how to cite photo in essay

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Locating and Using Images for Presentations and Coursework

• Free & Open Source Images
• How to Cite Images
• Alt Text Image Descriptions

Copyright Resources

• Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States from Cornell University Library
• Copyright Overview from Purdue University
• U.S. Copyright Office
• Fair Use Evaluator
• Visual Resources Association's Statement of Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study
• Creative Commons Licenses

Attribution

Again, the majority of images you find are under copyright and cannot be used without permission from the creator. There are exceptions with Fair Use, but this Libguide is intended to help you locate images you can use with attribution (and in some case, the images are free to use without attribution when stated, such as with stock images from pixabay). ***Please read about public domain . These images aren't under copyright, but it's still good practice to include attribution if the information is available. Attribution : the act of attributing something, especially the ascribing of a work (as of literature or art) to a particular author or artist. When you have given proper attribution, it means you have given the information necessary for people to know who the creator of the work is.

Citation General Guidelines

Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples).

• Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.)
• Title of the image
• Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created
• Date the image was posted online
• Date of access (the date you accessed the online image)
• Institution (gallery, museum) where the image is located/owned (if applicable)
• Website and/or Database name

Citing Images in MLA, APA, Chicago, and IEEE

• Directions for citing in MLA, APA, and Chicago MLA: Citing images in-text, incorporating images into the text of your paper, works cited APA 6th ed.: Citing images in-text and reference list Chicago 17th ed.: Citing images footnotes and endnotes and bibliography from Simon Fraser University
• How to Cite Images Using IEEE from the SAIT Reg Erhardt Library
• Image, Photograph, or Related Artwork (IEEE) from the Rochester Institute of Technology Library

Citing Images in Your PPT

Currently, citing images in PPT is a bit of the Wild West. If details aren't provided by an instructor, there are a number of ways to cite. What's most important is that if the image is not a free stock image, you give credit to the author for the work. Here are some options:

1. Some sites, such as Creative Commons and Wikimedia, include the citation information with the image. Use that citation when available. Copy the citation and add under the image. For example, an image of a lake from Creative Commons has this citation next to it:  "lake"  by  barnyz  is licensed under  CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 .

2. Include a marker, such as Image 1. or Figure 1., and in the reference section, include full citation information with the corresponding number

3. Include a complete citation (whatever the required format, such as APA) below the image

4. Below the image, include the link to the online image location

5. Hyperlink the title of the image with the online image location

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How to Cite a Photograph

Last Updated: January 22, 2024 References

This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Megaera Lorenz, PhD . Megaera Lorenz is an Egyptologist and Writer with over 20 years of experience in public education. In 2017, she graduated with her PhD in Egyptology from The University of Chicago, where she served for several years as a content advisor and program facilitator for the Oriental Institute Museum’s Public Education office. She has also developed and taught Egyptology courses at The University of Chicago and Loyola University Chicago. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 202,393 times. Learn more...

If you discuss or use a photograph in a paper or publication, you will need to cite it. A good citation protects the photographer's ownership of the image and allows your readers to access the image for further reference. The way you cite a photograph will depend on which citation style you are using, as well as the source of the photograph. If you reproduce a photograph in your work, you will need to include an appropriate credit line.

Selecting Your Citation Style

• If you live in the US, the most common citation styles are APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), and CMS (Chicago Manual of Style).

• If you are writing in a specialized discipline like the sciences or law and legal studies, choose a citation style that is specific to your discipline (e.g., Council of Science Editors for biology, or Association of Legal Writing Directors for legal studies). [1] X Research source

Citing Photographs in Your Text

• The photographer’s name.
• The date of the photograph.
• The title of the photograph, if there is one.
• The names of any people or places represented in the photograph.
• The original source of the photograph, if it is reproduced or taken from somewhere else.
• The current location of the photograph, if it is in a gallery or archive.

• For example, in APA format, an inline citation would look like this: “The cat is shown carrying a toy mouse in its mouth (Smith, 2013).”
• In MLA format, only the photographer’s name is needed. E.g., “Another image depicts the cat batting a ball of yarn (Smith).”
• If you don’t know the photographer’s name, use a shortened title or description of the work. E.g., (Cat with Mouse, 2013) [2] X Research source

• In the Chicago Manual of Style Format, a footnote citation for a photo should look like this: 27. Harold Rouse, Limestone Statue of an Egyptian Goddess , ca. 1933, photograph, Imaginary Museum of Ancient Art.
• If the photograph has no title, use a brief description in brackets. For example, [Cat Playing with a Toy Mouse].

• Roger Steele, Portrait of My Wife , 1982, black and white photograph, in The Works of Roger Steele , by Bob Smith (New York: Made-Up Books Inc., 2013), pl. 65.
• A photograph cited from the web should include the URL of the page where you found the image. E.g.: Azim Khan Ronnie, Prayer in Action , July 18, 2017, digital color photograph, National Geographic Photo of the Day, http://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2017/07/islam-prayers-bangladesh/ .

