan. "The ultimate alternative : a single case study understanding Jason's journey from addiction to self-recovery." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Health Sciences, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3110.

Harris, Rochelle. "The cost of professionalization: a case study of osteopathic medicine in the united states." Scholar Commons, 2005. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2968.

Tian, Xiao Ying. "The study of Chinese herbal medicine in embryonic development of mice." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1071.

Meeuwisse, Willem H. "The effect of salbutamol on performance in elite non-asthmatic athletes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28769.

De, La Cruz Cara. "A Mixed Method Study on the Peripartum Experience and Postpartum Effects of Emergency Hysterectomy Due To Postpartum Hemorrhage." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3423.

Veronin, Michael A. "The Validity of Health Claims on the World Wide Web: A Case Study of the Herbal Remedy Opuntia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2441/.

Lukhozi, Sipho Michael. "Dual obligations in clinical forensic medicine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86537.

Vaišvilienė, Jolanta. "Greitosios medicinos pagalbos pasirengimo veikti ekstremalių situacijų atvejais tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140618_233423-53499.

Palmer, Ryan Tyler. "Exploring Online Community Among Rural Medical Education Students: A Case Study." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/990.

Muffet-Willett, Stacy L. "Waiting for a Crisis: Case Studies of Crisis Leaders in Higher Education." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1290118943.

Blue, Ian A. "The professional working relationship of rural nurses and doctors : four South Australian case studies." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb6582.pdf.

Wong, Hay-tai, and 黃熙締. "Attitudes of accident and emergency department nurses towards extending and expanding their professional roles in Hong Kong: a pilot study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3197286X.

Cordella, Marisa 1961. "The dynamic consultation : a discourse-analytical study of doctor-patient communication in Chilean Spanish." Monash University, Dept. of Linguistics, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8920.

Partington, Hazel Ann. "Post-qualification education and professional identity in the contested landscape of Complementary and Alternative Medicine : a case of transformative learning in an online setting." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2017. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/23989/.

Li, Xiangyu. "Delaying Evacuation: Risk Communication in Mobilizing Evacuees." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699992/.

何湛華. "三仁湯及其臨床應用的文獻研究." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1124.

Lindsey, Amy M. "A tornado hazard analysis for Indiana and an evaluation of the emergency management needs of the Amish community." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/422.

Dahlbom, Gro. "The art of saving life : Interaction of the initial trauma care system from a cognitive science persepctive." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70704.

Entwistle, P. A. "The use of hypnosis as an auto-ethnographic modality in the exploration and management of overweight and obesity : selected case studies." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4212/.

Kondo-Legan, Vala. "Exploration of Disorganized Attachment in Emotionally Disturbed Children Through Art Therapy: Case Studies at a Therapeutic School." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2012. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/102.

Pineda, Kimberly Rose. "Intercultural communication in healthcare interpreting : an exploration of possibilities." Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/754.

Fisher, Gweneth. "Drying up the bedwetting : retelling of a narrative journey." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1023.

Glackin, Patrick. "The evolving role of the healthcare assistant and its implications for regulation in the Republic of Ireland : a case study approach." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2016. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/32561/.

Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal. "The relationship between evidence and public health policy : case studies of the English public health white paper and minimum unit pricing of alcohol in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4687/.

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An Analysis of the Top-cited Articles in Emergency Medicine Education Literature

Affiliations.

• 1 University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• 2 Georgetown University Hospital/Washington Hospital Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington, D.C.
• 3 University of Michigan, Alfred Taubman Health Sciences Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• 4 University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Department of Emergency Medicine, Portsmouth, Virginia.
• 5 Indiana University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
• 6 Ohio State University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
• 7 University of Michigan, Department of Learning Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• PMID: 28116010
• PMCID: PMC5226765
• DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2016.10.31492

Introduction: Dissemination of educational research is critical to improving medical education, promotion of faculty and ultimately patient care. The objective of this study was to identify the top 25 cited education articles in the emergency medicine (EM) literature and the top 25 cited EM education articles in all journals, as well as report on the characteristics of the articles.

Methods: Two searches were conducted in the Web of Science in June 2016 using a list of education-related search terms. We searched 19 EM journals for education articles as well as all other literature for EM education-related articles. Articles identified were reviewed for citation count, article type, journal, authors, and publication year.

Results: With regards to EM journals, the greatest number of articles were classified as articles/reviews, followed by research articles on topics such as deliberate practice (cited 266 times) and cognitive errors (cited 201 times). In contrast in the non-EM journals, research articles were predominant. Both searches found several simulation and ultrasound articles to be included. The most common EM journal was Academic Emergency Medicine (n = 18), and Academic Medicine was the most common non-EM journal (n=5). A reasonable number of articles included external funding sources (6 EM articles and 13 non-EM articles.).

Conclusion: This study identified the most frequently cited medical education articles in the field of EM education, published in EM journals as well as all other journals indexed in Web of Science. The results identify impactful articles to medical education, providing a resource to educators while identifying trends that may be used to guide EM educational research and publishing efforts.

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Evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking anticoagulants presenting to the emergency department

This manuscript is a consensus document of an expert panel on the Evaluation and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients Taking Anticoagulants Presenting to the Emergency Department, sponsored by th...

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Palliative care education: a nationwide qualitative study of emergency medicine residency program directors in the United Arab Emirates

Emergency medicine (EM) physicians routinely care for patients with serious life-limiting illnesses. Educating EM residents to have general skills and competencies in palliative medicine is a global priority. ...

Limitations and consequences of public health models centred on hospitals and lacking connections with territorial and home-based social and health services

Delayed discharge from hospital to home or other care institutions is a significant problem and has been investigated in the international scientific literature for many years.

Factors and clinical prediction score for complication development after cellulitis diagnosis in adult patients

Cellulitis is defined as a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that can cause multiple complications, such as sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. In extreme cases, it may lead to multiorgan f...

Emergency medicine residents and performance under pressure: learning from elite athletes’ experience

The skills of coping with stress and pressure within emergency medicine are conveyed informally and inconsistently throughout residency training. This study aims to identify key psychological competencies used...