• For example, in Chicago style, your bibliographic entry should look like this: Steele, Roger. Portrait of My Wife . 1982. Black and white photograph. In The Works of Roger Steele , by Bob Smith, pl. 65. New York: Made-Up Books, Inc., 2013.
• In MLA style: Steele, Roger. Portrait of My Wife . 1982. The Works of Roger Steele . By Bob Smith. New York: Made-Up Books, Inc., 2013. Pl. 65. Print. [3] X Research source
• In APA style: Steele, R. (Photographer). (1982). Portrait of My Wife [photograph]. The Works of Roger Steele . By Bob Smith. New York, NY: Made-Up Books, Inc. Pl. 65.

Reproducing Photographs

• For example, in Chicago Style, the caption underneath a photograph could say: Fig. 1. Reginald Pepper, Still Life with Haddock . 1919, black and white photographic print. The Estate of B. Wooster. From: B. Wooster, Pepper’s Pictures . London: Faux Publications, 1932. Pl. 275. [5] X Research source

• Fig. 1. Reginald Pepper, Still Life with Haddock . 1919, black and white photographic print. The Estate of B. Wooster. From: B. Wooster, Pepper’s Pictures . London: Faux Publications, 1932. Pl. 275. Copyright 1932 by the Estate of B. Wooster. Reprinted with permission.
• Some sources (for example, online museum databases or photographic archives) may provide blanket permission to reproduce their images for certain types of uses. Check your source for terms and conditions and detailed information on how to credit their images. [7] X Research source

Community Q&A

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.php?g=175008&p=1154150
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/
• ↑ http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/mla/photograph/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/2/
• ↑ https://sites.google.com/a/colgate.edu/colgatevr/citing-images/citing-images-chicago
• ↑ http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2016/01/navigating-copyright-part-4.html
• ↑ http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/policies-and-documents/image-resources

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Works-Cited-List Entries

How to cite an image.

To create a basic works-cited-list entry for an image, list the creator of the image, the title of the image, the date of composition, and the location of the image, which would be a physical location if you viewed the image in person. If you viewed the image online, provide the name of the website containing the image and the URL. If you viewed the image in a print work, provide the publication information for the print work, including a page number. Below are sample entries for images along with links to posts containing many other examples.

A Photograph Viewed in Person

Cameron, Julia Margaret. Alfred, Lord Tennyson . 1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

A Painting Viewed Online

Bearden, Romare. The Train . 1975. MOMA , www.moma.org/collection/works/65232?locale=en.

An Untitled Image from a Print Magazine

Karasik, Paul. Cartoon. The New Yorker , 14 Apr. 2008, p. 49.

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MLA Photograph Citation

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How to cite a photograph in a bibliography using MLA

The most basic entry for a photograph citation consists of the creator’s name(s), the image title, the creation date, and location details. The MLA 9 citation format varies depending on where you viewed the image.

Begin with the name of the photographer. This person’s name should be reversed, with a comma after the last name and a period after the first name (and any middle name). A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the person’s given name, preceded by a comma.

Photograph viewed firsthand in a museum:

When citing an image viewed in-person in a museum and/or collection, vary the format by including the name of the museum/collection and the city where the museum is located.

Last Name, First Name. Image Title . Creation Date, Museum/Collection Name, Location.

Smith, John. Sunset on the Atlantic . 2000. Museum of Modern Art, New York City.

Personal photograph viewed firsthand:

When citing an image viewed in-person, such as a personal photograph, vary the format by using a description of the image, not a formal title of the image. When describing an image without a title, capitalize the first word of the description as you would in a regular sentence. Omit the location information since it isn’t a famous or published work. You may also include the file format detail (e.g., JPEG, GIF, PNG) in the optional-element slot at the end of the entry.

Last Name, First Name. Description of the image. Creation Date. Digital File Type (optional).

Doe, Jane. My dog enjoying her walk. 3 May 2021. PNG.

Photograph viewed in a print publication:

For a photograph from a publication, conclude the citation with location information for the publication information, or the larger container, housing the photograph. See the Citation Guide entries for these works (e.g., books, magazines, newspapers) for more specific guidelines.

Last Name, First Name. Image Title . Publication Title , Publication Date, page(s).

Smith, John. Sunset on the Atlantic . The New Yorker , 14. Apr. 2015, p. 53.

If there is no creation date available, omit the date.

Smith, John. Sunset on the Atlantic . The New Yorker , p. 53.

Photograph viewed online:

For a photograph viewed online, conclude the citation with the website name in italics and the location (such as a DOI, permalink, or URL). According to MLA’s 9th edition updated in 2021, you may usually leave out http:// or https:// from URLs unless you want to hyperlink them or unless instructed otherwise. When in doubt, ask your instructor. If a DOI is available, use that instead of the URL. For DOIs, use http:// or https:// before the DOI: https://doi.org/xx.xxxx/xxx.xxxx.xxxx. Use a period after the DOI.

If a publication or posting date isn’t available, include the accessed date after the location. Format the date using the international format of day-month-year. Follow the access date with a period. For dates, abbreviate month names, except for May, June, and July (using the first four letters for September and the first three letters for all other months), followed by a period.

Last Name, First Name. Image Title . Publication Date. Publication Title , DOI or URL.

Smith, John. Sunset on the Atlantic . 1 Nov. 2000. CNN , cnn.com/imagearchives/image-sunset-on-atlantic.

Last Name, First Name. Image Title . Publication Title , DOI or URL. Accessed Date.

Smith, John. Sunset on the Atlantic . CNN , cnn.com/imagearchives/image-sunset-on-atlantic. Accessed 1 May 2021.

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: how to cite a photograph with no photographer.

1. Double check that the photo doesn’t have an organization or group photographer. If this is the case, the photo credit provided for the photo will be the name of an organization.

For example:

World Health Organization. Photograph of three doctors giving the thumbs up sign. “WHO and Partners Call for Action to Better Protect Health and Care Workers from COVID-19,” by Sonali Reddy, 21 Oct. 2021.  World Health Organization, www.who.int/news/item/21-10-2021-who-and-partners-call-for-action-to-better-protect-health-and-care-workers-from-covid-19.

However, if no credit is provided for the photo, do not assume that the organization/group that posted it is the photographer.

2. If no photographer or group/organization photographer has been identified for the photo you are trying to cite, you can begin your citation with the title or description of the photo.

For example: 

Photograph of watercolor paint tubes. “18 Essential Watercolour Techniques for Every Artist,” by Brynn Metheney, 21 Sept. 2021.  Creative Bloq , www.creativebloq.com/illustration/20-watercolor-techniques-every-artist-should-know-31619705.

Solution #2: How to cite a photograph within a book or article written by a different author

If you are citing a photo within an article or book, and the photographer is someone other than the author of the article or book, you need to make sure you give credit to both individuals in your citation. Follow the templates and examples below to learn how to format a reference list entry for a photograph within a book or article.

Reference list entry template:

Photographer Surname, First Name. Title or description of photograph. “Title of Article,” by Author First Name Surname, Publication date. Website/Publication Name , URL.

Photographer Surname, First Name. Title or description of photograph. Book Title , by Author First Name Surname, Publisher Name, Publication Year, Page Number.

Reference list entry example:

Akmen, Tolga. Photograph of commuters on London underground train. “An Offshoot of the Delta Variant is Rising in the U.K.,” by Sanjay Mishra, 2 Nov. 2021. National Geographic, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/an-offshoot-of-the-delta-variant-is-rising-in-the-uk.

Photograph of the inside of a tokamak.  The Atom: A Visual Tour , by Jack Challoner, MIT Press, 2018, p. 163.

Solution #3: How to cite a photograph posted on social media

The format for citing a photograph on social media depends on the site being referenced. Below are templates and examples for citing photos on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

1. Facebook

Account Name/Author Surname, First Name. Photo description. Facebook, Day Month Year posted, URL.

National Park Service. Photo of American Memorial Park. Facebook, 4 Nov. 2021, www.facebook.com/americanmemorialpark/photos/a.368285423296177/3292590387532318.

Account Name/Author Surname, First Name [@twitterhandle]. Photo description. Twitter, Day Month Year posted, URL.

Musk, Elon [@elonmusk]. Photo of rocket launch pad. Twitter, 12 Sept. 2021, twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1437220114613555202/photo/1.

3. Instagram

Account Name/Author Surname, First Name. Photo description. Instagram, Day Month Year posted, URL.

Green, John [@johngreenwritesbooks]. Photo of  A Beautifully Foolish Endeavor cover. Instagram,  7 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCV89ubH-Ho/?utm_medium=copy_link.

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As per MLA style, a personal photograph viewed firsthand has a different format that includes the description of the image rather than an official title. Use the format and example below as a base to build upon.

Rickets, Rob. An astronaut taking a walk in space. 5 March 2000. BMP.

According to MLA style, a photograph viewed firsthand at a museum includes the name of the photographer, the title of the photograph (or a description, if there is no title), the year it was taken, the name of the museum, and the museum’s location. Use the format and example below to create your own works-cited entry for this type of source.

Photographer Last Name, First Name. Title or Description of the Image . Year, Museum, Location.

Cassatt, Mary. Young Mother Sewing . 1900, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

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How to Cite an Image in MLA Referencing

4-minute read

• 30th April 2020

Adding images to your work can illustrate your arguments or provide your reader with useful information. But how do you cite an image? In this post, we’ll look at how to cite an image in MLA referencing.

In MLA referencing , you can cite an image in two ways:

• Using the author or editor of the container volume
• Using the creator of the original image

The general format is similar in both cases, but we will separate them below.

Referencing an Image via the Container Volume

One way to cite an image in MLA is to cite the container volume (i.e., the published source in which you found the image you are citing). To do this, you would cite the name of the author/editor and a page number:

Pimenov painted the famous New Moscow in 1937 (Donaldson 23).

Here, we are referring to a painting by the artist Pimenov, reproduced on page 65 of a book by Donaldson. One difference from a regular citation is that you can include a figure number for the source. For instance:

Pimenov painted the famous New Moscow in 1937 (Donaldson, fig. 4, 23).

Here, we’ve adapted the citation to show that it is figure 4 in the container volume. This will make it even easier for a reader to look up the original image. But in either case, we would then begin the Works Cited list entry with “Donaldson” to help the reader find the source using the citation.

The format for citing a container volume in MLA depends on the format:

• For print sources, use the standard book or journal formats.
• For an image found online, cite it as a page from a website.