Emergency medical services in Armenia: national call trends and future directions

Emergency medical services (EMS) are paramount to boosting health indices in lower-middle income countries (LMICs); however, lack of uniform data collection and analysis hinders system improvement efforts. In ...

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric emergency department utilization in three regions in Switzerland

The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a decrease in emergency department (ED) visits. However, contradictory, and sparse data regarding children could not yet answer the question, how pediatric ED utilizat...

Double bad luck: pulmonary embolism and vaginal bleeding - a case report

Pulmonary embolism is a common and potentially fatal condition. Exogenous estrogens in contraceptives are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombo-embolism. However, discontinuation of a combined or...

Mediastinitis and septic shock complicating spontaneous esophageal rupture “Boerhaave’s syndrome”: a case report

Boerhaave’s syndrome, also known as spontaneous esophageal rupture, is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by a tear in the esophagus. It is most commonly caused by a sudden increase in intraes...

Patients’ pathways to the emergency department: a scoping review

Emergency department (ED) crowding is a common healthcare issue with multiple causes. One important knowledge area is understanding where patients arrived from and what care they received prior to ED admission...

Guanfacine poisoning resulting in transient ST-segment elevation: a case report

Guanfacine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that decreases norepinephrine release and sympathetic outflow. With the increased use of guanfacine for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), reports of g...

An unexpected case of tetanus in a fully immunized 20-year-old female: a case report

Widespread vaccinations have significantly decreased the number of tetanus cases in developed countries. Today, most cases of tetanus affect the elderly and those with inadequate immunization in developed coun...

Physicians’ experiences with reporting domestic violence against women: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia

Domestic violence, including violence against women, is a global public health concern with significant implications for women’s health and well-being. Despite its prevalence, healthcare providers often face b...

Diagnostic utility of capnography in emergency department triage for screening acidemia: a pilot study

Capnography is a quantitative and reliable method of determining the ventilatory status of patients. We describe the test characteristics of capnography obtained during Emergency Department triage for screenin...

What factors are effective on the CPR duration of patients under extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a single-center retrospective study

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is an alternative method for patients with reversible causes of cardiac arrest (CA) after conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR). However, cardiop...

From symptom onset to ED departure: understanding the acute care chain for patients with undifferentiated complaints: a prospective observational study

For most acute conditions, the phase prior to emergency department (ED) arrival is largely unexplored. However, this prehospital phase has proven an important part of the acute care chain (ACC) for specific ti...

Correction: Patient-controlled analgesia morphine for the management of acute pain in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The original article was published in International Journal of Emergency Medicine 2024 17 :37

Randomized controlled open-label trial to evaluate prioritization software for the secondary triage of patients in the pediatric emergency department

The continual increase in patient attendance at the emergency department (ED) is a worldwide health issue. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of a secondary prioritization software reduces ...

Screening for harmful substance use in emergency departments: a systematic review

Substance use-related emergency department (ED) visits have increased substantially in North America. Screening for substance use in EDs is recommended; best approaches are unclear. This systematic review synt...

Emergency department responses to nursing shortages

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the nursing shortage, which is predicted to continue to worsen with significant numbers of nurses planning to retire within the next 5 years. There remains a lack of published...

Bibliometric analysis of ChatGPT in medicine

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) chat programs has opened two distinct paths, one enhancing interaction and another potentially replacing personal understanding. Ethical and legal concerns arise d...

Clinical significance of elevated D-dimer in emergency department patients: a retrospective single-center analysis

D-dimer is a marker of coagulation and fibrinolysis widely used in clinical practice for assessing thrombotic activity. While it is commonly ordered in the Emergency Department (ED) for suspected venous thromb...

The state of emergency medicine in Greece: at critical momentum

Greece is a parliamentary republic in southeastern Europe populated by over 10 million permanent residents: 9 million reside on the mainland, with almost 4 million in the greater Athens area. The remaining 1 m...

Single intravenous dose ondansetron induces QT prolongation in adult emergency department patients: a prospective observational study

Ondansetron is one of the most commonly used drugs in the emergency department (ED) for treating nausea and vomiting, particularly in intravenous (IV) form. Nevertheless, it has been shown to prolong QT interv...

Evaluation of elevated serum apelin-13 and D-dimer concentrations in individuals diagnosed with pulmonary embolism

Given the limited specificity of D-dimer, there is a perceived need to discover a more precise marker for diagnosing individuals who are suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE). In this study, by evaluatin...

An AI-based multiphase framework for improving the mechanical ventilation availability in emergency departments during respiratory disease seasons: a case study

Shortages of mechanical ventilation have become a constant problem in Emergency Departments (EDs), thereby affecting the timely deployment of medical interventions that counteract the severe health complicatio...

A survivor with unexplained chest scars

This case illustrates chest scars after piston-based chest compression device resuscitation and raises the awareness of the potential benefits of following up survivors of critical illness.

Natto (fermented soybeans)-induced anaphylaxis in a surfer with the possibility of sensitization to poly(γ-glutamic acid) from cutaneous exposure to jellyfish sting: a case report

We report a case of anaphylaxis induced by natto (fermented soybeans) allergy that occurred following dermal sensitization from a jellyfish sting.

Utilizing the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to confirm the impact of emergency department management in sepsis patients: a cohort study from taiwan 1998–2020

Most sepsis patients could potentially experience advantageous outcomes from targeted medical intervention, such as fluid resuscitation, antibiotic administration, respiratory support, and nursing care, prompt...

Emergency airway management in resource limited setting

Emergency airway management in resource-limited settings presents multifaceted challenges due to shortages in essential medical resources, healthcare professionals, and infrastructure.

From compression to diagnosis: identification of superior vena cava syndrome using point-of-care ultrasound in the emergency department

Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is an urgent condition arising from restricted blood flow through the SVC, often linked to factors like malignancy, thrombosis, or infections. Typically, confirmation of the d...

PoCUS identification of distal biceps tendon rupture: a case report

In the Emergency Department (ED), patients may present with various injuries that damage muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bony structures. Fractures, joint dislocations, strains, and sprains are prevalent amon...