In other words, you cite the container volume as standard. For instance:

Donaldson, Christopher. Soviet Artwork Revisited. Hatful Publishing, 2009.

Here, we cite the book in which the image appears but not the artwork itself. This is because we’ve used the author of the container volume in the citations.

But if you prefer to cite the creator directly, or if you’re citing a standalone work rather than one that has been reproduced in another source, you will need the format below instead.

Referencing an Image via the Artist or Creator

Alternatively, you can cite the creator of an image. The format here is the same as above, but we use the name of the artist or image creator in the citation:

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New Moscow was painted in 1937 (Pimenov, fig. 4, 23).

In the Works Cited list, as above, the format depends on where you found the image. If it was reproduced in another source, such as a book or journal article, you would use the standard format for the container volume, but you would also include the image information. For instance:

Pimenov, Yuri. New Moscow. 1937. Donaldson, Christopher. Soviet Artwork Revisited. Hatful Publishing, 2009, p. 23, fig. 4.

Note that we include the page and figure number for the image at the end of the citation. However, you can also cite a standalone image (e.g., from a gallery or collection). The format for this is:

Surname, First Name. Title of Work. Date of creation, collection and location, URL (if applicable).

So, for instance, we could cite a painting from the Tate Gallery as follows:

Taslitzky, Boris. The Strikes of June 1936. 1936. Tate, www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/taslitzky-the-strikes-of-june-1936-t07404.

Reproducing an Image in an Essay

If you are including an image in your essay, you should add the source information in a caption directly beneath the image:

You can then refer to the image using the figure number:

The Strikes of June 1936 (see fig. 1) is a sketch for a larger painting.

In the Works Cited list, meanwhile, you should add an entry for the image using a format based on where you found it (as explained above).

Hopefully, this has given you a clearer idea of how to cite an image in MLA referencing. If you’d like someone to check you have referenced images correctly, our expert editors can help! Why not try a free sample ?

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FLEET LIBRARY | Research Guides

Rhode island school of design, how to cite images.

• Chicago/Art Bulletin Style

MLA Caption Style

• When citing an image, the caption should be labeled as Figure (usually abbreviated Fig.), assigned a number, and given a title or caption
• For images found in a book or journal, include the publication information of the text.
• A caption ordinarily appears directly below the illustration and have the same one-inch margins as the text of the paper.
• Captions should be numbered consecutively.

Fig. 1. Mary Cassatt, Mother and Child , Wichita Art Museum. Illus. in Novelene Ross, Toward an American Identity: Selections from the Wichita Art Museum Collection of American Art (Wichita, Kansas: Wichita Art Museum, 1997) 107. Source: Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook . 8th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2016.

Additional Sources

MLA Style Center

Purdue Online Writing Lab: MLA Format

MLA Handbook (8th Ed) in the library

Citing Unidentified Images

When all or part of an image source is unknown or unknowable, use these points to guide your MLA image caption:

Unknown Artist, Author or Creator List that source by title in your works cited list. The title should be followed by the name of the source in the citation, and the remainder of the citation composed as appropriate for the source type. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, or the).

An Image without a Title If an image is not titled, create a brief, descriptive title for it. Do not italicize this title or place it in quotes, and capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns.

Undated Sources Use "n.d." (for "no date") in the appropriate place in your citation. When this is used after a period in a citation, capitalize the "n" ("N.d.").

Sources consulted: MLA Citation Examples University of Maryland University Colleges Libraries Miscellaneous Photographs Collection , Archives of American Art

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Citing Sources: MLA

• MLA Citation Style
• In-Text Citations
• Article/Database

Image from the Internet

Image from a database, image in print, personal photograph.

• Fashion Forecast
• Works Cited Page
• FAQ about Citation

If the image is only found on the web, provide the name of the artist, title of the work then follow the citation format for a website. (Remember to delete "http://" from the address, it is not needed and makes the citation easier to read.) If there is no artist information leave it out.

If the the picture was found using Google do NOT cite Google as the publisher, visit the original page and use information from the website that is hosting the picture.

Basic Format:

Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Image."  Title of Website, Version (if applicable), Publisher, Publication Date, URL.

Souza, Pete. "President Obama, Vice President Biden and Members of His National Security Team."  PHOTOS: One Photographer's 'Remarkable' Chance To Cover The President,  NPR, 26 Oct. 2016, www.npr.org/2016/10/26/499490029/photos-one-photographers-remarkable-chance-to-cover-the-president.

Dressed_Podcast. 20,000 followers!  Instagram , 8 Jan. 2019, www.instagram.com/p/BsYKpQkADCr/.

Artwork from Museum Website: 

van Gogh, Vincent.  "Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat (obverse: The Potato Peeler)." The Metropolitan Museum of Art , 1887, www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436532. Accessed 3 Jan 2019.

Although this image is almost identical to the image from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website it is cited in the style of an article from a database.  Also note that ARTSTOR's data is slightly different from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's ("verso" instead of "obverse").  Whenever possible try to copy citation information word for word.

van Gogh, Vincent. Self-portrait with a Straw Hat (verso: The Potato Peeler). 1887. Artstor, libproxy.fitsuny.edu:2717/asset/MMA_IAP_1039651908

from https://style.mla.org/citing-online-images/

Original Artwork in Museum:When citing the original artwork (like a painting you saw in a museum) include the city the museum is located in:

van Gogh, Vincent.  Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat (obverse: The Potato Peeler). 1887, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Here is an example of how to cite the same painting but from a picture in a book.  (Note that the museum description and book description differ slightly):

van Gogh, Vincent.  Self-Portrait,  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Van Gogh in Arles , by Ronald Pickvance, Harry N. Abrams, 1984, p. 34.

Smith, Jane.  Photograph of Self in Front of Rothko Painting. 25 Sept. 2015. Author's personal collection.

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Finding and referencing images: Referencing images

• Referencing images
• Finding images and videos

Introduction

In this guide, ' IMAGE ' is used to refer to any visual resource such as a diagram, graph, illustration, design, photograph, or video. They may be found in books, journals, reports, web pages, online video, DVDs and other kinds of media. This guide also refers to ‘ CREATOR ’. This could be an illustrator, photographer, author or organisation.

The examples are presented in Harvard (Bath) style and offer general guidelines on good practice. For essays, project reports, dissertations and theses, ask your School or Department which style they want you to use. Different referencing styles require the use of similar information but will be formatted differently. For more information on other referencing styles, visit our referencing guide .

Using images to illustrate or make clear the description and discussion in your text is useful, but it is important that you give due recognition to the work of other people that you present with your own. This will help to show the value of their work to your assignment and how your ideas fit with a wider body of academic knowledge.

It is just as important to properly cite and reference images as it is the journal articles, books and other information sources that you draw upon. If you do not, you could find yourself accused of plagiarism and/or copyright infringement.

Using images and copyright

For educational assignments it is sufficient to cite and reference any image used. If you publish your work in any way , including posting online, then you will need to follow copyright rules. It is your responsibility to find out whether, and in what ways, you are permitted to use an image in your coursework or publications. Please refer to our copyright guidance and ask for further assistance if you are unsure.

Some images are given limited rights for reuse by their creators. This is likely to be accompanied with a requirement to give recognition to their work and may limit the extent to which it can be modified. The ‘Creative Commons’ copyright licensing scheme offers creators a set of tools for telling people how they wish their work to be used. You can find out more about the different kinds of licence, and what they mean, on the organisation’s web pages .

What is a caption?

Any image that you use should be given a figure number  and a brief description of what it is. Permission for use of an image in a published work should be acknowledged in the figure caption. Some organisations will require the permission statement to be given exactly as they specify. If they are required, permissions need to be stated in addition to the citing and referencing guidance given below.

Referencing images in PowerPoint slides

For a presentation you should include a brief citation under the image. Keep a reference list to hand (e.g. hidden slide) for questions. Making a public presentation or posting it online is publishing your work. You must include your references and observe permission and copyright rules.

Example of a caption

Figure 1. Library book. Reproduced with permission from: Rogers, T., 2015, University of Bath Library

Citing and referencing images

Citing images from a book or journal article.

If you wish to refer to images used in a book or journal, they are cited in the same way as text information , for example:

The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell can be visualised as a complex system (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

Campbell et al. (2015, pp. 282-283) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.

If you were to include this example in an essay the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:

Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

The reference at the end of the work would be as recommended for a book reference in our general referencing guide .

For a large piece of work such as a dissertation, thesis or report, a list of figures may be required at the front of the work after the contents page. Check with your department for information on specific requirements of your work.

Google images

When referencing an image found via Google you need to make sure that the information included in your reference relates to the original website that your search has found. Click on the image within the results to get to the original website and take your reference information from there. Take care to use credible sources with good quality information.

Citing and referencing images from a web page

If you use an image from a web page, blog or an online photograph gallery you should reference the individual image . Cite the image creator in the caption and year of publication. The creator may be different from the author of the web page or blog. They may be individual people or an organisation. Figure 2 below gives an example of an image with a corporate author:

List the image reference within your references list at the end of your work, using the format:

NASA, 2015.  NASA astronaut Tim Kopra on Dec. 21 spacewalk [Online]. Washington: NASA. Available from: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/nasa-astronaut-tim-kopra-on-dec-21-spacewalk [Accessed 7 January 2015].

Wikipedia images

If you want to reference an image included in a Wikipedia article, double-click on the image to see all the information needed for your reference. This will open a new page containing information such as creator, image title, date and specific URL. The format should be:

Iliff, D., 2006. Royal Crescent in Bath, England - July 2006  [Online] .  San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Crescent_in_Bath,_England_-_July_2006.jpg [Accessed 7 January 2016].

Images and designs from exhibitions, museums or archives

If you want to reference an image or design that you have found in an exhibition, museum or archive, then you also need to observe copyright rules and reference the image correctly. The format is:

For example, if you want to reference an old black and white photograph from 1965 that is held in an archive at the University of Bath:

Bristol Region Building Record, 1965. Green Park House (since demolished), viewed from southwest [Photograph]. BRBR, D/877/1. Archives & Research Collections, University of Bath Library.

NB if you were to reproduce this archive image in your work, or any part of it (rather than just cite it), you would also need to note ‘© University of Bath Library’. This copyright note should be added to the image caption along with the citation.