Jejunogastric intussusception associated with jejunojejunal intussusception (double telescoping) occurring 20 years after gastrojejunostomy

Jejunogastric intussusception (JGI) is a rare but potentially lethal complication following gastrectomy or gastrojejunostomy surgeries. Diagnosis of this condition can be challenging due to its rarity and non-...

Patient-controlled analgesia morphine for the management of acute pain in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The ideal pain control approach is typically viewed as titration of analgesia for pain reduction and periodic pain evaluation. However, this method takes time and is not always possible in the crowded Emergenc...

The Correction to this article has been published in International Journal of Emergency Medicine 2024 17 :54

Use of bitemporal NACA score documentation in prehospital emergency medical services– a retrospective study

The assessment of illness severity in the prehospital setting is essential for guiding appropriate medical interventions. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score is a validated tool common...

Recurrent transitory attacks with cytotoxic edema could benefit from thrombolysis

The original article was published in International Journal of Emergency Medicine 2023 16 :62

Comparison of T-POD and SAM Pelvic Sling II and the influence of attachment level in the initial management of unstable pelvic type C injuries – a cadaveric study

Type C pelvic fractures (AO/OTA) are severe injuries that frequently lead to bleeding and hemodynamic instability. Pelvic binders play a crucial role in their initial management. Placement at the correct level...

Catheter-related gas-forming suppurative thrombophlebitis

Catheter-related suppurative thrombophlebitis (CRST) is a complication of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). The microbiology of CRST is similar with the microbiology of CRBSI, but  Clostridium perfri...

Introduction of a formative assessment tool in a post-graduate training program in India: a mixed methods evaluation

Our institution has longstanding post-graduate education and training partnership programs in Emergency Medicine (EM) across India. A programmatic challenge has been the integration and uptake of evidence-base...

The leading role of expert safety knowledge in supporting the mission of caring for patients during man-made and natural disasters: state of emergency medicine in Ethiopia, Myanmar, and Ukraine

Preparedness to endure extreme situations such as natural disasters or military conflicts is not commonplace in healthcare training programs. Moreover, multidisciplinary teams in health services rarely (if eve...

The PIRATE mnemonic: providing a structured approach in the care for intoxicated patients at the emergency department

Expertise in toxicology is essential for acute care providers, as intoxicated patients frequently present to Emergency Departments. These patients can be challenging for care providers because they often prese...

Persistent hiccups as a rare presenting symptom of empyema: a case report

Empyema is uncommon owing to antibiotic use but still affects patient health if not treated. Hiccups as the initial symptom of empyema are rare; however, empyema should be considered if a patient has persisten...

Physicians’ challenges when working in the prehospital environment - a qualitative study using grounded theory

In the rapid development in prehospital medicine the awareness of the many challenges in prehospital care is important as it highlights which areas need improvement and where special attention during education...

A case report of an accidental iatrogenic dexmedetomidine overdose in an adult

Dexmedetomidine is a sedative drug with a wide safety margin.

Impact of teaching on use of mechanical chest compression devices: a simulation-based trial

The use of mechanical chest compression devices on patients in cardiac arrest has not shown benefits in previous trials. This is surprising, given that these devices can deliver consistently high-quality chest...

Demographics and clinical characteristics of carbon monoxide poisoning for patients attending in the emergency department at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is one of the most common environmental causes of acute intoxication globally. It can lead to the development of Delayed Neuropsychiatric Sequelae (DNS) which may develop in 2-40 days afte...

How a broken vertebra can lead to a fatal hemorrhage: a case report

Unintentional falls are common among the elderly and given the expected increase of the aging population, these falls contribute to a high number of admissions to the emergency department. Relatively low-energ...

Overview of best practices for buprenorphine initiation in the emergency department

In recent decades, opioid overdoses have increased dramatically in the United States and peer countries. Given this, emergency medicine physicians have become adept in reversing and managing complications of a...

Diagnostic challenges between takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute myocardial infarction—where is the emergency?: a literature review

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is an emergency cardiovascular disease, with clinical and paraclinical manifestations similar to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but it is characterized by reversible systolic ...

Triage implementation in resource-limited emergency departments: sharing tools and experience from the Pacific region

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Emergency Care Systems Framework, triage is an essential function of emergency departments (EDs). This practice innovation article describes four strategies that...

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Annual Journal Metrics

2022 Citation Impact 3.2 - 2-year Impact Factor 2.9 - 5-year Impact Factor 1.323 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 0.773 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank) 2023 Speed  35 days submission to first editorial decision for all manuscripts (Median) 134 days submission to accept (Median) 2023 Usage 985,950 downloads 682 Altmetric mentions 

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• ISSN: 1865-1380 (electronic)
• ISSN: 1865-1372 (print)

International Journal of Emergency Medicine

ISSN: 1865-1380

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HELPING-M.B.B.S. IN ABROAD | Royal College Fellowship. | CUT-OFF LIST |

• MEDICAL PG COURSES / After M.B.B.S. / DNB EMERGENCY MEDICINE

DNB in Emergency Medicine

DNB Emergency Medicine: Diplomate of National Board (DNB) is a medical qualification awarded by the National Board of Examinations (NBE). The DNB Emergency Medicine course is approved by the Government of India and is considered equivalent to the postgraduate and post-doctoral programs offered by the Medical Colleges, institute & hospital in India. Duration of both MD & DNB courses is 3 years, run in both government and private set up with the similar quality standard of the host institute, similar academic activities, compulsory thesis work of 1-year duration under a qualified thesis guide with external review process (exposure to research methodology), and academic activities (library and journal facility, presentation in national and international conferences, research article publication, training program, workshop, and CME). Clinical activity in both the courses is similar to emergency case handling, surgical exposure, clinical case discussion, case exposure, availability of equipment and diagnostic tool, patient load to be handled, duty hour, night duty, leave entitled including maternity leave and other facilities. Regarding the exit examination, in the MD course, theory and practical examinations are conducted in the host institute. In practical examination, both internal (high chance of bias in the evaluation process) and external examiners are present. Furthermore, passing the theory examination is not an essential criterion of eligibility to appear in the practical examination. While DNB exit examination is an unbiased, extremely tough evaluation process both in theory and practical (conducted in the different centers without the presence of an internal examiner). Passing theory examination is an essential criterion to appear in practical examination. To know more about DNB (Emergency Medicine) visit - M.D. Emergency Medicine

Eligibility

Entry examination of MD/MS/Diploma, DNB (Diplomat of National Board) & CPS (College of Physicians and Surgeons) program is through a national level centralized entrance test (Combined NEET PG entrance by NBE) Typically, to pursue a MD/MS/Diploma, DNB (Diplomat of National Board) & CPS (College of Physicians and Surgeons) degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below:

• Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).
• The candidate should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS before 31st March of the academic year.
• Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Passing Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and have completed 1 year of internship or/ are likely to complete the internship on or before 31st March of the relevant year.