Referencing your own images

If you take a photograph, you do not have to reference it. For sake of clarity you may want to add “Image by author” to the caption. If you create an original illustration or a diagram that you have produced from your own idea then you do not have to cite or reference them. If you generate an image from a graphics package, for example a molecular structure from chemistry drawing software, you do not need to cite the source of the image.

Referencing images that you adapt from elsewhere

If you use someone else’s work for an image then you must give them due credit. If you reproduce it by hand or using graphics software it is the same as if you printed, scanned or photocopied it. You must cite and reference the work as described in this guide. If the image is something that you have created in an earlier assignment or publication you need to reference earlier piece of work to avoid self-plagiarism. If you want to annotate information to improve upon, extend or change an existing image you must cite the original work. However, you would use the phrase ‘adapted from’ in your citation and reference the original work in your reference list.

AI generated images

If you have used an AI tool to generate an image you must acknowledge that tool as a source  (see point 7 of the  academic integrity statement ).

This content is not recoverable; it cannot be linked or retrieved. There is no published source that you can reference directly. Instead you would give an in-text, ‘personal communications’ citation , as described in part 15 of our 'Write a citation' guidance (from the Harvard Bath guide). This type of citation includes the author details followed by (pers. comm.) and the date of the communication.

For example, an image of a shark in a library generated with Craiyon with a ‘personal communications’ citation included in the image caption:

Figure 3. Shark in a library image generated using an AI tool (Craiyon, AI Image Generator (pers. comm.) 14 July 2022). 

Online images and resources for your work

The library has compiled a list of useful audio-visual resources, including images, that can be used for essays or assignments. Visit the ' finding images and videos ' tab of this guide to find out more.

• Next: Finding images and videos >>
• Last Updated: Apr 11, 2024 12:04 PM
• URL: https://library.bath.ac.uk/images

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note:  On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998)  found  or Jones (1998)  has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998)  finds ).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but  NOT  directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source:  Permanence and Change . Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:  Writing New Media ,  There Is Nothing Left to Lose .

( Note:  in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:  Writing new media .)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word:  Natural-Born Cyborgs .
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's  Vertigo ."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text:  The Closing of the American Mind ;  The Wizard of Oz ;  Friends .
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.

Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work. 

Visual Analysis Photo

This essay about the photograph “Untitled” examines its visual elements, composition, and contextual cues to uncover its underlying message. Through a meticulous analysis, it reveals themes of isolation, resilience, and existential contemplation. The minimalist composition and somber atmosphere invite viewers to ponder the human condition and confront their own existential uncertainties. “Untitled” serves as a powerful testament to the evocative nature of photography, transcending language barriers to communicate universal truths about the complexities of human experience.

How it works

In the realm of visual analysis, the photograph stands as a potent medium, encapsulating narratives, emotions, and perspectives within a single frame. Each photograph possesses the power to evoke myriad interpretations, influenced by the viewer’s unique experiences, cultural background, and personal biases. Through a meticulous examination of visual elements, composition, and contextual cues, a deeper understanding of the photograph’s underlying message can be unraveled. In this essay, we embark on a journey of visual analysis, focusing on an enigmatic photograph simply titled “Untitled”.

Visual Elements: At first glance, “Untitled” appears deceptively simple, featuring a solitary figure against a stark backdrop. The composition is dominated by negative space, with the figure positioned off-center, drawing immediate attention. The use of monochrome further accentuates the sense of isolation and introspection. The figure, clad in dark attire, stands in sharp contrast to the desolate surroundings, their posture evoking a sense of contemplation or resignation. The play of light and shadow adds depth to the image, casting subtle nuances on the subject’s expression.

Composition: The composition of “Untitled” is characterized by its minimalist approach, with the absence of extraneous elements directing focus solely on the central figure. The rule of thirds is subtly employed, with the figure positioned along the left vertical axis, creating visual balance and tension. The deliberate choice to leave negative space on the right enhances the feeling of emptiness and solitude, inviting viewers to ponder the significance of the figure’s presence within the frame. The use of leading lines, albeit subtle, guides the viewer’s gaze towards the subject, reinforcing their importance within the narrative.

Contextual Cues: While the title “Untitled” offers little insight into the photograph’s narrative, contextual cues such as setting, attire, and facial expression provide valuable clues for interpretation. The barren landscape suggests a sense of desolation or abandonment, hinting at themes of isolation or existential contemplation. The figure’s somber attire further reinforces this interpretation, perhaps symbolizing mourning or inner turmoil. The ambiguous facial expression, neither overtly sad nor joyful, leaves room for subjective interpretation, allowing viewers to project their own emotions onto the subject.

Interpretation: Drawing upon the visual elements and contextual cues presented in “Untitled,” one can discern a multitude of interpretations. The photograph may serve as a poignant commentary on the human condition, exploring themes of loneliness, introspection, and the search for meaning amidst a vast and indifferent world. The solitary figure, cast against the bleak backdrop, becomes a symbol of resilience in the face of adversity, a reminder of the inherent strength found within solitude. Alternatively, the photograph may evoke a sense of existential angst, confronting viewers with the inevitability of their own mortality and the fleeting nature of existence.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the process of visual analysis allows us to peel back the layers of meaning embedded within a photograph, revealing the intricate tapestry of narratives, emotions, and perspectives woven into its composition. Through a careful examination of visual elements, composition, and contextual cues, we gain deeper insight into the photograph’s underlying message and the themes it seeks to explore. “Untitled” serves as a testament to the power of photography as a medium of expression, transcending language barriers to communicate universal truths about the human experience. As viewers, we are invited to engage with the photograph on a visceral level, confronting our own fears, desires, and existential uncertainties in the process.