A candidate must clear the NEET-PG exam in order to be

• Eligible for admission to postgraduate Medical Courses for a particular academic year in case of General, General-EWS, it shall be necessary for a candidate to obtain a minimum of marks at 50th percentile in NEET-PG (National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) to Postgraduate Medical Courses held for the said academic year.
• However, in respect of candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, the minimum marks shall be at the 40th percentile. In respect of candidates with Benchmark Disabilities specified under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, the minimum marks shall be at 45th percentile for Unreserved Category & GEN-EWS Category candidates and 40th percentile for SC/ST/OBC-NCL candidates.
• The percentile shall be determined on the basis of the highest marks secured in the All India common merit list in the National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test for admission to Postgraduate Medical Courses

Please Note : The following Medical institutions are not covered by centralized admissions for MD/MS seats through NEET- PG

• AIIMS, New Delhi and other AIIMS
• PGIMER, Chandigarh
• JIPMER, Puducherry
• NIMHANS, Bengaluru
• SreeChitraTirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum.

Top Colleges offering DNB in Emergency Medicine

To know more about MD Vs DNB visit - MD Vs DNB  

Follow my  YouTube  channel   https://www.youtube.com/c/muzaffarkhan Follow my  Instagram  channel    https://www.instagram.com/MBBS_NEET_PG/

1.       Clinical profile of type I and II respiratory failure patients at a teriary care hospital.

2.       Clinical profile of end stage renal disease in patients undergoing haemodialysis.

3.       Clinical profile of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

4.       A study of lipid profile in newly diagnosed hypertension.

5.    Correlation of serum cholinesterase levels,clinical score at presetation and severity of organaphosphorous poisioning.

6.       Dengue fever-clinical profile and complications.

7.     Comparative clinical study of patients of herat failure in Type 2 daibates mellitus verses heart failure in non diabetic patients.

8.       Study of serum ferritin in metabolic syndrome.

9.       A study of lipid abnormilities in chronic kidney disease and its implication in cardio vascular disease.

10.    Clinical study of patients of delirium hospitalized in medical wards & in medical intensive care unit.

11.    Clinicoradiologic study of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

12.    Study of clinical profile of HIV patients in the elderly age group.

13.    Study of different types of arrythmias occuring in hospitalised patients of acute myocardial infarction.

14.    Comparative study of seropositive and seronegative arthritis in adult.

15.    Clinical profile and pattern of non communicable diseases in age more than 40 years.

16.    Acute kidney injury of obstetric origin.

17.    Comparative study of pneumonia severity index and CURB 65 in assesing the severity of community acquired pneumonia.

18.    Diagnostic efficacy of adenosine deaminase levels in cerebrospinal fluid in patients of tubercular meningitis

19.    A comparision with PCR.AFB culture,cytology for mycobacterium tuberculosis.

20.    To study the clinical,serological,biopsy profile of adult onset nephrotic syndrome.

21.    Study of renal involvement in acute gastroenteritis.

22.    Study of cardiac manifestation in patients with HIV infection and there correlation with CD4 count.

23.    A study of clinical profile of dengue fever in a tertiary care in central india.

24.    Clinical profile of pattern of dyslipidemia and ischemic heart disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

25.    Clinical profile of patients with organophosphorus poisoning in an intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital.

26.    Study of thyroid hormone profile in acute coronary syndrome.

27.    A study of hepatic dysfunction in denuge fever Association between serum uric acid level with presence and severity of coronary artery disease.

28.    A study of clinical profile of critically III obstetrics patients admitted in medicine wards ICU

29.    Correlation between electrocardiography and echocardiography in patient with left ventricular hypertrophy.

30.    To study diagnosis,diurnal,seasonal variation,risk factors and outcome of patients admitted to ICU.

31.    Clinical profile of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.

32.    Correlation between and electrocardiography in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.

33.    The study of etiology and outcome of non-traumatic coma patients at tertiary care hospital.

34.    Study of left ventricular hypertrophy with reference to left ventricular mass index in patients with hypertension.

35.    Study of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

36.    To study the role of serum uric acid as risk factor in acute ischemic stroke.

37.    Clinical profile and cardiac evaluation in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

38.    Study of correlation of body mass index,waist hip ratio and lipid profile in patients with newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes.

39.    To study haematological manifestations of malaria

40.    To study clinical profile of dilated cardiomyopathy.

41.    Study of cardiovascular manifestions of hypothyroidism.

42.    Evaluation of thyroid function status in patients of chronic kidney disease.

43.    A cross sectional study of glycosylated hemoglobin in ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks.

44.    Study of delirium in patients admitted in the intensive care.

45.    Cardiovascular manifestations in alcoholism

46.    Study of clinical profile of catheter related thrombosis incidance and risk factor related to patient and devices.

47.    Predictors of successful weaning of patient on mechanical ventilation in icu.

48.    Clinical profile of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

49.    Clinical spectrum of extra pulmonary tuberculosis.

50.    Clinical profile of encephalopathy in medical intensive care-unit.

51.    Clinical profile of amitraz poisoning.

52.    Clinical Study on the complications of haart in people living with HIV

53.    Study of lipid profile in stroke patients.

54.    The study of clinical and lab profile of acute febrile illness with thrombcoytopenia.

55.    Prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders among HIV infected patients in a tertiary care center.