Cite this page

Visual Analysis Photo. (2024, Apr 07). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/visual-analysis-photo/

"Visual Analysis Photo." PapersOwl.com , 7 Apr 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/visual-analysis-photo/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Visual Analysis Photo . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/visual-analysis-photo/ [Accessed: 14 Apr. 2024]

"Visual Analysis Photo." PapersOwl.com, Apr 07, 2024. Accessed April 14, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/visual-analysis-photo/

"Visual Analysis Photo," PapersOwl.com , 07-Apr-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/visual-analysis-photo/. [Accessed: 14-Apr-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Visual Analysis Photo . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/visual-analysis-photo/ [Accessed: 14-Apr-2024]

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• Knowledge Base
• Citing sources

How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator & Quick Guide

Citing your sources is essential in  academic writing . Whenever you quote or paraphrase a source (such as a book, article, or webpage), you have to include a  citation crediting the original author.

Failing to properly cite your sources counts as plagiarism , since you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

The most commonly used citation styles are APA and MLA. The free Scribbr Citation Generator is the quickest way to cite sources in these styles. Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we’ll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation.

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Table of contents

When do you need to cite sources, which citation style should you use, in-text citations, reference lists and bibliographies.

Scribbr Citation Generator

Other useful citation tools

Citation examples and full guides, frequently asked questions about citing sources.

Citations are required in all types of academic texts. They are needed for several reasons:

• To avoid plagiarism by indicating when you’re taking information from another source
• To give proper credit to the author of that source
• To allow the reader to consult your sources for themselves

A citation is needed whenever you integrate a source into your writing. This usually means quoting or paraphrasing:

• To quote a source , copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks .
• To paraphrase a source , put the text into your own words. It’s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don’t want to do this manually.

Citations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever type of source you use. As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don’t forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. That includes websites, YouTube videos , and lectures .

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Discover proofreading & editing

Usually, your institution (or the journal you’re submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor.

In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently:

• APA Style is widely used in the social sciences and beyond.
• MLA style is common in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography , common in the humanities
• Chicago author-date , used in the (social) sciences
• There are many other citation styles for different disciplines.

If in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow.

In most styles, your citations consist of:

• Brief in-text citations at the relevant points in the text
• A reference list or bibliography containing full information on all the sources you’ve cited

In-text citations most commonly take the form of parenthetical citations featuring the last name of the source’s author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations).

An alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in numerical citation styles , where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list.

There are also note citation styles , where you place your citations in either footnotes or endnotes . Since they’re not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes aren’t accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography.

A reference list (aka “Bibliography” or “Works Cited,” depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources you’ve cited in the text. It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a hanging indent applied to each entry.

The information included in reference entries is broadly similar, whatever citation style you’re using. For each source, you’ll typically include the:

• Author name
• Publication date
• Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in)
• Location (e.g., a URL or DOI , or sometimes a physical location)

The exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format it (e.g., capitalization, use of italics) also varies.

Most commonly, the entries in your reference list are alphabetized by author name. This allows the reader to easily find the relevant entry based on the author name in your in-text citation.

In numerical citation styles, the entries in your reference list are numbered, usually based on the order in which you cite them. The reader finds the right entry based on the number that appears in the text.

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The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

Because each style has many small differences regarding things like italicization, capitalization , and punctuation , it can be difficult to get every detail right. Using a citation generator can save you a lot of time and effort.

Scribbr offers citation generators for both APA and MLA style. Both are quick, easy to use, and 100% free, with no ads and no registration required.

Just input a URL or DOI or add the source details manually, and the generator will automatically produce an in-text citation and reference entry in the correct format. You can save your reference list as you go and download it when you’re done, and even add annotations for an annotated bibliography .

Once you’ve prepared your citations, you might still be unsure if they’re correct and if you’ve used them appropriately in your text. This is where Scribbr’s other citation tools and services may come in handy:

Plagiarism Checker

Citation Checker

Citation Editing

Plagiarism means passing off someone else’s words or ideas as your own. It’s a serious offense in academia. Universities use plagiarism checking software to scan your paper and identify any similarities to other texts.

When you’re dealing with a lot of sources, it’s easy to make mistakes that could constitute accidental plagiarism. For example, you might forget to add a citation after a quote, or paraphrase a source in a way that’s too close to the original text.

Using a plagiarism checker yourself before you submit your work can help you spot these mistakes before they get you in trouble. Based on the results, you can add any missing citations and rephrase your text where necessary.

Try out the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker for free, or check out our detailed comparison of the best plagiarism checkers available online.

Scribbr Plagiarism Checker

Scribbr’s Citation Checker is a unique AI-powered tool that automatically detects stylistic errors and inconsistencies in your in-text citations. It also suggests a correction for every mistake.