56.    Study of prognostic factors affecting outcome of cardiomyopathy.

57.    Validation of pneumonia severity index score for community acquired pneumonia in elderly.

58.    Study of factors predicting conversion of non invasive ventilation to invasive ventilation in patients of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

59.    Evaluation of oculoinflammatory diseases for systemic association and outcome after treatment.

60.    Clinical Profile and serum gamma glutamyl transferase estimation in case of alcohol withdrawal.

61.    Serum homocysteine level in sickle cell anaemia and its association with vaso occlusive crisis.

62.    Assessment of left ventricular mass in normotensive subjects without any cardiovasculer risk.

63.    Glycaemic variability and mortaliy in critically ill patients.

64.    Cognititve and functional impairment in elderly diabetics.

65.    Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in alcoholic cirrhosis of liver

66.    To study the clinical profile of pyrexia of unknown origin.

67.    Study of the clinical laboratory and radiological features in patients with large vessel vasculitis in a tertiary care centre.

68.    To study sympathetic modulation in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and it’s correlation with mortality.

69.    Clinical profile of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis in tertiary care centre.

70.    Renal involvement in HIV positive patients on tenofovir or zidovudine Based art regimen at tertiary care hospital.

71.    Corelation of serum magnesium,calcium and potassium levels with outcome in critically ill invasively ventilated patients in MNICU.

72.    To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome after initiation of anti-retroviral therapy and comparison of zidovudine vs tenofovir based regimens.

73.    Study of genetic and environmental factors determining warfarin toxicity

74.    To study the menstrual abnormalities and gonadal hormonal dysfunction in women with connective tissue disorders on immunosuppression with intravenous cyclosphamide and oral mycophenolate mofetil

75.    Evaluation and assesment of the utility of NT-pro BNP in the emergency diagnosis and in hospital monitoring of patients with dyspnea.

76.    Echocardiographic study of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellius

77.    Spectrum of acute renal failure patients requiring haemodialysis at medical college hospital.

78.    A clinical study of acute ischemic stroke with reference to colour doppler sonography of the extra cranial carotid vessels.

79.    Clinical profile and echocardiographic findings of patients with cardiomyopathy at tertiary care hospital.

80.    Assessment of the clinical profile and risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in young adults.

81.    Study of the effects of a low protein diet on nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis.

82.    Assessment of thyroid function among the young asymptomatic male members of indian armed forces.

83.    A compareative study of renoprotective property of n-acetylcysteine in cis platinum based chemotherapies.

84.    To study the etiological factors,symptoatology and outcome in case of acute pancreatitis.

85.    Clinico-bacteriological study of urinary tract infectons in catheterized patients in hospital.

86.    Clinico biological profile of dengue and malaria with special reference to inflammatory markers.

87.    Ultrasonographic evaluation of gallbladder

88.    contractility in patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus with & without autonomic neuropathy.

89.    Clinico-endoscopic predictors of clinical outcome in patients with upper gastro-intestinal bleeding.

90.    Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic assessment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

91.    Clinicopathological profile of patients with pancytopenia.

92.    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and it’s correlation with cardiovascular risk factors.

93.    Study of renal osteodystrophy and serum vitamin D level in cases of chronic kidney disease.

94.    Study of clinical features of patients presenting with dengue viral infection     at tertiary care hospital.

95.    Clinical profile of chronic kidney disease patients at tertiary care hospital.

96.    Study of cardiometabolic risk profile of female patients in tertiary care hospital.

97.    Clinical Study of autonomic dysfunction in patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus in rural hospital.

98.    Clinical profile of megaloblastic amaemia in rural hospital.

99.    study of high sensitivity Creactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with Ischemic stroke.

100.  Study of clinical profile of acute coronary syndrome with special reference to vitamin D level.

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• Utility of Emergency Department Triage Tools in Predicting the Need for Intensive Respiratory or Vasopressor Support in Adult Patients with COVID-19 – a Retrospective, Observational Cohort study.
• Utilization of computed tomography scans in the Emergency department for patients presenting with isolated head injury. 
• Clinico epidemiological profile and outcome of patients presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage – a prospective observational study.
• Comparison of clinicoradiological diagnosis with autopsy finding in fatal traffic accident cases died within  a week of hospitalization in  a South Indian tertiary care center. 
• Utility of bedside lung ultrasound in emergency (BLUE) protocol as a diagnostic tool in patients with acute respiratory failure presenting to the emergency department: a prospective observational study.
• comparison of accuracy of central venous pressure estimation in internal jugular vein by ultrasound and conventional method ( using saline column)- an observational study. 
• Clinico- epidemiological profile and outcome of patients presenting with complications related to valvular heart disease to Emergency Department of tertiary care hospital of South India. A prospective observational study.
• Diagnostic value of Point of care ultrasound guided assessment of relative afferent pupillary defect in adult ocular trauma patients presenting to Emergency Department- a prospective analytical study.
• Diagnostic value of point of care ultrasound guided assessment of relative afferent pupillary defect in adult ocular trauma patients presenting to Emergency Department- prospective analytical study.
• Comparison of the effectiveness of intrapleural block versus conventional analgesia in pain relief and pulmonary function in patients with intercostal drainage for trauma - a randomized controlled trial. 
• Clinico Epidemiological profile and outcome of patients presenting with cerebral venous thrombosis to the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital of South India. A prospective observational study.
• Effect of serial night shifts on the cognitive, psychomotor and moral performance of residents in the Department of Emergency medicine and trauma care. 
• Central line associated bloodstream infections in the Emergency Department – a prospective observational study.
• Comparison of bed up head elevated position with sniffing position in rapid sequence intubation- a randomized controlled trial.
• Efficacy of nebulized vs intravenous tranexamic acid in patients presenting to ED with non massive hemoptysis- a randomized controlled trial.
• Efficacy and safety of ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block in adult patients with rib fractures presenting to the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial.
• Blood cultures done in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital; the positivity rate and the factors influencing the positivity rate: a prospective observational study.
• Impact of alcohol use on severity and outcomes of trauma- a prospective observational study.
• Prevalence, pattern, airway management and early mortality in patients with maxillofacial injuries presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Southern India- observational study.
• Correlation between blood culture positivity and various sepsis scores in patients with clinically suspected infection- a prospective observational study.  
• Validation of prognostic models CRASH and IMPACT score in the prediction of 14 day mortality and 6 month unfavorable outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury patients presenting to the Emergency Department.
• Comparison of first pass success rate in anatomical snuff box approach and distal forearm approach for radial arterial sampling in patients requiring arterial blood gas analysis in the Emergency Department.
• Extended cardiopulmonary resuscitation using pediatric self inflating bag in cardiac arrest patients reaching termination of resuscitation criteria - a prospective interventional trial.
• Efficacy of ultrasound guided nerve block in forearm versus intravenous narcotic on pain relief in patients with non minor hand injuries- a randomized controlled trial.

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Thesis topics.

I want latest reaearch topics for my pulmonology dnb thesis.

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Role of atopy in the etiology of non-smoker chronic bronchitis.

Airway response to provocation with methacholine aerosol in different kinds of smokers.

Relative contribution of the parasympathetic and sympathetic mechanisms in airway obstruction in bronchial asthma.

Assessment Airway response to broncho-constricting agents in leprosy.

Tuberculin sensitivity in patients with sarcoidosis. Predicting outcome in respiratory intensive care: comparative evaluation of three severity scoring systems.

Incidence of tuberculosis during corticosteroid therapy.

Evaluation of predictors of duration of mechanical ventilation.

Airway resistance in subjects exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

Profile of method and criteria used for weaning from mechanical ventilation in Respiratory Critical Care Unit.

Spectrum and outcome of acute lung injury in Respiratory Critical Care Unit.

Asbestos induced changes in some cellular and molecular function in rat alveolar macrophages.

Status of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense system in alveolar macrophages of lung cancer patients.

Study of the occurrence and mechanisms of programmes cell death (apoptosis) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Oxygen free radicals: their role in mycobacterial killing and the mechanism of action.

Immunoregulatory effects mediated by CD4+ and gamma/delta T-cells in pulmonary tuberculosis.

Determination of ventilatory minute volumes required to maintain normocapnia in adult North Indian health subjects under anaesthesia.

Factors influencing survival time of Bronchogenic Carcinoma in a tertiary Care Centre

The clinical, Radiological and function profile in diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease.

Cardio Pulmonary Exercise testing in asymptomatic smokers v/s Nonsmokers

A prospective study comparing the outcome of chemical Pleurodesis using TALC or Tetracycline in Patients with Pneumothorax.

Prevalence of components of Metabolic Syndrome in pregnant women with obstructive sleep apnoea / hypopnoea Syndrome.

A study on Pulmonary function abnormalities in patients with Carcinoma Breast following external radiation treatment.

A study of the measurement of quality of life of lung cancer patients.

Inspiratory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Airway response to fenoterol in hypothyroid patients before and after treatment.

Socio-demographic profile and B.M.I. characteristic of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis attending chest clinic.

Measurement of bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Tuberculin sensitivity in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Hematological abnormalities in patients with sarcoidosis.

Predictors of Oxygen derived - free radicals in non smoker women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

A study of the smoking habits in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Diurnal variations of peak expiratory flow and its correlation with different morbidity indices in bronchial asthma.

Study of relationship of endobronchial and transbronchial lung lesions in patients with clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

Arm span to height relationship for assessment of spirometric functions.

Sensitivity and specificity of tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients seeking treatment for respiratory problems.

To test the reliability of a Hindi questionnaire designed and validated for diagnosis of asthma for prevalence studies.

A study of familial aggregation of cancer in the first degree relatives of lung cancer patients.

Indices of morbidity and control of asthma in non smoking women exposed to combustion of biomass fuels.

Assessment of airway responsiveness in asymptomatic asthmatic women exposed to environmental smoke.

Study of cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis using flow-cytometry.

Visual analogue scales in assessing severity of bronchial asthma.

Diurnal variations in pulmonary function tests in normal healthy individuals.

Influence of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on acute exacerbations in known asthmatics.

Validity of new study questionnaire in Hindi for diagnosis of asthma for epidemiological studies.

Production of reactive nitrogen intermediates and L-cirtrulline by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bronchial asthma.

Nebulized salbutamol for acute hyperkalemia in renal failure patients.

Significance of the reactive nitrogen intermediates in the pathophysiology of human pulmonary tuberculosis.

Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in adults using ELISAS test with antigen - 5.

Production of oxygen derived free radicals by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes in different stages of Asthma in adults.

Bronchial provocation with Parthenium hysterophorus pollen extract in patients of bronchial asthma.

Diagnostic evaluation of cholesterol and various lipoproteins in the pleural effusions.

Transbronchial lung biopsy in sarcoidosis and relationship of histological changes with pulmonary function tests.

Assessment of lung function in health natives of Bhutan.

Airway response to acid application in oesophagus (simulating gastro-esophageal reflux) in patients of bronchial asthma.

Prediction of blood carboxy-haemoglobin from expired air carbon monoxide samples in "bidi" and cigarette smokers.

Determination of maximal inspiratory and expiratory muscle pressure at mouth in healthy Indian adults.

A study of serum-fluid albumin gradient in evaluation of pleural effusions.

Study of non-specific airway responsiveness in patients of rheumatoid arthritis.

Influence of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on different morbidity indices in adult asthmatic women.

Nifedipine in bronchial asthma.

Enalapril and bronchial responsiveness.

Bronchodilator mediated airway response in health.

Comparative airway response to bronchodilators in patients of leprosy with normoreactivity and hyporeactivity to methacholine.

Status of reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidant defense system in alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood neutrophils of lung cancer patients.

Pulmonary function changes after large volume paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis of liver and ascites.

Effect of mechanical ventilation on surfactant levels in patients with ARDS.

Surfactant protein-A and nitric oxide derivatives in lung lavage obtained from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Effect of esophageal variceal sclerotherapy on lung function.

Estimation of nitrate production by alveolar macrophages in bronchogenic carcinoma.

Respiratory symptoms among the farmers.

Role of domestic fuels on the course of bronchial asthma in nonsmoking women.

Neutrophil superoxide (free radical) levels and total neutrophil count in peripheral blood of smokers (asymptomatic and symptomatic with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) of cigarette, bidi, hookah and mixed product. Vitamin A, beta-carotene and vitamin C in patients of lung cancer.