Currently available for APA Style, this is the fastest and easiest way to make sure you’ve formatted your citations correctly. You can try out the tool for free below.

If you need extra help with your reference list, we also offer a more in-depth Citation Editing Service.

Our experts cross-check your in-text citations and reference entries, make sure you’ve included the correct information for each source, and improve the formatting of your reference page.

If you want to handle your citations yourself, Scribbr’s free Knowledge Base provides clear, accurate guidance on every aspect of citation. You can see citation examples for a variety of common source types below:

And you can check out our comprehensive guides to the most popular citation styles:

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.

“Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .

Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.

Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.

The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . It’s the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero.

You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

MLA Style  is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.

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How to Photograph a Solar Eclipse

By Phil Ryan April 5, 2024

• Share full article

On April 8, a total solar eclipse will be visible across a large swath of North America.

To find out what you need (and need to know) to capture the best images, we spoke with three professional photographers who have shot eclipses for major publications →

Photographing a total eclipse is, like so many image-making opportunities, not all that hard unless you make it so.

You can use a smartphone, DSLR, mirrorless camera or film camera.

But no matter what kind of camera you use, you have to put a solar filter in front of your lens , wear protection over your eyes.

Because you have to use long shutter speeds to make up for the dark filter in front of your camera lens, you need to use a tripod to steady your camera or smartphone.

You can use a small tripod designed for a smartphone, but if you don’t place it on a surface like a picnic table or car hood, you risk having other people walk into your shot while you’re gawking at the eclipse.

There’s no specific camera you need, but you should use the telephoto option on your phone or a long lens for your camera .

Scout out a spot at least a day early and make sure to have a backup plan. Also, practice with your equipment ahead of time. And don’t forget to enjoy yourself — it will be the last chance most people in the United States will have to experience a total solar eclipse until 2044.

Read the full article , and sign up for Wirecutter’s newsletter .

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite an Essay in MLA

How to Cite an Essay in MLA

The guidelines for citing an essay in MLA format are similar to those for citing a chapter in a book. Include the author of the essay, the title of the essay, the name of the collection if the essay belongs to one, the editor of the collection or other contributors, the publication information, and the page number(s).

Citing an Essay

Mla essay citation structure.

Last, First M. “Essay Title.” Collection Title, edited by First M. Last, Publisher, year published, page numbers. Website Title , URL (if applicable).

MLA Essay Citation Example

Gupta, Sanjay. “Balancing and Checking.” Essays on Modern Democracy, edited by Bob Towsky, Brook Stone Publishers, 1996, pp. 36-48. Essay Database, www . databaseforessays.org/modern/modern-democracy.

MLA Essay In-text Citation Structure

(Last Name Page #)

MLA Essay In-text Citation Example

Click here to cite an essay via an EasyBib citation form.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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To cite your sources in an essay in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author’s name(s), chapter title, book title, editor(s), publication year, publisher, and page numbers. The templates for in-text citations and a works-cited-list entry for essay sources and some examples are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author on the first occurrence. For subsequent citations, use only the surname(s). In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the author(s).

Citation in prose:

First mention: Annette Wheeler Cafarelli

Subsequent occurrences: Wheeler Cafarelli

Parenthetical:

….(Wheeler Cafarelli).

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

The title of the chapter is enclosed in double quotation marks and uses title case. The book or collection title is given in italics and uses title case.

Surname, First Name. “Title of the Chapter.” Title of the Book , edited by Editor(s) Name, Publisher, Publication Year, page range.

Cafarelli, Annette Wheeler. “Rousseau and British Romanticism: Women and British Romanticism.” Cultural Interactions in the Romantic Age: Critical Essays in Comparative Literature , edited by Gregory Maertz. State U of New York P, 1998, pp. 125–56.

To cite an essay in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author(s), the essay title, the book title, editor(s), publication year, publisher, and page numbers. The templates for citations in prose, parenthetical citations, and works-cited-list entries for an essay by multiple authors, and some examples, are given below:

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author (e.g., Mary Strine).

For sources with two authors, use both full author names in prose (e.g., Mary Strine and Beth Radick).

For sources with three or more authors, use the first name and surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Mary Strine and others). In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Strine and others).

In parenthetical citations, use only the author’s surname. For sources with two authors, use two surnames (e.g., Strine and Radick). For sources with three or more author names, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”

First mention: Mary Strine…

Subsequent mention: Strine…

First mention: Mary Strine and Beth Radick…

Subsequent mention: Strine and Radick…

First mention: Mary Strine and colleagues …. or Mary Strine and others

Subsequent occurrences: Strine and colleagues …. or Strine and others

…. (Strine).

….(Strine and Radick).

….(Strine et al.).

The title of the essay is enclosed in double quotation marks and uses title case. The book or collection title is given in italics and uses title case.

Surname, First Name, et al. “Title of the Essay.” Title of the Book , edited by Editor(s) Name, Publisher, Publication Year, page range.

Strine, Mary M., et al. “Research in Interpretation and Performance Studies: Trends, Issues, Priorities.” Speech Communication: Essays to Commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the Speech Communication Association , edited by Gerald M. Phillips and Julia T. Wood, Southern Illinois UP, 1990, pp. 181–204.

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