Study of carcinoembryonic antigen and sialic acid levels (total and lipid bound) in patients with lung cancer.

Hypothalmo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in inhaled corticosteroid users, not an oral corticosteroid: a longitudinal study.

Production of anti-oxidant enzymes by pulmonary alveolar macrophages in patients with lung cancer.

Erythrocyte (RBC) antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with primary lung cancer.

Production of oxygen free radicals by pulmonary alveolar macrophages in patients with lung cancer.

Lung functions with relation to the fuels (biomass, LPG, kerosene and mixed) used in the houses of children in the age group of 7-15 years.

Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis.

Spectrum of changes in computed tomography in chest in pulmonary tuberculosis.

Effect of ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen on blood levels of rifampicin in patients receiving antitubercular treatment.

Evaluation of pulmonary changes in patients of psoriasis on methotrexate therapy.

A study of broncho-alveolar lavage cytology in patients of rheumatoid arthritis.

Neutrophil count and myeloperoxidase activity in smokers.

Pulmonary function in patients of idiopathic ulcerative colitis.

Blood carboxyhemoglobin levels in different types of smoking.

Effect of domestic fuels on lung functions in females.

Effect of irradiated lung volume on the pulmonary functions following postoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma breast.

Studies on T-Lymphocytes in tubercular pleural effusion.

Immunohistological studies in tubercular lymphadenitis.

Quantification of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary tuberculosis.

Hepatoxicity with INH and Rifampicin.

Skin hypersensitivity and precipitating antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus in patients of bronchial asthma.

Thyroid function in smokers.

Radiologic evaluation of total lung capacity.

Correlation between morphological changes and impairment of ventilatory function in patients suffering from bronchiectesis.

Study of respiratory tract involvement in leprosy.

A study of peak-expiratory flow rate in healthy school children, 6-16 years of age.

Study of effects of 6 months' therapy with methotrexate on pulmonary functions in patients of rheumatoid arthritis.

Echocardiographic evaluation of right and left ventricular functions in corpulmonale with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in acute respiratory failure.

Cough reflex threshold and diabetic autonomic neuropathy : correlation with ECG parameters of vagal involvement.

Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis.

Suspicious nodules in asymptomatic smokers with greater than 30 pack years of smoking by low dose CT screening

Narrow band Imaging guided bronchial biopsy vs white light bronchoscopy guided bronchial biopsy

Endobronchial ultrasound vs Positron Emission tomography in the evaluation of malignant mediastinal masses

Socioeconomic class and compliance with asthma medications

Retrospective study of road traffic accidents in patients diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnea

The usefulness of Heliox in acute severe asthma

Case series of mediastinal masses.

The effect of socioeconomic upbringing on the lung function

Reference values for Maximum Voluntary Ventilation for the Indian adults.

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients admitted for bariatric surgery

Indications and Outcomes of Non invasive Ventilation in a tertiary care hospital

Profile of 50 consequent interstitial lung disease patient attending tertiary care center.

Analysis of CT-chest of smokers with greater than 10 pack years of smoking

Commonest side effects complained by the patients initiated on HAART therapy

The incidence of cavities in 5000 chest x rays taken in a medical college hospital. (Mass miniature radiography was used to detect TB earlier)

Diabetes in chronic liver disease

The incidence of HIV in patients admitted for elective surgery.

Success rate of nicotine patch is a hospital based smoking cessation program

Post op pulmonary complications in patient undergoing liver transplant surgery

Incidence of laryngeal involvement in sputum positive pulmonary TB

Pulmonary hypertension in patients diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Asthma and Obesity – Comparing the pulmonary function of obese and non- obese asthmatics

The usefulness of bronchoscopic brush specimen versus biopsy in the diagnosis of carcinoma of lung

Role of NIV in severe type 2 respiratory failure. Predictors of success and failure with NIV use.

Post bronchodilator reversibility in COPD and its correlation with the stage of COPD as per GOLD guidelines and BODE score

Compliance with asthma medications. The common cause of non-adherence and predictor of compliance with recommended medications.

Spirometry in athletes versus normal individuals of same height

Role of bronchoscopy in smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis.

Pulmonary function tests before and after transhiatal oesophagectomy for carcinoma oesophagus.

Occurrence of nasobronchial hypersensitivity in patients having contact dermatitis to Parthenium hysterophorus.

Comparative study of high resolution CT versus bronchography in the diagnosis of bronchiectasis.

Prediction of pulmonary function for lung resection.

Assessment of radiologically guided fine needle aspiration cytology of mediastinal masses.

Drug interactions between rifampicin and cotrimoxazole/ aspirin in patients on antituberculosis treatment.

Determination of ventilatory minute volumes, required to maintain normocapnia under anaesthesia in adult North Indian subjects.

Pulmonary insufficiency after skeletal trauma.

Role of HRCT in management of pulmonary infections in renal transplant recipients.

HRCT in heavy smokers with normal chest X-ray.

A study of prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with NCPF. ATT induced hepatitis: a study on prevalence and outcome after re-introduction of drugs.

A study of prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis.

Rapid molecular typing and Th1-Th2 cytokine profiling in patients suffering from tubercular lymphadenopathy.

A clinical study to compare the efficacy, safety and plasma levels of two doses of theophylline in patients of bronchial asthma.

Role of epithelium in the airway responses to hyperosmotic solutions in normal and sensitised guinea pigs

To determine the occurrence and effect of nasal polyps in patients with bronchial asthma and / or allergic rhinitis.

Effect of ipratropium and salbutamol on heart rate variability in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on systemic inflammation, muscle mass and functional status in post tuberculosis sequelae.

Study of sinonasal involvement in patients of interstitial lung diseases.

Sensitisation with selected fungi in patients of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its correlation with skin prick testing and clinical presentation.

Role of some inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnoea: effects of grape seed extract.

A clinical study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of theophylline and its modulation by ascorbic acid in patients of bronchial asthma.

Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp.

Adenosine metabolism in bronchial asthma: a study on adenosine deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine level in serum, lymphocytes and erythrocytes.

Antimicrobial drug prescribing pattern in hospitalised patients of community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective study.

Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of clinical isolates of Candida species with special reference to Candida dubliniensis.

Role of TLR expression in innate activity during virus infection in acute asthma.

Detection, identification and profiling of mycobacterial isolates from patients of pulmonary and lymph node tuberculosis in Delhi.

A study to correlate the activity of ADAM33 gene protein with oxidative stress in asthma.

Correlation of fractional exhaled nitric oxide, nasal nitric oxide with atopic status in bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis.

Evaluation of vitamin D in asthma: its effect on inflammatory markers and impact on management.

International guidelines for pneumococcal vaccination and the Indian scenario. Pneumococcal vaccination status of COPD patients presenting to a medical college hospital. Possible strategies to improve the vaccination coverage.

Use of inhaled steroids and Inhaler technique among asthmatics admitted with acute exacerbation.

Role of Omalizumab in the management of asthma. Outcomes in 20 patients who were administered omalizumab

Incidence of TB among rheumatoid arthritis patients on TNF-alpha antagonists

Endobronchial tuberculosis – presentation, diagnosis, management and complications in 30 consecutive patients

Adverse symptoms reported by patients with HIV/TB co-infection and taking both ATT and HAART

Percentage of HIV seropositivity in smear positive tuberculosis patients in a medical college hospital in western india

Factors associated with primary drug resistance in tuberculosis

Lung abscess – presentation, predisposing factors, organisms isolated and management in 50 consecutive patients

Lung volumes in healthy non smoking adults belonging to ethnic Punjabi population by CT volumetry

Empyema thoracis – Outcomes in a medical college hospital

Reversibility of FEV1 and FEV in COPD post bronchodilation and its correlation with COPD stages.

Respiratory complications in 50 HIV seropositive patients followed over a period of one year

Profile of hospital acquired pneumonia over a one year period in a tertiary care hospital. The predisposing factors, organisms isolated, antibiotics used and outcomes.

Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (C-PET) in pre op evaluation

Alveolar haemorrhage due to pulmonary renal syndrome. A case series of 30 patients

Foreign bodies in airways – Profile of 30 consecutive patients, interventions and outcomes

Pre-op spirometry and post op pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective upper abdominal surgeries.

Diaphragmatic palsies – profile of 25 consecutive patients

Mediastinal pathologies – 50 consecutive cases in a tertiary care hospital

Presence of pulsus paradoxus in a population of severe COPD as assessed by pulse oximetry.

Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in patients with mild to moderate bronchial asthma.

Gender differences in perception of dyspnoea, quality of life and pattern of lung function abnormalities in asthma.

A study of sleep-related breathing disorders in chronoc obstructive pulmonary disease patients with or eithout cor-pulmonale.

A study to monitor adverse drug reactions in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Breath carbon monoxide levels as a marker of clinical severity and control of asthma.

The occurrence of rhinosinusitis in patients with bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis.

Characterisation of lower respiratory tract inflammation and its relationship with changes in pulmonary patho-physiology and thoracic imaging in bronchial asthma.

A Comparative Study Of Inhaled and Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate As An Adjunct To Standard Treatment Protocol For Management Of Severe Exacerbation Of Bronchial Asthma.

Predictors Of Emergency Department Use In Asthmatics.

Diagnostic Yield Of Induced Sputum And Various Bronchoscopic Samples in Sputum Smear Negative Tuberculosis.

A Study to Monitor Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients of Bronchial Asthma.

Drug Resistance Profiling and Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from a DOTS center and a Private Hospital in Delhi.

Biochemical Studies on Protein Kinase C In Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Of COPD Patients.

Evaluation of systemic inflammatory markers, oxidant-antioxidant status and sputum cytology in stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary and diseases.

Obstructive sleep apnoea, oxidative stress and renal function.

Acute effects of tiotropium alone and in combination with formoterol in patients with COPD: comparision of three regimens.

Evaluation of the effect of inhaled ciclesonide on the allergic and inflammatory markers in and bronchial asthma.

Effect of glycemic control on outcome of acute exacerbation of COPD.

Factors affecting attainment of control in asthma.

Occurrence of upper airway symptoms and their impact on quality of life (QoL) in patients with COPD.

Airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-reactivity and sensitivity to commonaeroallergen in allergic rhinitis.

A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of theophylline and doxofylline in patients of obstructive lung disease.

A study of species spectrum of fungi causing systemic mycoses in HIV patients in a New-Delhi Hospital and their antifungal susceptibility pattern.

Studies on the role of lipids of lipid raft of erythrocyte membrane in COPD patients.

A comparative evaluation of quality of life, dyspnoea, and lung function abnormalities in asthma and COPD.

Assessment of severity of disease in patients with allergic rhinitis when categorized as ‘sneezers and runners’ and ‘blockers’.

The impact of smoking on treatment outcome in patients of bronchial asthma.

Obstructive sleep apnoea, oxidative stress and liver function.

Epidemiological study and genetic diversity of PB1-F2 gene in influenza and A virus isolates from Delhi and Kolkata. Factors associated with poor asthma control and poor adherence to asthma treatment: self report by patients in emergency room.

Effect of acetoxycoumarins and calcium channel blocking dihydropyrimidone derivatives on protein kinase C activity of and lymphocytes in COPD patients.

A study to evaluate the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and functional status in chronic obstructive and pulmonary disease.

Comparison of mometasone furoate and ciclesonide aqueous nasal spray in adult and allergic rhinitis patients.

To compare the inflammatory mediator profiles, pulmonary function tests and skin and reactivity in obese and non-obese bronchial asthma patients.

Study of cardiac autonomic dysfunction.

Assessment of health related quality of life and work productivity in school going children with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma.

Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on, systemic inflammation, muscle mass and function status in interstitial lung diseases.

Assessment of nutritional status in COPD and asthma

Pattern of respiratory diseases and associated co-morbidities in patients attending Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute.

Correlation of the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, End-Tidal carbon dioxide and transcutaneous carbon dioxide in patients with respiratory diseases

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There are many methods of sample size determination. It is one of the first hurdle when someone starts writing a thesis. I have tried to give simplest way of determination of sample size. You need to show the method to your PG teacher before you include this method in your thesis. First confirm from your PG teacher and then only proceed.